title: An implementation and analysis: passphrase-based RSA keys in SSH

contributor:
Williams, Vistassja (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Diamond, Jim) (Thesis advisor)
(Lee, Greg) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2019

abstract: Computer Science

abstract:
Secure Shell (SSH) is a network protocol that allows a user to log into a remote computer securely over an unsecure channel. Before the user’s computer is granted access to the remote computer, it must first authenticate itself to the remote computer. One method of authentication involves utilizing special public and private “keys” in an algorithm called
public key cryptography.
Using Passphrase Based RSA Keys in SSH was a thesis published by Taisya A. Krivoruchko, a former student at Acadia University, in 2005.  In her thesis, she described that an alternative method of storing a private key on the client computer is to use a user-supplied passphrase to generate a number, which in turn would be used to generate a prime used to make up a private key. This method posits that the essential tool for generating your private key can be stored in your head instead of the computer itself. This lends itself to the obvious security benefit: there is a chance that your computer may be hacked by a malicious person seeking your private key, however, there is no current method of hacking the human brain.
Though Krivoruchko analyzed and tested the validity of her ideas, she did not implement them into the SSH package. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to implement Krivoruchko’s algorithm for private key generation using open source soft-ware, namely OpenSSH and OpenSSL, as well as to further analyze the functionality of this algorithm.


title: The search for dark matter wimps using Z-prime electroweak probe

type: Text Dissertation/Thesis

contributor: (Aleksejevs, Aleksandrs) (Thesis advisor)

rights: The author grants permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. The author retains the copyright of the thesis.

subject: LE3 .A278 2018

abstract: Physics

abstract:
Years after its discovery by Zwicky in 1933, the true nature and make-up of Dark Matter still elude physicists.  Current theories suggest a possible explanation as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs).  These particles are new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). Freeze out of thermal equilibrium for WIMPs would have occurred before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). Their discovery would provide great insight into the early universe.  For this project, the WIMPs were modelled as neutral massive fermions, which interact with Z-prime boson only.  We have calculated the thermally  averaged  cross  section  for  the  WIMPs  annihilation  channel  going  to  the Standard Model fermion anti-fermion pair production.  This cross section was compared to the thermally averaged cross section given by the Planck Collaboration in
2015.  Exclusion plots were produced from these data to constrian the parameters of the model.


title: The effects of short-term simulated microgravity on the cardiovascular system and cognitive function

contributor:
Hollohan, Quinn M.K. (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Mekary, Saïd) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2019

abstract: Kinesiology

abstract:
Humans  having  the capability  to  travel  to  space  has  opened  many  doors  and opportunities for new  research  concepts  and  understandings to  occur. Space is a  very unique environment, filled with harsh and challenging components. A main component of spaces’ environment that researchers are particularly interested in, especially in regards to its  effect  on  physiological  functions,  is  microgravity.  Microgravity  has  been  shown  to impact many physiological systems, however, research surrounding short-term effects of microgravity  on systems  such  as  the  cardiovascular  system,  cognition,  and  cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation are scarce.
In existing literature, the cardiovascular systems’ response to acute microgravity is nearly unvarying. Components of this system such as blood flow, blood pressure, cardiac output,  heart  rate  and  stroke  volume  have  all  been  reported  to  change  upon  exposure. Significant changes in variables such as cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume have been found, with all variables decreasing from baseline measures.
There has been little  research  conducted  on  how cognitive  performance is influenced   by   short-term   microgravity. Researchers   looking   at   cognition   in   acute microgravity  have  mostly  focused  on  changes  in  executive  function.  Results  of these studies have revealed that cognitive performances show either no differences from baseline testing, or improvements in acute exposure.
Regarding  cerebral  hemodynamics,  contradicting  results appear  in  the  available literature . Research has shown that cerebral blood flow either increases or decreases during short-term  exposure to microgravity.
With  cerebral  oxygenation,  studies  have  shown  a common  result  as  oxygen  in  the  brain  tends  to  increase  upon  exposure  to  acute microgravity. Furthering knowledge in these areas of research at an acute level could allow for a
greater  understanding  as  to  why  some  physiological  conditions occur at  a  more  chronic level. New insights to possible mechanisms of these outcomes could also occur. With space tourism quickly approaching, an in depth understanding of the effects of microgravity on human  physiology is  crucial. However,  there  are  gaps  within  the  literature,  specifically
within the domain of how short-term microgravity impacts the cardiovascular system and cognitive function. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to gain an understanding as to how  the  cardiovascular  system  and  cognitive  functions are  impacted  by  short-term simulated microgravity. Using a -6° head-down-tilt methodology to simulate microgravity,
twenty-three  healthy  young  adults  were  tilted  for  an  hour  and  a  half. A  cognitive  test (Stroop  Task) was  completed  pre  and  post an  hour  and a  half to  measure  the effects  of simulated microgravity of cognitive performance. Cardiovascular variables such as heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were also measured to understand microgravity’s impact.  Significant  findings  occurred  in  the  measured  cardiovascular  variables  with  all variables deceasing after exposure to an hour and a half of microgravity. Significant results were also found with the cognitive task, as improvements occurred in executive function post tilt. These results allow for an understanding as to what happens to these systems at an acute level of exposure to microgravity, also enabling possible mechanisms to be further investigated with regard to why these outcomes occurred.


title: The legalization of recreational cannabis: a qualitative approach to exploring the perceived in the workplace from a Canadian perspective

contributor:
Robertson, Jenna (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Grant, Jim) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2019

abstract:
Business
No abstract


title: The relations of adult attachment style, desire to have children, and caregiver attitudes when raising a virtual child

contributor:
Horne, Jessica (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Symons, Doug) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2019

abstract: Psychology

abstract:
The present study examines the interrelations of the attachment system, caregiver system, and the desire to have children within an Attachment Theory framework. Research has shown that attachment-related avoidance is related to negative caregiver attitudes that develop and less desire to have children (Symons, Adams, & Smith, 2016).  In the current study, 66
students completed measures of attachment style, and the desire to have children before raising a virtual child from birth to 18 years of age through the MyVirtualChild© program. Participants then completed the same measures again after raising the child, as well as others reflecting caregiver attitudes. Correlations and hierarchical regression analysis of attachment style and caregiver attitudes showed that avoidance was negatively related to the caregiver attitudes of positive
feelings and perceived security, but not willingness to serve as an attachment figure.  Furthermore, parental anxiety was unrelated to caregiver attitudes. The desire to have children did not significantly change during the parenting simulation and was unrelated to caregiver attitudes and attachment style. The present study systematically replicated the findings from Symons et al. (2016) that avoidance is negatively related to caregiver attitudes which form towards a virtual child.


title: Immune responses, and their role in mortality, in mosquitos infected with Hepatozoon parasites from the blood of green frogs

contributor:
Costello, Emma J. (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Smith, Todd) (Thesis advisor)
(Ferguson, Laura) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2019

abstract: Biology

abstract:
Mosquitoes, Culex territans, that take a blood meal from frogs heavily infected with Hepatozoon species suffer extensive
damage to their digestive system and will typically die within four days after feeding on infected frogs. Dysregulation of the
immune system may be contributing to this pathology; however, the immune response of C. territans during Hepatozoon
infections is currently unknown. The objectives of this study were therefore to investigate the immune response of C. territans infected with Hepatozoon species of frogs, and to determine if overactive immune responses contribute to the pathology observed in these heavily parasitized mosquitoes. Two arms of the immune response that are thought to be involved in tissue damage, namely phenoloxidase activity, a proxy for melanisation, and the production of reactive oxygen species, were investigated in the midgut and haemocoel of uninfected and infected mosquitoes. Phenoloxidase activity decreased in the haemocoel of infected mosquitoes, suggesting that infection causes immunosuppression or host regulation of immunity. Conversely, the concentration of reactive oxygen species increased linearly with parasitaemiain the
midgut, with a significantly higher concentration in heavily infected mosquitoes. Furthermore, heavily infected mosquitoes supplemented with antioxidants survived for longer periods post-feeding, suggesting that the production of reactive oxygen species is involved in the immune response, and that an overproduction of these molecules may contribute to mosquito mortality. These findings support our hypothesis that the immune system may be implicated in mosquito death, which could be due to a suppression of important immune responses, and to an overproduction of toxic molecules.


title: Sex and age effects during the stance phase of running for heel strike runners: relevance to overuse injuries

contributor:
Smith, Christine C. (author)
(Landry, Scott) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2019

abstract:
Females  are two  to  four  times  more  likely  to  sustain  an  overuse  running  injury.  The  hip joint  is  involved  in many  of  these  injuries and  can  lead  to  conditions  including iliotibial tract   friction   syndrome,   gluteus   medius   insertional  tendinopathy,   and   hip   flexor tendinopathy. The main structures involved in these injuries all originate at the hip joint, however, as the lower extremity is a connected network of bone, muscle and ligaments, the knee and ankle have a role in these injury mechanics. Studies show that there are sex and age differences in the biomechanics of the legs during the running stride. This study was designed to investigate differences in the hip, knee, and ankle angles and moments between
pre-and post-pubescent male and female athletes during the stance phase of the running stride.  Research  has  suggested  that  increased  maximum  hip  adduction,  knee  internal rotation,  and  knee  flexion  angles,  along  with  hip  abduction,  knee  external  rotation,  and ankle  inversion  moments, are  related  to  iliotibial  band  friction  syndrome;  increased
maximum  hip  adduction  and  angle  of  contact  for  hip  adduction  and  knee  abduction  are related  to   gluteus  medius  insertional  tendinopathy; and  finally; that  increased  hip internal/external rotation plays a role in hip flexor tendinopathy. Court and field athletes (female  =  69,  male  =  52)  were  recruited  from  local  youth  sport  programs  and  Acadia university varsity athletics. The participants were further categorized as 34 pre-pubescent females (age = 10.88 yr ± 1.53, height = 149.12 cm ± 9.55, weight = 39.32 kg ± 8.14), 35 post-pubescent females (age = 20.40 yr ± 1.22, height = 169.10 cm
± 6.55, weight = 70.01 kg ± 10.81), 30 pre-pubescent males (age = 10.63 yr ±1.70 , height = 147.76 cm ± 14.09, weight = 40.30 kg ± 11.05), and 22 post-pubescent males (age = 20.77 ± 2.37 yr, height = 181.54  cm ± 6.34,  weight  =  81.53  kg ± 6.87).  A  12-camera  motion  capture  system  and threeforce  plates  were  used  to  capture  lower  extremity  joint  kinetic  and  kinematic  data during  a  running  protocol.  This  protocol  was  taken  from  a  comprehensive  protocol developed in the John MacIntyre motion Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics (mLAB). A two-way ANOVA was used to test for a between group (male vs. female), a within group (pre-pubescent vs. post-pubescent), and an interaction (sex by age) effect for the hip, knee, and ankle joint angles and moments. Overall, females displayed greater maximum angles for hip  adduction,
knee  flexion,  ankle  eversion,  ankle  dorsiflexion,  dorsiflexion  angle  at contact  and  greater maximum hip  abduction  moments. Pre-pubescent  individuals also displayed greater  maximum angles  for knee  adduction,  knee  flexion, and
ankle  eversion and greater knee adduction/abduction and ankle toe in/toe out angles at contact, as well as greater maximum ankle inversion moments. Relating these results to overuse injuries, we can suggest that iliotibial band friction can be related to increased hip adduction angles and hip abduction moments and that gluteus medius insertional tendinopathy can be related to increased hip  adduction  angles. These findings provide insight into the sex bias of these
injuries and suggest that lower limb biomechanics may have a role in mechanism of injury.

abstract: Biology


title: A microbial challenge test of a commercially available non-shelf-stable formulation fruit pie

contributor:
Bailey, Jane Michelle (author)
(Taylor, Hilda) (Thesis advisor)
(Jackson, Eric) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 1998

abstract:
To determine the safety of a food product, some food companies and government agencies conduct a microbial challenge
test (MCT). This study conducted 3 repetitions of a MCT on a commercially available non-shelf-stable formulation fruit pie,
using 2 strains each of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Salmonella spp. Each
strain was tested at 3 inoculum levels -1D2cfu/g, 104cfu/g, and 106cfu/g. It was determined, using ANOVA, that pathogen,
strain, and inoculum level interactions had significant effects on the mean population counts and growth rates over an 8 day period. It was determined that pathogen type, significantly (F pr<0.001) affected the average microbial population(log10
cfu/g of pie filling), as did the initial inoculum level (F pr<0.001). Pathogen.strain interactions revealed significant differences
between the mean population counts of the 2 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, which behaved quite differently from each other on both the non-selective Tryptic Soy Agar (TSYA) and the selective Oxford agar. Staphylococcus aureus behaved
differently in relation to the other 2 pathogens, but the 2 strains of S. aureus behaved similarly to each other. This suggests,
as did the pathogen.strain.inoculum level interaction, that not only is pathogen type important in a MCT, but so too is strain
and inoculum level. Salmonella.spp. showed substanitially lower mean population counts when measured on both TYSA
and Brilliant Green Agar compared to the other 2 pathogens. In combination, these results are evidence of the importance of each of the factors and factor x factor interactions as influential conditions that can have significant effects on the outcome of the MCT, and should be considered prior to the MCT being conducted.

abstract: Biology


title: Twenty years of trade unionism in Canada: a survey of the inter-war period 1919-1939

contributor:
McDonald, Donald (author)
(Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 1950

abstract:
No abstract
Economics


title: "The most eminent and capable of revolutionary women journalists": Louise de Keralio and the French Revolution

contributor:
Valois, Megan Alexandra (author)
(Whaley, Leigh Anne) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2006

abstract:
The subject of this thesis is the examination of the role of women during the French Revolution through a detailed analysis
of the journalist and political activist, Louise de Keralio. This thesis argues that de Keralio was a pioneering feminist in the
sense that she challenged formerly uncontested restrictions on female participation in politics not through street demonstrations and bread riots, but through the medium of the written word. De Keralio utilized the newly declared freedom of the press by the French revolutionaries in 1789 to her advantage demonstrating that the-collapse of the ancien
regime was crucial for female involvement in French literary and public spheres.
Through a close study of de Keralio's writings, from her translations of works in her father's personal library and pre-revolutionary writings, such as her history of queens, to her political pamphlets and her journals Journal d'Etat et du
Citoyen and Mercure National, this thesis scrutinizes her contribution to the promotion of revolutionary ideals. Her
involvement, as a woman, in authorship and publishing is unprecedented in French history. Despite the fact that women
were denied the political rights their male counterparts received, such as the right to hold office or vote, women were not
bystanders to this revolution. De Keralio's life provides a strong example that women were politically active regardless of
whether or not they were officially citizens.

abstract: History & Classics


title: Assessing a localized food system response to the COVID-19 pandemic for resilience and food security

contributor:
McCarthy, Emily (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Carlsson, Liesel) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Nutrition & Dietetics

abstract:
The purpose of this research was to examine the challenges faced, and responses made by localized food producers and distributors in the Annapolis Valley region of Nova Scotia during the COVID-19 pandemic to support food security and promote resiliency against future disruptions and global crisis phenomena. The research question for this study was: How, if at all, does the local food system enhance resilience in the face of global crisis phenomena like the COVID-19 pandemic? Ten semi-structured interviews were completed that included four food producers, three food
distributors and three policy-focused actors. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed according to the phenomenological lens of Hans-Georg Gadamer (1975). The results of this research indicated that small-scale, local food system actors were able to successfully adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain resilience and food security. However, local food system actors faced challenges with constantly adapting to the COVID-19 pandemic-related public health regulations, that included additional time required for the distribution of the food product and additional employees. While there were available provincial and government supports and structures, suchas advocacy and communication, and monetary funds and loans; there were important pieces of
systemic support missing. These missing pieces included increased education and government promotion for consumers around the importance of the local food system, as well as increased acknowledgement of the local food system from provincial and federal governments. To address these changes, the results of this research support key recommendations related to policies, structures, and supports that would benefit the resilience and food security outcomes of the local food system in the face of future disruptions and global crisis phenomena. These recommendations include an early-warning system of monitoring, infrastructure to provide an increased number of accessible distribution networks, a stronger integration between local food system actors and the government, and awareness and education for consumers around role of local food within the food system.


title: The intersectional complexity of Olivia Pope: a critical discourse analysis of Scandal

contributor:
Chahine, Dahlia (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(MacNeil, Ryan) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Business

abstract: The following thesis examines how the popular television series, Scandal, disrupts gendered and racialized expectations of women, allowing for a broader discussion on societal issues. I employ a critical discourse analysis with an intersectional feminist lens to argue that the series engages with gendered and racialized discourses to disrupt societal expectations of women. In exploring this, I examine four main themes found within Scandal: the mistress relationship, the white savior, women’s empowerment, and Blackness within the series. I argue that the mistress relationship between the lead character, Olivia Pope, and the President rejects the Jezebel stereotype and rather, it resembles the autonomy of women in choosing what they desire with their bodies. In the exploration of the white savior, it is revealed that the expectation of having a savior in certain relationships is eliminated in Scandal, freeing both the male and female from societal expectations. Further, the analysis of gendered discourse and women’s empowerment proves to challenge misogyny and highlight certain gendered problems within society. An exploration into the lead character reveals moments of colorblindness within the show, but my analysis demonstrates how other Black characters interacted with Pope to clearly surface questions of intersectionality. I conclude that the complexity of Pope creates a significant advancement for Black women in media through the imperfect portrayal of her character. This thesis rejects the belief that society is in a post-feminist state and urges the reader to incorporate an intersectional feminist lens into their daily discourse.


title: Estimating grape yield on the vine from multiple images

contributor:
Nasa, Jabun (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Silver, Danny L.) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Computer Science

abstract:
Estimating grape yield prior to harvest is important to commercial vineyard operations.  Many critical vineyard and winery decisions depend on knowing the volume of grapes to be processed while they are still hanging on the vine.  The current method of yield estimation is time consuming, and depending on the experience of the viticulturist,  varies in accuracy from 75-90%.  This paper lays the groundwork for the development of an application to estimate grape yields based on a multiple task learning (MTL) convolutional neural network (CNN) approach that uses images captured
by inexpensive smartphones secured in a simple tripod arrangement.  The CNN models developed for this research use MTL transfer from autoencoders to achieve 85% and 82% accuracy from image data captured six (6) and sixteen (16) days prior to harvest, respectively.


title: Preparation of amino phosphonates for carbon dioxide capture and functionalization

contributor:
Sutherland, Emma (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Ellis, Bobby) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Chemistry

abstract: Phosphonates with methyl, ethyl, and phenyl substituents were prepared from phosphorus trichloride and an alcohol with the corresponding alkyl or aryl chain. Dimethyl phosphonate was synthesized with the highest yield of 86% and with the best purity. Both dimethyl and diethyl phosphonates were used in attempts to synthesize bis(2-aminoethyl) phosphonate for carbon dioxide capture. These alkyl phosphonates, characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, both proved successful in synthesizing new phosphorus-containing compounds when combined with 2-aminoethanol in the presence of anhydrous hydrogen chloride or heat, but no methods produced only the target bis (2-aminoethyl) phosphonate. None of the synthesized products tested were found to be capable of capturing carbon dioxide.


title: General game playing with deep reinforcement learning

contributor:
LeBlanc, David (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Lee, Greg) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Computer Science

abstract: Reinforcement  learning  provides  problem  formulations  from  the  world  of  robotics  and  to arguably life itself.  It also provides a set of solutions to such problems which may be explored in a computationally realistic manner with the help of neural networks, and thus we have deep reinforcement learning.  As amazing as fields like robotics are to behold,  the field of video  games  offers  a  more  practical  way  of  investigating  the  various  deep  reinforcement techniques.  This thesis brings the concepts of deep reinforcement learning to Atari and NES games while keeping the approach as general as possible.


title: The effect of a neuromuscular hip fatigue protocol on hip joint kinematics in females during dynamic jump landings and unanticipated cutting

contributor:
Holland, Sophie (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Lattimer, Lauren) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Kinesiology

abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Neuromuscular control provides joint stability, and it has the potential to influence the risk of sustaining athletic injuries via delayed muscle activation, decreased force production, and altered activation patterns. Neuromuscular fatigue will increase the effects of inadequate neuromuscular control, further increasing the risk of injury. The hip abductors and external rotators function to stabilize the hip joint during dynamic activity, preventing movement into adduction and internal rotation. Movement into these positions are associated with lower extremity injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.Typically, majority of ACL injuries are due to non-contact mechanisms and occur during weight acceptance phase of rapid athletic maneuvers such as changing directions, landing from a jump, or pivoting. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of a hip muscle fatigue protocol on hip joint kinematics in females during dynamic jump landings and unanticipated cutting tasks. METHODS: Twenty-two female participants were initially recruited for this study, of those twenty-two participants, sixteen (mean age 20.38±0.96 years) of them had complete kinematic data sets that went on to be analyzed. They completed a series of triple hop (THop) tasks and 90o and 135o unanticipated cutting tasks pre- and post-fatigue protocol. The hip kinematics were measured using a 3D motion capture system for participants dominant leg only during the stance phase of tasks and were then compared pre-and post-fatigue. The fatigue protocol specifically targeted the external rotators and abductors at the hip, consisting of three sets of modified stork stance and resisted lateral step exercises. A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was used to determine effects of time on hip kinematics. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of fatigue on hip flexion angle (p=0.037) during the THop testing. There was a significant effect of fatigue on hip abduction angle (p=0.006) during the 90o unanticipated cutting task. An analysis of clinical data revealed a significant effect of fatigue on performance of THop, decreasing the distance travelled. DISCUSSION:  The results indicate that when participants hip abductors and external rotators are in a fatigued state , they will demonstrate hip joint kinematics associated with lower extremity injury during dynamic tasks. These positions include decreased hip flexion during the THop and decreased hip abduction during 90o unanticipated cut post-fatigue. The position of no return described for ACL injuries includes both of these positions, indicating that hip musculature fatigue possibly increased the risk of ACL injuries
in participants.This suggests that as the hip musculature fatigues the joint becomes unstable, impacting the generation of hip flexion and resistance of hip adduction collapse during dynamic tasks, meaning participants will be at a greater risk for sustaining injuries. IMPORTANCE: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of targeting hip musculature strength and endurance when designing injury prevention and intervention programs. Additionally, it showed that incorporating fatigue into training programs may be beneficial for identifying athletes that execute dynamic maneuvers with high-risk positions. This information could be used to create unique training programs for athletes to correct poor neuromuscular control and mechanics.


title: Local ecological knowledge predicting fish behaviour: a diverse and holistic approach to fish ecology

contributor:
Stone, Maria (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Stokesbury, Michael) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Biology

abstract:
Current fisheries management is dominated by Western science. However, the incorporation of other knowledge systems is gaining inertia, used to diversify decision-making processes and offer
additional information about species ecology. Through discussions with Mi’kmaq and Fisher members of the Apoqnmatulti’k project, a list of Local Ecological Knowledge links between fish behaviour and biological and physical variables was created. Two case studies were chosen and explored by using Western-Scientific data to strengthen our understanding of a cue provided by Local Ecological Knowledge holders. The first case study related the abundance of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, to the first harvest of hay. It was determined that the first harvest occurs in late May or early June. After the annual June mandated closure of the sturgeon fishery, the number caught increased. The highest numbers of aturgeon were generally seen in early July, and the number of females caught at this time dominated the number of males. This can be used as a low-cost predictor of behaviour and can indicate when you are likely to interact with the species. The second case study related the rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) run in the Gaspereau River, Nova Scotia, to moon phases. As the best fishing for smelt during their run was predicted to occur at the full or new moon. The Rayleigh’s Test of uniformity indicated a uniform distribution of start dates in the lunar cycle, showing no correlation. A
Chi-squared test indicated no statistically significant difference between lunar phases. An additional analysis was completed, investigating a possible correlation between degree days of one and two weeks prior to the smelt run with the start date. This analysis demonstrated no relationship for either interval. These results could be for several reasons, including air temperatures being used as a proxy for water temperature increases variability, the short scale of the degree days used in the analysis, or lack of variability in the run date. These case studies wove a variety of knowledge types, rather than relying on one alone, and this model demonstrates potential for further investigation. Alternative knowledge systems were crucial in these analyses and the completion of this study.


title: The relation of adult attachment style to microexpressions of emotions in the face during administration of the adult attachment projective picture system

contributor:
Shannon, Sarah (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Symons, Doug) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Psychology

abstract: Attachment Theory suggests emotional responses are an important aspect of behaviour, particularly when the attachment system is activated. This study examines the relations of Adult Attachment classifications using the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP) and emotional expressions exhibited in the face during AAP administration. Ekman described microexpressions as displays of facial behaviour lasting less than one second that reflect “true emotions” as they are not in conscious control. Thus, the present research examines microexpressions of Joy, Anger, Surprise, Fear, Contempt, Sadness, and Disgust. Participants were 60 undergraduate students who were administered the AAP story-telling task as a means to classify them as Secure, Preoccupied, Dismissive, or Unresolved while their facial behaviour was recorded, and expressions analyzed using Affectiva AFFDEX© and iMotions® technology. Results showed the presence of microexpressions of all emotions at low rates, with more Joy being expressed to Attachment-Neutral than Attachment-Relevant AAP cards. Microexpressions did not vary across the four Attachment Categories, with the exception of Contempt, which was higher in the Preoccupied group than the other three Categories. While few hypothesized differences were found, this study is the first to examine microexpressions during an assessment of the AAP, and thus, serves as a new paradigm to explore the underlying emotional structure of Adult Attachment. Future directions for this work are suggested.


title: Impact of COVID-19 & SARS on countries GDP & stock market returns

contributor:
Morrison, NiCole (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(MacLean, Stephen) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Business

abstract:
COVID-19 has demonstrated the difficulty the world has in dealing with global crises. This pandemic in particular has caused uncertainty in international markets with concerns generating from differing economic circumstances. This virus has caused global panic, and this panic is evident in global markets in the past weeks as stakeholders rethink their investments. However, with the world’
s population continuing to rise, the likelihood of more potential pandemics rises subsequently. This paper investigates past global health crises and the extent these consequences had on global
economies. In particular, I used the ThomsonReuters database  to collect economic information surrounding the SARS Outbreak (2002-2004)and the most recent pandemic ; the COVID-19 outbreak (2019 –Present). The countries that were evaluated were the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong, Australia, and South Africa. The variables of unemployment, CPI, bankruptcies, interest rates, and foreign exchange rates were used as independent variables to regress country GDP and stock market indices, along with dummy variables that represented the SARS epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion demonstrated that SARS was statistically significant towards GDP overall and that COVID-19 was economically significant
within the overall sample and particularly within.  Australia, Japan,and Hong Kong.This indicated that health crises have become a more significant economic event and may continue to worsen as a
result of rising population density.


title: Towards sustainability: characterizing the properties of a chicken and yellow pea meat analogue burger

contributor:
Chandler, Sarah (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(McSweeney, Matt) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Nutrition & Dietetics

abstract:
Livestock production has detrimental impacts on the environment and has resulted in a need to shift consumers to more sustainable protein sources. Legumes are a sustainable protein source option; however, innovative novel food products are needed to increase consumer consumption of legumes and reduce animal protein consumption. Meat analogues are a new food item that combines both plant and animal proteins. This study's objectives were to create a new meat analogue product, a burger using yellow peas and chicken, and to characterize the chemical composition, physical, and textural properties of the meat analogue. Yellow pea flour was added to the chicken at 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% levels of substitution. The samples were analyzed for
their ash, protein, fat, and moisture contents using AOAC methods. The water activity, pH, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, cooking yield, diameter and thickness reductions were also
determined, along with a textural profile analysis. The yellow pea flour reduced the protein content and moisture content in the raw and cooked meat analogues. The fat content decreased in the raw samples but increased in the cooked samples. The yellow pea flour also improved the samples' cooking properties with increased cooking yield and decreased diameter and thickness reduction. The yellow pea flour also reduced the cohesiveness and springiness of the samples. This project demonstrated that yellow pea flour could be combined with chicken to make a novel
food product; however, further research of the sensory properties is needed to determine consumer acceptability of this product.


title:
Blockchain: exploring perceptions of industry leaders on how distributed ledgers will disrupt
assurance and consulting practices

contributor:
Qureshi, Sulaman (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Kennedy, Michael) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Business

abstract: Blockchain technology’s original purpose was being the underlying technology for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency; however, its use cases and applications extend to many industries and functions such as accounting, auditing, and risk & management consulting. Current research lacks an industry informed perspective of blockchain technology’s impact on the field of accounting. The paper aims to provide an overview of how blockchain will affect the roles of accountants, auditors, and risk & management consultants, as well as various industries and functions that impact accountants. I investigate the following research question: What do employees of a public accounting firm expect the impact of blockchain technology to be on the field of accounting and industries in Canada? A review of the literature was conducted and interviews with respondents helped identify research gaps, differences of opinion, and offered a new perspective to the current body of literature. Interviews with four blockchain specialists at a Big 4 accounting firm in central Canada were conducted. Thematic analysis was used, and five key themes were identified. This paper explores the five themes current and potential impacts of blockchain on the field of accounting, the challenges organizations are facing when implementing blockchain, industries that will be significantly disrupted, impacts on the roles of accountants and if new skills are needed in order to work with blockchain, and which types of blockchains (private, public, or hybrid) are best for accounting use cases.


title: Kendall's Tau for non-independent data

contributor:
Harrigan, Patric (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Zhang, Ying) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics

abstract:
Kendall’s Tau is a non-parametric U-statistic used on bivariate data that measures whether or not these two variables are independent and, if not independent, assesses the type and degree of dependency that exists between them based on the concordance (and discordance) structure of the data.  One of the assumptions of Kendall’s Tau procedure requires that the paired observations be mutually independent and identically distributed (iid) according to some, known or unknown, continuous distribution.   Requiring  this  assumption  causes  certain  issues  when  exploring  certain
datasets with non-iid structures,  particularly,  bivariate time-series data.  The purpose of this thesis is to examine the behaviour of Kendall’s Tau when the iid assumption is relaxed to include weakly stationary time-series data.  We will discuss different methods to find a reliable variance estimate to construct accurate confidence intervals when dealing with these types of data.  Additionally, we will determine which one of these estimates are best given a certain situation looking at both the advantages and disadvantages to all proposed estimates.


title: Exploring expression of tp53 in zebrafish, Danio rerio, in response to exogenous cannabinoids and stress

contributor:
Smith, Melanie (author)
(Easy, Russell) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an essential signalling network in vertebrates that includes essential receptors, enzymes, and transporter proteins of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The ECS includes cannabinoid receptors divided into CB1R and CB2R subtypes, which are part of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. These, in turn, activate the c-JUN N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway. The JNK pathway facilitates a range of abiotic and biotic stress effects that regulate physiological processes such as inflammation, neuronal functions, cell death and survival pathways, and more. In this experiment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) received no treatment (control), or treatment with cannabinoids CBD or THC, and were then subjected to a novel tank diving test. Gills and brain tissue underwent RT-qPCR with target gene tp53 and housekeeping gene elfa. For statistical analyses, ∆∆Cq datawere used to normalize the expression of tp53 using qPCR, and expression levels were compared based on the treatment group. The data indicated no statistically significant difference in tp53 expression for zebrafish treated with CBD or THC.Due to
time limit constraints, the expression for cannabinoid receptor genes cnr1 and cnr2 was not explored, however, primers for amplifying these genes were designed and optimized.

abstract: Biology


title: Synthesis of novel naphthopyrans via a hetero Diels-Alder reaction

contributor:
Harvey, Nicholas (author)
(Jha, Amitabh) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
A  new  synthetic  methodology  was  developed  to  obtain  novel  naphthopyrans  decorated  with functional  groups  amenable  for  further  chemical  manipulation.  Starting  for  commercially
available     2-naphthols,     paraformaldehyde,     cyclic     secondary     amines     and     diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate,   the   synthesis   was   achieved   in   two   steps.   First,   2-naphthols,
paraformaldehyde, cyclic secondary amines were converted to Mannich bases. Subsequently, the Mannich  bases  were  reacted  with  diethyl  ethoxymethylenemalonate  in  a  microwave  reactor  to yield diethyl  3-(alkylamino)-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-2,2(3H)-dicarboxylates as  products.  The mechanism of this reaction involved a cascade of a) deamination of 2-naphthol Mannich bases to
ortho-quinone      methides,      b)      the      reaction      of      liberated      amine      with      diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate  to  yield  diethyl  2-(alkylaminomethylene)malonate,  and  finally  c)  the hetero  Diels-Alder  reaction  of  the ortho-quinone  methides  with in situ generated  diethyl  2-(alkylaminomethylene)malonate to form the final naphtho[2,1-b]pyran products.

abstract: Chemistry


title: The ecclesiology of Morgan Edwards (1722–1795), with particular reference to his understanding of Baptist Church polity

contributor:
Colford, Evan (author)
(Brackney, William) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract:
Morgan  Edwards  was  an  important  Calvinistic  Baptist  pastor,  theologian,  and  historian  of  the eighteenth  century.  This  thesis  presents  Edwards’s  ecclesiology,  with  special  reference  to  his understanding of Baptist church polity. This is achieved by setting Edwards within the theological flow of Calvinistic Baptist understandings of the church and church polity. The first chapter sets
the stage by introducing Edwards, his place in Baptist history, and an overview of the task at hand. Chapter two looks at several Calvinistic Baptist works on the church and church polity published
before, during, and after Edwards’s life. Chapters three and four present Edwards’s ecclesiology and  Baptist  church  polity  through  a  close  examination  of  his The Customs  of  the  Primiti
ve Churches (1768),  which  is  probably  the  first  Baptist  manual  on  polity and practice.  This  thesis argues  that  Edwards  stands  within  the  Calvinistic  Baptist  tradition  in  his  understanding  of  the church and Baptist church polity, while at the same time pushing beyond the views expressed in similar works of his day, most notably in his understanding of the officers of the church and the number of church rites. This thesis will also pay close attention to some of the sources that Edwards made use of to formulate his polity and practice, such as various Congregationalist authors and The Book  of  Common  Prayer (1662)  in  some  of  his  liturgical  work.  The  primary  source  for Edwards, however, was the Bible. He sought to ground his views on the church and church polity in  God’s  Word  as  he  understood  it,  which  is  perhaps  the  greatest  lesson  that Edwards  offers  to modern-day Christians.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: Examination of mercury and arsenic concentrations in spruce tree cores and soil samples from historical gold mine tailings sites in Nova Scotia

contributor:
Bowes, Brianna (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(O'Driscoll, Nelson) (Thesis advisor)
(Campbell, Linda) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Earth & Environmental Sciences

abstract:
Tree cores and surface soil samples were collected from four historical gold mine tailings sites near the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) for mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) analyses.  Five spruce trees (either Picea glauca or Picea mariana) were cored from each site, and the year of growth estimated from tree ring counts.  We found that average surface soil (silt+ clay fraction) total Hg and As concentrations from all mine tailings sites exceeded Canadian Health guidelines for acceptable soil Hg (500 μg/kg) and As (12 mg/kg) concentrations in residential areas.  We found most tree core samples were below the method detection limit (MDL) for Hg in samples from the Montague, Oldham and Muddy Pond tailings sites (MDL ranging 1.3-4.2μg/kg). with the notable exception of the Old Stamp Mill site in Montague Mining District.  Mercury in tree ring segments for the Old Stamp Mill site ranged from 0.9to 43.1 μg/kg, with a MDL of 2.0 μg/kg.  However, regression analysis for this site did not show a consistent trend between Hg concentration and time between cores.  Additionally, using non-parametric Spearman’s correlations, no significant correlation (n=26, p-
value=0.08) was found between Hg concentrations in tree bark and Hg in surface soils. Unfortunately, we were not able to measure As in tree cores at the time of this writing due to COVID-19 related delays. The results of this study show that historical gold mine tailings sites in Nova Scotia have soils that are highly contaminated with both Hg and As, and more research is needed to confirm if spruce trees are reliable indicators of mercury bioaccumulation at those sites.This reinforces the need for future studies on the bioaccumulation and effects of both contaminants in living organisms around legacy gold mine tailing sites


title: Use of image analysis software to assess American eel (Anguilla rostrata) elver external pigment development

contributor:
Silver, Bailey (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Bradford, Rod) (Thesis advisor)
(Stokesbury, Michael) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Biology

abstract: Runs of American eel (A. rostrata) elvers exhibit pronounced variability in body length, body weight and degree of external pigmentation within-season and among-years. These factors are thought to influence the level of recruitment to the standing stock of yellow eels and eventually adult production, and they can potentially influence the value of the landed catch from the commercial fishery. Documentation of within-and among-year variability in these traits is time consuming, susceptible to measurement error both in accuracy and precision and in the case of external pigmentation subject to observer bias in interpretation of categorical criteria. This study evaluates the potential usefulness of image analysis to quantify the development of elver pigmentation as a continuous variable using pixel intensity and to estimate elver lengths. Scanned images of elvers were assessed using ImageJ photo analysis software to quantify the development of elver pigment using pixel intensity of strategically selected areas within the elver body creating a pigment index. The index revealed a sigmoidal progression of body pigmentation with time within-years. Comparison of index values derived from the scanned images are shown to be more informative as a means to assess pigment development with time than are categorical indices in current use. The new index allows for pigment development to be treated as a continuous variable when relating physiological development to biological, ecological, and environmental factors.


title: Attachment, social type, holistic processing: an examination of individual differences in face and object processing

contributor:
MacDougall, Amelia (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Brodeur, Darlene) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Psychology

abstract:
Recent research suggests that the development of cognitive abilities is a complex, dynamic process that is influenced by a myriad of factors, including social experiences. As a result, understanding
individual  variation  in  cognition  requires  exploring  relationships  among  social  and  cognitive behaviours. The  current  study  explored the  relationship  between  individual  differences  in  adult attachment styles and  holistic  object  processing, with  social  motivation  assessed  as a  potential moderator of this relationship. Participants were  tested using the Vanderbilt Holistic Processing Test for Faces (Richler et al., 2014) and the Vanderbilt Holistic Processing Test for Novel Objects (Chau  &  Gauthier,  2020) to  measure  individual  differences  in  holistic  processing.  They  also completed the Experiences in Close Relationships-Short Form (Wei  et al., 2007) to assess adult attachment style, and the Friendship Questionnaire (Baron-Cohen &. Wheelwright, 2003) to assess social  motivation. Results  showed  a significant  relationship  between  attachment  anxiety  and holistic face processing as moderated by social motivation. Participants high in anxiety and social motivation were  more  likely  to  process faces,  but  not  objects  holistically. Future  research  is required  to more fully understand the  relationship  between  attachment style,  social  motivation, and cognition.


title: Aboriginal people and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms: is Section 25 an untapped means to claim contemporary rights?

contributor:
Berriman-Saulnier, Chelsea (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Crandall, Erin) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Politics

abstract:
This thesis reviews the historical and contemporary relationship between indigenous people and the state, highlighting the institutionalization of indigenous people as second-class citizens, and the consequences of this hierarchical categorization through national reports, statistics and firsthand accounts. An analysis of foundational documents and relevant jurisprudence including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, R v. Knapp (2008) and Haig v. Canada (1993) is completed for to establish a framework for the activation of s.25 in a way that allows indigenous people to claim positive contemporary rights. The thesis also includes an analysis of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (CHRT) case (2016) which found that the government discriminates against
indigenous people in the management and delivery of child welfare services. This case provides evidence of state orchestrated discrimination and is used to apply the reimaged s.25 framework
to allow for the CHRT 2016 case to be adjudicated as a Charter case.


title: Vertical ground reaction force asymmetries in male and female athletes across four athletic tasks

contributor:
Switzer, Brett (author)
(Landry, Scott) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
Motor  asymmetries  are  naturally  occurring  phenomena  that  may  result  from  longstanding participation  in sport and  athletic  activity. Ground  reaction  forces (GRF) produced  by  athletes
through  tasks  such  as  cutting,  running,  and  landing  on  one  or  two  legs  yield  various  levels  of asymmetry when  comparing one leg  to the other. Certain  levels of asymmetry may increase  the risk  of injury to  an athlete  if  not  addressed  and  remediated. The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to identify and compare the level of asymmetries across various athletic tasks in males and females of  contact  (male  football  and  female  rugby),  soccer,  and  basketball  sport  backgrounds while qualitatively  comparing three different symmetry  indices including;  the  Symmetry  Index  (SI), Symmetry Angle (SA), and Normalized Symmetry Index (NSI). Data were collected in the John MacIntyre motion Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics (mLAB) located in the Athletic Complex of  Acadia  University  in  Wolfville,  Nova  Scotia,  Canada.  The  cohorts included:  male  contact (football),  female  contact  (rugby),  male  soccer,  female  soccer,  male basketball,  and  female
basketball. The athletes performed a sub-maximal run, an unanticipated cut to change direction,and double leg and single leg drop landings. Data collection involved capturing muscle activity,
ground reaction forces, and 3D marker position for each participant, however only vertical forces were analyzed in this study. Using MATLAB, symmetry index values were tabulated for the peak
vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) through the stance phases of the run and cut, and the landing phases  of  a  double  and  single  leg  drop jumps,  referred  to  as  double  leg  landings  and  single  leg landings. RStudio was used to calculate means and standard deviations and then create two-factor gamma generalized linear models (GLM) for each task for sex and sport. A Wald chi-
squared test was  performed  on  the  GLMs  to  identify  significant main or  interaction  effects.  If  a  significant effect was found (p < 0.05), a pairwise comparison  test was conducted using the Tukey p-value adjustment method to reveal the levels of the main effects. This study found that through a cutting and running task, males produced significantly greater asymmetries than females.
In the cutting task, contact athletes produced significantly greater  asymmetries than basketball athletes. In the running task, basketball athletes produced significantly greater asymmetries than soccer athletes. Significant  differences  were  not  evident  through  the  double  leg  landing  and  single  leg  landing tasks. The present findings may help address the injury implications of vGRF asymmetries within high  school  and  university  athletes,  while  providing  a  qualitative  understanding  of  various symmetry indices.

abstract: Biology


title: Sales forecasting using long short term memory networks

contributor:
Shi, Yuanyuan (author)
(Silver, Danny L.) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: The Annapolis Cider Company would like to estimate their future hourly and daily sales based on their historical sales, date and time, weather conditions and knowledge of special events in Annapolis Valley.  This study uses machine learning methods to predict hourly and daily sales for up to two days in advance.  The Annapolis Cider Company has provided sales data stored in their POS system for up to four years. Both  observed  and  forecast  weather  data  have  been  retrieved  from  the  Dark  Sky website.  Special event data has been extracted from various online calendars from the web.  This study focues on the performance of LSTM neural networks compared to  ARIMA,  persistence  and  Avg6Week  models.   Mean  absolute  error  (MAE)  and mean  absolute  percentage  error  (MAPE)  are  used  to  evaluate  the  performance  of each  model.   The  LSTM  daily  prediction  model  provides  the  lowest  test  MAE  of $597.93 and test MAPE of 19.7% on daily basis.  It decreases the test error by 22.6% compared with a persistence daily model.  The LSTM hourly prediction model has the  lowest  test  MAE  of $51.59  and  MAPE  of  40.8%  on  an  hourly  basis,  which  is 17.2% lower than the persistence hourly model.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Factors that could contribute to a collaborative gift-based leadership in the Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth

contributor:
Anderson, Maryn (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Noble, Tim) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Acadia Divinity College

abstract:
The purpose of this thesis project is to explore possible factors that could characterize a collaborative gift-based leadership model between clergy and laity in the Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth. This type of project allows for both laity and clergy to share their lived reality and in that sharing factors may emerge to assist the Diocese in a time of change and renewal.
Qualitative research was chosen as the most suitable method to enable hearingthe experience of both laity and clergy as they journey together as the People of God. This type of methodology allowed various voices to be heard and to share their understanding and experience in the life of a parish and in turn ministry and leadership. This research allowed for interviews with pastors, lay leaders and a parish seminar; and in these interactions, the lived reality is heard and witnessed. Possible factors that emerged from the collected data that could characterize a collaborative gift-based leadership included the need for genuine, authentic renewal at the parish level. Another factor articulated was the need for healthy relationships between clergy and laity. In order for collaboration and respect between laity and clergy, there must be trust, communication and
affirmation. Also noted was the need for transparent communication between the Archdiocese and the People of God. This type of communication is essential to keeping people engaged and connected to the wider church. The final factor is the overwhelming need for formation for both clergy and laity. Clergy need to be formed in how to be pastorally sensitive and able to journey with laity in faith. The laity need formation so as to
be affirmed and empowered to be Christ-centered leaders in their communities of faith.


title: Neuromuscular fatigue of hip joint stabilizers and its influence on knee kinematics and kinetics during jumping and reactive cutting tasks

contributor:
Cadle, Sarsha (author)
(Lattimer, Lauren) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
INTRODUCTION: The combined manifestation of neuromuscular fatigue and reactive agility tasks create high-risk situations for ACL injury and these components are rarely discovered independent of one another. Decreased force production, delayed neuromuscular activation and hindered motor coordination that results from neuromuscular fatigue leads to hazardous compensatory movement strategies that can often place excessive strain on the ligaments of the knee joint. Proximal hip musculature plays an integral role in the dynamic stabilisation and force attenuation of the lower extremity and thus has been postulated to have influence over the positioning of more distal joints, including the knee. Considering the high demand of unanticipated cutting and jumping tasks on the musculoskeletal system, developing an understanding of the impact of intrinsic hip muscles over knee kinematics and kinetics during demanding tasks is of great importance to  minimizing  injury  risk. METHODS: Twenty-two  female  subjects  were  recruited  to participate in the study with sixteen subjects (mean age; 20.38±0.96) data being collected and analyzed. Subjects completed pre-and post-testing following a fatigue protocol that targeted the external rotators and abductors  of  the  hip.  The  pre-and  post-testing  consisted  of triple  hop  (for  distance)  and  a  series  of
unanticipated  cutting  tasks.  All  fatigue  and  dynamic  testing were conducted  solely  on  the  subjects’ dominant leg. Force plate data and 3D motion capture was used to examine knee kinematics and kinetics during testing. A two-way repeated measures MANOVA was employed to determine the effects of fatigue on variables of performance of the dynamic tasks. RESULTS:  Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in muscle strength and triple hop performance (p=0.026) following fatigue. More specifically, a significant decrease in knee flexion angles (p=0.007)
was observed in the POST condition of triple hop testing. IMPORTANCE: The neuromuscular fatigue of proximal musculature (intrinsic hip muscles) is capable of affecting movement patterns at more distal joints, being the knee. The compensations that occurred as a result of hip muscle fatigue placed the knee in positions of higher ACL injury risk during dynamic tasks. Due to this, integration of proximal muscle strengthening into rehabilitation and prevention programs for lower extremity injuries should be considered. Furthermore, incorporating a fatiguing element into return to play testing may be beneficial in solidifying return to play decisions following injury.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Striped Bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792) population demographics and mixing in the Bay of Fundy

contributor:
O'Halloran, Lita (author)
(Avery, Trevor) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
The use of population dynamics in fisheries management is a crucial tool to understand trends and appoint sustainable harvest rates. In the Bay of Fundy (BoF), Striped Bass Morone saxatilis is a highly prized
recreational fishery and aboriginal FSC fish. Striped Bass are found throughout Minas Basin, where they are believed to mix with U.S.A. Striped Bass populations. Mixing of these populations creates difficulties in
determining population structure which is required for implementation of effective conservation actions for Canadian stocks. Here we use catch data from 1981–2019, as well as mark-recapture to answer information gaps on population structure. Specifically, we address information gaps on movement, length frequency, weight-length relationships, and estimating growth using tag data. Our data suggests that 99.5% of bass tagged over 7 years did not leave the Minas Basin. Growth models were comparable to traditional length-at-age models with Francis and Wang models outperforming Fabens models. 183 tissue samples were analyzed using next generation sequencing (NGS), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s and microsatellites and summary of mark-recapture studies since the 1930s to determine the presence and abundance of other
populations in the Minas Basin, and genetic origin of bass in Labrador and Annapolis River. Of the bass chosen for higher probability of migrancyanalyzed using SNPs ,99% were of Shubenacadie River origin, with one U.S.A. migrant, and no hybridization detected. Proportions in Annapolis River were 2.4% for both Saint John River and U.S.A. origin and 95.2% Shubenacadie River origin. Labrador bass (n=8) were of Miramichi River
origin, which is the first genetic evidence of Striped Bass expanding past its native northern range. Across the entire Atlantic coast into the BoF 48 (0.002%) transboundary recaptures have occurred from published studies using over two million external tags. These results indicate that U.S.A. migrants present in the Minas Basin are insignificant and the adjustment necessary for the Shubenacadie River population would be negligible.

abstract: Biology


title: The history of residential schools in Nova Scotia: past failures and future prospects

contributor:
Parlee, Courtenay E. (author)
(Poulter, Gillian) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2006

abstract:
The objective of this thesis was to prove that the federal government in Canada did not succeed in their attempts to abolish through education a culture so rooted in language and tradition as that of the Mi'kmaq and
Maliseet of Nova Scotia. The educational curriculum taught to First Nations children was purposely designed to assimilate them into European-Canadian society; however it failed. Both the federal government and the
school authorities at Shubenacadie neglected to provide adequate necessities of life to the children. In edition, they lacked compassion and consideration for Native culture and language. Children were alienated from
their own community and were made to feel inadequate in Euro-Canadian society. Ultimately the system failed the children. Although initially the effects of Residential Schools were devastating, Native communities
have since rebounded and a new political consciousness has awakened. It was the National Indian Brotherhood in 1972 that spearheaded the movement for a better future in education for First Nations. The federal
government is no longer exclusively making decisions about Native education. Instead, it is required to work in cooperation with Native leaders in preparing new educational policies concerning. I concluded that Nova
Scotia has the most progressive policy for First Nations education. The province was the first in Canada to allow the leaders of the Chapel Island First Nations Reserve to ultimately control what would be taught in the
Mi'kmawey school. Because of the landmark success Mi'kmawey school has had, there is a new standard in education. The federal government must officially recognize the new influence Native leaders have in creating and implementing policy for the educational curriculum taught to First Nations people.

abstract: History & Classics


title: Basil essential oils to develop novel green formulations for managing ticks (Ixodidae spp.)

contributor:
Wang, Haozhe (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Faraone, Nicoletta) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Chemistry

abstract:
Ticks,  such  as  blacklegged  tick  (Ixodes  scapularis)  and  American  dog  tick (Dermacentor  variabilis)  are  vectors  of  several  pathogens  that  negatively  impact animal and human health. In recent years due to global warming, the threat of disease transmission   has   risen   significantly,   resulting   in   an   increased   demand   for environmentally safe, tick repellent and acaricidal products. Natural products, such as essential  oils  and  inert  rock  dust,  are  prospective  alternatives  to  manage  these  pests. Basil  (Ocimum  basilicum,  L.)  has  been  reported  to  have  promising  pest  repellent activity.   I   have extracted   essential   oils   from   different   basil   varieties   through hydrodistillation and I have characterized the chemical composition of the oils through GC-MS.  Basil  essential  oils  were  tested  for  long-term  repellent  activity  towards nymphs of blacklegged ticks using horizontal bioassays at different concentrations. In addition, I combined basil essential oils with an inert material (i.e., granite rock dust) with  known  insecticidal  properties  to  assess  acaricidal  activities  against  adult  ticks. Among the tested basil varieties, Jolina essential oils (at the concentration of 15% v/v) repelled  96%  of  tested  ticks  up  to  2  hours  post-treatment.  In  acaricidal  tests,  the combination of essential oils from Aroma2 var. at
concentration of 10% w/w with rock dust  resulted  in  100%  tick  mortality  after  only  24  hrs  post-exposure. In  the  effort  to protect  essential  oils and enhance  their  bioactivity,  I  have  encapsulated  a  mix  of extracted  basil  essential  oils  in  equal  ratio  through  nanoemulsification  followed  by spray-drying.  The  obtained  powder provided  a  stable  product with  an  encapsulation efficiency approximately equal  to 100%. The  use  of  essential  oils  alone,  and  in combination with rock  dust, and  the  possibility  to  enhance  essential  oil  properties through  nanoencapsulation represent  an  innovative  and  environmentally-friendly approach to manage ticks and the spread of vector-borne diseases.


title: The new age of sports entertainment: how context shapes sport engagement in the MLS, NBA, NFL, and NHL

contributor:
Herrington, Griffin (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(MacNeil, Ryan) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Business

abstract:
Diving into the growing industry of esports and competitive video gaming, this thesis provides a case study of four of the main professional sports leagues in North America in an effort to understand what has led their esports developments to their current state. Esports refers to competitions and events that involve individuals or teams competing against one another in a video game. This
research came about as a result of personal motivations and an understanding of the connections between professional sports and esports in North America. A limited amount of research in this field, and particularly inthe connections between professional sports and esports spearheaded this analysis. The study examines the four professional sports leagues in North America with developed esports scenes, specifically the MLS, NBA, NFL, and NHL. Using a multi-case study, the research analyzes the histories of the leagues, growth of the leagues, as well as their current state of both sport and esport to uncover trends and themes that seem to have the most impact on esports success. Current and former athletes, as well as owners and front-office management
getting involved in esports appeared to be a constant theme among all leagues, thus it became its own point of examination. After completing the analysis of the leagues and the involvement of athletes and owners, three common factors became the most apparent in understanding what has led each esport to its current state: the focus on geographical expansion, internationalization, and the involvement of influential figures.This thesis provides evidence as to the importance of these things when explaining why some sport-related esports may be more successful than others, as well as starting a conversation for what things impact esport success with ties to professional sports and how to continue to grow the MLS, NBA, NFL, and NHL esports environments


title: A mixed-method approach to exploring relationships between secondary whoop data variables and the perceived effectiveness of the whoop band within varsity women's basketball player

contributor:
McDonald, Haley (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(King, Colin) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Kinesiology

abstract:
Wearable technology, specifically within varsity athletics, has the potential to empower athletes to make informed and educated decisions about their training. The current literature provides little attention to varsity athletes and their perceived usefulness of these devices. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between data variables collected by a specific type of wearable technology, the WHOOP band. This study also explored the perceived effectiveness of the WHOOP band for varsity women’s basketball players through a questionnaire and an interview process. The data analysis portion of the study utilized data from 24 (mean SD; age 20.6 1.6) past and present women’s varsity basketball players of the same program. The questionnaire was completed by 19 participants, with 5 participants taking part in the interview section. A strong correlation was found between HR max and the time HR was in zone 5 during exercise (r = 0.82). Additionally, moderate relationships were observed between average HRV and average recovery (r = 0.54) and average workout strain and HR max (r = 0.57). The emerging themes from the mixed-
methods part of the study centered around privacy concerns, consideration of life aspects outside of sport, and important things to consider when applying and understanding the data produced by wearable technology. These findings will allow future users to consider important factors when implementing wearable technology in a university sport environment. Moreover, it can also inform future users of the effectiveness of wearable technology from the athlete’s point of view, an area that has very little research available.


title: The role of player nationality and position on football transfer fees

contributor:
Harrison-Murray, Guy (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(MacLean, Stephen) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Business

abstract:
Today’s football landscape is molded by the multi-million-euro transfers of players from club to club. We see football clubs today spending over €200 million for a single player to boost their chances of winning games and therefore championships; however, current research lacks analysis as to what factors impact this transfer. It has appeared, in the past, that football teams have held biases over the years towards favouring certain nationalities and positions. South American and European players are often at the forefront of the most expensive transfers in the world. In terms of player position, attackers dominate in terms of transfer fees paid.
This paper aims to examine whether these biases are validated by statistical analysis and what role nationality and player position have in determining transfer fees. Through a quantitative approach to data collection and analysis using multiple regression models, 40 variables were analyzed over 3 primary categories: 1. Player Characteristics, 2. Player Performance and 3. Player Achievements.
The results of the Ordinary Least Squares regressions did not show any statistically significant findings for the impact of nationality on transfer fees; however, results did show that a premium is paid for an attacking player compared to midfielders and defenders. There were also statistically significant, positive relationships found between 1. attacking players making key passes and 2. registering assists and their transfer value. Similarly, goals scored by defenders significantly increased their transfer value. This research could lead to football managers and sporting directors reducing errors in the transfer window and give a better understanding of the breakdown of the fees they are paying for players.


title: Exploring differential gene expression in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilus) in response to mercury exposure

contributor:
Nauss, Jenna (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Easy, Russell) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Biology

abstract:
Mature Striped Bass, (Morone saxatilis) feed on high trophic level prey, enabling biomagnification of contaminants such as mercury. Mercury is a non-essential heavy metal existing in several forms in aquatic environments and produces various toxic effects in organisms. In this study, the expression of genes coding for antioxidants involved in the oxidative stress response and detoxification, specifically glutathione S-transferase, metallothionein, and thioredoxin reductase in Striped Bass, were examined. Total mercury levels in liver tissues, received in coordination with local fishers in Nova Scotia, were measured using thermal decomposition, gold amalgamation and atomic absorption spectrometry. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the ∆∆Cq method was used to calculate relative normalized expression of target genes in comparison to the reference, elongation factor 1-alpha.Total mercury levels  in liver tissues increased with total length of Striped Bass, indicative of bioaccumulation. No statistically significant relationships were initially observed regarding the expression of target genes and mercury concentration in Striped Bass liver. Metallothionein
gene expression exhibited a statistically significant positive relationship with mercury concentration after outlier removal and may serve as a potential biomarker of mercury exposure. This study is the first to show differential expression of novel genes involved in the oxidative stress response and detoxification processes in Striped Bass in response to mercury contamination.


title: Investigating cerebellar influence on theory of mind via transcranial magnetic stimulation

contributor:
Keay, Hannah (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Lametti, Daniel) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Psychology

abstract:
The cerebellum, while traditionally thought to play a role in motor coordination, is now hypothesized to be associated with many aspects of cognition. It is theorized that the cerebellum contributes
predictions about future motor, sensory, and cognitive states and modifies its output based on whether these predictions are met. Patients with cerebellar damage often have problems with theory of mind (ToM), which includes an ability to predict others’ mental states. Here we propose a study to investigate whether inhibition of the cerebellum in healthy subjects will have an effect on ToM; we
hypothesized that a temporary lesion to the cerebellum would have greater influence on ToM than a control site. To test this, participants would be quantitatively scored on ToM before and after experiencing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which is a non-invasive procedure that would target and temporarily inhibit the function of the cerebellum or a control site. Simulated pre and post-TMS scores for cerebellar TMS and control groups were analyzed and appeared to support our hypothesis; participants that received cerebellar TMS experienced significant differences in ToM compared to the control group, and TMS to the cerebellum significantly decreased participants’ ToM ability. These results, if born from a real study, would provide support for emerging hypotheses implying a broader range of cerebellar function exists than what is traditionally accepted to be so.


title: International students are hungry: an analysis on how systemic structures create food insecurity in among international students in rural Nova Scotia

contributor:
Panza, Janique Ellis (author)
(Frank, Lesley) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
Research has shown that international students are vulnerable to experiencing food insecurity in university. The purpose of this study was to understand the unique contributors of the food insecurity experienced by international students in a rural town. A political-economy theoretical perspective was used, along with the theoretical concepts of social stratification and capitalist
neoliberal arrangements of the university, to explore the social and cultural relations of food insecurity experienced by international students in their everyday lives. A qualitative approach was used,
and five semi-structured interviews were conducted with female international students from different ethnic backgrounds and countries of origin. Qualitative thematic analysis of interview transcripts
revealed the unique contributors of food insecurity experienced by international students to be transportation inaccessibility, job instability, cultural food inaccessibility, and limited supports and financial aid. This thesis argues that while the international students interviewed originate from different parts of the world, they all experienced and reported similar occurrences of food insecurity while at university in Canada due to systemic and structural factors imbedded in government and institutional policy.

abstract: Psychology


title: Estimating the physics of an automobile collision from images

contributor:
Manek, Hardik (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Silver, Danny L.) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Computer Science

abstract:
Estimating  the  type  and  severity  of  an  injury  suffered  in  a  car  crash  shortly  after an accident is a challenging task.  However, such estimates are important to the insurance industry.  Using the change in velocity of the vehicle involved in an accident (Delta-V) as well as the Location of Collision (LOC) and the Principal Direction of Force (PDOF), the severity of the crash can be predicted, and eventually, the typeof  injury  suffered  by  the  occupants  can  be  estimated.   Currently,  the  methods  for measuring Delta-V are telematics, mathematical simulations, and manual estimation from  images.   In  our  research,  we  introduce  a  deep  learning  and  computer  vision based approach to estimate Delta-V using images of the vehicle involved in the accident; hence, streamlining the insurance claim process.  In this research, the models are developed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to predict Delta-V and classify LOC and PDOF. Since the prediction of Delta-V from car crash images using machine learning is an unexplored field, we prove that deep learning can be used to solve this problem by developing a proof-of-concept.  We create car-crash simulations using the Rigs of Rods simulator, which uses a soft-body physics engine to simulate the vehicle’s motion destruction and deformation.  The images from the simulations
are  used  to  develop  the  baseline  models  to  predict  the  crash  velocity.   The  results provide strong evidence that the convolutional neural network models can be developed to predict Delta-V from the images.  Based on these results, we develop models using  real-world  collision  images  to  predict  Delta-V  and  classify  LOC  and  PDOF. The resulting models predict Delta-V with a mean absolute error of 3.83 km/hr for frontal collisions and 3.49 km/hr for rear-end collisions by applying fine-tuning and image-processing.  We demonstrate a Multiple-Task Learning (MTL) model to predict Delta-V and classify the location of the collision.  The MTL model has a mean absolute error of 4.19 km/hr for Delta-V and test accuracy of 92% for classification of LOC. The Single-Task Learning (STL) model to classify the PDOF has a test accuracy of 34.44%.  The final MTL model has a mean absolute error of 6.56 km/hr for Delta-V prediction and a test accuracy of 32.22% for PDOF classification.


title: Associations of, and interactions among, Helminths in coyotes (Canis latrans)

contributor:
Priest, Jenna (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Shutler, Dave) (Thesis advisor)
(Stewart, Don) (Thesis advisor)
(Boudreau, Michael) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Biology

abstract:
Variables that can influence health include age, sex, diet, condition, and parasites. Parasitism, by definition, is a relationship in which a parasite exploits (e.g., by feeding on tissue) its host.  Animals
come in contact with parasites frequently, including from feeding, and interacting with conspecifics and their environment, which may result in individuals harbouring multiple species of parasites.  Parasites can cause hosts to upregulate their immunity, to spend energy repairing tissue damage, and to lose nutrients. It is assumed that these three demands will decrease host health.  To evaluate this, I quantified coyote health using three indices, and tested if host health was related to helminth intensities and species richness.  There were no significant relationships between log-intensity tracheal nodules or Taenia sp. tapeworms and the three measures of host health (Ps >0.07); however, there was a significant negative relationship between log-intensity Crenosoma vulpis
fox lungworms and condition (P= 0.04), and log-intensity Uncinaria stenocephala hookworms and size (P= 0.02), condition (P= 0.04), and kidney-femur fat index (P< 0.01).  Next, I tested if coinfections were independent, and if helminth interactions were positive, negative, or negligible.  Coyotes infected with tracheal nodules (Oslerus osleri) were more likely to be also infected with
fox lungworms (Crenosoma vulpis; P= 0.0002), but four other pairs of helminth infections appeared to be independent of one another (Ps>0.18). Interactions were undetectable for four of the five helminth combinations tested (P>0.13). However, mean intensities of Taenia sp. tapeworms were significantly higher in coyotes that also had hookworms (Uncinaria stenocephala; P= 0.03), consistent with a positive numeric response.  This study found significant negative relationships between host health and some helminths, but associations were not universal for all species.  Parasites are of concern for all organisms including humans, and investigating these relationships are important in improving our understanding of how to protect ourselves against infection.


title: “Figures of freedom ": new monastic communities as a study in radical Free Church ecclesiology

contributor:
Scarpuzzi, Jonathan (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Boersma, Spencer) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Acadia Divinity College

abstract:
Based on the figural dynamism of the Scriptures and the convictions of Free Church Baptistic thinkers such as James Wm. McClendon, jr., radical expressions of New Monasticism qualify as
a viable ecclesial expression and contribute to how churches can faithful live out the way of Jesus Christ in the present culture. Thus, this thesis attempts to rectify this discrepancy by
demonstrating New Monasticism's viability and its opportunity as a radical contribution to Free Church ecclesiology.  New Monastic communities are a radical expression of the Christian Church and are justified given the following: (1) the figural centre of the cross, kingdom, and Spirit of the New Testament ecclesiology, displaying both diversity and dynamism; (2) the central convictions of Free Church ecclesiology as developed in James Wm. McClendon jr.'s baptist theology; and (3), that it succeeds in practically living out the 'Jesus Way' in a way that could encourage other Free Churches to explore contextual possibilities.


title: But, God: exploring the practice of lament as a means of developing a more secure attachment to God

contributor:
Rempel-Bekkers, James (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(McNally, John) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Acadia Divinity College

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine ways in which the practice of lament might contribute to a more secure attachment to God. Eleven participants from the London, Ontario area completed the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships (Revised) Questionnaire (ECR-R) before and after a seven-week study on lament and attachment. Follo wing the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten of the eleven participants.
Qualitative and quantitative results indicated that the practice of lament helped to strengthen participants’ perceived attachment to God. Studies of correlations between AGI and ECR-R data, which explored whether attachments between significant adult attachment relationships (ECR-R) were mirrored in some way in participants’ attachment to God patterns were inconclusive, suggesting a more complex and dynamic relationship exists between believers’ adult attachment relationships and the formation of attachment to God patterns.


title: ‘Stuck in the welfare trap': the impacts of institutional welfare policy on single parents' access to and attainment of post-secondary education

contributor:
Fisher, Laura (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Frank, Lesley) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Sociology

abstract:
This thesis explores barriers and challenges for single parents on welfare in Nova Scotia of accessing post-secondary education, most notably the effects of institutional welfare policy itself. This
thesis draws on Feminist Political Economy and a key concept of the relations of ruling as developed by Smith (1989) as a theoretical orientation. An Institutional Ethnography research approach was used, and 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and June of 2020. The findings are discussed in light of the importance of higher education for low-income single parents
arguing that relations of ruling prevent single parents on welfare from leaving conditions of poverty through education–mediated by conflicting ideas of the poor and the roles of parents, and institutional ideologies and arrangements of social welfare provisions.


title: A characterization of the set of invariant distributions of a random walk on a graph

contributor:
Gingell, Kate (author)
(Mendivil, Franklin) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: In this paper, a characterization of the set of attainable limiting distributions of a random walk  on  a  strongly  connected  directed  graph  is  described.   This  result  is  shown  in  terms of the invariant distributions of Markov chains.  The exisitence of invariant distributions of Markov chains is proven by way of the Perron-Frobenius theorem.  Then it is shown that the set of possible limiting distributions of a graph Gis the convex hull of the uniform cycle distributions of the cycles of G.

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics


title: The impact of the integral ministry of Christian community development on the lives of at-risk youth in the slums of an East Asian city

contributor:
Hobbs, Patrick Charles (author)
(Thomson, Larry) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

rights: The author retains copyright in this thesis. Any substantial copying or any other actions that exceed fair dealing or other exceptions in the Copyright Act require the permission of the author.

subject: LE3 .A278 2004

abstract: At-risk youth living in the slums of East Asian cities usually do not reach their full potential in life. They are born into a situation affected by the disadvantages associated with poverty that include malnutrition, poor sanitation, understimulation, social deprivation, violence and immorality. Added to these are the more often hidden elements of oppression found in physical and sexual abuse, a restrictive role within the family, a prejudiced attitude of others outside their experience, and a spiritual darkness found within. Hope and meaning are realized when the at-risk youth discover a new identity found in a personal relationship with God and are able to live this out in the context of integral ministry within their community. The youth experience empowerment that brings about transformation. When the at-risk youth experience personal change they develop an interest in becoming involved in transformation in the community. This involvement brings an increase in self-esteem as the youth learn to use their new gifts and skills so as to impact positively the community. Involvement in the integral ministry of Christian community development has brought a sense of hope and meaning to the lives of many at-risk youth. In this development project the youth have been encouraged to live out their Christian lives by using their gifts, including those of service, teaching, encouragement and leadership in the existing programs established within the community. This thesis records the impact on the lives of some of these at-risk youth that are involved in the integral ministry of Christian community development within several urban poor areas of the Philippines. In this model for development, the Filipino youth are encouraged to be part of the decision-making process of community development within their area, and some become involved in running the project in the 'outreach areas' where the work with at-risk youth in community development is being established. The result of this emphasis on integral ministry in community development and concern for the plight of the poor in other slum areas, has led to the formation of a new 'mission of the poor with the poor'. This initial integral ministry model involving at-risk youth was found in the Jordan Project, an OMF/CIDA project that was run in the Philippines from 1996 to 2002. Now this project has been transformed, and has become an indigenous Filipino organization called 'Bukang Liwayway' (Dawn for the Poor). Many of the leaders and community workers who have been involved in the integral ministry in several Filipino slum communities and in the formation of Bukang Liwayway were formerly at-risk youth.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: Specialization, pressure, prep-schools and player development: insights from elite Canadian hockey players

contributor:
Murray, Tristan (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Shields, Chris) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Kinesiology

abstract:
Articles within the popular media have identified hockey academies as a growing concern within the hockey landscape in Canada, that market themselves as building elite performance. Pathways to elite sport performance have been broadly identified to include sampling early or specializing early. While there is a lack of research on specialization specifically within the Canadian ice hockey framework, previous research on early specialization in general has determined this approach to be potentially detrimental to the development of a young athlete, with many sport and medical associations preferring sampling as a safer method of achieving elite sport status. Despite this seeming consensus within the academic community, youth sport continues to trend toward increasing specialization. It is postulated that elements of parental involvement
potentially contribute to this trend, and the place of hockey within Canadian society may also perpetuate specialization within the sport. However, there is little research regarding the developmental pathways of youth Canadian hockey players such that one must go back almost twenty years to find the most recent paper charting the developmental activities of elite Canadian hockey players, and this does not include any insight into the emergence of hockey academies. Further, what little literature that exists regarding athlete development within elite Canadian hockey likely does not reflect the experiences of current Canadian hockey players.


title: Evaluating bias in alewife sex-ratio within the upper reaches of the Lacoupe, Laplanche and Missaquash rivers, Isthmus of Chignecto, NB, Canada

contributor:
Berger, Kynan (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Stokesbury, Michael) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract: Biology

abstract:
Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an anadromous fish that spawn between late April-July in freshwater lakes in the Isthmus of Chignecto, NB, Canada. Alewife populations support both recreational and commercial fisheries for food and bait fisheries. These fish are major vectors of marine derived nutrients into coastal freshwater systems. Rivers within the Isthmus of Chignecto have been heavily influenced by the construction of culverts dams, and tide gates which may delay or impede the movements of alewives. Differential success in navigating barriers has the potential to bias
upstream sex ratios in preferred spawning grounds. Using data collected during tagging and sampling activities between 2016-2019 from estuarine sites (n=3658), freshwater riverine sites (n=914), and a known spawning site (n=201) were used to document sex ratios. The spawning run was split into early (April 24 -15 May), mid (16 May -6 June,), and late (7 June -28 June) periods, including
all fish captured in each year. Male to female sex ratios in estuary study sites were not significantly different (ANOVA, p>0.05). Sex ratios at estuarine sites did not differ significantly during the early, mid and late periods (ANOVA, p>0.05). A general linear model with binomial distribution was used to examine if the probability of passage success through three fishways as a function of sex, total
length, returnees, and site. It was found that with increasing total length, fish passage increased significantly. Returnees also differed significantly from first time spawners and were more successful in passing the fishways which was also found by Nau et al (2017) in the Isthmus of Chignecto between 2013 –2016. Sex was not a significant factor in determining passage success. However, trends show that males are better at passing tide gates than females. This is likely due to the relative muscle of males compared to females. Future research should focus on the analysis of telemetry data
at tide gates and antenna array sites throughout the river to identify sources of potential sex bias.