identifier: Grant, Bette Anne Crnkovich <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Grant=3ABette_Anne_Crnkovich=3A=3A.html>   (1983) The food web concept : identification of a learning hierarchy and related misconceptions.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The present study investigated the application of Gagné's learning hierarchy model to the learning of the concept of a food web, an important topic in biology curricula. Few validated learning hierarchies have been reported in the literature for concepts outside the realm of mathematics and the physical sciences. As a result, the application of Gagné's model in the present study provided some information regarding the applicability of the model to such a concept. In addition, the process of validating the hypothesized learning hierarchy provided a ready means by which to investigate students' misconceptions regarding skills comprising the hierarchy. Hence a second aspect of the present study concerned the identification of common misconceptions which grade ten biology students hold regarding the food web concept. This in turn provided some information regarding the applicability of the learning hierarchy model to the study of students' misconceptions. -- The sample consisted of 200 grade ten biology students from three coeducational schools in the St. John's area. A learning hierarchy was developed for the food web concept using a Gagné-type task analysis. Upon completion of regular classroom instruction on food webs, the sample was tested on the skills comprising the food web hierarchy. Following this pretest a self-instructional booklet, designed to remediate the skills of the food web hierarchy for students who had failed to learn them initially, was administered. Each subject received an individualized prescription for the remediation of skills which were failed on the pretest. Following the remedial phase, a parallel form of the pretest was administered to the sample. These data were analyzed using two psychometric validation techniques, the ordering theoretic and the Dayton and Macready methods. Griffiths' method was used to investigate the hierarchy in terms of its transfer validity. Data from test items which were answered incorrectly were analyzed and subjects' misconceptions were recorded. -- The hypothesized food web hierarchy was found to be valid both psychometrically and in terms of transfer, although transfer of learning for connections involving lower skills of the hierarchy could not be determined because too few students failed these skills in the pretest. However, the validated hierarchy appears to offer much potential use as an instructional tool for the instruction of food webs. In addition, these findings indicate some support for the applicability of the learning hierarchy model to concepts other than those of mathematics and the physical sciences. Five common misconceptions held by grade ten biology students concerning food webs, food chains and predation were identified. In one case, a misconception was revealed for a large part of the sample in items testing subordinate skills, but did not occur in the case of the terminal skill. This suggests that the learning hierarchy model may be useful in the study of misconceptions, in that it has the ability to reveal underlying misconceptions which would not be apparent from students' responses to the terminal skill alone.


identifier: Hallett, Roberta D.(Roberta Dianne) <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Hallett=3ARoberta_D=2E=28Roberta_Dianne=29=3A=3A.html>   (1979) The development and testing of an experience-based informal reading inventory.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

type: Thesis NonPeerReviewed

format: application/pdf application/pdf

abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop an informal reading inventory based on the experiences of Newfoundland school children and to test the ability of this instrument to accurately measure the instructional reading level of those students to whom it was administered. -- Passages for this Experience-based Reading Inventory (ERI) were selected from a collection of language experience stories written by children in Newfoundland and Labrador. All passages were subjected to an analysis of their readability by application of the Spache Readability Formula for materials at the primary levels and with the Harris-Jacobson Formula 2 for those thought to be at or above the grade four level of difficulty. -- The sample consisted of twenty-eight students randomly selected from the total grade four population of four schools under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic School Board for St. John's. The test battery for each child consisted of the experimental instrument, the Analytical Reading Inventory, the Metropolitan Achievement Test and the Slosson Oral Reading Test. All tests were administered within a three-week period. -- The ability of the ERI to accurately assess student instructional reading levels was tested by comparing silent reading scores obtained with those obtained on the ARI and MAT. Results were statistically analyzed by means of a t-test to test for significant differences between mean instructional level scores as measured by the informal reading inventories. Results were further analyzed by subjecting data to examination by means of a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to test the strength of the relationship between the MAT, the ARI and ERI. -- At the .05 level of confidence, statistical analysis revealed that the difference between the mean instructional level scores of the ERI and the ARI was not significant.  It was also found that there was a moderately high correlation between scores obtained on the ARI, the ERI and the MAT. This would appear to suggest that the three tests were measuring the same constructs. Final results appear to indicate that an experience-based reading inventory as constructed for this investigation is capable of accurately assessing student instructional reading level scores.


identifier: Van Guelpen, Louis Collier. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Van_Guelpen=3ALouis_Collier=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1974) Seasonal movements of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes Americanus (Walbaum), in two contrasting inshore locations in Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Seasonal movements of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) 1792, were examined in a protected inlet and an exposed cove in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, from February, 1973, to March, 1974. Movements in the two locations were compared with each other and with two hypotheses of winter flounder movement in the literature. Seasonal movements of the winter flounder from Newfoundland to Maryland are reviewed. A general scheme of seasonal movements of the winter flounder throughout its range is suggested. -- In the present study movements were inferred from changes in flounder abundance. Abundance on a given date was determined by counting fish on a fixed area of bottom using SCUBA. Environmental and physiological factors were examined in an attempt to determine the causes of movement. -- Winter flounder movements in the protected inlet and exposed cove were somewhat similar in all seasons except winter. During the winter of 1973 flounders were present in shallow water in the protected inlet until drifting pack ice entered the region. The following winter, fish were scarce in the protected inlet. This scarcity coincided with the heavy turbulence of that winter. Flounders left the shallows of the exposed cove in both winters, probably because of turbulence and perhaps drifting ice. In June many winter flounders moved into the shallows of the protected inlet and a few entered the exposed cove, where they spawned. Flounders left both regions in July or August in what may have been feeding migrations. In August or September flounders returned to the shallows of both locations. This immigration coincided with peak water temperatures and the initiation of ripening of the gonads. In the fall they left the shore zone of both sites during severe storms and returned to the shallows as the turbulence subsided.


identifier: Pardy, Ralph Dorman Wayne. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Pardy=3ARalph_Dorman_Wayne=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1976) A comparison of a true measure of leg muscular power as determined by a photo-electric system to five conventionally used tests of leg muscular power.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study was done to determine the validity of five conventionally used tests of leg muscular power, namely, the Modified Vertical Jump, Standing Broad Jump, Ten Yard Sprint with Five Yard Running Start, Fifty Yard Sprint with Five Yard Running Start, and Bicycle Ergometer Speed Test. The criterion measure of leg muscular power which enabled the researcher to determine the validity of the conventional tests by statistically determining their relationship to the criterion measure was a mechanical device with a photo-electric timing system. This technique supplied the necessary information to determine the power output using the physical sciences' formula for that entity. -- The sample (N = 42) was subjected to each of the five conventional tests as well as the criterion measure. In addition to these tests, the age and weight of each subject was obtained. -- Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients were employed in the statistical analysis of the data. Insignificant correlations were obtained between the criterion measure of leg power and each of the five conventional tests of leg power. However, when the five conventional tests were compared to power per pound body weight, the correlation coefficients were significantly higher than those obtained from the comparision of each of the conventional tests to the total maximum power, but, these too remained insignificant at the .01 level. It was also found that the average maximum power output occured at 45 percent of the subject's maximum lift, however, the optimum point ranged between 29 percent and 53 percent. -- It was concluded that, (1) the conventionally used tests of leg power were not valid measures for determining the subject's power output; (2) the five conventional tests were better indicators of power per pound body weight than they were indicators of the total maximum power output, however, the correlation coefficients were still insignificant and therefore did not justify the use of these tests to determine the ability of the legs to develop power, and (3) the average optimum load which yielded the maximum power output was 45 percent of the subject's maximum lift.


identifier: Barnes, Gordon Charles <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Barnes=3AGordon_Charles=3A=3A.html>   (1978) Place of delay and interference in long delay learning.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Three groups of rats were trained to select the rewarded side of a T-maze with a 1-minute delay of reward. One group spent the delay in the home cage, a second group was delayed in a separate chamber resembling the startbox of the T--maze, and the third group was delayed in the startbox.  All rats were rewarded for a correct choice in the startbox of the T-maze.  It was found that the group delayed in the home cage learned the discrimination, the group delayed in the startbox did not learn, and the group delayed in the separate chamber were intermediate. The results are explained in terms of Revusky's (1971) concurrent interference theory and in terms of Lett's (in press) memory theory.


identifier: Whalen-Way, Audrey <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Whalen-Way=3AAudrey=3A=3A.html>   (1978) The determinants of the probability of women teachers expressing an interest in educational administration.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The problem which this study dealt with was the noticeable lack of women in decision-making positions in our school systems. The purpose of the study was to gain a better understanding of why women teachers in Newfoundland occupy administrative positions in disproportionately fewer numbers than their male counterparts. -- The determinants of women teachers' career aspirations were considered under four categories; (a) Socializing Differences; (b) Family Responsibilities; (c) Educational Qualifications; and (d) Value Orientation. -- The data used in this study was collected by J. Bulcock et al. in 1972 as a survey of women teachers in Newfoundland and Labrador. The data was collected from a ten per cent random probability sample of women teachers employed in the province at that time. The statistical analyses consisted of Pearsen Product moment correlations and regression analyses. -- The study found that the positive determinants of a woman teacher's desire for an administrative position were: mother's education, years of training, career commitment and professional involvement. The negative determinants were: marital status, number of children, and age.


identifier: Madden, Marcie Maura <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Madden=3AMarcie_Maura=3A=3A.html>   (1976) A late archaic sequence in southern Labrador.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study will consider two multicomponent late Archaic sites on the southern Labrador coast, the Black Rock Brook, site, EjBe-24, and the Iceberg site, EjBe-19, which together provided evidence of at least ten discrete and dated components spanning the period, ca 3500-2000 B.P. - These sites were rather unproductive and unspectacular in terms of cultural material and altogether only 260 chipped stone artifacts, comprised primarily of notched projectile points, assorted bifaces, and a variety of unifacial implements such as flake points, scrapers, linear flakes and retouched flakes, were recovered from both areas. A large number of hearth features was associated with this material, which provided abundant charcoal for dating purposes; however, there was no evidence of dwelling structures nor was any organic material preserved, and reconstruction of the full range of cultural activities engaged in by these people, their settlement pattern and economy, was somewhat conjectural. Generally speaking, the coastal location of these definitely suggests a maritime oriented economy, and no doubt theses campsites were occupied during the spring and summer months for the purpose of exploiting available marine fauna. - The majority of these components can be placed within a single cultural and technological tradition which seems to have developed within this region from an earlier 'Maritime Archaic' base and can be considered part of a larger Northern Maritime Cultural Tradition that probably endured on the Labrador coast from the Paleo-Indian period to the historic times. These components, which were placed in chronological order using evidence from seriation, radiocarbon dating, and a comparison of similar and presumably related materials from other sites in Labrador and Newfoundland, provided the basic structure for the establishment of a cultural sequence and typology to which other materials could be related, and from which it was possible to provisionally demonstrate some sort of continuity and relationship between the late Archaic populations and historically known peoples in the area.


identifier: Dalton, Benny J. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Dalton=3ABenny_J=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1984) A report of a counselling internship, with a report of an intern's skills evaluation using Gerard Egan's counselling model.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This report contains two parts. The first describes an internship of twelve weeks which was completed in the Counselling Centre of Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. The second is the report on a study completed as a part of the internship. -- Part one includes a detailed description of the internship, including its rationale and a list of the goals the intern set out to realize. Also included is a description of the nature of the supervision offered and a listing of the specific activities of the intern. The internship setting is described. A discussion of the degree to which the various goals were met is also included. -- Part two describes a research study aimed at identification of counsellor/client responses in terms of Gerard Egan's counselling model. It describes a method of evaluation of these responses and how these responses indicate movement through the stages of this model. Results indicate that the intern was able to accurately identify counselling stages in terms of Egan's model. With the use of expert evaluations, significant consensus was reached on identification of stages, thus lending credibility to intern evaluations. This study demonstrates an effective method for conducting process research.


identifier: Stopp, Marianne P. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Stopp=3AMarianne_P=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1982) An archaeological examination of the Baumann site - a precontact Lalonde settlement in Simcoe County, Ontario.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: An interest in the Lalonde period of the Ontario Iroquois tradition became the motivation behind this preliminary excavation of the Baumann, site, Medonte Township, Simcoe County, Ontario. Excavation was followed by detailed analyses of the various cultural categories that comprise the site's assemblage. -- Although Lalonde has been recognized as part of the Late Ontario Iroquois Stage (Wright, 1966), only one other Lalonde site has been examined beyond the point of producing a rimsherd analysis; the Copeland site (Channen and Clarke, 1965), also in Simcoe County, Ontario. Frank Ridley, in presenting data from the Lalonde site (1952a), as well as Fallis (1952b), and Frank Bay (1954), describes the artifacts recovered. Settlement, floral, and faunal date are, however, not available, as is the case with quantitative information. The emphasis in all three reports is definitely on ceramics. This can be said of Latta's (1968) examination of Ontario prehistory as well, wherein two further Lalonde sites, Deschambault and Farlain Lake, are introduced. Also included in this analysis are those sites surveyed by Ridley (1966, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973) which number over 40. - It was felt that because a Lalonde group of sites is implicitly understood to represent a part of Ontario prehistory, more than simply one site of this period needed to be studied in detail, and thus the Baumann excavation took place. - Excavation was not only done to buttress the existing chronological framework, but also to begin to attain an understanding of Lalonde culture. Thus, research goals included obtaining settlement data, floral, faunal, lithic, bone artifact, ceramic, and subsistence data. This information was then combined with any available comparative data to arrive at a cultural description of Lalonde. -- The six week excavation of this site resulted in the following: One midden was thoroughly tested, while the locations of three others were confirmed; a single longhouse was partially uncovered, measuring 66m x 8m having a rich feature assemblage and a northeast-southwest orientation; possible evidence of a second longhouse was uncovered in a test trench south of House 1; and, an attribute analysis of rimsherds revealed seven attributes which may be characteristic of the Lalonde ceramic assemblage; lastly, a C14 date (N.M.C.1222) of A.D. 1490 +/- 60 was obtained from a  sample of charred wood. - Excavation of the Baumann site was conducted during the summer months of 1980 under License no. 80-F-0387 of the Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Provincial Government of Ontario, and funded by the Ontario Heritage Foundation.


identifier: Fancey, Everett Gordon <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Fancey=3AEverett_Gordon=3A=3A.html>   (1978) Teaching aids in tribology.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

title: Teaching aids in tribology

abstract: Equipment to be used as a teaching aid in tribology has been designed and tested. Design data, test results drawings and suggested experiments are provided for equipment covering the specific tribology topics of friction, dry wear, fretting, hydrodynamic lubrication and ball bearing failure. -- Equipment included are: -- 1. a novel coefficient of friction device -- 2. a multipurpose tribo-demonstrator which can be used to perform dry friction, pure wear and fretting tests with the pin and disc configuration as well as provide experimental solutions to Reynolds' equation for hydrodynamic lubrication using a sector shaped pad. -- 3. an inverted 4-ball lubrication and ball bearing test rig.


identifier: Lowell, Mary Windsor <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Lowell=3AMary_Windsor=3A=3A.html>   (1976) Social interaction between townspeople and summer residents in the resort community of Nahant, Massachusetts.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine social interaction in the resort community of Nahant, Massachusetts, one of the earliest east coast summer resorts and the summer residence for prominent Bostonians from the 1800s to the early 1900s. The period emphasized is from 1900 to World War II by which time the town had become a year-round community. The focal point of the study is the reconstruction of the relationship between two distinct social classes: the Boston summer people and the local permanent residents whose livelihood depended on the summer resort industry. One folklore form, the personal experience narrative, through which this relationship is demonstrated will be analyzed. --  Fieldwork for this study was conducted in the author's home community and field methods included interviewing townspeople and remaining summer residents as well as participating in local activities and folklore events. Disciplines other than folklore, most notably sociology and oral history, are incorporated in this study. --  The history of the permanent settlement and that of the resort era of the town are discussed separately to demonstrate specific factors of the development of each while keeping in mind the interdependence of the summer and year-round populations. Social change and social status are then examined to determine certain factors contributing to the change from a summer resort to a year-round community and to understand Nahant's current position as a suburb of Boston. The relationship between the townspeople and the summer residents on a business and social level are studied  noting the differing life styles of the two groups. The relationship is demonstrated in part through the personal experience narratives of one of the last remaining tradesmen to be involved in the once lucrative summer business. As well as presenting the memories of this local plumber, Charlie Gallery, this study also includes a discussion of Gallery as a storyteller.


identifier: Wheeler, Calvin David. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Wheeler=3ACalvin_David=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1977) The effect of monetary incentive and the timing of such incentive on transfer of learning tasks.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of monetary incentive, offered at different times, on transfer of learning tasks. A total of 108 grade seven students in three rural Newfoundland Central High Schools were tested on a letter series reasoning test. Each of the three equal groups were sub-divided and given either high or low transfer practice sets. They were then re-examined. The control group was given a test-practice-retest session. The second group differed in that after the practice session they were told that they would receive 10¢  per gain score point. The third group was given this information prior to the practice session. --  The data were statistically analyzed by use of ANCOVE and Scheffe multiple comparisons. The results indicated significantly that the use of monetary incentive increases gain scores and that this is particularly true when the incentive is offered prior to practice. Also significant was the fact that IQ and sex had no great effect on performance. It was also shown that no significant interactive effect existed between the timing of the incentive and type of practice.


identifier: Bull, Norman Lloyd. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Bull=3ANorman_Lloyd=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1977) Secondary school leaving evaluation in Newfoundland, 1972-1976.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The major secondary school leaving evaluation in Newfoundland since June 1972 has been a system of shared evaluation between each school and the Department of Education. The Department of Education awards 50 percent of the students' final grades through the Public Examinations held in June of each year. The school awards the remaining 50 percent by a variety of in-school evaluation procedures. -- The purpose of this study was to determine, as far as possible, the degree to which shared evaluation has achieved its aim of providing a more valid assessment of student achievement while at the same time maintaining quality control and permitting a broadening of the curriculum. The study investigated trends in the distribution of mean marks and pass rates both for the school grades and the Public Examination grades. The final part of the study dealt with a questionnaire survey of 151 teachers in 53 randomly selected schools. The purpose of this survey was to collect data on school practices and teacher opinion regarding shared evaluation. The study covered the years from 1972 to 1976 for the four subjects, algebra, history, English and biology. -- Although the conclusions were confounded by a number of factors it appears that there is a general decline in mean marks and pass rates in the Public Examinations but not in the school examinations. Also the estimated magnitude of differences between schools expected due to random errors is much smaller than the differences permitted by the Department of Education. The results of the teacher survey indicated that the teachers are generally satisfied with shared evaluation and that the majority want no change at the present time.


identifier: Wiseman, Ada Shave <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Wiseman=3AAda_Shave=3A=3A.html>   (1982) Teacher perceptions of the expectations of parents in an oil development environment.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine differences in teachers' perceptions of the expectations of local Newfoundland parents, their perceptions of the expectations of incoming parents, who may move to Newfoundland to work in the off-shore oil industry, and their ideal perceptions of the teaching situation. In addition, the study compared the perceptions which teachers had concerning the degree of parent-teacher contact in each of the above three groups. -- The effects of the teaching level and the geographic area in which the teacher taught, or the perceptions teachers had of parental expectations, parent-teacher contacts, and the ideal teaching situation were also investigated. -- The instrument used in the study was a Q-Sort consisting of 45 items related to education and the teaching of children. Questions concerning parent-teacher contacts as related to local parents, incoming parents, and the ideal teaching situation, were included. -- The data were collected from a sample of 321 primary, elementary, and secondary school teachers teaching in three areas of the Province which had been designated by the Provincial Government as potential oil development sites, and which had active development committees or proposals in process. -- The teachers were randomly divided into three treatment groups so that one group dealt with the perceptions and parent-teacher contacts with regards to local parents, the second group dealt with these aspects with regards to incoming parents, and the third group with regards to the ideal teaching situation. -- The data were analysed by means of a 3-way multivariate analysis of variance, with hypotheses being tested at the .05 level of confidence. -- The results indicated the existence of a significant differences between teachers' perceptions of local parent expectations, incoming parent expectations, and teachers' ideal perceptions, for 33 of the 45 items included in the Q-Sort. -- Based on these differences, it may be suggested that teachers believe that the incoming parent has experience with, and expects a more sophisticated system of education than that found in Newfoundland, particularly with respect to the variety of the school program available to students. Teachers may also feel that the incoming parent will expect greater attention to be paid to individualization of programming, as well as, greater availability and use of specialized resources for dealing with special needs of students. The belief that incoming parents will be more liberal and progressive with regards to their attitudes toward classroom discipline, testing, homework, and the teacher' personal appearance and behavior, was also suggested from the findings. -- Local events may be stereotyped by teachers as being concerned with more specific aspects of education, such as testing, homework, and discipline, rather than in with the overall education of their child. -- Differences also existed in the perceptions teachers have of parent-teacher contacts with incoming parents as opposed to local parents. Teachers seemed to feel that incoming parents will be more involved in the education of their children, and will initiate more interaction with the school. On the other hand, teachers seemed to feel that they were required to initiate too many contacts with local parents and that these parents did not assume enough responsibility for initiating and maintaining parent-teacher contacts. -- Differences also existed in the perceptions of the teachers in the three areas. These differences appeared to be largely related to the idea that teachers may have perceived parents in Area 1 to be more sophisticated and experienced in dealing with the education of their child, whereas those parents in Areas 2 and 3 were viewed as more traditional concerning their views on education. -- Differences found in the perceptions teachers have of the expectations of parents with primary-elementary school students, and those parents with secondary school students appeared to relate, in large part, to the greater participation of parents with children in the primary-elementary school level, as opposed to those parents of secondary school children.


identifier: Makannah, Toma John <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Makannah=3AToma_John=3A=3A.html>   (1972) The agricultural export economy of Sierra Leone: its development since 1900.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Analysis of the agricultural export economy of Sierra Leone is not new. Most economic studies of the country have treated certain facets of this topic, such as the trends of export volumes and the role of the Sierra Leone Produce Marketing Board (SLPMB) in this sector. However, a thorough economic study is still lacking. -- This study attempts: (a) a historical survey of the sector from 1900 to 1945 with a view to testing the appropriateness of Hla Myint's vent-for-surplus model in explaining the export developmental patterns of palm kernel, cocoa and coffee exports within this interval; and (b) an assessment of the roles of institutions, volume and supply determinant factors during the development phase 1946 to 1968 - especially intended to offer a more balanced picture of the declines in the volumes of total agricultural exports that set in around the mid- 1950s. -- Chapter II deals with the development of the foundation of the agricultural export sector from 1900 to 1945 and ascertains the relevance of the vent-for-surplus model to the peasant export experience of Sierra Leone. -- Postwar agricultural export developments largely characterized by the marked downward trend in the volumes of total agricultural exports are discussed in the next three chapters. Unlike the phase 1900 to 1945, export developmental patterns within this period cannot be fitted into any simple theoretical model such as Hla Myint's vent-for-surplus model or Lewis's labour surplus theory, partly because of the interplay of a host of non-market forces and partly because contraction rather than expansion was the export change that had to be explained. -- Chapter III evaluates the roles of institutions such as deliberate government planning, the multifarious activities of the SLPMB and the cooperatives and the consequences of the diamond rush of the 1950's into the Kono, Kenema and Bo Districts in the development of the sector. -- Chapter IV focuses attention on the factors influencing the trends and annual fluctuations in the volumes of palm kernel, cocoa and coffee within the interval 1953 to 1968. -- Finally, Chapter V attempts a theoretical discussion of supply and an examination of the factors determining the supply of palm kernel exports.


identifier: Chabot, Denis <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Chabot=3ADenis=3A=3A.html>   (1984) Sound production of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae, Borowski) in Newfoundland waters.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Sounds produced by humpback whales, Megaptera novaeanglise, were recorded in Newfoundland inshore waters. Only the acoustic features of the sounds were available for classification. Because of the variability present in the data, measurements such as minimum and maximum frequency, duration, etc, were inadequate for establishing a catalog. A new coding method was experimented with, where each sound was digitized into a matrix (16 x 21) of binary data. This was done using a digitizing tablet and a spectrogram of the sound. Additional binary variables were subsequently added to the matrices to code for relative intensity within a sound and frequency and amplitude modulation. A total of 1255 sounds were digitized and clustered using average linkage cluster analysis and the Jaccard similarity coefficient for binary data. -- The classification obtained by cluster analysis was compared with the author's aural and visual impressions of the sounds. A final classification of 50 classes was obtained. These classes were arranged in 13 groups. Three modes of sound production were recognized: respiratory noises, percussion noises, and vocalizations. Most classes (46) recognized in this study appeared to be vocalization. Some sounds were found to be tonal, but many had noisy and pulsive components. Few classes were stereotyped: variability was often important within classes, and intermediate cases were often found between classes, suggesting that part of the humpback's repertoire is a continuum of graded signals. -- Frequency of occurrence of each class varied from 1 to 94. A few classes were very common: the five largest classes accounted for 53.1% of the data. Twelve classes had only one case. This catalog is essentially complete for the location and seasons sampled, as suggested by an estimate of sample coverage and the rate of discovery of new classes with increasing sample size. -- Direction finding devices and playback experiments should be used to assess if humpback whales can discriminate these sound classes, and investigate their function.


identifier: Byrne, Gerald F. V. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Byrne=3AGerald_F=2E_V=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1984) A humanistic approach to study skills - with emphasis on the intangibles: self-concept, thinking, and motivation.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis has no abstract.


identifier: Noble, Peter Anthony <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Noble=3APeter_Anthony=3A=3A.html>   (1984) A numerical taxonomic study of pelagic and epibenthic bacteria from the northwest Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: An examination of bacterial strains from the pelagic and epibenthic regions from the water column in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland was made. Ninety-one strains were recovered from the pelagic an epibenthic regions and tested for 135 binary characters. Using numerical analysis, clusters of related strains were identified and the characteristics of the clusters determined. Pelagic strains were mainly fermentative and clustered separately from the epibenthic strains which were mostly oxidative. Identification was achieved with the aid of type and reference cultures. Fermentative bacteria were tentatively identified as members of the genus Vibrio although some species of Aeromonas were present. Nonfermentative strains were identified as Alteromonas, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas. Although direct parallels could not be drawn, the bacteria isolated for this region most closely resembled populations described for Alaska, New Zealand and Antarctica.


identifier: House, Calvin <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/House=3ACalvin=3A=3A.html>   (1982) The achievement of students through instruction by : the conventional teaching method plus film versus the conventional teaching method plus film with discussion on the film.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if any significant difference existed between the achievement of students through instruction by: the conventional teaching method plus film, and the conventional teaching method plus film with discussion on the film. -- The study involved two grade seven classes within the St. Barbe South Integrated School Board. -- Campbell and Stanley's "Pretest - Posttest Control Group" design was utilized in this study (Campbell and Stanley, 1970). -- For the results of the study, two separate measures are available: -- 1. scores on the posttest for achievement, and -- 2. gain scores (posttest scores minus pretest scores) used to determine if any significant difference existed between high achievers and low achievers within the control group and the experimental group. -- The T test (independent means) was used to determine if the mean scores were significantly different. -- The results of the study indicated that a significant difference existed between the achievement of students using the conventional teaching method plus film and students using the conventional teaching method plus film with discussion on the film. The group of students using the conventional teaching plus film with discussion on the film scored significantly higher. -- It was also found that there was no significant difference between the achievement of high achievers and low achievers in the group using the conventional teaching method plus film only. There was a significant difference between the achievement of high achievers and low achievers in the group using the conventional teaching method plus film with discussion on the film. The high achievers scored significantly higher.


identifier: Planetta, Elizabeth Beaton. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Planetta=3AElizabeth_Beaton=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1980) Sorcery beliefs and oral tradition in Cheticamp, Cape Breton.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Cheticamp area of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, events took place which were considered to be the machinations of certain persons who were known to be sorciers. The people of Cheticamp reacted to these happenings by performing rituals which were believed to deliver the victim from the sorcery. Although sorcery is no longer practised in the community of Cheticamp, the tradition of belief in such practices lives on in contemporary oral tradition. -- An analysis of primary and secondary historical accounts in conjunction with such oral traditions of Cheticamp reveals narratives concerning sorcery, and esoteric and exoteric views and values of the community.  These in turn suggest reasons for the activation of the sorcery beliefs during the period under consideration, and indicate the present state of these beliefs. -- The period from the 1870's to the 1930's witnessed changes in the traditional livelihood, family religion, and language of Cheticamp. This thesis hypothesizes that anxiety generated over these changes which threatened the values of the community, caused a belief in "sorcerie" to function as a means of social control.


identifier: Butler, Frederick Thomas. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Butler=3AFrederick_Thomas=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1975) Problems of housing and planning in a growing urban centre.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The major purpose of this study was to develop a unit of curriculum and instruction based on the theories of Mauritz Johnson, Jr. (1967, 1969) and the criteria of the Canada Studies Foundation. -- The unit developed, Problems of housing and planning in a growing urban centre, is part of an interdisciplinary, multi-media kit which is presently being developed by the St. John's team of Project Atlantic Canada. The kit includes student booklets, teacher's guidebook, slide tape production, wall charts and aerial photographs. The writer participated in the development and selection of many of the materials in the kit. -- The unit was formatively evaluated at several stages of the developmental process. Materials were appraised by experts in social studies education and audio visual education to establish the validity and teachability of the unit. Guiding questions (Anderson, 1972; Hodgetts, Tomkins, and Bowles, 1974) for the development of units of curriculum and instruction were employed throughout the formative evaluation to ensure adherence to Johnson's theories and the criteria of the Canada Studies Foundation. Fry's readability formula (Fry, 1968) was applied to determine the reading level of the student narrative. Finally, the unit was field tested in six classrooms. The major conclusions which result from this study are as follows: -- 1. Johnson's theories (1967, 1968) can be used as a theoretical framework on which to build a unit of curriculum and instruction. -- 2. The criteria of the Canada Studies Foundation can be incorporated into the development of a unit of curriculum and instruction. -- 3. The theories of Mauritz Johnson, Jr., used in conjunction with the criteria of the Canada Studies Foundation can provide a useful framework for involvement in curriculum development by an inexperienced developer. -- 4. The Guiding questions to aid in the development of curriculum and instruction units (Anderson, 1972) can aid in the formative evaluation of units of curriculum and instruction. -- 5. The Guiding questions for developing Canada studies curricula (Hodgetts, Tomkins, and Bowles, 1974) can be useful in the evaluation process of curriculum development, -- 6. The unit developed can be successfully taught to junior high school students. -- 7. Both students and teachers enjoyed and understood the -- materials and activities of the unit developed. -- 8. Both students and teachers considered the materials and activities used throughout the unit developed to be appropriate -- 9. The unit developed can be used to supplement existing social studies programs in Canada studies.


identifier: Furey, Helen E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Furey=3AHelen_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1976) The effects of a social studies programmed instruction textbook plus teacher interaction on the achievement and retention of low reading ability students.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a social studies programmed instructional textbook plus teacher interaction produced positive, significant achievement and retention for low reading ability students at the grade six level. -- The research experiment involved nine grade six classes within the Avalon Consolidated School Board and the Roman Catholic School Board of St. John's, Newfoundland. All students were administered a reading test, grades were computed an only low reading ability students were assigned to groups. -- Three treatments, conventional teaching, programmed instruction, and programmed instruction plus teacher interaction, were utilized. Through the use of a Table of Random Selection (Glass and Stanley, 1970) the low reading ability groups were assigned to treatments. A 'Posttest Only Control Group' design was used to state the hypotheses. An analysis of covariance was conducted on the posttest and delayed posttest scores to test significant differences. The appropriate post-hoc test, Newman-Kuels (Winer, 1971), was used to test the significance of the difference between group means. -- The results of the study indicated that the treatment group utilizing conventional teaching had significantly higher achievement and retention scores than the treatment group exposed to programmed instruction or the treatment group utilizing programmed instruction plus teacher interaction. The programmed instruction plus teacher interaction treatment group had significantly higher achievement scores on the posttest than the treatment group receiving programmed instruction. However, no significant differences existed between the retention scores of these two treatment groups.


identifier: Noseworthy, Joyce Elizabeth <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Noseworthy=3AJoyce_Elizabeth=3A=3A.html>   (1975) Quantitative and qualitative aspects of bacterial distribution, with special reference to the genus Pseudomonas Migula, in a cold seas environment (Avalon Peninsula Newfoundland).  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Both sea water and plankton tow samples were taken off Small Point, on the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, at intervals from September 12, 1971 to August 10, 1972.  Samples were collected from the surface, bottom and middepth or thermocline.  To determine total bacterial populations, the samples were plated onto YBP-SWA and incubated at 20C and 5C; there were no significant differences between counts made at these two temperatures. Total pseudomonads were determined both by spreading plates of 0.03% cetrimide agar and by replication of colonies from YBP-SWA onto the cetrimide plates. -- The pseudomonads were identified using a scheme devised for this study, since it was found that the schemes already in existence placed undue emphasis on motility and pigmentation. The fluorescent antibody technique was used in the differentiation of pseudomonads from non- pseudomonads and was found to be of value. -- Seventy-eight percent of the plates spread with sea water produced no colonies. Total numbers of bacteria ranged from 10 to 4,329 per liter of plankton tow; total pseudomonads ranged from 1 to 865 per liter. Numbers varied apparently randomly from trip to trip. No regular pattern of vertical bacterial distribution was detected and the thermocline apparently had no effect on vertical distribution. Bacterial and pseudomonad numbers seemed to be unrelated to either water temperatures or salinities. -- Phytoplankton samples were counted and numbers of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and silicoflagellates were recorded. This data indicated that a diatom bloom, caused mainly by Chaetoceros species, occurred from March to May or June. For all three sampling depths, bacterial and pseudomonad numbers were lowest when the diatoms were at their peak, but started to increase as the bloom declined.


identifier: Bukownik, Rudolf Robert <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Bukownik=3ARudolf_Robert=3A=3A.html>   (1984) Studies directed toward the total synthesis of longifolene.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis describes studies directed toward the total synthesis of longifolene utilizing as a key step an intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization. Different approaches for the construction of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-dienes have been explored and a general route involving the fulvene 63 developed. Nucleophilic addition of methlylithium to this fulvene generates a cyclopentadiene anion in situ, which closes to the requisite cyclopropane system by epoxide ring opening to afford 65.  This cyclopentadiene unit will thus serve as the 'left-had portion' for the approach to longifolene which is outlined. Procedures for the preparation and introduction of a suitable 'right-hand portion' have also been examined, these preliminary results have indicated the subtle blend of functionality and reactivity that will be required to generate the dienophilic unit. A suitable triene system 104 was synthesized (unfortunately in low yield) but under the conditions examined the desired Diels-Alder cyclization did not occur.


identifier: Howlett, Susan E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Howlett=3ASusan_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1985) Physiologic and pharmacologic properties of normal and dystrophic muscle in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study examined some physiologic and pharmacologic properties of normal and dystrophic chicken muscle. The pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy is unknown, and several competing hypotheses have been proposed. As recent evidence suggests that it may be linked to a muscle membrane defect, these studies are of interest in assessing the functional state of dystrophic muscle membranes. -- The contractile responses to intra-arterial injections of acetylcholine, carbachol, potassium chloride, caffeine and neostigmine were examined in innervated and denervated in vivo extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle preparations from normal and dystrophic chickens. In addition, the electrophysiologic properties of this preparation were characterized in normal and dystrophic muscles.  The pharmacologic responses to serotonin and noradrenalin were assessed in vitro ischiatic artery preparations of the chicken. -- Sensitivity to acetylcholine was reduced in dystrophic muscle, although this appears to be associated with enhanced hydrolysis of acetylcholine in dystrophic muscle. The development of extrajunctional acetylcholine sensitivity in denervated dystrophic muscle was also reduced when compared to normal muscle. Denervated dystrophic muscle did not exhibit denervation atrophy. In the disease group, the duration of the intracellular action potential was increased. The results also suggested that the dystrophic ischiatic artery was less sensitive to serotonin than was normal muscle. -- This study supports the hypothesis that the functional state of the dystrophic muscle membrane is altered in the muscular dystrophies. The defect may also be present in the vascular smooth muscle of dystrophic chickens. -- Keywords: chicken; muscular dystrophy; smooth muscle; electrophysiology; denervation; pharmacology; contractile physiology.


identifier: Dunsiger, Jane Catherine <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Dunsiger=3AJane_Catherine=3A=3A.html>   (1982) A comparative study of narrative accounts of visits home drawn from the immigrant ethnic community in St. John's, Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The scope for immigrant ethnic studies in Canadian folklore is vast, offering many possibilities to the researcher interested in specific ethnic or cultural groups. To date, however, there has been little work in comparative studies which seek to go beyond the bounds of one group. Differing emphases on aspects of culture such as language, religion, dress and material culture are not easily resolved. -- Using an established folkore form, the personal experience narrative, this study seeks to set up a basis for comparison by examining the personal experience narratives of eight informants drawn from the immigrant ethnic complex in St. John's, Newfoundland. It contrasts and compares their comments on the experience of visiting home as a means of exploring one facet of the immigrant experience. -- It suggests that the experience of returning home can cause considerable problems for the visitor because it sets two different value systems in apposition. Changed cultural perceptions for both visitor and host have to be accommodated. It is argued that the visit home presents some features of a rite of passage, but that if seen in terms of the individual's overall experience, the visit is a re-affirmation of his original decision to leave. It forms part of the larger rite of passage involved in settling in the New World.


identifier: Jackson, Susan Helen <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Jackson=3ASusan_Helen=3A=3A.html>   (1973) Some masking customs of German-speaking central Europe : a descriptive survey.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Masking festivals and Carnival celebrations are well known in all Christian civilizations. It is now generally assumed by the European scholars whose writings I have read for this dissertation that they have their origins in old heathen beliefs which have long been forgotten. The principal carriers of masking customs are the young, preferably unmarried men of the communities. In their disguise they try to chase away evil spirits during the longest nights of winter around Christmas time, or welcome spring and new life in general with their various Carnival activities. -- In German-speaking central Europe the best preserved masking customs are found in the Alpine regions of Austria, Switzerland and Bavaria in Southern Germany. Masking customs practised around Christmas time or mid-winter are usually internal affairs, not intended to be tourist attractions. They used to be rather wild, boisterous and noisy affairs where the young men dressed in frightening costumes, equipped with a variety of noise-making instruments, hoped to "cleanse" the countryside from wicked demons. At the same time they tried to encourage fertility by stamping the ground with their feet or by hitting it with the poles they carried. In more recent times these customs have, however, either been taken over entirely by children or lost the element of fear altogether. Masking customs at Carnival time are all tourist attractions. At these occasions young men, often dressed in very elaborate costumes, wearing specially made and beautifully decorated hats march, skip and dance - often in pairs and accompanied by bells - in parades and processions. -- The "Morgenstreich" of Basel distinguishes itself by its timing as it takes place at 4 a.m. on the first Monday and Wednesday afternoon in the Lenten season. The various participating groups each ridicule some local, national or international event not only with the costumes of their drummers and pipers who carry small lanterns on their heads but also with the huge hand painted transparent lanterns inscribed with satirical poetry. -- Newfoundland also enjoys a vivid masking tradition during the twelve days of Christmas when social barriers are broken down and a short period of licentious behaviour is permissible. In Newfoundland where parades have been replaced by the house-visit which focuses on the guessing game, maskers have to wear a complete disguise whereas a partial one often suffices in Europe. Since Newfoundland mummers are not obliged to chase away demons or re-fertilize nature, the noise element is not as important in their activities.


identifier: Thekkumthala, Jose <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Thekkumthala=3AJose=3A=3A.html>   (1978) Power considerations in the collision-induced double resonance.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Two pairs of energy levels of a molecule are considered. Optical transitions among each of these two pairs are coupled by the molecular binary collision. The case where the collision keeps the velocity of the molecule constant while reorienting it and maintaining the rotational energy is considered. Since the velocity is maintained constant, the molecules undergoing both the optical transitions belong to the same velocity group. This condition may be satisfied by tuning the molecular level structure by a varying Stark field. In short, we are considering coupling of two optical transitions due to the velocity-maintaining collisions. -- An expression for the energy absorbed in the molecular system when the collision - induced double resonance occurs is found. This leads to the expression for the signal absorption in any molecular system in general. The treatment begins with the phenomenological equation of motion for the velocity - dependent density matrix of the two level molecular system. This is obtained by adding the phenomenological terms to the usual equation of motion in the Heisenberg picture. A two level molecular system can be represented by a 2X2 density matrix. Since the system under consideration consists of two pairs of levels, two 2X2 density matrices are dealt with. The effect of collisions is taken care of by introducing the collision kernel in the equation of motion. The equation of motion for the diagonal and the off-diagonal elements are obtained from the equation of motion for the general density matrix. The expression for the difference in the diagonal elements is obtained in terms of the difference in the off - diagonal elements and vice versa. From these two equations, an expression for the difference in the off - diagonal elements is obtained in terms of measurable quantities. This difference along with the expectation value of the component of the dipole moment between the molecular energy states of interest is introduced in an expression for the energy absorbed in the molecular system. This expression involves the time derivative of the polarisation induced in the molecules by the field. Since the molecular system exhibits dynamic behaviour, the energy expression is time averaged. Also, since different molecular velocity groups of the Maxwell velocity distribution curve are involved in the collision, the energy expression is velocity averaged over the Maxwellian velocity range. -- Two cases are considered. First, energy expression is found in the general case, i.e., when the velocity changes during the collision. Secondly, energy is calculated when the velocity is maintained constant during the collision. This expression shows that the energy depends linearly and quadratically upon the collision constants. This is shown to be a general expression for the particular energy expression obtained by Shoemaker et al. -- Numerical evaluation for the signal absorption in the molecule methyl fluoride is done. The value is found to be ∆I = 1.323 X 10⁻² ergs/sec cm². The contribution due to the linear terms in the collision constants is 1.15 X 10⁻² ergs/sec cm² and the contribution due to the quadratic terms is 1.73 X 10⁻³ ergs/sec cm². The meaning of this is that the quadratic contribution is 13.1% of the total contribution, which is a considerable proportion. This contribution will be larger for a molecule with larger collision constants. This fact argues in favour of the general expression obtained.


identifier: Newhook, Jeanette Marie <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Newhook=3AJeanette_Marie=3A=3A.html>   (1985) A model for parent-teacher communication in the kindergarten year.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This project was undertaken to devise a two-way system of communications for parents and teachers, specifically for use In the kindergarten year. Current practices tend to consist of contact initiated by the school, and less frequently include a partnership approach to education by the home and school. In keeping with modern philosophies, this study assumes the young child will be offered a more beneficial education if parents and teacher develop co-operative attitudes. -- The research for this project was carried out in Newfoundland, in schools of the Avalon Consolidated School Board. Initial contacts were made through interviews with principals of elementary schools and parents of the 1982-83 kindergarten children, and through questionnaires mailed to kindergarten teachers. The information so gathered provided an outline of current practices in parent-teacher communications and the degree of satisfaction with these practices. Based on this research, and on a survey of the literature, a model for communications including a progress reporting instrument, was devised and redistributed to principals, teachers and parents for their evaluation. -- The two major needs were identified by this project: (1) educator's need a standardized guideline for communications with parents to ensure consistent and efficient communications, and (2) increased parental awareness of school programs is desired by both parents and teachers. -- There were two major conclusions to this study. First, parents and teachers indicated willingness to make additional contacts and desired a partnership type of relation for the benefit of the child. Secondly, the model that was developed was judged by principals, teachers-and parents to be feasible and adaptable for practical use in schools.


identifier: Budgell, John W. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Budgell=3AJohn_W=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1985) A study of mature students at Memorial University of Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study was designed to compare the academic performance of students admitted to Memorial University of Newfoundland as mature students with those who were admitted under the normal academic criteria. Mature referred to those students who were 21 years or older, with less than a Junior Matriculation level of education upon admission to university. The sample for this study was comprised of all mature students (208) for the period  1973 - 1978 inclusive, and an equal size control group comprised of regular students, randomly chosen. -- A second section of this research involved a study of motivation as measured by an inventory of self-actualization administered to a random sample of mature and regular students. -- The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics as well as appropriate inferential procedures. -- Analysis revealed that the academic performance of regular students was significantly higher than mature students. The relationship between academic achievement and a number of demographic variables was researched and results showed significant differences between mature and regular students for such characteristics as sex, age, level of education, and marital status. The study demonstrated that mature and regular students did not differ significantly with regard to motivation. -- Major recommendations from this study were as follows: (1) that admission procedures be improved upon. (2) that admissions procedure for mature students include pre-admission seminars and/or induction course. (3) that the Xaniversity establish a minimal education level for acceptance to university. As well, suggestions were made for further research in this area.


identifier: Moakler, Judith B. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Moakler=3AJudith_B=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1986) A study of the metric skills of grade seven students in a selection of Newfoundland schools.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study was designed to investigate the overall metric achievement of grade seven students in a selection of Newfoundland schools. In an attempt to identify various factors which may affect student achievement in. metric, the study also examined the relationship of student metric achievement with sex of student, mathematical achievement, exposure to metric instruction, size of a school, teacher's mathematical and science qualifications, teacher's metric inservice training, years of teaching experience, as well as exposure of teacher to the metric system during preservice training. -- Data for the study were gathered from eighteen schools randomly selected from the total population of schools on the Avalon Peninsula. The subjects consisted of 380 grade seven students and 29 mathematics teachers who volunteered to participate in the study by completing a short questionnaire. -- Williams Test of Metric Skills (WTMS), which was identified as the most suitable evaluation instrument, was administered to the sample. Using correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression, analysis of the data collected led to the following conclusions: -- 1. Grade seven students are not proficient in their use of units and symbols, estimation skills, measurement skills, and conversion skills as measured by WTMS. -- 2. Grade seven students are not proficient in their understanding of length, mass, volume, and temperature as measured by WTMS. -- Statistically significant differences were found in student metric achievement when students were grouped by mathematical achievement, size of school, completion of the metric chapter, and teacher's science qualifications. -- Statistically significant differences were not found in student metric achievement when students were grouped by sex, their teacher's mathematical qualifications, the amount of inservice metric training received by teacher, the number of years of teaching experience of the teacher, nor the exposure of the teacher to the metric system during preservice training.


identifier: Choudhury, Mohammad Ali <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Choudhury=3AMohammad_Ali=3A=3A.html>   (1984) An analysis of delta PWM inverter.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

title: An analysis of delta PWM inverter

abstract: At present, various modulation techniques are in use for PWM inverters in AC motor drives. This thesis is devoted to the analysis and implementation of a newly proposed modulation technique for inverter operation. The technique known as delta modulation has been used previously in voice transmission. In inverter applications, analog implementation of DM has several distinct advantages over other modulation techniques. These are easy implementation, inherent V/f ratio control, low order harmonic attenuation and easy harmonic and commutation controls. -- In this thesis, the delta modulation technique as the applied for inverter switching waveforms generation is analyzed. A Fourier analysis of the delta modulated inverter output has been carried out in order to study the harmonic behaviour of the inverter output. The analytical results confirms the advantageous features of the delta modulation technique. Practical implementation of the modulation process for inverter operations was realized and the results obtained in analytical studies were verified for a single phase bridge inverter. -- Loading characteristics of a single phase delta modulated inverter were studied under different types of passive and dynamic loads. The passive loads were resistive and R-L loads. The dynamic loads were single phase induction motors. Theoretical results are verified experimentally for loading characteristics. -- A modulation and a logic circuit were designed and implemented for a three phase inverter switching. The implementation involved the design and construction of a three phase sine reference wave generator, a three phase modulation circuit and the logic circuits for generation of proper switching waveforms of the three phase inverter switches. -- A comparison has been made in the study between the proposed delta modulation technique and conventionally used sine PWM technique. Several suggestions have been put forward for the further study.


identifier: Savoury, George Robert <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Savoury=3AGeorge_Robert=3A=3A.html>   (1987) A study of the appeal process for social assistance recipients in Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Appeal Boards serve as one mechanism for promoting administrative or social justice in public assistance. The Canada Assistance Plan (1966) required each of the provinces to establish welfare review tribunals and consequently each of the provinces and territories have Welfare Appeal Systems. The Canada Assistance Plan is the Federal Act that enables a province to receive reimbursement for one-half its annual expenditure on social welfare by entering into an agreement with the federal government. --  This study was undertaken to specifically examine the Appeal process from the following perspectives: (1) the characteristics of the original decisions made by the social service employee that prompted the appeal; (2) the characteristics of the clients that decided to appeal; (3) the characteristics of the appeals and (4) the outcome of the appeals. --  The review of the literature revealed that appeal systems have developed as an integral part of income-maintenance programs as a means to ensure that individuals receive their appropriate entitlement. The criticism of local agency practices reached its peak in 1970 with the United States Supreme Court's decision in Goldberg vs. Kelly, that AFDC recipients must be provided an opportunity to evidentiary hearings before termination of their benefits (O'Neil, cited in Hammer & Hartley, 1978). The relationship of legal representation on the outcome of appeals has been examined and while the findings indicate the need for Social Workers to be informed about the appeal procedures, it also found that petitioners without legal counsel were able to use the procedural safeguard of evidence presentation (Hagan, 1983). However, in order to utilize appeal opportunities more effectively, citizens must know that they exist and know the laws and regulations that constrain administrative practice. The need for expertise in pursuing grievances was also evident. --  This descriptive study involves an examination of appeals for the entire province of Newfoundland and Labrador for the period April 1, 1983, to March 31, 1986. A total of 293 appeals were examined. Case files for each of the 293 cases were examined and the relevant data was coded and transferred to a master list for review and analysis. Interviews were also conducted with the three members who comprise the Appeal Board. --  The findings revealed that the Appeal Board and employees have considerable discretion within the Social Assistance Act and Regulations and even within policy in making its decisions. The use of advocates to assist with the Appeal did not seem to have a significant overall difference on the outcome of the Appeal, however, the use of family relatives and legal aid lawyers did seem to positively impact upon the outcome of the hearing. --  According to the members of the Appeal Board, there are a number of barriers to the appeal process for Social Assistance recipients. They include not being aware of the appeal process; inability to attend hearings in central locations due to the distance from the hearings; clients not having the money to enable them to attend the hearings and the perception on the part of some clients that the Appeal Board is not independent.


identifier: Colbourne, Eugene B. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Colbourne=3AEugene_B=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1987) An acoustic remote sensing study of an arctic submarine spring plume.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: A brackish water plume rising from a submarine spring was mapped using a 192 kHz acoustic sounder and a microwave positioning system. The submarine spring is located at 47 m depth at the head of Cambridge Fiord, Baffin Island. The results demonstrate the advantages of using acoustic remote sensing techniques to detect and characterize buoyant plumes in the ocean. The computer enhanced acoustic images yield critical information on maximum height of rise, plume shape, horizontal extent and vertical velocities in the rising plume. Additional observations included CTD measurements from a launch moored at different positions relative to the plume axis, and visual observations together with CTD and current measurements from a submersible. -- The initial geometry and water properties of the flow at the vent together with the ambient stratification were used as inputs to a standard numerical model of a buoyant plume. The maximum height of rise calculated by the model is within the range determined from the acoustic images. The experimental and numerical plume widths show the same general increase with height. The results indicate a freshwater discharge rate of 0.05 to 0.10 m³/sec. Vertical velocities calculated by the model are of the same order as those inferred from the acoustic images. However, discrepancies exist between calculated and observed variations of velocity with height. Numerical calculations of vertical velocities at 10 m height are about 35 cm/sec and decrease linearly to about 20 cm/sec at 20 m height. Vertical velocities calculated from the acoustic images have a similar magnitude but do not decrease in the 10 m to 20 m height range. -- It is shown in the thesis that the radial decay of the acoustic backscatter is too rapid to be explained by simple radial spreading of conservative point scatterers. In fact the radial decay corresponds better to a simple model of turbulence decay. Also experimental observations indicate that the scatterers are not bubbles, suspended sediments of biological organisms. The correlation between the acoustic backscatter intensities and the fine structure in the temperature and salinity field plus the radial decay of these quantities in the spreading plume point to the backscatter mechanism being acoustic refractive index fluctuations caused by turbulent mixing.


identifier: Lane, K. Bruce. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Lane=3AK=2E_Bruce=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1984) A study of the effects of music on audiences' perceptions of a slide-tape presentation.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study attempted to determine if the music which accompanies a slide-tape presentation affects an audience's perception of the production. -- Three versions of a slide-tape presentation were produced: one contained music which the producer considered to be an integral element of the production, another contained music which was considered dissonant with the intended mood and theme, and the third contained no music whatsoever. -- Each was administered to a group of university students and data was collected on a questionnaire, which recorded responses on twenty 7-point semantic differential scales, personal information, and a rating of the program. This data was used to analyze audiences perceptions of the production. -- It was found that music had no significant effect on evaluative factors such as beauty, worth, and meaning, but did affect perceptions of factors such as activity and complexity. -- The methodology used in this study has proven to be effective and can be used as it stands or modified to facilitate further research by producers of slide-tape productions.


identifier: FitzGerald, Barbara C. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/FitzGerald=3ABarbara_C=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1985) An examination of current issues in business education courses in the Newfoundland and Labrador senior high school program.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the opinions of district coordinators and teachers at the senior high school level in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador concerning selected general issues of business education in the areas of (1) curriculum structure, (2) curriculum content, (3) instructional materials and methods, and (4) teacher preparation. This study was also designed to obtain an evaluation of the general business and typing courses of the reorganized high school program. -- The data for the study were collected through a questionnaire personally administered at three Regional Business Education Workshops in October, 1984. -- An agree-disagree arrangement was utilized wherein respondents indicated their opinion on each issue. The raw data for each of the groups were converted to percentages for reporting purposes. -- Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that: -- 1. The majority of the teachers of the business education courses at the senior high school level have an academic background and limited experience in teaching these courses. -- 2. While there was definite agreement among district coordinators and teachers that the overall quality of the general business courses was very good, there was a consensus that changes should be made in these courses. -- 3. There was substantial agreement among the district coordinators and teachers that problems are being encountered. -- 4. There is a need to develop an increased awareness of curriculum structure, curriculum content, and instructional materials and methods in business education courses not only among district coordinators and teachers but also in the educational community at large. -- 5. There is a need for improved preparation of teachers of business education courses at the senior high school level. -- 6. There was interest and support among district coordinators and teachers for the past implementation, present continuation, and future development of business education courses at the senior high school level. -- Reaction, interaction, and action must be encouraged among those in the field of business education. -- They must continue to react to current issues in business education, interact to coordinate and influence course offerings, and act to promote business education courses. A number of recommendations and suggested topics for further research are offered.


identifier: Billard, Kathryn Bernice <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Billard=3AKathryn_Bernice=3A=3A.html>   (1984) An analysis of the utilization of the cueing systems by proficient and less proficient fourth-grade readers.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the similarities and differences of proficient and less proficient fourth-grade readers in their utilization of the graphophonic, syntactic, and semantic cueing systems of language. -- Ten students from two grade four classes whose comprehension scores on the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests (1965) fell between 4.2 and 4.7 and between 4.9 and 5.4 were selected for the study. The less proficient group was comprised of the five students with scores between 4.2 and 4.7, and the proficient group was the five students between 4.9 and 5.4. -- The students read orally the story "Space Pet," selected from the Reading Miscue Inventory (Y. Goodman & C. Burke, 1972). Each child was asked to retell as much of the story as possible. The reading and retelling of the story were audiotaped. The writer listened to the tape for each child in order to accurately record all the miscues, and to write down the story verbatim for each child. -- The miscues for each group were examined in terms of the amount of graphophonic similarity, the percent of syntactically and semantically acceptable miscues, the percent of miscues corrected, and the extent to which each group's miscues distorted meaning. Group means were tabulated and presented. The findings indicated that both groups of readers utilized the cueing systems, but did not use them equally. Both the proficient and less proficient groups relied more heavily on the graphophonic system than on either the syntactic or the semantic. The less proficient readers, however, used the graphophonic system more extensively than did the proficient readers. The proficient readers produced more syntactically and semantically acceptable miscues than did the less proficient readers.  The proficient readers corrected a higher percentage of miscues and produced fewer miscues resulting in meaning change than did the less proficient readers.


identifier: Press, Harold L. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Press=3AHarold_L=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1987) A study of selected factors associated with the supply of and demand for public school teachers and administrators in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador for the school year 1985-1986.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The importance of reliable information about teacher supply and demand has been well established. In recent years, the educational system has undergone a dynamic shift from a chronic shortage of teachers to an apparent surplus. The impact of this change has implications for planning and development by university faculties, government planners, teacher recruits and school administrators. -- The literature and related research regard teacher supply and demand as critical to the total planning process. Researchers have concluded that the problem is not so much surpluses and shortages in absolute terms but short term variances in geographic regions and subject areas. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the supply of and demand for teachers and administrators in order to demonstrate potential regional and academic imbalances.  More specifically, this study was an attempt to identify the reasons for job vacancies, the subject and administrative areas and geographic locations encompassing teacher demand, and the characteristics of the potential and actual supply of new teachers. -- An instrument was designed to obtain data relative to job vacancies in individual schools and school districts, and the individuals who filled those jobs. Results of the analysis of data revealed a general surplus of teachers. Over 6,600 applications were received for 569 vacancies and administrators between September 1, 1985 and August 31, 1986. On the other hand, a shortage was evident in educational therapy and potential shortages in guidance and music. -- The findings of this study strongly suggest that the teacher workforce is a dynamic enterprise. Considerable movement of teachers took place between schools, districts and provinces potentially creating jobs for those not in the workforce. -- The study found that there were vacancies in all regions of the Province, including the most isolated and the most urban. Contrary to what might have been expected, highly qualified personnel were hired in rural areas and inexperienced personnel were hired in urban centers. Demand increased inversely with community size; the highest vacancy rates being in communities with a population of less than 500. It was found that demand was highest in Labrador (15.8 percent), the most isolated region of the Province. -- It was found that school districts were seeking both generalist and specialist employees. Demand was greatest for educational therapists (53 percent) and French Immersion teachers (44.6 percent), while little demand was experienced for administrators (3.2 percent). -- Females comprised the majority of teachers hired and males comprised the majority of administrators hired. Four percent of new employees had no university degree and eight percent had at least a Master's degree. The median educational experience for all new employees was two years. -- Finally, it was found that 41.5 percent of new employees hired were already teaching at the time and 22.7 percent came directly from Memorial University. Teachers were hired from other teacher training institutions, from other educational institutions outside the Province, from other occupations, and from the ranks of the unemployed.


identifier: Penney, Randy W.  <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Penney=3ARandy_W=2E_=3A=3A.html>   (1984) Age, growth, and morphology of larval redfish, Sebastes sp. (Pisces: scorpaenidae) on Flemish cap, 1980-1981.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Larval redfish, Sebastes sp., were collected for growth analysis and morphological studies on Flemish Cap, an offshore bank approximately 400-500 kilometers east of the Island of Newfoundland, Canada, using paired Bongo nets. Several cruises were completed during 1980 and 1981. Increments, which are believed to form daily from date of extrusion, were counted from sagittae and measurements of sagittal radii were taken for back-calculation of individual growth histories. -- Mean daily growth rates and back-calculated growth histories of over 1200 redfish larvae were determined. Mean daily growth was 0.160 mm per day and 0.109 mm per day in 1980 and 1981 respectively. Total larval length was a linear function of age. A significant non-linear relationship between total length and sagittal, radius, and measurements of sagittal radii at intervals of 5 increments were used to back-calculate the length at extrusion and growth history of each larva. -- Growth rates varied considerably over the first 110 days of life. Larvae typically experienced an initial period of reduced growth for 10-15 days following extrusion followed by a sharp increase and a period of relatively fast growth for 60-70 days before declining as larvae entered the pelagic juvenile stage. Larvae extruded late in the season in 1980 tended to grow faster at all ages than larvae extruded early in the season. -- Because of continuing controversies regarding the identification of possibly three species of redfish: S. marinus, S. mentella, and S. fasciatus, a variety of morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation variables were measured and their utility as identification criteria evaluated. Principal Component Analysis could not identify morphometrically distinct groups which might be used to establish species identification criteria. Differences in morphometry, meristics and pigmentation patterns were closely associated with time of extrusion. Larvae extruded late in the season tended to be more robust and thicker-bodied and developed ossified skeletal elements at relatively smaller sizes compared to earlier extruded larvae. -- The observed morphological differences might be attributable to environmental influences rather than to the presence of larvae of more than one redfish species. The morphological and growth rate differences between larvae extruded at different times have important ecological implications. Due to their relatively earlier ossification of fin rays and supports, coupled with larger head size, broader gape, and larger gut areas, the later extruded larvae are probably more active predators, capable of capture and ingestion of larger prey which are, energetically, more advantageous for larval growth and survival.


identifier: Hipditch, Robert Paul <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Hipditch=3ARobert_Paul=3A=3A.html>   (1987) A study of sex-related differences in spatial visualization and mathematics achievement of grade 9 students.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between sex, student achievement, and performance in both spatial visualization and mathematics. -- A sample of 16 schools was randomly selected from the population of all schools offering the grade 9 mathematics program on the Avalon Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland for the school year 1986 - 1987. In schools with more than one grade 9 class, a single class was randomly selected for testing purposes. This resulted in a sample of 401 students, consisting of 211 males and 190 females. Each student was administered a teacher constructed mathematics achievement test and a standardized test of spatial ability. -- The initial analysis of the data showed no significant differences related to sex. However, when age was utilized as a covariate, an analysis of data showed significant differences in spatial visualization and mathematics achievement in favor of males. Sex differences in spatial visualization and mathematics achievement had been masked by differences in age. -- Significant differences in achievement in favor of males were found on transformational geometry, geometry in general , and overall mathematics. However, using spatial visualization as a covariate, there differences became nonsignificant.  Therefore, it was concluded that spatial visualization was a major contributing factor to sex-related differences in these areas of mathematics.


identifier: Blackwood, Jill Corinne <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Blackwood=3AJill_Corinne=3A=3A.html>   (1986) An evaluation of a behavioural treatment programme directed at reducing pain anticipation versus one directed at using distraction as a coping strategy in patients with disproportionate dental anxiety.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Many studies investigating dental anxiety have concluded that dentally anxious individuals anticipate more pain than they actually experience during dental treatment. In view of this, a four week treatment programme based on relaxation and exposure in imagination was varied to include training in reconstruing pain anticipation realistically (experimental group) or distraction and thought stopping techniques to deal with anxiety responses (control group). A comparison was made of the relative efficacy of the two approaches. -- Twelve disproportionately dentally anxious individuals who answered a newspaper advertisement were selected on the basis of their scores on a dental anxiety scale. The clients were divided equally into two groups matched for age, level of dental anxiety and length of time since last dental visit. The programmes were carried out on a weekly basis by a clinical psychology graduate student and a clinical psychologist. Outcome was evaluated on the basis of dental anxiety scale scores, a measure of general anxiety, expectations of pain, and expectations of being able to keep a dental appointment, as well as actually visiting a dentist. Both programmes brought significant decreases in dental anxiety and pain expectations, with all subjects making an appointment and attending this initial visit. The inclusion of pain anticipation information, however, did not enhance treatment to the degree expected. On a measure of general anxiety, members of the experimental group rated themselves as less behaviourally avoidant at programme completion. This was thought to augur better for future dental visits.


identifier: Purcell, Ralph G. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Purcell=3ARalph_G=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1987) A study of counsellor functions in Newfoundland and Labrador.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of congruence between actual and preferred counselling functions as perceived by school counsellors in Newfoundland and Labrador and its relationship to: counsellors' perceived role determining influence, counsellors' self assessed competency, and characteristics of the counsellors' work setting.  Concern has been expressed by counsellors and educators who perceive a dissonance between what counsellors actually do in their existing work settings and what they would prefer to do. Some understanding of this situation in Newfoundland and Labrador was sought through this study. -- A questionnaire was constructed to obtain the necessary data for the study. In Part A of the four part questionnaire, data was sought on personal and professional information and on work setting characteristics. Part B presented a list of 18 randomly distributed counsellor functions and descriptions for each. Then, in each of two subsections (actual functions and preferred functions), counsellors were requested to indicate their choice of functions and to rate the importance of each chosen function, actual and preferred. Part C requested counsellors to select one of five statements which best represented their role determining influence in their work settings. Finally, in Part D, counsellors were asked to report their perceived proficiency for the competency described in each of 152 competency statements. Ninety-four counsellors returned the questionnaires, a 95% response rate. -- The key findings are: there are fewer counsellors than recommended by counsellor associations; the educational level where counsellors work is related to what functions counsellors regard as important; there is a fairly high level of congruence for half of the functions when counsellors' choice of actual and preferred functions are compared, there being varying and lower levels of congruence for the remaining functions; counsellors report a high level of influence in defining their roles; counsellors have assessed themselves in the mid-range of competency level; there is a complex inter-relationship between counsellor competency and the functions they perform; a weak association exists between work setting characteristics and counsellors functions. Overall, despite some obvious dissonance, there is a moderate level of congruence between what counsellors actually do and what they prefer to do.


identifier: Cahill, E. James(Edward James) <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Cahill=3AE=2E_James=28Edward_James=29=3A=3A.html>   (1984) A thematic approach to the teaching of literature in the junior high school.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to propose a thematic organization of teaching literature to students in the junior high school. It is suggested that because of the nature of the 12-15 year old student, who is encountering literature for the first time as an academic subject, the thematic approach best utilizes his natural curiosity and encourages the enjoyment of literature for its own sake. -- The nature and function of literature as it relates to the young reader is explored, and a definition of literature as an imaginative experience is suggested. An exposure of this type to the world of literature would enable the junior high school student to relate to the selections in a manner that is more motivational than are other traditional arrangements. -- The traditional methods of teaching literature are compared to the thematic arrangement, and a means of implementing the thematic model is suggested. The development of a particular theme is also offered as a sample of how the thematic arrangement could be utilized within the classroom.


identifier: Byrne, Maureen E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Byrne=3AMaureen_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1987) A study of role conflict due to role accumulation in physical education.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: A study was initiated to determine whether or not teachers of physical education in Newfoundland experience role conflict due to the accumulation of roles. Specifically, the study sought to discover whether or not conflict within roles was due to the amount of time spent in a role as compared to the time the physical education teachers thought they should dedicate to that role. Of special interest was an investigation of differences in conflict between those teachers working in urban areas and those in the rural areas of the Province. -- A list of the roles assumed by physical education teachers was established following interviews with physical educators. The roles were condensed into six categories: (a) teacher, (b) coach, (c) administrator, (d) support role, (e) family role, and (f) community role. Demographic variables investigated were: (a) age, (b) gender, (c) teaching experience/certification, (d) marital status, and population of the community in which school was located. -- A questionnaire was designed to measure the amount of time respondents wished to spend in a particular role as well as their perceptions of the time actually spent in that role. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample (45%) of physical education teachers in Newfoundland. The return rate was better than 70%. -- Using one way analysis of variance the following significant findings were identified: -- (a) In the role of coach, the single teachers in rural communities, teaching at their present school for a period of 9-12 years reported the highest conflict. High school teachers reported a desire to spend less time in this role, with primary teachers desiring to spend more time as coach. -- (b) In the administrator role, the senior high teachers reported significantly more conflict and wished to spend less time organizing and running the school's extra curricular programs. -- (c) The support role (education of the whole student within the school environment) was the most conflicting role for those teaching in minor urban areas (population 5000-10000). -- (d) In the family role male teachers reported experiencing more conflict than their female colleagues. Teachers who had taught at their present school for 5-8 years reported significantly more conflict in the family role than those teachers who had been teaching longer. -- (e) In the community role, elementary school teachers reported significantly more conflict, with primary teachers reporting a desire to spend less time in this role.