title: An investigation of factors influencing the erosion of drumlin islands in Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia

contributor:
Caines, Josh Ryan (author)
(Spooner, Ian) (Thesis advisor)
(Nodding, Brooke) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: The processes that influence the erosion of drowned drumlins in Atlantic Canada are not particularly well understood. Consequently management strategies and engineering practices focused on limiting erosion have had limited success and in some cases have resulted in shoreline modifications that have significant ecological and social impacts. This study focuses on determining the relative importance of the sedimentological, geomorphological and physical parameters that contribute to headward erosion of seven drowned drumlin islands in Mahone Bay, Southwestern Nova Scotia.  The islands being studied are palimpsest drumlins formed during the Wisconsinan glaciation from 30 ky to 17 ky BP. Post-glacial sea level rise and gradual subsidence associated with foreland bulge migration has exposed these islands to marine influence (drowned drumlins). A 60 year long historical air photo survey established long term erosion rates of up to .46 m/yr and determined the orientation of eroding surfaces, transportation corridors and subsequent deposits. A suite of marine physical parameters (bathymetry, fetch, swell) were studied to determine energy transfer processes. Site investigation involved documenting the sedimentology and stratigraphy of eroding surfaces as well as hydrological conditions (water table elevation, permeability) that might contribute to headland instability.  The results of this study indicate that erosion rates are the result of a combination of complex interacting factors. Fine grained lodgement tills are more prone to mass wasting as a consequence of wave notching than coarse grained ablation tills that contain a greater abundance of cobble to boulder clasts. Multiple tills and layering within tills also produces hydrological anisotropy and contributes to the activation of glide planes along which mass wasting occurs. Hydrogeologically triggered rotational and translational failure occurs in response to oversteepening. The consequent exposure of underconsolidated sediment to wave activity expedites erosion. Most rapidly eroding headlands are exposed to both maximum storm fetch and ocean swells. Wave energy input can be considered as the limiting factor when determining the locations of highest rates of erosion.

abstract: Earth & Environmental Sciences


title: Just doing it or just selling it?: Examining exercise self-efficacy, self-presentational efficacy and body image in Kinesiology and non Kinesiology students

type: Text Dissertation/Thesis

contributor:
Curry, Kathryn A. (author)
(Shields, Chris) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

rights: The author grants permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. The author retains the copyright of the thesis.

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Physical activity promotion is a public health priority. Research has consistently shown self-efficacy for performing and managing exercise to be a key predictor of engaging in regular exercise. Research also highlights the role self-presentational efficacy (the confidence to present oneself as a regular exerciser) plays in determining exercise behavior. However, engaging in exercise for self-presentational reasons is thought to be less adaptive and result in shorter term adherence. While counterintuitive, there is work demonstrating that athletes have been shown to engage in maladaptive exercise-related self-presentation, such as self-handicapping. Further research also suggests that health professionals such as nutritionists may engage in maladaptive eating behaviors, such as disordered eating patterns. Kinesiology students represent the next generation of health professionals with the requisite skills to work within the field of exercise promotion. As such they will be looked to as key resources for the promotion of exercise as well as models of an active and healthy lifestyle. This poses the question of whether or not differences in self-presentation and self-efficacy exist among exercise and/or health professional. The purpose of this review is to examine general factors that influence physical activity behaviors.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Assessing the feasibility of capturing carbon dioxide from vermicompost as a source for enhanced plant growth

contributor:
Howatt, Jonathan J.G. (author)
(Kristie, David) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Vermicomposting is the process of adding worms to aerate a system of  decomposing organic waste. The goal of this project was to assess the feasibility of using  vermicompost as a natural enrichment source of CO2 that could potentially increase plant  growth inside a closed environment. Lactuca sativa (lettuce) cultivars Parris Island Cos  and Outredgeous were grown during the experiments along with Ocimum basilicum  (basil) cultivar Compatto. There was no significant difference in growth or leaf surface  area for any of the plant cultivars when grown in the presence of vermicompost versus  the control environments. During the day, the mean temperature within the two growth  frames containing plants was between 6–9°C higher than the open phytotron, but there  was no difference at night. The relative humidity of the growth frame with  vermicompost and plants was between 6–10% higher than the frame with plants and the  open phytotron at night, but showed no difference during the day. There was no  significant difference between CO2 levels within the closed growth frame with plants,  the outdoor air reference and the open phytotron that were used as controls. There was a  significant difference in CO2 concentration between the controls and the growth frames  that contained vermicompost, with mean differences that ranged from 7–57 parts per  million (ppm). Two vermicompost bins did not produce higher CO2 concentrations than  observed in the frames with only one bin. These results indicated that a substantially  greater amount of vermicompost or a redesign of the growth frames would be required to  enrich the CO2 concentration to a level that might consistently increase plant growth.  Based on these results, the predictions that vermicompost could create a CO2 enriched  environment that would be sufficient to increase plant growth was not supported.

abstract: Biology


title: Relationships between socioeconomic status and physical activity among children and youth in Nova Scotia

contributor:
Godley, Allison S. (author)
(Murphy, René) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Physical activity is pertinent to maintaining a healthy lifestyle, especially in children.  Some of the benefits of physical activity include: improved body composition; decreased  blood pressure; improved blood glucose regulation; and many more. There are increases  in Body Mass Index (BMI) levels of children from a lower socioeconomic status (SES)  that may be the result of decreased physical activity levels. In addition, children of lower  SES are predicted to take part in different physical activities than those from a higher  SES. Some of the types of physical activities in association with lower SES in adults are:  basketball, home exercise equipment, weightlifting, softball, and walking. Currently there  is a lack of research regarding the association of SES with the types of physical activities  in which children of a lower income group are participating. This thesis will determine  the relationships between physical activity, family income, and (BMI) in children and  youth of grades 3, 7, and 11. This research could enlighten government and health  promotion agencies to develop programs suited to that particular population of children  and potentially decrease rates of inactivity.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Growing together: Viking Age burials as indicators of assimilation in England and Scotland

contributor:
MacMillan, Jennifer C. (author)
(MacDonald, Jennifer) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Burials reveal a lot about the society which created them. The power  structure of Viking society comes out when burials are compared to one another. The  Vikings were a culture where women could hold power, but the elite of the society was  the male dominated warrior class. The Vikings were also an expansive culture, which  came into contact with many other cultures. Understanding the power structure, and  burial practices, of the Vikings in Scandinavia, allows for a comparison to be drawn  between practices and structures at home, and the adapted and assimilated rituals of  Vikings which settled in other areas. Viking settlement and assimilation in England and  Scotland was very different, despite the fact that the regions are geographically close.  Looking at changes in burial construction, and composition, reveals how the Vikings  assimilated with the cultures of each of these areas. In England factors which led to the  assimilation of the Vikings, were government and local pressures, which led to a very  rapid, and near complete assimilation. In Scotland, on the other hand, the assimilation  happened at different rates in different areas. Within given regions the amount of  assimilation is pocketed, from near complete assimilation, to burials which are almost  completely Scandinavian.

abstract: History & Classics


title: Fire service culture: The influence of interpersonal behavior on cohesion and retention

contributor:
Whitney, Rachel L. (author)
(Leiter, Michael) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Growing turnover rates are an identified issue in the volunteer fire service, yet very few studies have examined potential explanations for this phenomenon. Grey literature has proposed a potential relationship between the unique culture of the fire service and retention outcomes, however no such relationships have been empirically evaluated. This study used a series of regressions to investigate whether rates of workplace civility and incivility could predict workgroup cohesion and turnover intention. Three rationales for uncivil behavior were also investigated as potential mechanisms for the perpetuation of a culture of incivility. Results supported each prediction with some limitations. The quality of workgroup interactions influenced cohesion and turnover intention, demonstrating the importance of promoting a respectful culture in improving retention.

abstract: Psychology


title: An economic evaluation of tax system of the People's Republic of China

contributor:
Zhang, Yutong (author)
(Hobson, Paul) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to undertake a comparative systems assessment of the Chinese tax system with particular reference to that in Canada. The principal criteria for an economic evaluation of any tax system are equity, efficiency and economic growth. The analysis draws on some empirical estimates of the efficiency costs and incidence of taxation. Both the Canadian and Chinese tax systems are described in some detail for purposes of comparison. The concluding chapter undertakes the comparative analysis and finds that a case can be made, based on all three criteria, for restructuring the personal income tax in China and relying more heavily on this tax as a major component of the tax system.

abstract: Economics


title: Sacred medium: The professionalization of science in Victorian Britain

contributor:
Stanford, Curtis J. (author)
(Duke, David) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Connected to abundant resource and capital flows through its colonies, Britain was “the workshop of the world” in the early nineteenth century. Attempts at trans-Atlantic and Indo-European submarine telegraphy, in the mid nineteenth century, exemplify the scale and complexity of Victorian engineering projects, which benefitted from the resources available to the British Empire. One such material, gutta percha, was used as insulation for the cables. However, first attempts in 1857-8 and 1859-60 failed as the gutta percha insulation ruptured. Operating from a primarily engineering information base, the investors of the enterprises—the Atlantic Telegraph Company and Board of Trade—established the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) to analyze these failures and make recommendations for second attempts. Improved instrumentation and the application of electrical theory acted in concert with the JSC’s data collection to inform the successful Persian Gulf (1864) and Atlantic (1866) cables. In the 1860s, at the same time as scientific integration into these enterprises, the British government implemented scientific instruction at the elementary levels of British education with exponentially increasing enrolment in growing numbers of scientific courses. While business and government were revolutionized by rapid information flow, scientific disciplines were changed more by the process of establishing the submarine telegraph network. Credentialed expertise became imbedded institutionally in British society through scientific utility to Victorian engineering projects and the educational reforms that received support from government, business and science.

abstract: History & Classics


title: Medial versus lateral and unanticiapted versus anticipated neuromuscular differences exist in side cut and lateral false step maneuvers performed by male football players

contributor:
Boersma, David (author)
(Landry, Scott) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are among the most frequent musculoskeletal injuries in football and it has previously been identified that the lateral false step and side cut maneuvers have similar knee kinetics and kinematics that may place the ACL at risk for injury. As ACL injuries occur more frequently in game situations, this study was conducted on artificial turf while recreating unanticipated game-like conditions, in an effort to identify neuromuscular risk factors for ACL injuries in game scenarios. The purpose of this study was to use electromyography to examine lower limb neuromuscular control patterns that collegiate male football players generate during the stance phase of both anticipated and unanticipated side cut and lateral false step maneuvers. Six muscles were analyzed to look for condition (unanticipated versus anticipated), muscle (medial versus lateral) and interaction effects. Muscle effects in amplitude and timing were noted for the hamstrings during both the lateral false step and side cut maneuver, with the lateral hamstring being activated earlier in stance and having a greater overall muscle activity magnitude compared with the medial hamstring. Condition effects related to timing were identified, where in the unanticipated conditions, the quadriceps activated earlier in the stance phase for the lateral false step and the hamstrings activated later in the stance phase for the side cut maneuver. Due to the anatomical location of these two muscles, the activation of the quadriceps occurring sooner in combination with the later activation of the hamstrings muscles may be factors that predispose athletes to ACL injuries. Analyses of neuromuscular control patterns gives insight into the understanding of how ACL injuries might occur, which is valuable to the prevention of these devastating injuries that can potentially end or significantly inhibit an athlete’s sporting career.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Spectroscopy of phosphors YVO4 and GdVO4 for estimating down-conversion efficiency

contributor:
MacGillivray, Madeline (author)
(van der Ende, Bryan) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: This thesis examines the down conversion potential of phosphors YVO4 and  GdVO4. The dopant used in this investigation of down conversion was ytterbium.  The experiments described involve the emission of the phosphors at several  excitation wavelengths, the excitation spectra of the said phosphors and their  synchronized spectral emission. Specifically, emission, excitation and synchronized  spectra were recorded for Yb:YVO4 samples and emission and excitation spectra were  recorded for Yb:GdVO4 samples.  The excitation spectra of the Yb3+ doped samples where Yb3+ emission intensity was  monitored at 986 nm showed host lattice absorption peaks. This directly confirmed the  energy transfer from the host lattice to the Yb3+. Emission spectra corrected for  instrument response were used to estimate down-conversion quantum efficiency. For  Yb:YVO4, down-conversion efficiency estimates ranged from 110% (0.5% Yb3+) to  269% (8% Yb3+). For Yb:GdVO4, down-conversion efficiency estimates ranged from  131% (0.5% Yb3+) to 256% (4% Yb3+). The implications and reliability of these estimates  are discussed. Synchronized spectra measured Yb3+ absorption in the near-infrared,  ! 6!  confirming that with increasing dopant concentration comes increasing absorption  strength.

abstract: Physics


title: Doing good better: Applying principles of adult learning and entrepreneurship education to business development services

contributor:
Kovalenko, Oksana (author)
(Dye, Kelly) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Since the beginning of the microfinance (MF) movement in the late 1960s, many microfinance institutions (MFIs) have experimented with the delivery of business development services (BDS) as both a way to improve repayment rates and leverage developmental impacts. While the majority of the research on the effectiveness of BDS has been inconclusive, the literature review has suggested that no studies have yet addressed the applicability of adult learning and entrepreneurship education principles to the design and delivery of BDS programs. The following study addresses this gap by applying a lens, which combines the principles of adult learning and entrepreneurship education, onto three prominent international development organizations that deliver BDS programs. Designed as a multiple-case study and using the methods of content analysis and semi-structured interviews, the research offers an in-depth qualitative exploration of the three organizations and their BDS programs. The findings suggest that all three BDS programs mostly succeed at integrating the principles of adult learning into their program design and delivery. However, some improvements may be advantageous with respect to integrating the principles of entrepreneurship education. Based on the analysis of the findings, the study develops and presents a framework of best practices for incorporating the principles of adult learning and entrepreneurship education into BDS programming, so as to leverage the entrepreneurial potential of BDS clients in developing nations.

abstract: Business


title: EEG data compression

contributor:
Sanford, Alex (author)
(Diamond, Jim) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of the brain's electrical activity at  the scalp. EEG data is widely used by physicians and researchers for several types of  medical tests and psychological research. EEG is also very popular in the emerging   eld of Brain Computer Interfaces, as evidenced by the current availability of several  consumer-level EEG recording devices.  EEG recordings can produce a lot of data. This data requires a lot of storage  space and transmission time. One solution to this problem is data compression. This  thesis presents a new approach to EEG data compression using audio compression  techniques. Digital signal  ltering is used as a way of increasing the performance of  the compression at the cost of losing some information. The results are compared to  the compression results obtained when using some generic compression software.  When an appropriate  lter is used, audio compression provides very good com-  pression performance for EEG data, especially data recorded at high sampling rates.  This method produced compressed EEG  les which were 15{30% of the original size.  This is superior to the generic compression algorithms which produced  les which  were 50{100% of the original size.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Characterization of diurnal rhythms in stem and leaf elongation rates in barley, oat and corn, using rotary motion sensors

contributor:
Ross, James P.J. (author)
(Kristie, David) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Diurnal rhythms in stem elongation rates (SER) have been studied extensively in  many dicots, particularly in the floriculture literature (Neily et al., 2000). In contrast,  there have been few studies on the diurnal rhythms of SER and leaf elongation rate  (LER) in monocots. In this project, the diurnal rhythms of SER and LER in barley  (Hordeum vulgare L. cv.‘Chapais’), oat (Avena sativa L. cv.‘Triple Crown’), and corn  (Zea mays L. cv.‘Miracle’), were examined under greenhouse conditions during the  summer of 2010 and 2011. Plant growth was also measured in growth chambers under  constant light conditions. All measurements were made using rotary motion sensors  (RMSs) connected to a LabPro interface. Under greenhouse conditions, corn LER  showed a peak during the mid-day, with a trough occurring primarily at night. Oat LER,  however, exhibited a broad peak in growth rate during the night. Barley showed a peak  in LER during the day for leaves 2 through 4; however, the peak gradually shifted to the  night for leaves 5 through 7. The stem elongation rate for oat showed a peak in  elongation during the night. For barley, SER showed a peak during the day/night  transition. A well-defined rhythm for SER in corn could not be obtained. Under constant  light conditions, it was found that barley LER exhibited a free running period of  approximately 24 hours. Oat LER also exhibited a free running period of approximately  24 hours under constant light conditions. A free running period of approximately 24  hours indicates that the rhythm in LER in barley and oats is endogenously generated and  is under circadian control.

abstract: Biology


title: Parallelization of XML compressor: XSAQCT

contributor:
Corbin, Tyler D.W. (author)
(Muldner, Tomasz) (Thesis advisor)
(Benoit, Darcy) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: The Extensible Markup Language, XML has become a de facto standard for semi-structured  data, with many considering it to be the lingua franca of web services. XML was cre-ated  with the intent of being a self-describing, extensible, and flexible language for the  interchange of information. For all of its advantages, the major downside of any markup  language, especially XML, is that marking up the data significantly increases the size of  the original data, rendering it unusable for some applications. In other words, markup  languages are verbose. Therefore, compressing XML documents for e cient storage and  transmission is becoming an ever-increasing requirement.  This thesis explores the theoretical and practical applications of parallel programming  applied to the XML compression, based on our novel XML-conscious, queryable and up-dateable  compressor, called XSAQCT. Using constructs from the parallel programming  model, the theory behind parallel programming, the question of “is XSAQCT is inherently  sequential” was analyzed. It was determined that both the compression and decompression  can be e ciently parallelized using a standard parallel random access machine. To examine  practical applications, several versions of parallel XSAQCT were developed to determine  which version will best take advantage of parallel processing by reducing the compression  and decompression time while preserving or improving the compression rate. Finally, we  designed a new XML grammar, which focuses only on aspects of XML compression.  Our work has shown that the original design of XSAQCT can be modified to create  e cient and scalable parallel implementations that are significantly better than other known  sequential XML compressors.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Acoustic hydrophone (icListen) deployed on an Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) to measure habitat specific noise in the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia

contributor:
Logan-Chesney, Laura M. (author)
(Stokesbury, Michael) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Electronic tags attached to marine mammals and fish have been developed to  sample temperature, pressure (depth), and location. Currently, no tag contains a built in  broadband acoustic hydrophone. In this project, as a proof of concept, we attached a full-size  high frequency 200 kHz 24-bit smart hydrophone (icListen) to an Atlantic sturgeon  (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) in order to measure ambient noise from the Minas  Basin, Nova Scotia. The front end of the icListen hydrophone was secured to the Atlantic  sturgeon through use of a Velcro strap that went around its abdomen, behind the pectoral  fins. A line of dissolving suture thread, which passed through a dorsal scute, secured the  back end of the icListen to the fish. A V13P acoustic tag glued to the exterior of the  icListen was used to track the bioprobe with a VR100 manual tracking unit. Three  galvanic releases built into the design corroded after approximately seven hours and  released the icListen from the fish. Syntactic foam allowed the icListen to float vertically  at the surface and a Single Position Only Tag (SPOT-100) then transmitted location  signals to the ARGOS satellite system to direct researchers attempting to retrieve the  icListen. Approximately eight hours of acoustic data was collected by the icListen  hydrophone during its deployment. Ambient noise was recorded, including a splash upon  release, shrimp snapping, boat engine noise, waves, harbour porpoise clicks, and signals  from Vemco acoustic transmitters implanted within other fish. Echolocation clicks from a  harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) were recorded by the icListen during two  separate interactions, both indicating a possible attempt at communication with an  acoustic tag. Ten acoustic transmitters were picked up by the VR100; five from Atlantic  sturgeon tagged between 2010 and 2012, and five others from striped bass (Morone  saxatilis) tagged in 2012. The VR100 identified the IDs of uniquely coded tags, provided  a time and location stamp for detections and recorded pressure (depth) readings from  some tags. This study provided proof of concept for the deployment of an icListen  hydrophone on a marine bioprobe in order to record ambient acoustic data. Insight into  the interactions between marine mammals and acoustically tagged fish was gained, and  tag data allowed a rough estimate of untagged Atlantic sturgeon to be calculated for the  study site, off Kingsport, Nova Scotia.

abstract: Biology


title: The welfare effects due to Canadian dairy supply management

contributor:
Hansen, Lukas (author)
(Skjei, Scott) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Since the early 2000s, the price of dairy products in Canada has been increasing  significantly. Moreover, relative to other major economies such as the United States, the  European Union and the Oceania region, Canada’s dairy products are consistently the  most expensive.  This paper will analyze the welfare effects due to Canadian dairy supply  management through measuring the Dead-Weight Loss (DWL) for the year 2010. Data  such as blend prices, total production and quota values are obtained through the Canadian  Dairy Commission and the Canadian Dairy Information Center. Other required data, such  as the demand elasticities, are obtained through a technical report by Moschini and Moro  (1993). Other data such as the supply elasticity and total discount rate is observed and/or  assumed from past work.  Based on the calculated results, it is concluded that there was a DWL ranging  from $307 million to $555 million in the year 2010.

abstract: Economics


title: Cyber activism: An open relationship between social media and offline change

contributor:
Robinson, Aislinn M. (author)
(Alexander, Cynthia) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: For my thesis entitled “Cyber Activism: An “Open” Relationship Between Social Media  and Offline Change,” I look at the relationship between the role of activism and online  social networking. The research I have disclosed provides a foundation of sources that  support how social media provides external growth for cyber activism. After watching  such social movements like the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall St and Idle No More unfold  on the Internet, there is something extremely significant to note with this evolving  relationship. There is a distinct measure of involvement in social movements that is  achieved through the Internet landscape. This form of political action, via social  networking, I have noted in my work is an important aspect of participatory democracy  as it exists online, a main attribute to social activism, both on the Internet and within the  public sphere. I verified the essential aspects of cyber activism by interviewing activists  in the province of Nova Scotia, evaluating my own research in comparison to their own  experiences with social media, in respects to activist work.

abstract: Politics


title: Along the continuum: The complexities of humanitarian aid in weak and failed states

contributor:
Van Gestel, Gregory (author)
(Brickner, Rachel) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Humanitarian emergencies throughout the world call for an international response, but the growing prevalence of failed and weak states complicated and inhibits the international response to such emergencies. This thesis analyzes complex humanitarian emergencies in two different states, one representing a failed state and one, a weak state. Somalia continues to be a failed state and has suffered two famines in its recent history. Post-genocidal Rwanda was not only a weak state, but one that saw the emergence of humanitarian crises in the form of a massive refugee and internally displaced person problem. Through an analysis of both these cases is becomes clear that weak states are far more conducive to humanitarian efforts due to specific characteristics of the state which they embody. These include a centralized governing authority, aspects of sovereignty and functioning police and judicial systems. However, this comparison also highlights the continuing importance of the state in today's world in direct regards to international humanitarian efforts. This thesis ultimately argues that the international aid community must adopt a new approach when faced with humanitarian emergencies in failed states. This new approach must look into long term goals of state-building to avoid the common escalation of humanitarian missions, in failed states, to military missions, which have dire consequences as seen in the case of Somalia.

abstract: Politics


title: N,C-bound phosphenium cations: Synthesis and reactivity with small molecules

contributor:
Gray, Paul A. (author)
(Ellis, Bobby) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Several monochlorophosphines, each possessing a diisopropylamido substituent and either an alkyl (tert-butyl = tBu) or an aryl (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl = Mes) substituent, were synthesized. Phosphenium cations were then generated from a number of these precursors through either halide abstraction with the Lewis acid Al2Cl6, or through salt metathesis with AgOTf (OTf = CF3SO3) and characterized using 31P NMR spectroscopy. H2 gas was bubbled through a CH2Cl2 solution of either the phosphenium AlCl4 or OTf salts and the reaction mixture was analyzed by 31P NMR spectroscopy to investigate the formation of an H2 activation product. The AlCl4 derivative was also tested for NH3 activation and the products were characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy.

abstract: Chemistry


title: Substituent effects on the reaction rates of photogenerated quinone methide: Applications in the development of novel photolabile protecting groups

contributor:
Chase, Alex (author)
(Lukeman, Matthew) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: The synthesis, isolation, purification, and photochemical study of two target compounds was successfully achieved. The first compound successfully synthesized was 2-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol 69, designed to generate a cyclohexyl-fused quinone methide upon photolysis. Compound 69 was synthesized via a one-pot, two-step reaction sequence starting from 2-bromophenol. Attempts to synthesize 70 and 71 via this route, however, were unsuccessful and further efforts are warranted. Following purification by column chromatography, the photoreactions of 69 proceeded smoothly in both aqueous methanol and acetonitrile. The expected quinone methide was generated efficiently with a quantum yield of ~0.5. The quinone methide was observed directly via laser flash photolysis and displayed absorbance maxima at 290 nm and 400 nm, and had a lifetime of 0.9 ms in aqueous acetonitrile and 0.5 ms in aqueous methanol.  The second compound successfully synthesized was the cyclic acetal of the photolabile protecting group 2-naphthol (78). This was designed to release 1,3-propanediol upon irradiation, which is a model system for the future release of polyhydroxyl compounds such as many common carbohydrates. This synthesis involved a three-step procedure followed by purification via column chromatography. A variety of photochemical experiments were carried out and the photoproducts were analyzed by 1H NMR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS. Photolysis of 78 in aqueous methanol led to the clean release of the originally caged diol with no undesired by-products as indicated by the GC-MS data obtained and the clean isosbestic points in the UV-Vis spectra. Quantum yield studies indicated that the photorelease proceeded with ~10% efficiency, which compares well with the quantum yields of release for other substrates from the 2-naphthol caging xvi  group. Furthermore, the caging process proceeds cleanly at room temperature with good isolated yields (>80%). 78 was also studied with laser flash photolysis and a transient intermediate was detected with an absorbance maximum of 310 nm and a lifetime of 12.5 ms in aqueous acetonitrile. This transient was proposed to be the expected quinone methide intermediate based on comparison with previously studied compounds.

abstract: Chemistry


title: Tidal energy: How turbine tuning affects power generation and the environment

contributor:
McConnell, Jude (author)
(Karsten, Richard) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: The desire for clean energy resources has increased dramatically in recent years. Due  to its proximity to the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia has a unique opportunity to harness  the highest tidal range in the world and its associated power. Theories on how to  produce the greatest amount of power, and what impact these methods will have on  the surrounding environment, vary.  This thesis analyzes the impact turbine tuning has on power generation and reduc-  tions to the intertidal zone. Turbine tuning can be measured in terms of the ratio of  upstream and downstream water velocities before and after reaching an array of tidal  turbines. This ratio signi cantly impacts the quantity of power that can be taken  from the water and the volume   ux of water travelling through the channel. There  are various theories suggesting how this ratio should be determined. These theories  are compared using a mathematical model for power generation and the e ects on  the environment.

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics


title: Determining feather methylmercury levels in six species of Arctic marine birds

contributor:
Callaghan, D. Benjamin (author)
(Mallory, Mark) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Although the Canadian Arctic appears to be a region removed from the harmful effects of pollution, environmental contaminants occur in significant concentrations, particularly in marine ecosystems. Mercury (Hg) levels especially have been of increasing concern in the Canadian Arctic. Current attempts to quantify bio-accumulated mercury often involve invasive sampling methods. The objectives of this study were to determine: (a) whether Hg was higher in feathers from top avian predators and scavengers than species feeding lower in marine food chains, similar to patterns found in their eggs; and (b) whether the non-invasive method of sampling feathers is an appropriate alternative to invasive methods. Methyl Hg and total Hg levels were determined from feather samples of six species of Arctic marine birds: Thick-Billed Murre (Uria lomvia), Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), Black-Legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea), Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), and Common Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis). Consistent with my hypothesis, Hg levels were markedly greater in feathers for species that fed higher in the food web in Arctic marine environments. The ratio of methylmercury to total mercury concentrations was surprisingly low in Ivory Gull samples, a result possibly related to photodemethylation in semi-opaque tissues. Consequently, sampling feathers for mercury concentrations appears to be a suitable alternative to employing invasive methods to assess and monitor mercury concentrations.

abstract: Biology


title: Attitudes and perceptions of Nova Scotia youth toward healthy eating

contributor:
Tillotson, Amy C. (author)
(Durant, Matthew A.) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen exponentially over the last 20 years. Currently, 32% of children in Nova Scotia are overweight or are at risk of becoming overweight. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine, through a thematic questionnaire, the attitudes and perceptions of children in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia towards healthy eating. Attitudes and perceptions about food and healthy eating can carry on from childhood into adulthood, resulting in behaviours and eating patterns that reflect these perspectives. This study set out to determine whether these children are developing attitudes and perceptions about food and eating that encourage weight gain. Methods: Four schools in the Annapolis Valley participated in this study. A total of 91 students 49 females and 42 males, aged 9-11, completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire took 20-30 minutes for students to complete. Results were grouped together into themes and patterns. Results: The participants indicated that: 1) Fruits and vegetables are core components of a healthy diet, followed by “junk food” aversion and the importance of portion control, 2) Healthy Eating is important because of the relation to body weight control and the connection to health and longevity, 3) Healthy foods can taste good, particularly sweet fruits like berries, although vegetables are more unpleasant, 4) Fruits are consider the most “fun” food, whereas vegetables were consistently considered the most “boring.” Conclusion: Children’s attitudes toward healthy eating need to be considered a main barrier to food and vegetable intake. Improving attitudes and perception, in both the home and school environment, could possibly reduce weight gain among Nova Scotia youths.

abstract: Nutrition & Dietetics


title: A multifaceted behavioural approach to correcting ideopathic toe-walking in children with autism: A pilot project

contributor:
Hicks, Amy E. (author)
(Seaman, Roxanne) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Toe walking is a toe-to-toe movement pattern that for a brief period of time, is a typical phase of learning how to walk in a mature heel-to-toe pattern. However, if this toe-to-toe walking pattern persists after a child is two years of age it is considered atypical. Children with autism show a high prevalence of toe-walking. This atypical gait pattern is thought, in children with autism, to be the result of sensory processing abnormalities or behavioural habituation. Although no structural abnormalities have been identified as the root cause of this disorder, physical, rather than behavioural, treatment approaches are routinely used even though they have high failure rates. This pilot project examines the effectiveness of behavioural interventions as a means to correct idiopathic toe-walking in children with autism through the newly designed Footprints Program©, as implemented with a seven year old female with autism. It examines parent feelings and perceptions towards toe-walking and toe-walking interventions as well as the Footprints Program’s viability for implementation by non-professionals at home and at school. The program was implemented with the participant fifteen minutes per day, five days a week over the course of ten months. The participant gained the ability to walk with a correct gait pattern during daily sessions and a slight increase in heel-to-toe walking was observed outside of the treatment sessions showing potential for the use of behavioural interventions to correct idiopathic toe-walking in children with autism.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Analysis of rooting effects of commercial seaweed extracts derived from Ascophyllum nodosum, Ecklonia maxima and Macrocystis integrifolia

contributor:
McDougall, Luke (author)
(Kristie, David) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Seaweed  extracts  (SWEs)  derived  from  the  brown  algae  Ascophyllum  nodosum,  Ecklonia  maxima  and  Macrocystis  integrifolia,  have  been  shown  to  induce  adventitious  rooting  in  mung  bean,  Vigna  radiata.  The  objectives  of  this  study  were  to  attempt  to  identify  compounds  present  in  SWEs  that  influence  rooting.  Three  SWEs  were  examined:  Acadian  Seaplants  Ltd.  (ASL),  Kelpgrow,  and  Kelpak.  Dose  responses  indicated  that  rooting  activity  was  highest  at  0.3%  ASL,  1.0%  Kelpgrow  and  5.0%  Kelpak.  Laminarin,  a  storage  glucan  present  in  brown  algae,  was  studied  to  determine  if  it  is  responsible  for  the  rooting  activity  of  SWEs.  A  dose  response  showed  a  0.0025%  laminarin  solution  from  Sigma-‐Aldrich  Co.  (Sigma)  induced  the  highest  number  of  roots.  Laminarin  (Sigma)  and  the  laminarin  extracted  from  ASL  and  Kelpgrow  by  McKinnon  Lab,  NRC-‐IMB  were  digested  with  laminarinase.  Digestion  of  Sigma  laminarin  resulted  in  increased  activity  after  1  hour  of  digestion,  but  was  reduced  to  control  level  after  3  hours.  Laminarin  extracts  did  not  show  significant  activity  compared  to  a  water  control  or  show  significant  changes  in  activity  following  digestion.  Dialysis  was  done  to  examine  rooting  activity  of  the  high  molecular  weight  (HMW)  fraction  (>3500MW)  of  SWEs.  The  HMW  fraction  of  Kelpak  had  no  significant  rooting  activity  after  dialysis,  indicating  that  all  rooting  activity  was  present  in  the  low  molecular  weight  (LMW)  fraction.  There  was  no  change  in  the  rooting  activity  present  in  the  dialyzed  samples  of  Kelpgrow,  suggesting  all  activity  was  present  in  the  HMW  fraction.  Activity  of  the  HMW  fraction  of  ASL  was  significantly  higher  than  water  control,  but  reduced  compared  to  the  undialyzed  sample,  indicating  rooting  activity  was  present  in  both  HMW  and  LMW  fractions.

abstract: Biology


title: Not your parents' Toyota

contributor:
LeBlanc, Natalie (author)
(Dye, Kelly) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Thanks to advancing health technology, the average North American is living longer than would have been expected 100 years ago, leading to a broader range of generations of consumers in the marketplace. While in the past there were only two or three, there are now four generations that may be targeted by marketers. By examining Toyota’s full-page print advertisements in Forbes Magazine from the past 30 years, this research examines the various strategies Toyota used to appeal to each of the four generations: The Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y.  Ads are analyzed using key phrases, headlines, imagery, text, and slogans that Toyota uses to inform, persuade, and remind buyers from each of the generations. Analysing these ad elements, comparing them with generational characteristics identified in extant research and writings, and exploring their differences reveals some interesting findings. The literature suggests that while the Silent Generation often feels threatened by the unknown, Baby Boomers encourage radical change (Davis, 2005) and are very individualistic, with a high need to express themselves (Egri & Ralston, 2004). Generation X buys products that allow them personal freedom to find happiness (Egri & Ralston, 2004). Finally, evidence of appealing to Generation Y through environmental values was discovered in the more recent literature (Constantinides, 2010).  As anticipated, it was found that generational traits and Toyota’s marketing trends directly coincide with each other. Using these findings we gain insight into how marketers can communicate with these generations today. Also of interest is the evidence that suggests Toyota’s failure to acknowledge Generation X’s differing needs than those of the Baby Boomers was responsible for the loss of the loyalty of Generation X. 1  Chapter One: Introduction  Even with a quick glance at the North American consumer market, it becomes apparent that we are in an unprecedentedly diverse market in terms of age, race, religion, sex, and a myriad of other demographic categories. Of particular importance for this research are the aging population and the presence of four distinct generational consumer cohorts: the Silent Generation, Baby Boomer, Generation X, and Generation Y. Humans are living longer than ever before and this creates a large age span of consumers for some markets. For example, within the automotive industry, consumers fall within one of these four generations and their differences have significant impacts on purchase decisions.  While some of the older generations base their decisions on what would be viewed as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ (Egri & Ralston, 2004), younger generations tend to make purchase decisions that benefit themselves (Davis, 2005). This self-benefit can be through self-expression, filling some psychological need, or aligning oneself with a certain social group or value such as the environmental movement. Purchase decision-making has been identified as significantly different for each of the generations. A brief description of each generational cohort follows.  The Generations  The oldest generation, the Silent Generation, lived through very hard times: World War II and the Great Depression. Growing up during tumultuous economic and national conditions instilled a group-based, ‘right’ versus ‘wrong,’ mentality: decisions were acceptable or they were not (Egri & Ralston, 2004). Difficult times also led them to value preparedness and self-reliance for their own security (Egri & Ralston, 2004). Their children, the Baby Boomers, introduced radical change. This could be seen in their 2  mentalities, in decision making, in their views, and their impact on the world (Lipschultz, Hilt, & Reilly, 2007). This generation has a more individualistic view of the world than the Silent Generation and aims to express their personalities and individualism whenever and wherever they can (Davis, 2005).  Generation X (Gen X) is, in some ways, more like the Silent Generation than the Baby Boomers. Like the Silent Generation, they value a visible progression in their careers, are financially self-reliant and avoid ‘burning bridges’ (Boyd, 2009). Because of their parents’ high divorce rate, they value the same traditional family structures that the Silent Generation valued (Egri & Ralston, 2004). Gen X rebelled against their parents’ product choices because they simply did not want to be like them.  Finally, Generation Y (Gen Y) has grown up in a time of technological innovation and environmental concern as the need for alternative energy is exploding. They have repeatedly witnessed scandals in government, big business, and pop culture, and are therefore unwilling to bend their values and ethics for the sake of profit (Boyd, 2009). Like the Baby Boomers, a clear career path isn’t as important as doing what they love (Boyd, 2009).  With so many different generations in the marketplace, and such a varying array of values that shape their purchase decisions, it is clear that marketers need to understand the differences when they are communicating with these different cohorts. This research brings to light Toyota's underlying strategies for approaching each market and serves as an effective case study for marketers.  In order to establish the characteristics Toyota used to appeal to each generation, full page ads published in Forbes Magazine were examined. Forbes Magazine has a 3  relatively well-defined target market of affluent consumers ranging in age from 25 to 50 years old. Several elements of each ad were analyzed, including the copy, headlines, imagery, and colour. The style and message of these elements are compared to values that are attributed to specific characteristics of each generational cohort in order to determine how Toyota advertised to each. The remainder of this chapter provides a brief overview of each of the chapters in the thesis.

abstract: Business


title: Development of an atom economical method for phosphenium cation synthesis

contributor:
Wheeler, Hillary C. (author)
(Ellis, Bobby) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: N,C-bound dibromophosphine compounds were produced through the reaction of an aryl Grignard reagent with PBr3 (Aryl substituent = Tripp = triisopropylphenyl / TerMes = 2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl) and was characterized through 31P NMR spectroscopy. Through a reaction with diisopropylamine, an N,C-bound monobromophosphine was formed which was also characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy. An attempt was made to produce phosphenium cations from these synthesized monobromophosphine compounds through halide abstraction by Lewis acidic Al2Cl6 to remove the remaining bromide anion, leaving a phosphorus(III) cationic centre still containing an aryl and amido substituents and a AlCl3Br- counter ion. The synthetic steps, including production of an aryl Grignard reagent, organolithium reagent, C-P bond formation, and amination, were successful until the halide abstraction in which a 31P NMR peak was not observed at the expected chemical shift range of approximately 500 ppm. This multiple unexpected NMR peaks were indicative of moisture contamination of the reaction mixture.

abstract: Chemistry


title: Why the bad guys always get caught

contributor:
Boutilier, Justin James (author)
(Clarke, Nancy) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: The Cops and Robber game is a discrete time vertex-to-vertex pursuit game played  on some graph, G. The original game is played with one cop, one robber and perfect  information. This thesis examines a modi ed version of the Cops and Robber game  with partial information and k cops. The information is provided by two types of  devices, those placed on vertices and those placed on edges. The information de-  vices can either provide the direction of the robber or not, allowing us to partition  the problem into four cases. The main focus of this thesis is to  x the amount of  information provided and determine the number of cops required to apprehend the  robber. We will focus primarily on a speci c class of graphs, grids. A new strategy  for placing the information devices is developed and bounds on the number of cops  are given for each of the four cases. In the fourth section, we look at the problem  from the opposite perspective; we  x the number of cops at one and determine the  information required for the robber to be apprehended. A new strategy is developed  which improves the bounds on the amount of information needed for full complete  k-ary trees with one cop.

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics


title: Effects of interspecific competition between the intraerythrocytic blood parasites Hepatozoon clamatae and Hepatozoon catesbianae in the green frog, Rana clamitans

contributor:
Trites, Michael J. (author)
(Smith, Todd) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: Hepatozoon catesbianae and Hepatozoon clamatae are intraerythrocytic apicomplexan  parasites that infect the green frog, Rana clamitans. Dual infections of both  H. catesbianae and H. clamatae are common in green frogs in eastern Canada. However,  not much is known about the population dynamics of dual infections compared to single  infections, and little research has been carried out on immune responses of frogs to these  malaria-like parasites. The objectives of this project were 1) to study the population  dynamics of dual infections of Hepatozoon species, and 2) to characterise the immune  response, if any, by green frogs infected with Hepatozoon species. Specific numbers of  mosquitoes, originally fed on adult green frogs with pure infections of H. catesbianae or  H. clamatae, were fed to laboratory-raised juvenile green frogs. Blood samples taken  every five days post-inoculation (d PI) revealed that all leucocyte levels remained  constant through different time points until 25 d PI, when the number of lymphocytes and  neutrophils increased greatly, and eosinophil levels decreased. Lymphocyte and  neutrophils ratios began to decrease slightly at 30 d PI, at the same time as parasites were  observed in the blood smears. Parasitaemia of a frog infected with both species of  parasites resulted in high parasitaemia of each species, with a much greater parasitaemia  of H. clamatae. The increase in lymphocyte numbers suggests participation of the  acquired immune system during infection, whereas the increase in neutrophils suggests  activation of the innate immune system. The increase in the ratio of H. clamatae to  H. catesbianae compared to initial inoculation suggests that interspecific competition  may be occurring between the two species.

abstract: Biology


title: New experimental method for semen extraction in freshwater turtles

contributor:
Carter, Sherri-Anne E. (author)
(Mockford, Steve) (Thesis advisor)
(Lefebvre, Jose) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Worldwide, turtle populations are diminishing at astonishing rates. To date, a  large amount of research has focused on the female role in reproduction in hopes of  improving our knowledge of the reproductive ecology of these reptiles. Although this  information is useful, further investigation on the male reproductive dynamic is essential  for planning conservation strategies. The four freshwater turtle species found within Nova  Scotia are not exempt from the declining trends. With three of the four species being  protected at the federal or provincial level, research into the males’ contribution to the  gene pool is crucial. In order to properly study male fertility, sperm quality and its  implications on population growth and stability, sperm samples need to be obtained. To  date, there are three recognized methods for sperm collection from turtles-each of them  being either highly invasive or lethal. This study developed and tested a new semen  extraction technique, using vibration on the plastron and carapace to induce erection and  ejaculation. This technique is minimally invasive and allows semen to be collected in  situ. The technique was tested on 12 Blanding’s turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), 17 wood  turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) and 30 eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta picta)  captured by hand or using baited three-hoop traps between June and August 2011. The  technique was successful in inducing (pre)ejaculate fluid for collection in 100% of E.  blandingii, 11.8% of G. insculpta and 13.3% of C. picta picta. It was determined that the  number of successful trials in E. blandingii was statistically different in comparison to the  other two species. Extraction attempts on C. picta picta were significantly shorter in  duration than attempts made on E. blandingii and G. insculpta. This non-lethal, non-invasive  technique has shown encouraging results, particularly for E. blandingii.

abstract: Biology


title: GPfit: A new R package for fitting Gaussian process models to deterministic simulators

contributor:
MacDonald, Kenneth Blake (author)
(Ranjan, Pritam) (Thesis advisor)
(Chipman, Hugh) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Gaussian process (GP) models are commonly used for emulating computationally  expensive computer simulators. Fitting a GP model requires the computation of the  inverse and determinant of the spatial correlation matrix, R. The near-singularity of  R can cause instability in the computation of its determinant and inverse. Ranjan et  al. (2011) proposed a robust approach to overcome this problem. They used a robust  but somewhat slow genetic algorithm based approach for maximizing the likelihood.  In this thesis we investigate several parameterizations of the likelihood for ease of  optimization. We then develop a new algorithm to  nd the global optimum of the  likelihood surface. Moreover, we developed an R package called GPfit that imple-  ments the proposed methodology. Finally, we use several test functions to compare  the performance of our approach with a popular GP  tting package in R.

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics


title: Crossing over: Thresholds and points of crossing in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series

contributor: (Wyile, Andrea Schwenke) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter novels have effectively set in motion the current “crossover novel” phenomenon, captivating both children and adults alike. Rowling’s Harry Potter stories have been the subject of much critical attention because of their multiple readerships, categorizing the novels in the relatively new genre of “crossover fiction” – one that challenges established readerships and blurs conventional (and antiquated) reading lines. Within the Harry Potter series, Rowling engages in what I refer to as a “triple crossover”. The crossover exists first by inviting adults to engage in a “children’s” text, encouraging a kind of literary appropriation. Within the series itself, Rowling plays on a notion of “thresholds” as a means of creating passages on both literal and figurative levels – and in this process creates a second, or double, crossover. By book four, the midway point of the series, Rowling begins shifting elements of tone, plot, character and theme to parallel the transition from child to adolescent, thus creating a third form of crossover. In discussions of the books, many critics argue that Rowling’s work is “ordinary” – that her success is the result of well-executed publishing and marketing strategies. In attempting to situate her novels in the broader realm of children’s and crossover literature, I argue that Rowling finds herself caught in an evaluative threshold of “high” vs. “low” literature. By identifying qualities of both high and low literature in the novels, Rowling’s Harry Potter series settles in a “middle” category, or threshold, in between.

abstract: English & Theatre Studies


title: Ethics of participatory action research on food security related projects: Experiences and lessons learned

contributor:
Cohen, Samantha (author)
(Anderson, Barb) (Thesis advisor)
(Williams, Patricia) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Building on a need for University Research Ethics Board (UREB) guidelines  specific to Participatory Action Research (PAR) identified by the UREB at Mount Saint  Vincent University (MSVU), this project seeks to examine ethical issues in participatory  food security-related work as well as to identify strategies to address these issues. The  present study used qualitative methods, specifically in-depth semi-structured interviews,  to capture researchers’ experiences with food security-related PAR initiatives. The  following research questions were addressed: What were the ethical challenges inherent  in PAR processes and what were the strategies to overcome those challenges? Interviews  were transcribed verbatim, data were managed using NVIVO 7 software, and a  phenomenological method of inquiry based on the premise that reality consists of lived  experiences. Open coding was used to identify specific themes that were then compared  with the theoretical framework of Israel and colleagues (1998). By using this process, it  was possible to capture content outside of the framework, including the challenges related  to partnership sustainability, confidentiality, dissemination, consent and REB forms and  processes. Strategies to address these issues included: the need for face-to-face  interactions; emphasis on process; appropriate communication; creating a body of  knowledge; clear expectations regarding project sustainability; and support and education  for researchers and REBs. The results of this research will help to inform the guidelines  for ethical practice by bringing in the voices and lived experience of those who work in  this field.

abstract: Nutrition & Dietetics


title: Characterizations of completeness and the Archimedean Property in countably cofinal ordered fields

contributor:
Deveau, Michael Robert (author)
(Teismann, Holger) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: In the typical undergraduate real analysis course, the completeness of the real num-  bers is axiomatized by the existence of suprema, or more rarely by the principle of  nested intervals. Additionally, the standard construction of the reals by Dedekind cuts  provides an axiom based on those cuts. It is interesting to determine statements that  could be taken as axioms; this is done by  nding statements that hold true only when  applied to the reals. In this vein, both [Teismann, 2013] and [Riemenschneider, 2001]  list several statements classically known to be equivalent to completeness, as well as  new results.  In this thesis, we extend the e orts of these authors to collect all known complete-  ness axioms while also adding several more. Additionally, we signi cantly extend a  similar list, the axiomatizations of the Archimedean Property, from known results.  We also explore a set of ordered  elds particularly amenable to a typical undergrad-  uate calculus student. Finally, we examine several statements that, at this juncture,  are not known to be axioms but have not been shown otherwise.

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics


title: Characterizing populations of Little and Winter skate in the Avon Estuary, Nova Scotia

contributor:
Whidden, Julia A. (author)
(Avery, Trevor) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2013

abstract: In 2009, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species designated Little skate as near threatened and Winter skate as endangered. While the western Scotian Shelf-Bay of Fundy population has been deemed stable, no study has ever been performed past Cape Chignecto into the inner Bay of Fundy. Little and Winter skate are both sympatric and morphologically similar, causing extreme difficulties in identification of live species. Winter skate may be identified through ocelli, which, when present, are usually found in abundance of 2-8. Winter skate also achieve greater lengths than Little skate, who grow to a maximum total length of 54 cm. This capture-mark-recapture study was performed at a herring weir in Bramber, NS, Canada, for 6 weeks in July – September of 2012. A total of 512 skates were measured, with 176 tagged, and 276 fin clips taken. Five recaptures were found, which produced a Schnabel population estimate of 7,353 individuals, with a confidence interval of 3,663 to 16,084 skates. Fin clips were used for genetic identification, which was accomplished through restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Of the 46 samples sequenced, 4 proved to be Little skate, and 42 Winter skate. One of the sequenced Little skates was measured as 60 cm TL, greater than the maximum length previously assumed for Little skate. Two Winter skates were found with > 8 ocelli, the reported maximum. One Little skate and 5 Winter skates were found with claspers at lengths smaller than the reported minimum length for development of claspers. The occurrence of these traits outside the respective boundaries set by the current identification guide highlight the need for future research into Little and Winter skate if conservation and management in the Canadian Atlantic are to be pursued

abstract: Biology


title: Moderate alcohol: A survey of awareness, beliefs and practices in an Atlantic university community

contributor:
Barss, Neil (author)
(Mihalynuk, Tanis) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: Alcohol has a major impact on the social and economic landscape of Canada; however,  little research exists on Canadians’ knowledge levels or beliefs about alcohol. This  study’s purpose was to examine how knowledge and beliefs about alcohol affects  consumption patterns of Acadia University students and Wolfville residents. Students  (n=29) and residents (n=20) completed surveys about their alcohol knowledge, beliefs  and practices. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.  Results showed a gap between an individual’s perceived and actual knowledge and  between an individual’s actual knowledge and beliefs. In addition, it appeared that  knowledge did not impact the behaviors of either group. Further research should be  conducted to see if these results generalize to other geographical settings.

abstract: Nutrition & Dietetics


title: Toxic harvest: Island farmwomen, health and pesticide use

contributor:
Allen, Samantha (author)
(Abramson, Zelda) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: The purpose of this study was to reveal how island farmwomen view the  relationships between human health and pesticides and whether or not this issue warrants  actions. I conducted qualitative research, where I interviewed three farmwomen from  Prince Edward Island. This thesis captures the intricate relationship between economic  survival and health. While there was a small recognition of the links between pesticides  and health, it demonstrates how large-scale farming emphasizes the importance of profit  maximization, which in turn creates pressure to heavily use pesticides in order to create  high volumes of food. Furthermore, consumer demand for perfect produce further  reinforces the use of pesticides. One suggestion for change, was educating consumers in  order to change the market demand, ultimately making room for a transition to smaller  organic farms. Overall while women had minor concerns for health, economic security  was of highest importance.

abstract: Sociology


title: Resource use and freedom of the commons: Why a liberal arts education in ecological literacy is fundamental to the human prospect

contributor:
Beveridge, Emily C. S. (author)
(Lusby, Linda) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: This study looks at the whether agriculture can contribute to a greater understanding of sustainability and human dependency on ecosystem functioning among students and the general populace. It was hypothesised that the incorporation of community-based agricultural concepts into liberal arts education would be both feasible and instrumental in the achievement of this end. The literature review explores themes such as poverty alleviation; emissions and contaminants reduction; economic development; water, soil, and forest conservation; protection of biodiversity; and, increased food security. It also looks at questions of reductionism; the contrast between abstract and practical knowledge; economy versus ecology; scientific asceticism; cultural complexity and natural capital; and, the ethics of community as they pertain to food systems and education. The evolution of paradigms which inform the practices of modern agriculture and modern educational institutions was explored as it relates to the freedom of the commons mindset. Interviews were conducted with educators, students, and agricultural specialists to examine the relationship between agriculture and education. Targeted questions also sought to determine whether a greater integration of practical and theoretical knowledge of food systems into the educational sphere could contribute to the capacity of educational institutions for informing environmental policy. The findings from the literature review and the interviews were compared against the curriculum and programs at Acadia University to establish the feasibility of using the Acadia Community Farm in all areas of study as a vector for disseminating knowledge of ecosystem functioning and human reliance on the biosphere. It was determined that interpenetration of abstract and practical components of involvement with the farm into the various disciplines at Acadia University is likely an important step toward the development of sustainable environmental policies.

abstract: Earth & Environmental Sciences


title: The burden of truth: Disjuncture between knowledge and practice in agricultural farming

contributor:
Sewall, Samantha (author)
(Abramson, Zelda) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: This thesis looks at the disjuncture between knowledge and practice in agricultural farming, looking particularly at the correlation between pesticides and cancer rates. I seek to understand why farmers choose the particular methods they do and the societal and economic pressures that play into this decision making, using a political economy framework. I interviewed three Nova Scotian farmers who use different practices (organic, transitional and conventional). From the interviews I discovered the issues farmers feel most pressing and that health takes a backseat to issues of economic security. I conclude from the research that although there is evidence that there is a correlation between pesticides and health concerns, farmers use pesticides for economic necessity in a competitive local and global market. In my conclusion I offer some policy changes that would help to support small-scale farmers and ensure their protection in the future of the agricultural industry.

abstract: Sociology


title: Pain behavior and attachment: Exploring hyperactivating and deactivating strategies during an experimental cold pressor task

contributor:
Johnston, Lauren E. (author)
(McWilliams, Lachlan) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: This study examined whether attachment system hyperactivation and deactivation would  be manifested as individual differences in pain behavior. Participants (N=34) underwent  a cold pressor pain task. Half of the participants had a close friend present during the  task, while the other half completed the task alone. As predicted, the associations  between the attachment dimensions and ratings of pain and distress varied across  experimental conditions. Those higher in attachment anxiety reported higher levels of  emotional distress with a friend present, and those higher in avoidance gave lower pain  and distress ratings with a friend present, relative to when they were alone.  Unexpectedly, however, anxiety was negatively associated with pain intensity in the  friend-absent condition, and avoidance was positively associated with pain intensity in  the friend-absent condition. Although this study provides some evidence for  hyperactivation and deactivation behavior, secondary attachment behaviors in response to  pain appear to be more complicated than current theories predict.

abstract: Psychology


title: Stressed out: The effects of epinastine and octopamine on learning, memory, and heart rate in Heliothine moths

contributor:
Powell, Stephanie M. (author)
(Hillier, Kirk) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: Octopamine (OA), a biogenic amine, is known to modulate many physiological processes in invertebrates. One such effect of OA is an increase in cardiac output. Previous studies have also shown that OA assists in learning and memory in Heliothine moths. Epinastine (EPI) is a compound which acts as an OA antagonist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of EPI on learning and memory, as well as the effects of OA and EPI on heart rate. To study the former, the proboscis extension reflex (PER), based on the Pavlovian conditioning model, was used. PER is the extension of the proboscis as a reflex to feed, elicited by sucrose stimulation applied to the antennae. Specimens of Heliothis virescens were injected with saline (control) or EPI and conditioned to extend their proboscis during the presentation of an odour. In the second experiment, the effect of OA and EPI on heart rate was examined in Helicoverpa zea. Moths were dissected to expose the heart, which was bathed in saline (control), OA, and finally EPI in four consecutive trials. Following exposure, the beats per minute of the heart were counted. In the PER experiment, a slight increase in PER response during recall was seen in moths that were treated with EPI, compared to control moths. These data suggest that EPI could be hindering initial learning, and is metabolized before the 45 minute recall begins, as no hindrance is seen at recall trials. In the heart rate experiments, a gradual decrease in heart rate was seen over the time period of the experiment. In both trials, heart rate decreased following OA and EPI administration. Addition of OA or EPI, therefore, has little to no effect on the moth heart rate. Continued study of the OA/EPI effect on memory and heart rate has the potential to provide useful insights into stress in general.

abstract: Biology


title: Residential schools: Success or failure?

contributor:
Toney, Wayne P. (author)
(Moore, Barbara) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: This thesis explores one part of the social reality of the First Nations people by focusing on the Residential School experience. I began my research into the possible causes of the deplorable social conditions that the First Nations people find themselves. It is the intention of this thesis to provide insight and understanding of these conditions with the hope of identifying potential resolutions. A literal search identifies the Residential School experience as the main contributor to the social ills suffered by my people, the Mi’ Kmaq. I explore a social education that may alleviate some of the social and psychological fallout from years of colonization, genocide, attempted assimilation, imprisonment, stigmatization, and total social rejection that is the Residential School experience.  A review of the Canadian/First Nations relation shows that a country, which once relied on the First Nations people for survival, turned on its benefactor. The subjugation of an entire people and the destruction of our culture reduced the once proud, independent, and self-sufficient First Nations people to less than second-class citizens in their own country. This stigma became the legacy of the First Nations people. A literature review of stigma gives insight into the practices through which a stereotyped people may manage their tainted social image.  Assessing the resilience of the First Nations people indicates they have the stamina to persevere and, through social education, to build on their rich cultural heritage. A rebirth of their culture, acceptance in the great social realm of Canada, and belief in a new partnership with Canada may hold the resolution the First Nations seek.

abstract: Sociology


title: Doomed from the start?: A Bourdieusian interrogation of working-class students in a rural Canadian context

contributor:
Dimmer, Sarah C. (author)
(Thomson, Tony) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: The objective of this thesis is to explore the obstacles that working-class students in rural Nova Scotia face in the public education system. With a focus on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of class distinction, as well as his logic of practice, the thesis explores how well working-class students fare in the education system compared to their upper-middle class peers and explores why differences persist. The basic question is whether Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital helps explain the differential outcome of schooling for middle and working class students. To address this question, I investigate factors that play a role in the decision for some working-class students to proceed to postsecondary education while other working-class individuals do not pursue further schooling.  For this thesis, I conducted primary research, utilizing a qualitative approach, conducting four semi-structured interviews to obtain first-hand data. This method allowed for open, candid discussions. As a result, the interviewees played a significant role in shaping the research. The participants were selected by means of a convenience sample. Themes that were derived from the secondary research and which emerged from literature review were used to guide my questions during the interviews. These themes, along with themes that emerged from the primary research, were then analyzed. Overall, the research illustrated that both cultural and social capital play a significant role in the educational experiences and academic attainment of working-class students in rural Nova Scotia.

abstract: Sociology


title: Closeness in coach-athlete relationships between CIS volleyball coaches and their female athletes

contributor: (Kruisselbrink, Darren) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: The subject of closeness in coach-athlete relationships is an important subject  within the realm of coaching, particularly when dealing with female athletes. In order for  both coach and athlete to gain success and satisfaction surrounding sport, the dyad must  create a satisfactory relationship. When creating these relationships, coaches must be  aware of the differences between coaching males and coaching females. Grounded theory  was used to qualitatively research the methods that CIS women’s volleyball coaches use  when developing and maintaining close relationships with their athletes. The results  found that creating and maintaining open lines of communication is an essential part of  developing a close coach-athlete relationship. It was found that this is particularly  important when coaching female athletes. The results also indicated that to have a  successful relationship, a coach should relate to their players both as athletes, and as  people. Further research should be done in the area of coach and female athlete  relationships to closely examine the methods by which closeness is obtained.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: A survey of potential bacterial zoonotic pathogens in shrew feces

contributor:
Gray, Logan M. (author)
(Stewart, Donald) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmittable to humans by vertebrate animals. They are estimated to be the cause of 75% of emerging diseases worldwide. We are concerned about the possibility of transmission of pathogens in small mammal feces as part of a conservation survey focused on the maritime shrew, Sorex maritimensis (Stewart et al., 2003), and the white-bearded water shrew, Sorex albibarbis (Mycroft et al., 2012). The survey makes use of community members (e.g., school and naturalist groups) by having them set and tend feeding tube stations. The volunteers will forward to Acadia University any fecal samples collected from the feeding tubes. Handling the feces of a vertebrate sets the stage for possible zoonotic transmission. The purpose of this study was to explore possible zoonoses by isolating bacterial species from the feces. Fecal samples were collected using the same feeding tubes that the conservation survey will use and by dissecting shrews that were found dead in the wild. Bacteria were isolated from the feces and tested biochemically. DNA was also extracted from the bacteria. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and sequence a portion of the 16S rRNA gene. The resulting sequences were compared to those in the GenBank database using the basic local alignment search tool. Matches from GenBank identified a number of possible species matches for each sample. These possible identities were compared to the biochemical characteristics which allowed the identities to be narrowed down with more accuracy. Most bacteria identified from the feces were listed in the literature as opportunistic pathogens. Based on the results of this study, field and lab protocols can be modified to help prevent bacterial zoonotic transmission.

abstract: Biology


title: Validation of subjective measures of physical activity and physical fitness for diabetes clinical practice

contributor:
D'Entremont, Natalie T. (author)
(Fowles, Jonathon) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: As physical activity levels have declined in society, the incidence of chronic disease has increased, particularly type 2 diabetes. Although it is evident that physical activity and exercise are primary means to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes, most individuals with diabetes are inactive. Currently, few health care practitioners evaluate or discuss physical activity or fitness as a routine component in healthcare. Diabetes educators stand in a good position to counsel and monitor the physical activity and fitness levels of their clients; however, they lack the confidence, time, and resources to do so. The Diabetes Physical Activity and Exercise Toolkit has been created to provide enhanced support and guidance on physical activity counseling and monitoring of clients. The ‘Toolkit’ has increased confidence in healthcare professionals in physical activity counseling; however, there is still much room for improvement. For instance, only one third of the clinicians report using the toolkit as much as planned. Given that clinicians are only able to monitor what they can manage, they would, therefore benefit from a valid and reliable tool that can quickly assess physical activity participation of their clients, such as a short physical activity questionnaire. The present study tested the validity of a newly designed physical activity questionnaire in accurately assessing physical activity and physical fitness level in the adult population. The goal after the validation is to apply the new questionnaire in the clinical setting. By comparing subjective questionnaires to objective measures of physical activity and physical fitness, we observed that the new questionnaire does not correlate with objective measures. The questionnaire does, however, serve as a form of initiation in physical activity and exercise discussion.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Housing in Kings County: Toward a holistic approach

contributor:
Van Rooyen, Emma (author)
(Horgan, Mervyn) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: All people need access to appropriate housing. However, housing, on its own, does not  meet the entirety of people’s needs. As well as a roof over head, people need to a place to  call home. There are systemic barriers to the realization of home, which this thesis  explains in detail. These barriers include: stigmatization, commoditization and poverty.  Through an analysis of government and Not-For-Profit authored reports this thesis  demonstrates two different attitudes toward the creation of appropriate housing: the  instrumental approach and the needs based approach. These two approaches are examined  and contextualized through the theories of Frederick Engels, Erving Goffman and  Zygmunt Bauman, and then further unpacked through an analysis of interview and  photographic data collected for this thesis. The data were collected through a series of  three semi-structured interviews and through the use of photo-elicitation.  The currently dominant housing system does not meet the needs of the people it  serves. It does not act to prevent homelessness, nor does it focus on employment or  respect the autonomy of the people it serves. This thesis advocates moving toward a  holistic approach to housing, which would consider the entirety of people’s lives. A  holistic approach to housing would work to find housing solutions that involved  employment and inclusion, addressed the needs of at-risk populations and allowed people  the autonomy and respect necessary to successfully create a home.

abstract: Sociology


title: Theories of vagueness: An examination

contributor:
Moore, Nathaniel (author)
(Maitzen, Stephen) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: I examine the leading proposed solutions to the problem of vagueness and show that none of them succeeds. Each approach, I argue, faces serious objections that it lacks the tools to address. Epistemicism and contextualism cannot account for the sharp and unknowable boundaries to which they are committed. Many-valued logics either cannot give an account of logical validity or else cannot assign truth-values in a principled way. Supervaluationism is committed an infinite hierarchy of admissible sharpenings that ordinary language, the only plausible source of those sharpenings, cannot provide. Semantic nihilism, lastly, is by its own lights not even true.

abstract: Philosophy


title: Sensorium

contributor:
Grieder, Rose (author)
(Campbell, Wanda) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Sensorium is a collection of 31 poems in five sections, each pertaining to one of the five senses (smell, taste, touch, hearing, and seeing). In this thesis I demonstrate the correlation between the senses and poetry through the spiritual rather than cognitive processes of unconscious knowing. The poetic forms range from imagist, ekphrasis and concrete to haiku and free verse. By taking the time to observe, explore and experience with my senses, I have come to find truths and relationships between reality and the imaginative state that fuels poetry. Theories on the subject of employing the senses in poetry by authors such as John Hollander, Denise Levertov, and Tony Hoagland shape this thesis and the understanding of poetry as an intuitive, spiritual quest.

abstract: English & Theatre Studies


title: American eel (Anguilla rostrata) habitat use within a Nova Scotian watershed

contributor:
Muise, Andy M. (author)
(Avery, Trevor) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: American eel, Anguilla rostrata, have been identified as a species of special concern by COSEWIC after experiencing drastic population reductions in the Great Lakes and upper St. Lawrence regions of Canada. The purpose of this study was to examine habitat use by eels in a small watershed to gain insight regarding the health of eel populations within the Atlantic region and to characterize eel movement patterns. East River, located in East River, Nova Scotia, was chosen as the study site for its range of habitats. Three eel pots were set in the East River, one in a small tributary (Barry’s Brook), and three in Labrador Lake, the headwater to Barry’s Brook. Traps were relocated every 2-3 weeks to examine various habitats located at these sites and to randomize sampling both spatially and temporally. Selected eels were tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to monitor movement and catches. A total of 295 eel were captured between 10 June and 26 August 2011 during 25 days of fishing with 93 recaptures from 65 tagged individuals. Eel catch-per-unit-effort was significantly higher in the East River, in comparison to Barry’s Brook and Labrador Lake. Eels captured in Labrador Lake were significantly longer and heavier than those in the brook or river. Analyses of captured eels show an exponential relationship between length and weight and were comparable to other studies in areas along the Eastern seaboard. Recapture data suggested that eels do not move between different sites if minor barriers are present. The longest movement was 258 m within East River between two sites in an unobstructed stretch of this area. Capture activity suggests that eels are influenced by both lunar cycles and precipitation events. Eels within other watersheds display similar patterns of home range establishment and temporal movement patterns.

abstract: Biology


title: The effects of high intensity exercise on the exercise-efficacy of middle aged adults

contributor:
West, William A. (author)
(Dogra, Shilpa) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Background  Exercise‐efficacy is the situation specific form of confidence relating to exercise that  has been associated with improved health. Research shows that participation in  exercise can improve exercise‐efficacy and thus positively impact physical activity  maintenance. Currently, 60% of Canada’s adult population is at risk for developing  health problems related to physical inactivity; this risk is particularly high among  middle‐aged adults. It is therefore imperative that measures to increase exercise‐efficacy  among this cohort be taken. Previous research has indicated that high  intensity exercise (HIE) may be particularly effective at improving exercise‐efficacy.  An intervention of such nature among middle‐aged adults is thus warranted.  Purpose  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of HIE on the exercise‐efficacy  of middle‐aged (45‐64 year old) participants.  Methods  Seven females and five males, with a mean age of 54.8 years, participated in the 10‐  week case‐control study. The first five weeks were used as a control period; while  the final five weeks consisted of HIE sessions twice a week. The HIE sessions  consisted of kickboxing, spin classes, sprints and circuit training classes and were  designed to have the participants working out at a level of approximately 16‐17 on  the Borg Rating of Perceived Exhaustion Scale. Fitness assessments, held at week 5  and week 10, were also conducted to assess the fitness levels of the participants. An  Exercise‐Efficacy Questionnaire (EEQ) was completed at weeks 0, 5 and 10 to assess  x  exercise self‐efficacy, same‐age exercise‐efficacy and younger‐age exercise‐efficacy  (18‐25 years old) during the different stages of the experiment. Repeated measures  analysis of variance was conducted using the three components of EEQ, over the  three time points.  Results  It was found that over the duration of the experiment, all three components of  exercise‐efficacy significantly improved. There was a significant difference between  baseline and week 10 for all three components of the EEQ. There was also a  significant improvement in EEQ from week 5 to week 10 for the EEQ component one  and component two as well as significance between baseline and week 5 for EEQ  component three. The five‐week intervention did not seem to impact aerobic or  musculoskeletal fitness levels.  Conclusion  The results from this study suggest that HIE can improve exercise‐efficacy among  middle‐aged adults within a 5 week period. These findings support the use of HIE to  ensure adoption and maintenance of physically active lifestyles.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Effects of sub-zero temperatures on Hepatozoon species (Phylum apicomplexa) in freeze-tolerant wood frogs, Rana sylvatica

contributor:
Hammer, Chelsea T. (author)
(Smith, Todd) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: Hepatozoon clamatae and Hepatozoon catesbianae are malaria-like parasites that  infect the erythrocytes of frogs in eastern Canada. Although green frogs (Rana clamitans)  and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) are commonly infected with Hepatozoon species, these  parasites have a low prevalence and parasitaemia in wood frogs, Rana sylvatica. The  ability of wood frogs to freeze during the winter may account for these observations, as it  is currently not known whether or not these blood parasites can survive sub-zero  temperatures. The objectives of this study were first to determine the host specificity of  the two Hepatozoon species for wood frogs, and second, to observe the effects of freezing  on these parasites. Egg masses and adult frogs were collected during spring breeding.  Blood smears revealed that four of 24 adults were infected with H. catesbianae. After  metamorphosis, 21 metamorphs were fed mosquitoes with mixed infections of H.  clamatae and H. catesbianae. Eight of these frogs were positive for H. catesbianae, and  two of these eight were additionally infected with very low levels of H. clamatae. Four  infected metamorphs and two infected adults were acclimated at 4 C for 4 wk, after  which they were frozen at -3 C for 2 d. Four infected metamorphs and two infected adults  were not frozen and served as controls. In both frozen adults and metamorphs,  parasitaemia dropped considerably relative to the controls. This study suggests that wood  frogs are suitable hosts for H. catesbianae, but likely not for H. clamatae, and based on  preliminary data, that freezing reduces the parasitaemia of Hepatozoon species in wood  frogs, which may account for the low prevalence and parasitaemia values from the  literature.

abstract: Biology


title: Shining stars: The importance of the Starr Family of Kings County, Nova Scotia

contributor:
Howes, Samuel Normand (author)
(Moody, Barry) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2012

abstract: The Starr Family of Kings County, Nova Scotia is remembered in the community  quite well, but they have largely been ignored in regards to academic research. They are  quite often considered important to the community of Cornwallis, especially within the  context of their own family, but little has been done discussing this. The Starr family  fonds has been revealing in the activities of the Starr family and just how they were  significant to Cornwallis and the surrounding areas.  As an archival thesis, the preface to the thesis discusses the archival process of  working with the Starr Family fonds, and follows with the finding aid produced while  working with the collection, detailing the records found in the fonds. The format of the  finding aid is consistent with RAD (The Rules for Archival Description).  The second section of the thesis discusses the importance of the Starr Family in  Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, using the fonds to supply the main primary sources. The  records and secondary research reveal the activities of the Starr Family that resulted in  their significance. This section also discusses whether the Starr family truly was  important to the community, or if they just viewed themselves in this way and inflated  their status. The thesis concludes that the Starr family did, to a certain degree, inflate  their status, but they were important to the community as well.

abstract: History & Classics


title: The iAcadia update and object identification on the iOS platform

contributor:
Greene, Charles Albert (author)
(Benoit, Darcy) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2011

abstract: The iAcadia application was started by Ryan Wooden and Alex Sanford. The  application was developed to collect and organize information about Acadia University  into a native application for iOS devices.  The goal of the iAcadia application update was to increase the amount of in-  formation the application contained and to modify the interface to increase ease of  navigation. The update builds on the original application that was developed for iOS  devices of all types. The target version of the iOS operating system for the iAcadia  update is iOS 4.0 and later. Several new sources of information were added to the  application and presented to the user in familiar ways.  The update provides the client with several new modules to provide information  to the user. These include a calendar module, an improved Athletics module, a Open  Acadia module, Help Desk module, and a Library module. There were also changes  made to existing modules to increase the ease of navigation. Most of these changes  were made in the Courses module.  The server has been updated to collect and provide to the client the information  required for the new or improved modules. The server was also improved to increase  the efficiency of scraping information and reduce the amount of redundant data being  sent to the client.  The final module that was added to the application, but not included in the first  update, was the Building Identification module. This module was designed to identify  campus buildings using the device camera.  The update has been quite successful with almost 60 percent of original applications  being updated and over 600 new application downloads occurring since the release in  September. The usage of the application can be tracked from the server. This usage  shows that the application is still in constant use.

abstract: Computer Science