title: Lessons Learned: Parental Experience of Empathy and Power

contributor:
Dumbrill, Gary
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of parents receiving child protection intervention. Taking a service user approach to the research, the purpose of the study was to consider the perspectives of service users to learn what could be included in child protection training programs to better prepare new child protection workers for their work with children and families. As a secondary analysis of a qualitative study five interview transcripts were included in the analysis of the research.

Findings of this study affirm previous research that highlight the significance of a worker communicating empathy to a parent receiving child protection intervention. Furthermore, the link between empathy and power and the impact of such on the relationship between a worker and client is a central theme of analysis. Finally, the value of service user theory as an approach to conducting research is validated as a finding of the study.

Implications of this study are considered for child protection workers, the development of child protection training curriculum and its facilitation, child protection agencies, and researchers.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Continuous Rotating Biological Contactor for Denitrification of Wastewater

contributor:
Murphy, K.L.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
This work presents the results of a pilot plant study where a completely submerged rotating biological contactor was used for denitrification of domestic wastewater.

The literature review emphasizes the existing knowledge on RBC operation and design fundamentals. A brief summary of the theory of denitrification has been presented as this subject already has been presented in detail by various authors.

Dye studies were performed for 4 stage series operation and single stage operation. A two CSTR with interchange flow model seemed to fit the hydraulic model for single stage operation. The dye responses was observed to be function of biological growth which in turn varied with temperature.

"Zero order" kinetics were shown to represent the data obtained for denitrification rates at hydraulic loadings of 2.5 1/min and 4.0 1/min best for the range of NO3+NO2-N concentrations studied.

An energy of activation of 16,500 kcal/mole was calculated for hydraulic loading range of 2.5-4.0 1/min.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Analysis of Intermittent Buoyancy Induced Flow in Asymmetrically Obstructed CANDU Nuclear Reactor Fuel Channels

contributor:
Novog, D.R.
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract:
CANDU reactors have a large number of active and passive systems which help to mitigate events such as a loss of forced cooling or a loss of electrical power. During these events, decay heat must be removed using either emergency power driven active systems or through natural circulation phenomena. Depending on the configuration of the core at the time of the event, single or two-phase natural circulation is available to transport energy from the core to the steam generators which act as a heat sink. However, in some configurations (such as during a maintenance outage) natural circulation to the boilers may be precluded due to either the boilers or heat transport system being partially drained. Under these conditions flow may stagnate in the horizontal fuel channels which will initiated a mode of circulation known as Intermittent Buoyancy Induced Flow (IBIF).

During IBIF, void generated in the center of the core will periodically reach a feeder and vent from the channel due to buoyancy induced forces, with liquid entering the channel from the opposite feeder, cooling the fuel. Analysis is typically performed to demonstrate that during the period of time from stagnation to venting fuel temperatures remain within their acceptance criteria. This mode of emergency heat removal can remove sufficient heat to preclude fuel failures until such time as forced flow can be re-established.

It is assumed in most analysis that completely symmetrical configurations represent the worst possible configuration since most asymmetries (i.e., in channel axial heat flux, channel creep etc.), would lead to earlier venting and hence lower fuel temperatures. However, asymmetry in the form of a partial obstruction in the fuel channel during IBIF may occur due to maintenance or inspection activities- a scenario that has not been included in previous experimental and computational work on IBIF. This paper presents the analysis of the impact of partial flow obstruction on IBIF scenarios. A model is constructed using the code GOTHIC, and is benchmarked against experimental data from the Cold Water Injection Test (CWIT) facility for both the symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations. The work demonstrates that for single-phase IBIF, the impact of partial obstructions is not prohibitive. Computational demands precluded the completion of two-phase simulations in a reasonable timeframe; however useful insights and observations are drawn from the early stages that are successfully simulated.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Adickes and Kant's Thing-in-Itself: A Preliminary Investigation

contributor:
Ajzenstat, S.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: The purpose of this thesis was to investigate Erich Adickes' view of the problem of the existence of the thing-in-itself and of the question of whether or not some of the categorial concepts, including that of existence, apply to the things-in-themselves in Kant's philosophy. In chapter one I dealt with the·former of these two questions and I concluded, in agreement tvith Adickes, that Kant held the view that the things-in-themselves do exist in some sense of the term 'to be'. In chapter two I came to the tentative conclusion, this time disagreeing with Adickes, that the categories were not meant by Kant to apply to the in-itself. In the third chapter I briefly discussed George Schrader's views of the above outlined problems as well as some other possible alternate accounts of the matter at hand.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Caught by Caring: Academic Advisors in the 'New' University

contributor:
Aronson, Jane
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
This research project examines the experiences of women working as Academic Advisors in universities in southern Ontario. Uniquely positioned at the interface between individual students and institutional systems, Advisors are often the first persons struggling students turn to for assistance. Along with these students, faculty, and other staff, Advisors have been caught up in the market-driven changes to post-secondary education that have occurred over the past 30 years. This reconstitution of universities as corporate cultures has negatively impacted Advisors' ability to provide this critical support to students, and it is this narrowing of the opportunity to provide caring work in this changing educational environment that is the focus of this study.

Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Academic Advisors revealed that their one-on-one work with students is seen by Advisors as a critical support. However, the individualizing imperative of the neoliberal discourse restricts such access, leaving Advisors feeling 'caught' between the needs of students and the managerialist push toward measurable efficiencies that seek to limit those connections. As ever greater numbers of students bring forward increasingly complex issues, Academic Advisors are left trying to 'fill the gaps' in these under-resourced institutions. Despite the complexity of the work they do, Advisors have internalized the negative images the dominant discourse associates with caring work, and therefore both argue for the importance of the work they do, and dismiss the level of skill involved - thus participating in the devaluation of that work.

In parallel to the experiences of those in other human services organizations, the work that Academic Advisors do is frequently at odds with the institutional cultures in which they are employed, resulting in a tension between what they see as important and what the university is willing to support. This study sheds light on these little-studied workers, and gives voice to the concerns of those involved in it. By naming the tension they describe as feeling 'caught', it provides an opportunity for developing strategies for change both through daily acts of microresistance, and by encouraging the development of a community of like-minded individuals who can support one another in seeking change on a grander scale.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Monocular Deprivation and Circadian Influences on the CFF

contributor:
Heron, W.H.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: The Zubek effect (the CFF of the non-occluded eye in monocularly-deprived subjects shows an initial decrease followed by an increase) was investigated. The initial depression effect was confirmed, but, though greater in the deprived subjects, it was present in the control groups as well. This effect was found to be primarily due to circadian fluctuations in the CFF, the CFF increasing from 9:00AM to 12s00Noon and then declining. No evidence was found to support the earlier claim of an enhancement effect. The results are discussed in terms of hormonal influences on sensory functioning.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: "Don't Reject Me:" Directed and Non-Directed Living Organ Donor Narratives and the Construction of the Organ Donation and Transplantation Process as a Meaningful Experience.

contributor:
Badone, Ellen E.F.
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract:
The organ donation and transplantation process is a highly emotional experience for directed and non-directed living organ donors. However, both types of living organ donors construct the process as a meaningful experience because, through the act of offering a kidney for donation, they help to extend the lives of those diagnosed with end-stage renal failure.

I argue that directed and non-directed living organ donors are active participants in the organ donation and transplantation process while they are patients of the Ottawa Hospital Renal Transplant Clinic. Moreover, through negotiation and, at times, social manipUlation, directed living organ donors and their family members, include or exclude others as potential donor candidates.

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The Ottawa Hospital Renal Transplant Clinic refers to the organ donation and

transplantation process as giving the "gift of life." However, my research on directed

living organ donor narratives suggest that donors construct the kidney as a reciprocal gift,

analogous to gifts given at Christmas or anniversaries. Furthermore, the directed living

organ donor narratives suggests that through naming, gendering and imbuing the kidney

with personality traits reflective of the donor, the kidney is understood to be an extension

of the donor's self.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON AN ANIMAL MODEL OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY INDICATE A PROMINENT ROLE OF Aβ SENSORY NEURONS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN

contributor:
James, Henry L.
Health Sciences

subject:
neuropathic pain
sensory neuron
substance P
muscle spindle
pregabalin
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Based on the concept that the tactile hypersensitivity and the central sensitization observed in animal models of peripheral neuropathy are maintained by peripheral drive from primary sensory neurons, the present project measured the changes in electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and pharmacological properties of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons induced by a peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study was to make a systematic survey and a unique understanding of changes that occur in primary sensory neurons that can sustain peripheral drive in this model. The data of this study indicate a prominent role of large diameter Aβ-fibers, including low threshold mechanoreceptors in peripheral neuropathy.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (Medical Science)


title: Localized Corrosion Behaviour of Cu-lean AA 7003 Extrusions

contributor:
Kish, Joseph
Materials Science and Engineering

subject:
aluminum alloy
exfoliation corrosion
microstructure
Engineering
Engineering

abstract:
A study was undertaken to achieve a better understanding of the key microstructure-performance relationships involved with the intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion of Cu-lean AA7003 alloy extrusions, as a function of the heat-treated condition. The heat treatments of interest in this study include the naturally-aged T4 condition, representing the as-extruded condition, an artificially-aged T6 condition, representing a post-weld stress-relief condition, and an artificially-aged automotive paint-bake cycle condition. The influence of heat treatment on the resultant microstructure is characterized using light optical microscopy, coupled with image analysis, and electron (scanning & transmission) microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The influence of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour is characterized using anodic polarization measurements and ASTM standardized testing to evaluate the susceptibility resistance to intergranular corrosion (ASTM G110) and exfoliation corrosion (ASTM G34).

The cross-sectional (LT-ST & L-ST) microstructures of all three heat treatments consist of a fibrous, non-recrystallized grain structure in the interior, and a coarse recrystallized grain structure at the exterior surface. Both grain structures are slightly elongated along L-direction. The grain size distribution and grain aspect ratio distribution is weakly dependant on the heat treatment applied, and on the orientation plane. Among the two artificial aging, the T6 (post-weld stress-relief) condition has the higher micro-hardness (yield strength), as it has higher density (volume fraction) of the strengthening MgZn2-type precipitates (η, η′ and their GP zones) within the Al matrix grains.

Anodic polarization measurements show a more negative corrosion potential (Ecorr) for the two artificially aging heat-treated conditions. The shift is believed to be due to the micro-galvanic cell activity established between the more noble Al matrix grains and the more active strengthening MgZn2-type precipitates within the Al matrix grains, which have a significantly increased surface area (volume fraction) in the artificially-aged condition. A similar, single breakdown potential (Eb) corresponding to a pitting potential (Epit) is observed, regardless of the heat-treated condition. The similar potential is believed to be due to localized breakdown of the passive film at the periphery of coarse second phase intermetallic particles (Al3Fe), which remain unaffected by artificial aging.

Of the three heat-treated conditions studied, the T6 condition exhibits the lowest susceptibility to both intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion. The lower susceptibility is believed to be due to the lack of any Cu enrichment in across the grain boundary region (either in the solute depted zone or in the generic Mg(Zn,CuAl)2 grain boundary precipitates). This lack of enrichment is believed to produce a smaller micro-galvanic cell activity across the grain boundary region, as compared to that produced when Cu is enriched across the grain boundary region, particularly in the Solute depted zone (SDZ).

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Phenomenology as Intuitive Science

contributor:
Madison, G. B.
German

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
This paper proposes to examine Husserl's claim to have initiated a genuinely scientific philosophy. For this purpose we have focused our attention on the method devised to realize this age-old ideal. In our investigation of the phenomenological method we have discussed almost exclusively that aspect which is most crucial, namely, the appeal to intuition. The thesis is, therefore, primarily a discourse on method and more specifically on the phenomenological method as a form of intuitionism.

In his attempt to make philosophy assume the role of a genuine science: Husserl seeks to lay the foundation for philosophy as a rigorous science. His appeal to intuition is precisely this laying of the foundation, and must, therefore, be the starting point for any discussion of phenomenology as rigorous science. More precisely, our examination aims at exploiting the basic relation Husserl finds between intuition and science. It is essentially a relation of dependence in that apart from a form of intuition, as the object-giving source, science, of whatever kind, could not get started. This being the case, Husserl's own genuine science of essential being depends on the recognition of a corresponding form of essential intuition. We shall attempt, largely through interpretative exposition, to examine this relation of dependence and its implications for phenomenology. In so doing we hope to put to the test Husserl's phenomenolcgy as genuine science at its most crucial point. Hopefully, this will both clarify the way in which phenomenology is genuine science, and reaffirm Husserl's claim to have made first beginnings in this directi on.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Les personnages féminins dans les écritures migrantes d'Afrique subsaharienne et du Maghreb

contributor:
Nshimiyimana, Eugène
French

subject: French and Francophone Language and Literature

abstract: Après un fléchissement, dans la décennie des Indépendances africaines, le thème de l'immigration a acquis, depuis les années 1980, une importante visibilité sur la scène littéraire francophone. Cette écriture de l'immigration s'accompagne de l'entrée en masse, sur la plan institutionnel, de femmes écrivaines dans les champs littéraires; principalement en Afrique subsaharienne et au Maghreb. Ces deux facteurs soulèvent des questions liées à la nécessité de la réécriture de cet exil qui avait déjà caractérisé les premiers textes des littératures africaine et maghrébine autour des am1ées 1950, ainsi qu'à l'impact de ces nouvelles écritures migrantes par rapport à la question de l'identité féminine des ex-colonisées dans les grandes métropoles occidentales. C'est à ces préoccupations que nous tentons de répondre dans cette thèse.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: GPU-Accelerated Particle Filtering for 3D Model-Based Visual Tracking

contributor:
Capson, David
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
Model-based approaches to 3D object tracking and pose estimation that employ a particle filter are effective and robust , but computational complexity limits their efficacy in real-time scenarios. This thesis describes a novel framework for acceleration of particle filtering approaches to 3D model-based, markerless visual tracking in monocular video using a graphics processing unit (GPU). Specifically, NVIDIA compute unified device architecture (CUDA) and Direct3D are employed to harness the single-instruction multiple- thread (SHvIT) programming model used by the GPU's massively parallel streaming multiprocessors (SMs) for simulation (3D model rendering) and evaluation (segmentation, feature extraction, and weight calculation) of hundreds of particles at high speeds. The proposed framework addresses the computational intensity that is intrinsic to all particle filter approaches, including those with modifications and extensions that strive to reduce the number of required particles while maintaining tracking quality.

The sampling importance resampling (SIR) particle filter and its utility in 3D model-based tracking is reviewed and a detailed overview of relevant GPU-programming concepts is presented. The proposed framework is formulated as a series of interconnected steps and the functionality and implementation of each is described in det ail. Rigid and articulated tracking examples are presented in the context of human-computer interact ion (HCI) and augmented reality (AR) applications, with a focus on bare hand tracking. Performance and tracking quality results demonstrate markerless, model-based visual t racking on consumer-grade hardware with pixel-level accuracy up to 95 percent at 30+ frames per second. The framework accelerates particle evaluation up to 25 times over a comparable CP -only implementation. providing an increased particle count while maintaining real-time frame rates.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: INSULIN-MEDIATED REGULATION OF MUSCLE PROTEIN TURNOVER IN HEALTHY HUMANS

contributor:
Phillips, Stuart M.
Kinesiology

subject: Kinesiology Kinesiology

abstract: Only basal concentrations of insulin (i.e., 3-10 μUml-1) appear to be required for the maximal stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during sustained hyperaminoacidemia in healthy adult humans at rest and during resistance exercise recovery. Whether plasma insulin at greater than basal concentrations can further stimulate MPS after the feeding of an MPS-saturating bolus dose of whole protein remains unexplored. We investigated the potential for insulin, via increased carbohydrate consumption, to augment mixed MPS, femoral artery blood flow, and muscle anabolic signalling at rest and after resistance exercise when co-ingested with whey protein at a dose previously shown to maximally stimulate MPS. Nine men (23.0 ± 1.9 y, 24.2 ± 2.1 kg∙m-2) performed two trials consisting of a bout of unilateral knee extension exercise (4 sets x 8-12 RM to failure) followed by ingestion of a drink containing 25g of whey protein (PRO) or 25g of whey protein-plus-50g of maltodextrin (PRO+CARB). The trials were conducted in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over fashion. Muscle biopsies and stable isotope methodology were used to measure MPS. The areas under the glucose and insulin curves were l7-fold (P < 0.05) and 5-fold (P < 0.05) greater, respectively, for PRO+CARB than for PRO. Femoral artery blood flow was increased after exercise (P < 0.05) but was not different between PRO and PRO+CARB. Exercise increased MPS (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between PRO and PRO+CARB in the resting or exercised legs. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) was greater in the PRO+CARB than the PRO trial (P < 0.05), and phosphorylation of Akt (P = 0.05) and acetyl coA carboxylase- β (ACC; P < 0.05) was greater after exercise than at rest. There was no differential phosphorylation with exercise or condition of other proteins thought to be important in translation initiation, elongation, or mitogen activated kinase signalling pathways. In conclusion, the concurrent ingestion of 50g carbohydrate with 25g of protein did not further stimulate mixed MPS than the ingestion of the protein alone, at rest or following intense resistance exercise, suggesting that the insulinemia after protein ingestion is sufficient to fully stimulate MPS.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The Effects of Specific Visual Experience on Rapid Visual Word Identification

contributor:
Brooks, L. R.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
Four experiments were run to determine the role of specific visual experience in fluent visual word identification. The basic paradigm consisted of training Ss to rapidly provide the assigned English meanings of each of 20 pseudowords (e.g., PARTRAP - fire). Throughout training, half the pseudowords were consistently presented visually (Visual condition) and half were consistently presented auditorily (Auditory condition), with the assigned meanings presented auditorily for both conditions. In the Test Phase, which immediately followed training, the subject was required to judge whether a given training word's meaning fit appropriately into a sentence, with response time (RT) per word being the dependent variable. In this Test Phase all words were presented visually, which made it possible to observe any facilitation in meaning-access time due to prior visual experience.

Experiments #1 and #2, utilizing this procedure, demonstrated a facilitation due to specific visual experience on later rapid visual word identification.

Experiments #3 and #4 addressed the issue of whether the facilitation due to visual experience reflected (a) more efficient derivation of phonic-linguistic cues or (b) direct meaning-access from the visual presentation (a non-phonic process). Experiment #3 was interpreted as supporting the non-phonic processing alternative with the finding that auditory confusibility among the pseudowords had little or no effect on the RTs for Visual condition words while significantly lengthening Auditory condition words' RTs. Experiment #4 provided further support for the non-phonic interpretation by demonstrating no alteration of the basic effect even when Ss were given added trials in training requiring them to rapidly read aloud some of the Visual and Auditory condition words. These latter results argue against the effect being due to either novelty on the initial visual presentation of Auditory condition words or to their lack of training in the derivation of phonic-linguistic cues from the visual stimulus.

It was concluded that specific visual experience is required to achieve the most rapid rates of visual word identification with strong evidence for such experience facilitating the development of a meaning access process dependent on graphic-letter I.D. cues alone. No clear evidence for the operation of a phonic-linguistic recoding mechanism at these rapid rates of visual word identification was found. The implications of these findings concerning efficient reading in general were also discussed.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Modelling the Extrinsic Finger Flexors: Tendon Excursions and Moment Arms

contributor:
Keir, Peter
Kinesiology

subject: Kinesiology Kinesiology

abstract: A musculoskeletal model of the hand is needed to investigate the pathomechanics of tendon-related disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome. The purpose of this thesis was to develop a model with realistic extrinsic finger flexor tendon excursions and moment arms. An existing upper extremity model served as a starting point, which had programmed movement for the index finger. Movement capabilities were added to the middle, ring and little fingers. Metacarpophalangeal linkages were modelled as universal joints to simulate flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. Interphalangeal linkages were modelled as hinge joints to simulate flexion/extension. Extrinsic finger flexor tendon paths were modelled using two different approaches. The first method used control points fixed in the metacarpal and phalangeal coordinate systems to represent the annular and cruciate pulleys. The second method used wrapping surfaces at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints to model constant moment arms with finger movement. Extrinsic finger flexor tendon excursions and moment arms in both the control point and joint wrapping models were iteratively adjusted to match the anthropometric regression model developed by Armstrong and Chaffin (1978) for a 50th percentile male. Musculoskeletal scaling algorithms were also used to further evaluate the control point and joint wrapping models. More specifically, metacarpal and phalangeal segments were adjusted to determine the effects of length and thickness scaling on tendon kinematics. Tendon excursions and moment anns in the joint wrapping model best matched the anthropometric regression model. However, anatomical features of the tendons paths at the finger joints were not preserved in the joint wrapping model as noted by ultrasound imaging. Depending on user needs, both anatomic fidelity and model outcomes should be considered as compromises may be necessary in the modelling process.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The Effects of Word Order on Sentence- Pair Comprehension

contributor:
Baron, Jonathan
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
This thesis describes four experiments which make an initial attempt to examine differences in difficulty of comprehension of pairs of sentences which all have the same
first sentence. The basic paradigm was that of the threeterm series, as used previously in numerous studies of deductive reasoning (e. g., Huttenlocher, 1968; Clark, 1969), but with no reasoning being required: only one sentence of a pair was tested and correct answers did not require the two sentences to be combined in any way.

Three dependent measures were used: (1) likelihood of error in answering the question; (2) time to answer the question; and (3) performance on a secondary, interpolated memory task, designed as a measure of processing capacity left over after sentence processing. The last two measures did not produce consistent results but differences between sentence-pairs in terms of likelihood of error were significant and reliable throughout all four experiments. The order of difficulty of sentence- pair s differed only slightly from that preferred by subjects in a creative discourse situation (Morley, 1971), but was substantially different from that found in deductive reasoning studies using the same material.

The presence of different kinds of interpolated material did not interfere with this main effect but the presence or absence of the interpolated memory task produced differences in the function relating the likelihood of error to time.

The results were interpreted as consistent with the supposition that the process of understanding as a prerequisite for deductive reasoning is not the same process that was investigated here and that deductive reasoning is probably not a two- stage process. In addition, some common features seem apparent between the writer and the reader in terms of surface structure word orders that are on the one hand most preferably produced, and on the other, most easily understood.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: CLINICAL SUPERVISION FOR HOSPITAL SOCIAL WORKERS: PROMISE VERSUS REALITY

contributor:
Sammon, Sheila
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
Clinical supervision has long been a hallmark of social work practice, but recent changes to the practice context has threatened its survival. The changing face of social services, brought on by the growing neoliberal ideology in North America, has led to a drastic change in social work practice, and to the availability of clinical supervision. How well is undergraduate social work education keeping pace with the current practice reality?

This qualitative study involved an analysis of the introductory texts used at the schools of social work in Ontario, combined with interviews completed with five hospital social workers. The goal was to explore the notion of clinical supervision for social workers in hospitals, their current practice reality, and the message that is provided to new social workers through the introductory textbooks used in undergraduate programs.

The text analysis revealed that the discourse of available supervision is deeply imbedded in the materials used in introductory social work courses, and helps to set up an expectation about supervision as being both necessary and available in social work practice. The interview participants discussed a very different practice reality. In hospitals where program management has occurred, there is no formal clinical supervision available. These changes have led to feelings of isolation, regular use of informal consultation, an increase in unpaid work, and fears about the surveillance aspect of supervision.

The disconnect between the messaging available to students and the reality of social work practice in hospitals pointed to several important implications including: a need for hospitals to recognize the benefits of formal supervision; the suggestion to explore group supervision as an alternative; and a push for schools of social work to teach the reality of practice settings, and to continue to teach students to be self advocates for their own professional development.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Queer Alchemy: Fabulousness in Gay Male Literature and Film

contributor:
York, Lorraine
English

subject:
English Language and Literature
English Language and Literature

abstract: This thesis prioritizes the role of the Fabulous, an underdeveloped critical concept, in the construction of gay male literature and film. Building on Heather Love's observation that queer communities possess a seemingly magical ability to transform shame into pride - queer alchemy - I argue that gay males have created a genre of fiction that draws on this alchemical power through their uses of the Fabulous: fabulous realism. To highlight the multifarious nature of the Fabulous, I examine Thomas Gustafson's film Were the World Mine, Tomson Highway's novel Kiss of the Fur Queen, and Quentin Crisp's memoir The Naked Civil Servant.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Fungiform Papillae in the Domestic Norway Rat: The Pattern of Growth, and Some Behavioural Modifications of Growth

contributor:
Smith, Grant K.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: The purpose of the work reported in this thesis is to delineate the growth pattern of the fungiform papillae during development of the domestic Norway rat, and to investigate some behavioural interactions with that development. It was found that growth occurs in two distinct spurts; the first begins during labour and is at least in part under uterine influences; the second begins with the sampling of solid foods and can be profoundly influenced by the weaning process and by some factor in the nursing experience. The total population of fungiform papillae following the second growth period is greater than that in adults, and remains at this level throughout adolescence.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Effects of Bilateral Kindling or Bilateral Sub-threshold Stimulation of the Amygdala or Septum on Muricide, Ranacide, Intraspecific Aggression and Passive Avoidance in the Rat

contributor:
Racine, R. J.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: No differences were found between muricidal and non-muricidal or between ranacidal and non-ranacidal hooded rats in septal or amygdaloid after-discharge thresholds. Bilateral kindling or bilateral sub-threshold stimulation of the amygdala or septum did not induce or inhibit muricide or ranacide or facilitate intraspecific aggression. Bilateral kindling of the amygdala or septum tended to impair performance on a passive avoidance task but sub-threshold stimulation of these regions did not.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Development of Trip Coverage Maps for the McMaster Nuclear Reactor

contributor:
Luxat, J.e.
Day, S.E.
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract:
Trip coverage maps indicate the reactor conditions under which instrument devices, manual scrams or passive safety systems are capable of arresting reactor transients initiated by specified postulated accidents before reaching safety boundaries. Trip maps are developed by simulating reactor transients with appropriate codes such as the PARET/ANL code. PARET/ANL has been validated against SPERT transient data with favorable results and is particularly suited for research reactor simulation of MTR reactors like the McMaster Nuclear Reactor (MNR).

A conservative PARET/ANL model of MNR has been developed by considering the characteristics and operating limits of the MNR core. Conservative conditions of accident scenarios were adopted and PARET/ANL was used to simulate these conditions in MNR. During these P ARET power excursion simulations the MNR engineered safety system responses to loss of regulation rod control, sample handling and fuel handling accident scenarios were assessed and trip coverage maps were developed for each accident category. Forced convection and natural convection reactor conditions were considered.

The PARET/ANL model of MNR predicts at least one engineered safety system is capable of arresting transients initiated from high power conditions (0.1 - 5.0 MW) in all the accident scenarios considered, -before the onset of bulk boiling. The model predicts at least one system prevents transients from reaching these thermal limits during transients initiated from low power conditions «0.1 MW) during loss of regulation rod control events. The withdrawal of SSR from low power conditions induce transients which may progress to bulk boiling in the hottest fuel channel. Fuel handling accident induced transients from a shutdown state are predicted to be arrested by the <3.8 s period scram and both 125% high flux scram instrument channels before thermal limits are reached.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: In Fast Friendship Bound: Spenser's Heroic Model of National Unity

contributor:
Gough, Melinda
English and Cultural Studies

abstract: Spenser's concern with English sovereignty is evident throughout The Faerie Queene, and in "The Legend of Holinesse" he promotes an entirely indigenous faith structure aligned with the state as the basis for a unified nation. I argue that in Book I of The Faerie Queene, Spenser presents an allegorical model of England through the Redcrosse Knight, Prince Arthur, and Una. These three characters represent the English citizenry, monarchy, and Protestant church, the three institutions proposed as necessary for a unified nation. Spenser's heroic model is presented as an emblem in Canto ix, where through the efforts of Prince Arthur, Redcrosse is reunited with Una. These three characters are similarly used in this paper as a structuring device to organize this thesis into three self-contained, interrelated essays, and issues relevant to each character/institution are explored in his or her chapter. After a brief discussion of the poetic emblem in Canto ix, where all three characters are present and exchange tokens of friendship, Redcrosse, Arthur, and Una are considered individually.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Design and Synthesis of a VHF Surface Acoustic Wave Oscillator

contributor:
Campbell, C.K.
Electrical Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Electronics
Electrical and Electronics

abstract: This thesis covers the design and fabrication of a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) oscillator. The oscillator was designed to operate at 124 MHz in the fundamental mode and was constructed on an ST-X quartz substrate. The type of SAW oscillator incorporated was of the delay line type where a SAW delay line is inserted in the feedback loop of an amplifier with excess gain. The delay line exhibited a bandpass characteristic with an insertion loss of 32 dB. The oscillator has a short-term stability of 2.0 parts in 10⁷over 1 second and a medium-term stability of less than 8 ppm over 12 hours. The oscillator had an effective loaded Q of 628 and power output was -10 dBm into 50 Ω with the second harmonic down 22 dB, and the third down 33 dB. The theory of operation of the SAW delay line oscillator is covered along with fabrication procedures and experimental results.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: CHIRON: MECHANIZING MATHEMATICS IN OCAML

contributor:
Carette, Jacques
Computing and Software

subject:
Computer Engineering
Computer Sciences
Software Engineering
Computer Engineering

abstract:
Computer algebra systems such as Maple [2] and Mathematica [12] are good at symbolic computation, while theorem proving systems such as Coq [11] and pvs [9] are well-developed for creating formal proofs. However, people are searching for a mechanized mathematics system which can provide highly integrated symbolic computation and formal deduction capabilities at the same time.

My work is to design and implement the basis for a mechanized mathematics system based on a formal framework, which was previously developed as part of the MathScheme project at McMaster University. The core idea of the framework consists of the notion of a biform theory, which is simultaneously an axiomatic theory and an algorithmic theory, providing a formal context for both deduction and computation.

A mechanized mathematics system which utilizes biform theories to represent mathematics requires a logic in which biform theories can be expressed. Chiron, as a derivative of von-Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory, is the logic we choose for our MMS development. It is intended to be a practical, general-purpose logic for mechanizing mathematics and has a high level of both theoretical and practical expressivity compared to other logics such as Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) set theory and first-order logic (FOL).

The thesis presents the first stage of the development of the MMS. In particular, the type system of the MMS has been fully established along with all necessary expression constructors for building typed Chiron expressions. Half of the work for formalizing biform theories in Chiron has been implemented by introducing the notion of name spaces, which is used for exporting the low level implementation of Chiron transformers. We have experimented with the Chiron representation for expressing the meaning formulas of Chiron transformers, in particular for boolean algebra and logical operators in the other half of the work.

abstract: Master of Computer Science (MCS)


title: A Study of Cyclists in Hamilton, Ontario: Perceived Availability of Cycling Facilities and Cyclists Motivations for Cycling

contributor:
Yiannakoulias, Nikolaos
Geography and Earth Sciences

subject:
Earth Sciences
Geography
Earth Sciences

abstract: Despite the many individual and community benefits to cycling, commuter cycling rates across Canada are relatively low. This research seeks to understand how this can be changed by examining the motivations and cycling behaviour of cyclists residing in Hamilton, Ontario, a mid-sized Canadian city with below average levels of commuter cycling. This thesis is divided into two separate studies of commuter cycling behaviour. The first study employs a multiple logistic regression model to explore how the perceived availability of cycling facilities influences commuter cycling. The second study uses cluster analysis to classify respondents into groups based on the factors that motivate them to cycle. This research highlights the importance of bicycle-friendly workplaces and the need for municipalities to focus on creating areas of high density, mixed-use development in order to encourage cycling. This research also discusses the potential to promote cycling by targeting specific people with positive messages about cycling that are relevant to them. The researcher argues that, in addition to encouraging non-cyclists to start cycling, municipalities need to focus on getting recreational cyclists to start commuting by bicycle and encouraging existing cyclists to cycle continuously throughout their lives. The data for this study was obtained through a revealed preference survey that was designed and administered by the researcher.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Problem of Being in Heidegger

contributor:
Madison, G. B.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
The thesis is an attempt to a critical exegesis of Heidegger's problem of Being. It is "critical" in so far as it seeks to situate the question of Being with critical awareness of the positivistic and empirical ontology where a this is said "to be" only if it is pointable out there in physical space and time. It attempts to show that for Heidegger Being is not a this but a meaning-giving (Sinngebung) question - a question which becomes concrete from the fact of man's being "there" (da) in the world. Man's being-there (da-Sein) makes the question of the meaning of Being possible. In so far as the thesis attempts to clarify the horizon within which Heidegger's questioning makes its intended sense, it is "exegetical". A critical exegesis of a philosophical view requires a proper mapping of the conceptual framework within which a certain philosophical thinking grows, moves and has its being. Wthout "a proper mapping of the conceptual framework", and boundary-setting philosophies look upon one another with fear and suspicion. A felt necessity of "boundary-setting" guides Heidegger to lay the foundation of fundamental phenomenological ontology where "Being" itself becomes a "matter of thinking" (die Bache des Denkens).

Heidegger's question is not "What is Being?" but how to question, think and speak what Being is. The what of Being in other words is a matter of how to understand the question of Being and speak what it is. It is the question of thinking and speaking that Being is (es gibt Beln). Since philosophy here is concerned equally with the method and with the sUbject-matter, the problem of Being necessarily brings about the problem of the logos of Being. The method and the theme of philosophY intercede and constitute the unity of Heidegger's thought. The central theme of Heidegger's thought - the problem of Being - underlies, grows and culminates like a dialectical process through phenomenology, thinking and language.

The exegesis of the inner dialectic of the theme and method requires its treatment in two parts. The first part of the thesis is concerned with the clarification of basic philosophical categories aimed to clarify the question about the meaning of Being. Its aim is to clarify Heidegger's fundamental philosophical approach. A discussion of these categories - like "the problem of ontological difference", "forgetfulness of Being" and "clearing-ground" forms the subject-matter of the first part. The second part deals with the problem of the method, or the how "what Being is" can be said or shown. An understanding of "what is the question about the meaning of Being" thus requires an understanding of what Heidegger means by phenomenology, thinking and language. It is our aim to reconcile the question of phenomenology, thinking and language with Heidegger's basic question about the meaning of Being. The thesis however does not claim to say the last word on the problem. It is rather a synoptic attempt to point out the fundamental horizon of Heidegger's basic question - the question about the meaning of Being.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Preparation of Metallocarborane and Iodinated Carborane Amino Acid Analogues for Molecular Imaging and Therapy

contributor:
Valliant, John Fitzmaurice
Chemistry

abstract:
This thesis demonstrates the versatility of the carborane cage by qsing a known carborane containing analogue of the amino acid phenylalanine, carborananylalanine (Car
5) as a novel platform for radio labelling targeting vectors with both 99mTc and 125I. Initial racemic synthesis of Car was undertaken based on a literature procedure. Optimization of the procedure yielded all key intermediates leading to closo-carboranylalanine which was obtained in 67% yield. A new method for cage degradation of Car 5 involving microwave heating in water to give the desired nido-Car 9 was developed such that the product could be isolated in quantitative yield where the only additional product was boric acid. The removal of boric acid was non-trivial but was ultimately achieved through conversion to the more volatile borate ester.

The synthesis of Re-Car 12 was achieved by microwave heating nido-Car 9 with [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br at 180∘C for 15 min in a microwave. The reaction produced multiple carborane products including the desired product 12, an amino acid rhenium chelate complex 15, and a di-rhenium complex 14. Conditions were altered to maximize the amount of the desired compound which was separated from impurities through semipreparative HPLC albeit in low yield (3%). Analysis of 12 by 1H nOe NMR experiments revealed that cage isomerization had occurred under the employed conditions resulting in the formation of the 2, 1, 8-cage isomer of 12.

The iodination of nido-Car was found to take place in high yield at room temperature with a reaction time of less than 10 minutes. When the stoichiometry was kept to a 1:1 ratio between 9 and I2 no other side products were observed and purification by semi-preparative HPLC gave pure I-Car 16 in 48% yield.

It was found that the radiolabelling of nido-Car with 99mTc proceeded with very few side products as compared to the cold rhenium standard (Re-Car 12). Variations of the labelling conditions (time, temperature and pH) resulted in a 45% percent conversion to the desired 99mTc_Car 13. The HPLC retention time of the 99mTc product correlated to the Re-Car 12 reference standard.

Radiolabelling of nido-Car with 125I using Iodogen® as an oxidant was fast, efficient and high yielding. It was found that under the standard labelling conditions, nido-Car would give high conversion (>95%) to 125I_Car 18 in less than 10 minutes at room temperature. Not only was 9 highly reactive towards radioiodination, but the resulting product was found to be remarkably stable with no signs of degradation up to two weeks.

A dilution study to examme the reactivity of 9 towards radioiodination was performed. At concentrations of 4.5 mM and 2.3 mM the conversion of 9 to 125I-Car 18 occurred in >95% conversion and 70% conversion occurred at a ligand concentration of 1.1 mM. A head-to-head experiment using equimolar amounts of tyrosine to nido-Car was also performed and found that 125I-Car was formed prefentially with an average percent conversion of 93%.

This work demonstrates that a versatile radiolabelling platform using carboranes can be developed. Because the ligand is a non-natural amino acid it can serve for preparing bioconjugates and targeted molecular imaging and therapy agents.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Bubble Free Electrodes for Electroosmotic Pumping

contributor:
Selvaganapathy, Ravi
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
Electroosmotic (EO) pumping is a widely used micro fluidic pumping technique due to its advantages such as simple design, applicability to wide range of conductive fluids and favorable scaling of electrical forces. Electrodes are necessary to establish the electrical forces and hence fluid flow inside the micro channel. One of the major problems associated with inert electrodes such as gold or platinum used in EO pumping is gas evolution, whereas redox electrodes have a shorter life time. In this thesis, EO pumping is demonstrated using two different bubble free electrodes with longer lifetime.

The first of the two types demonstrated is thick silver/ silver chloride electrodes embedded in poly di-methylsiloxane (PDMS) micro channels. However, embedding thick electrodes inside PDMS channels using traditional micro fabrication will lead to a gap near the electrodes which can result in leakage of the working fluid. A new surface micromachining technique in PDMS has been developed to address the leakage problem.

Surface micromachining with PDMS as a structural material and photoresist as a sacrificial material allows the fabrication of PDMS microchannels on substrates with significant topography. Adhesion of the structural layer with the substrate is characterized for different prepolymer ratios using standard tensile test. 1:3 (curing agent: base) combination was found to have the highest bonding strength with an adhesion strength of7.2 MPa. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by the fabrication of microchannels with embedded 61lm thick silver/ silver chloride electrodes. The micro channels are leak proof and conformal contact between the PDMS and electrode is confirmed through SEM. The release time for micro channels was reduced to 1 min irrespective of the length of the micro channel. The flexibility and versatility of this technique for fabrication of multi layered micro channel structure is demonstrated through a micro fluidic valve. The valve closure occurred at 6.37 kPa.

The Voltage-current density of the Ag/AgCl electrodes was characterized. The limiting current density of the electrode is 2.7 mAlcm2. The capacity of the electrodes is 1680 μA-sec. EO pumping has been demonstrated with an applied voltage of 1-2 V and a maximum velocity of 44 μm/sec is obtained.

The second bubble free electrode demonstrated is an inert liquid electrode which has an extended life unlike the metal electrodes. The device consists of two upper PDMS micro channels and a lower micro channel with a 6μm thick nanoporous polycarbonate sheet placed in between them. An electro osmotic pump has been demonstrated using this liquid electrode configuration with a maximum velocity of 118 μm/sec at 60 V.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: MAXIMUM ENSTROPHY GROWTH IN BURGERS EQUATION

contributor:
Protas, Bartosz
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract:
It is well known that the regularity of solutions to Navier-Stokes equation is controlled by the boundedness in time of the enstrophy. However, there is no proof of the existence of such bound. In fact, standard estimates for the instantaneous rate of growth of the enstrophy lead to finite time blow up, when straightforward time integration of the estimate is used. Moreover, there is recent numerical evidence to support the sharpness of these instantaneous estimates for any given instant of time. The central question is therefore, how to extend these instantaneous estimates to a finite time interval (0,T] in such a way that the dynamics imposed by the PDE are taken into account.

We state the problem of saturation of finite time estimates for enstrophy growth as an optimization problem, where the cost functional is the total change of enstrophy in a given time interval. We provide an iterative algorithm to solve the optimization problem using Viscous Burgers Equation (VBE) as a "toy" version of Navier-Stokes equation. We give numerical evidence that analytic finite time estimates for enstrophy growth in VBE are conservative, in the sense that they are not saturated.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Distributed Modeling of Spencer Creek Watershed and Assessment of Future Changes in Hydrological Processes

contributor:
Coulibaly, Paulin
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The main purpose of this research is to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a coupled model (MIKE SHE / MIKE 11) for Spencer Creek watershed (Ontario), and later to use this model for climate change impact study using Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM 3.1) data and Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM 4.2) data. Both the CRCM and the CGCM data are downscaled using a Statistical Downscaling Method (SDSM) and a Time Lagged Feedforward Neural Network (TLFN).

The hydrologic modeling results show that the coupled model captured the snow storage quite well with a correlation coefficient of 0.5-0.8. It also provided a good representation of evapotranspiration (ET) in the catchment with higher values in late spring and early summer months. The simulated streamflows are consistent with the observed flows at different sites with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of around 0.4-0.5. The model couldn't capture the extreme or mixed events such as freezing rain in winter and rain on snow processes in early spring. Using a conservative climate change scenario, downscaled RCM with TLFN and SDSM yields smaller changes than raw RCM projections, but the downscaling with SDSM produces smaller changes than TLFN. With downscaled GCM scenarios, the coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 model predicted 1-5% annual decrease in snow storage for 2050s and 5-22% increase with RCM scenarios. Similarly, with downscaled GCM scenarios, the coupled model predicted 1-10% increase in annual ET for 2050s and 2-22% increase with TLFN downscaled RCM scenario. But with SDSM downscaled RCM scenario, the model showed around 10% decrease in annual ET. Those results are consistent with the downscaled results for maximum and minimum temperatures. The coupled model predicted 10-25% increase in annual streamflows for all the stations with downscaled GCM scenarios- which is consistent with the predicted changes in the snow storage and ET. With raw RCM scenarios, the model predicted 5- 12% increase in annual streamflow, and 3-30% decrease with downscaled RCM results showing consistency with predicted increase in ET and the negative to small increase in precipitation. Overall, the wide range of projected future changes in hydrologic processes predicted by this study can be useful for understanding the integrated effect of climate change in this complex catchment.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: MICROFLUIDIC LOGIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

contributor:
Kleiman, Rafael N.
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract:
The motivation for this project is to mimic an electronic microprocessor in the fluidic domain to enable on-chip decision making for lab-on-a-chip applications. Microfabrication can increase the economic feasibility of microfluidic computing by lowering the cost per chip. Monolithic integration also has the potential to reduce the packaging costs and reduce the interconnect delays.

In this thesis a high reliability no-moving part microfluidic NOR gate was modeled and optimized using modern and widely-accepted computational fluid dynamics tools. Our optimized microfluidic NOR satisfies all the stringent device requirements needed to make a computing system. The transfer curves are non-linear, the fan-out is greater than 12, the input and output signals are in the same domain and the flow of information is only in one direction. Fabricating the microfluidic circuits with components of a single fixed geometry is very attractive. The NOR is a universal gate and thus all logic functions can be realized by a combination of NORs.

Three important components of computing: a half adder, a static memory/latch and a clock were also modeled. We have also studied the dynamics of the device, and have understood the origin of the switching time. The performance of the device is only dependent on the Reynolds number of the supply jet. Thus the performance of the device for any fluid: air, water, oil etc, will remain unaltered at the same Reynolds number. Based on our understanding of the power vs. geometry we can predict the critical dimension of the device that can operate at the desirable power consumption.

Finally, we enVISIon applying the designed microfluidic NOR to a newly emergmg technology - i.e. Lab-on-a-chip. We envision fabricating an integrated assembly of microfluidic devices to make a microfluidic processor for lab-on-a-chip systems. This work could have a major impact for biomedical applications.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Diversity in the regulation of metabolic fuel use in mice selected for high locomotor activity

contributor:
McClelland, Grant
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Despite diversity in locomotion, the mammalian pattern of metabolic fuel use appears highly conserved, and in most circumstances relative exercise intensity dictates the proportionate contribution of carbohydrates and lipids to energy supply. However, the mechanistic explanations for unity of fuel use patterns are not known. The aim of my study was to determine if fuel use during exercise could be adaptively altered or differentially regulated in animals selected for high activity.

To thi s end, I used a model of experimental evolution in which mice are selectively bred for high locomotion. Within this model, there are two distinct phenotypes of high running (HR) mice: HRmini mice, characterized by half-sized hindlimb muscles with increased mass-specific aerobic capacity, and HRnormal mice, with a normal muscle phenotype. I evaluated aerobic capacity (VO2max), fuel use during exercise, cardiac properties, and physiological factors involved in regulating fuel use, in one line each of: 1) non-selected control mice, 2) HRmini mice, and 3) HRnormal mice.

HR mice exhibited an increased VO2max compared to controls; moreover, HRmini mice had a greater VO2max than HRnormal mice. Metabolic and physical cardiac changes may have contributed to these VO2max differences. However, HRmini, HRnormal, and control mice did not differ in the mixture of fuels supplying energy demand, when exercise intensity was scaled to VO2max. HR mice achieved enhanced absolute fuel oxidation rates via different means. HRmini mice had increased cytosolic fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), fatty acid transporter (FAT/CD36) mRNA, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α mRNA, and activities of aerobic enzymes in skeletal muscle, as well as a different muscle recruitment pattern. Conversely, HRnormal mice had enhanced whole-muscle enzyme activities. Therefore, there are multiple mechanisms to enhance fuel oxidation rates with an elevated VO2max, and diverse mammals can differentially utilize these mechanisms without deviating from a conserved pattern of fuel use.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Bayesian Mixture Models

contributor:
M., Peter D.
Statistics

subject:
Statistics and Probability
Statistics and Probability

abstract:
Mixture distributions are typically used to model data in which each observation belongs to one of some number of different groups. They also provide a convenient and flexible class of models for density estimation. When the number of components k is assumed known, the Gibbs sampler can be used for Bayesian estimation of the component parameters. We present the implementation of the Gibbs sampler for mixtures of Normal distributions and show that, spurious modes can be avoided by introducing a Gamma prior in the Kiefer-Wolfowitz example.

Adopting a Bayesian approach for mixture models has certain advantages; it is not without its problems. One typical problem associated with mixtures is nonidentifiability of the Gomponent parameters. This causes label switching in the Gibbs sampler output and makes inference for the individual components meaningless. We show that the usual approach to this problem by imposing simple identifiability constraints on the mixture parameters is sometimes inadequate, and present an alternative approach by arranging the mixture components in order of non-decreasing means whilst choosing priors that are slightly more informative. We illustrate the success of our approach on the fishery example.

When the number of components k is considered unknown, more sophisticated methods are required to perform the Bayesian analysis. One method is the Reversible Jump MCMC algorithm described by Richardson and Green (1997), which they applied to univariate Normal mixtures. Alternatively, selection of k can be based on a comparison of models fitted with different numbers of components by some joint measures of model fit and model complexity. We review these methods and illustrate how to use them to compare competing mixture models using the acidity data.

We conclude with some suggestions for further research.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Modelling of Lathe Structure for the Computation of Dynamic Characteristics

subject: Engineering Engineering

abstract:
As part of a general programme of machine tool research, this work initiates development of mathematical models of machine tool structures.

The lumped-parameter method is employed in modelling a lathe spindle assembly, importance being attached to the effect of components in contact with the spindle proper. For the complete lathe structure, the finite element approach is used and computations are carried out on a commercially-available computer programme.

In both cases the dynamic behaviour of the model is determined and compared with the behaviour of the actual structures obtained directly by measurement. The measurements belong to related studies in the general programme.

The work also includes an introductory study of the static and modal characteristics of a model milling machine adopted by several universities in an international co-operative programme in machine tool research.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Interpolation of Linear Operators on Orlicz and BMO function spaces

contributor:
Heinig, H. P.
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract: This thesis is concerned with the study of interpolation theorems involving certain Orlicz spaces and spaces of functions of Bounded Mean Oscillation. In addition, we consider the Orlicz spaces in a weighted sense by applying weight functions satisfying certain growth conditions.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Probability Hypothesis Density Filter Algorithm for Track Before Detect Applications

contributor:
Kirubarajan, T.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
Track-Before-Detect (TBD) algorithms are far more efficient over standard DetectBefore- Track (DBT) target tracking approach for tracking targets in low Signal-toNoise- Ratio (SNR) environment . With low SNR scenario the target amplitude may never be strong enough to exceed threshold value and under classical setting such cases will not lead to detection. This might be the case in spatially diversified multiple sensors network like Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) radars. Through letting the tracking directly on the unthresholded data, TBD techniques exploit all the information in the received measurement signal to yield detection and tracking simultaneously. With TBD framework an efficient multitarget, non-linear filtering algorithm is an issue to extract information from target dynamics. In t his thesis Probability-Hypothesis-Density (PHD) filter implementation of a recursive TBD algorithm is proposed. The PHD filter, propagating only the first-order statistical moment of the full target posterior, is a computationally efficient solution to multitarget tracking problems with varying number of targets. Furthermore a PHD filter based tracking algorithm avoids the preassumption of the maximum number of targets performing the state estimation together with number of targets.

The PHD filter based TBD algorithm is applied to multitarget tracking with MIMO Radars. With widely-separated transmitters and receivers of MIMO system the Radar-Cross-Section (RCS) diversity can be utilized by illuminating the target from ideally uncorrelated aspects. Multiple sensor TBD is proposed in order to process the measurement signals from different multiple transmitter-receiver pairs in the MIMO Radar system. In this model target observability to the sensor as a result of target RCS diversity is taken in to consideration in the likelihood calculation. In order to provide a benchmark for testing the proposed algorithm performance, Posterior Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (PCRLB) for widely-separated MINIO radar is also presented. Monte Carlo simulations have been done on multitarget scenarios with various SNR values and target motion models. Performance evaluation on simulation results demonstrates the improved performance of the proposed tracking algorithm.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Modeling Mitochondrial Population Genetics

contributor:
Golding, Brian
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Indirect tests have detected recombination in diverse animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including mammals. These results have far reaching implications for evolution and ecology, as virtually all animal population genetics studies assume mtDTA is clonally inherited. For the first time, we demonstrated that the molecular patterns detected by these tests could alternatively be explained by mutation rate heterogeneity, or clusters of sites with unusually low or high mutation rates. The false positive rates of six common tests for recombination were evaluated under models of mutation rate heterogeneity with theoretical and biologically estimated parameters. All tests produced an elevated level of false positives, casting serious doubts on the claim that animal mtDNA does not follow clonal inheritance.

With uniparental inheritance, a haploid genome, multiple copies within a cell, and a replication cycle that is independent of the cell cycle, mitochondria population genetics are markedly non-Mendelian. Numerous questions remain in mitochondrial population genetics theory, such as the effect of dominance in the context of unique mitochondrial biology. Using simulations, we determined the fixation probabilities of advantageous mtDNA mutations under various modes of dominance and levels of polyploidy within a cell. The effect of a bottleneck and multiple cell lines (somatic and germ) with different selective pressures was investigated. The effect of increasing drift on fixation probabilities depends on the mode of dominance: recessive mutations become more likely to fix, but dominant mutatinos become less likely to fix. These results support the theory that drift plays a fundamental role in maintaining evolutionary stability of mitochondria by increasing the genetic variation among offspring, but suggests that the efficiency of this mechanism involves a more complex interaction between dominance and drift than previously thought.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: A Study of PEPS as Applied to Low Dimensional Quantum Magnets

contributor:
Sorensen, Erik
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: Quantum spin systems are particularly useful for the description of materials that exhibit magnetism. But, due to the quantum mechanical nature of such systems the problem size grows exponentially, quickly becoming intractable. Approximation schemes both analytical as well as numerical become useful at this point. However, there exist spin systems that are frustrated and remain beyond conventional treatments. In this project we use a numerical technique based on PEPS, to study quantum spin systems chiefly in 2-dimensions. The primary aim is to understand the behaviour of the algorithm, especially its limitations and why they exist. Such an investigation would be helpful in better implementation of the algorithm, as well as to improve upon its limitations via suitable approximation schemes.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Backcalculation and Sensitivity of Non-Destructive Tests to Temperature Variations in Flexible Pavements

contributor:
Stolle, Dieter F.E.
Sedran, Gabriel
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) is a smaller version of the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) non-destructive test for determining the properties of the pavement-subgrade systems. Unlike the FWD, normally having up to 9 sensors measuring load-deflections histories, the LWD records the data using a central geophone located right under the loading plate. Up to two sensors can be attached to the device though. Therefore, the limited information obtained from the LWD creates some difficulties for the backcalculation.

Elastostatic method of backcalculation layer elastic moduli of pavement structures does not take into account the dynamic nature of tests. Another limitation of the elastostatic approach is that it gives only one piece of information from each loaddeflection history recorded by a geophone. The number of unknowns typically exceeds two (at least pavement and subgrade elastic moduli for a two-layer approximation) for the real pavement-subgrade structure.

The dynamic impedance function for the Mindlin plate idealization supported by elastic half space is calculated and related to the impedance of an equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) oscillator approximation. Unlike elastostatic, dynamic backcalculation provides one with two pieces of information (real and imaginary components of the dynamic impedance) allowing one to back-calculate an additional pavement-subgrade system property. It is shown, that elastostatic backcalculation gives the elastostatic stiffness value which, combined with the dynamic impedance of the Mindlin plate model, allows one to estimate an effective sub grade modulus Es. and elastic modulus of pavement Ep or an equivalent asphalt thickness ha. The presence of shallow bedrock indicated, however, the backcalculation with the simplified model can be problematic.

The back-calculation approach suggested in this study is applied to sets of in-situ and simulated data. A frequency domain analysis showed some limitations for backcalculation of pavement-subgrade properties for real LWD data.

The low frequency LWD and FWD devices (up to 50-80 Hz), as well as the higher frequency IE test (20 kHz), are compared in terms of temperature sensitivity of the respective responses. Non-isothermal computer simulations were performed and comparison was made. The results demonstrate that the LWD is more sensitive to temperature changes in the pavement layer than the FWD. Back-calculated elastic moduli of the sub grade did not show any sensitivity to temperature fluctuations. The impact echo test response showed high sensitivity of the response to temperature changes in thin pavements (up to 100 mm thick).

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: SERVING PROBLEM GAMBLERS IN ETHNO-RACIAL COMMUNITIES: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES

contributor:
Sin, Rick
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
This study explores the experiences of problem gambling service providers who work with problem gamblers of ethno-cultural backgrounds within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in an attempt to review both their challenges and the strategies they employ in delivering their services. The study hopes to unveil new ideas using semi-structured interviews that would make service consumers from this population find services even more culturally responsive and accessible than it currently is. Because of the value of qualitative research approach in obtaining intricate details about the subjective experiences of individuals, groups, and the population being interviewed I decided on a qualitative research approach. This approach encourages a deliberative process that will not hinder the ability of interview participants to express their views and possibly contribute beyond that if they so choose. Participants have been randomly chosen from problem gambling services agencies within the GTA who provide services to ethno-racial communities. Program managers or their appointed designates were interviewed as I believe their knowledge to be an essential first step toward developing culturally sensitive and accessible services.

Study results suggest that service providers do actually encounter challenges in providing treatment services to ethno-cultural communities. This study's participants also identified strategies that they employed to overcome the challenges they experienced working with individuals, families and groups of ethno-racial backgrounds. Participants in considering consumers' cultures to be an integral part of problem gambling service provision identified several ways that they worked collaboratively with problem gambling treatment service consumers to make their treatment service delivery culturally sensitive. Considering that the decision as to what service provision approach is considered culturally sensitive lies with the service consumers this study is not able to conclusively argue that participants' claim of culturally sensitive service provision is justifiable. Future studies in this area will need to focus on problem gambling treatment service consumers of ethno-cultural backgrounds to confirm that the services they receive are truly relevant and sensitive to their cultures.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROLE OF dRanBPM, dfmr1 AND THE MUSHROOM BODY DURING LARVAL LOCOMOTION IN DROSOPHILA

contributor:
Campos, Ana R.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Wild-type Drosophila larvae display photophobic behaviour when confronted with a light stimulus. This behaviour is mediated by changes in larval locomotion including increased direction change and pausing in addition to decreased contraction frequency. Foraging third instar larvae that are homozygous mutant for the Drosophila Ran Binding Protein in the Microtubule Organizing Center (dRanBPM) gene exhibit a reduced response to light and two alleles display a severe locomotion deficit. dRanBPM functional domains show a considerable number of identical amino acids when compared with orthologous genes. The human orthologue RanBPM binds to Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), a protein for which the loss of expression causes Fragile X syndrome. Wandering Drosophila fragile X mental retardation 1 (dfmr1) mutant larvae show increased direction change and reduced time spent in linear locomotion in a dark assay. Double mutant larvae homozygous for a dfmr1 mutant allele and carrying one copy of a dRanBPM mutant allele were tested for turning and response to light phenotypes. The results presented here indicate that dRanBPM and dfmr1 act independently to modulate aspects of larval locomotion. Expression of dRanBPM is found in distinct sets of neurons in the larval CNS including the mushroom bodies (MBs). Neuronal silencing of the MBs in foraging third instar larvae resulted in a reduction in response to light. Finally, this reduction in response to light stimuli was characterized as a decrease in mean direction change during the light.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Improving Transparency in Network-based Multi-user Haptic Simulations

contributor:
Sirouspour, Shahin
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
Collaborative haptic simulations allow multiple users in a virtual environment to simultaneously interact with shared virtual objects. The implementation of shared virtual environments over a network removes the geographical barriers and enables users from around the globe to modify the environment and in addition feel the presence of other users. However, network issues arise in the communication of data over a network such as the Internet. Communication channel delay, jitter, packet loss and limited packet transmission rate can adversely affect the performance of collaborative haptic systems and may even cause instability.

This thesis builds upon our group's recent work in distributed networked haptics (Fotoohi et al. [31]). The proposed distributed peer-peer architecture improved the haptic simulation performance over the centralized architecture by providing local high-rate feedback to the users in a Local Area Network (LAN). Virtual spring-damper couplers synchronized the multiple copies of the virtual environment and coupled the users to the virtual objects.

Forming on the above distributed architecture, this thesis proposes methods for improving the performance and stability of shared haptic environments with a stronger emphasis on the effects of time delay in the context of Internet communication. To this end new quantitative measures are presented for quantifying the fidelity of haptic simulations in such environments. User's perceived admittance and discrepancy among local copies of virtual objects are considered in defining these measures. Furthermore, state prediction and feedforward schemes are proposed to compensate for the negative effects of the network communication delay on the transparency and stability of the haptic simulation. An optimization problem is formulated for selecting the virtual coupling gains that can enhance the performance while maintaining system stability. The solution to the this problem provides us with the set of control parameters that optimize the defined performance measures.

A three user distributed architecture is presented to show the extension of the proposed methods to haptic simulations involving more than two users. Numerical analysis and haptic interaction experiments over the Internet are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in two-user and three-user platforms. The obtained analytical and experimental results verified improvements by the prediction and feedforward mechanisms.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Influence of an upstream dam on riparian zone hydrology and shallow groundwater nitrate dynamics

contributor:
Bourbonniere, R.A.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract: This study used detailed spatio-temporal hydrologic measurements, groundwater chemistry data (dissolved nitrate, chloride, oxygen and sulphate concentrations) and denitrification potential measurements to assess the impact of a dam on shallow (<150 cm) groundwater movement and nitrate patterns in a downstream riparian zone. The results show that the upstream dam management practices supported stream inputs to the riparian zone by maintaining stream stage above the water table levels in the adjacent riparian zone. These stream inputs limited the extent of the summer water table draw-down in the riparian zone. Furthermore, the timing of upstream dam management practices influenced the timing of large shifts in riparian hydrology, including in-bank flood events and a mid-summer water table gradient reversal. This riparian zone experienced three distinct hydrologic regimes in the spring, summer and fall when riparian zone water table gradients were dominated by the hillslope, stream and upstream marsh respectively. These regimes altered nitrate patterns near the field by changing the balance of high nitrate inputs from the field and intermediate nitrate inputs from depth. Stream stage patterns were only one factor influencing hydrology and nitrate patterns at the site. During all three hydrologic regimes, the mid riparian zone was dominated by low nitrate inputs from depth and acted as a hydraulic barrier to field-to-stream groundwater transport. Nitrate removal by denitrification was observed at this site but was limited by low nitrate fluxes. Therefore, this riparian zone's role as a physical barrier to field-to-stream nitrate transport may be more important than its role as nitrate sink. These results can contribute to the enhancement of current conceptual models linking landscape features to riparian zone hydrology and nitrate removal function.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Factors influencing coastal marsh water quality in Georgian Bay, Ontario

contributor:
Chow-Fraser, Patricia
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Human-induced degradation of coastal marshes has been relatively limited in Georgian Bay. This part ofthe Great Lakes is sparsely populated, with human activity in most areas occurring primarily in the form of diffuse recreational and cottage development. Despite this, water chemistry varies considerably within the Bay. The overall objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of factors currently controlling water quality conditions in marshes of Georgian Bay, so that this information may be used to assess the potential impacts of continued human development.

Coastal marsh water quality variation among sub-basins of the eastern and northern coasts of Georgian Bay was assessed with data from 105 marshes in 28 quaternary watersheds visited during synoptic surveys. Road density, wetland cover, watershed size and bedrock type were determined for each sub-watershed. Analyses revealed that road density (used as an indicator of human disturbance) is currently a significant predictor of marsh water quality, showing positive relationships with nutrients and suspended solids concentrations, and a strong negative relationship with a published index of wetland water quality, the Water Quality Index (WQI). Watershed size and wetland cover also had significant (but usually weaker) relationships to some water quality variables.

To identify factors governing the chemistry of reference marshes in eastern Georgian Bay, 34 relatively pristine marshes were sampled in spring and summer of 2009, and a GIS was used to quantify catchment features. While watershed variables such as drainage slope and amount of upstream wetland influenced some water chemistry variables, drainage basin size and order were the most important factors controlling water chemistry; marshes with large, highorder watersheds contained higher concentrations of catchment-derived constituents (e.g., phosphorus, sediments, colour), suggesting that they may be more sensitive to land development that adds nutrients or promotes soil erosion in their watershed. This would be particularly apparent in spring, when watershed runoff has a larger influence on marsh water chemistry.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Particle Movement in Paper Porous Media: Influence Factors and Model

contributor:
Pelton, Robert H.
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been widely applied in many areas such as chemical analysis, disease diagnosis, and contaminant sensing. From the most common utility in pH paper to novel electrochemical sensing devices for monitoring heavy metals or glucose (2), paper-based analytical devices have shown great potential to become alternative analytical technologies. In paper based analytical device, commonly, the samples are transport by the capillary force from enter site toward the testing area. However, there is still not enough information of sample transportation in paper. This research focused on understanding the particle movement during elution in paper in order to provide some useful information for design and manufacture of paper analytical devices.

There are many factors that influence the particle movement in paper, such as particle properties (i.e. surface potentials), paper properties (i.e. salt content on paper) and ambient factors (i.e. humidity). The effects of those factors on particle movement in paper were studied by the elution experiments. The elution experiments were conducted by vertically dipping the bottom 1 cm of paper strips (Whatman No.1) into polystyrene latex solutions. The latex solutions were eluted up by the capillary force of paper, which was spontaneously occured due to the porous structure of paper. Then, by varying the testing factors, respectively, the effects caused by those factors can be investigated.

Since paper is composed of cellulose with many carboxyl groups, it is negatively charged. Therefore, the surface potential of particles was considered as an important factor that influences particle movement and deposition. More deposition was observed when particles with more positive charge were eluted in paper and vice versa. In addition, the influence of the flow velocity on particle movement during elution was also studied. The flow velocity was varied by changing the shape of paper strips. No obvious influence of the flow velocity on anionic particle deposition was observed, while the raise of the flow velocity increased cationic particle deposition. Moreover, the paticle (cationic and anionic) deposition was increased when latexes flowed through paper strips with salt content. The salt was dissolved once it contacted by the elution flow, which resulted in the increase of ionic strength in the elution flow. As a result, increased particle deposition were observed due to the reduced electrical double layer repulsive forces (particle-particle and anionic particle-paper surface) caused by increased ionic strength.

Nevertheless, in all the experiments described before, it was noted that there was always a band shape of concentrated particles at the elution end (where elution flow stopped flowing forward). This phenomenon was caused by the mass flow (MFE), which occurred in order to refill the water loss due to evaporation. After the capillary flow reached the elution end, the suspended particles were carried continuously up to the elution end by MFE and concentrated gradually. To describe the movement of this evaporation-driven flow, the model suggested by Fries (29) (Eq. 4.2.11) was applied. The results predicted from this model fitted the experimental data well. The influences of evaporation on elution flow movement were further investigated based on this model. The effects of paper properties on the maximum elution distance were also examined based on the model of Fries (29) (Eq. 4.2.11). The results showed the influences of paper properties were in the order as: pore radius (capillary radius (Rs)) > permeability (K) ≒ thickness (δ) > contact angle (θs)> porosity (ϕ) (no effect).

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Kinetics of The Synthesis of High Impact Polystyrene

contributor:
Hamielec, A.E.
Chemical Engineering

abstract: This thesis reports on an experimental and theoretical investigation of the kinetics of free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of dissolved polybutadiene. A kinetic model which accounts for the grafting of polystyryl radicals on polybutadiene backbone and the concomitant effect on the rate of polymerization of styrene was developed. This model is in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Early processing of context in a Stroop task: Evidence from event related potentials

contributor:
Milliken, Bruce
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: The Stroop effect is considered a reliable measure of the contributions of word reading and colour naming processes. Changes in the size of the Stroop effect suggest modulations in the relative contributions of the two processes. Furthermore, item specific proportion congruent (ISPC) differences in the Stroop effect suggests that these modulations are rapid and stimulus driven. Recent behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) findings in a global/local task support the hypothesis that modulations in control can occur very early in visual processing. The present study extended the application of ERP methods to examine item-specific proportion congruency effects in the Stroop task. Findings from the present study are consistent with previous studies and observable ERP differences were recorded at the N1 component as early as 140 ms at site O1. These findings suggest that modulations in control can occur rapidly upon stimulus onset However a surprising finding at site Oz suggests that itemfrequency also plays a role in affecting response selection. The latency and location of this effect are similar to those reported by Shedden et al. (2009) suggesting that item specific effects occur as early as 100 ms. As well, this is the first study to report a combined influence of a simple associative learning mechanism and rapid, contextually driven control processes.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: State Diagrams: A New Visual Language For Programmable Logic Controllers

contributor:
Mohrenschildt, Martin von
Computing and Software

subject:
Computer Sciences
Software Engineering
Computer Sciences

abstract:
Ladder Logic has been the dominant defacto method for programming programmable logic controllers for over 30 years. Primarily designed as a replacement for electronic relay boxes Ladder Logic uses the analogies of circuits and wires. With the changes in education and training Ladder Logic has not kept up with the times. Ladder Logic is difficult to understand for a software background trained operators. In addition with increasingly difficult control logic strategies, Ladder Logic has become cumbersome and difficult to use.

This thesis seeks to examine a different approach to visual programming that is more suitable to modern software trained individuals. A visual programming language will be established based on finite state machines. We then define both the syntax and semantics of our visual language, demonstrate the correctness of operation and execution. This thesis also defines a reference hardware platform and shows our graphical tool used to construct programs in this new language.

The major contributions of this thesis include the development of a prototype programming language, a graphical integrated development environment tool, and a prototype hardware environment.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Robust Slepian-Wolf coding Using Low-Density Graph Codes

contributor:
Wong, Kon Max
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract: In this thesis, Robust Slepian-Wolf coding problem is discussed. Two correlated source sequences Xⁿ and Yⁿ are encoded at separate encoders and decoded together. When the encoder of source Y is broken, another sequence Xⁿ still can be decoded to achieve a nontrivial distortion. Further, Xⁿ can be recovered losslessly once that broken encoder is restored. A practical coding scheme is developed using low density graph codes. Moreover, by generalizing the coding scheme of Robust Slepian-Wolf coding problem, two approaches are proposed for the Wyner-Ziv problem using the low density graph codes.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: A Behavioural Approach to Antihypertensive Therapy Relaxation vs Feedback Training in a Controlled Study

contributor:
Black, Abe
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
A combination of deep muscle relaxation with voluntary control procedures has earlier been shown to benefit labile hypertensives. This study reports on 16 male labile hypertensives, divided intσ four equal and matched groups, and treated weekly for nine weeks. To assess the relative importance of the procedures, one groups received the combined treatment, one the relaxation alone, one the voluntary control procedure alone, and one group simply had repeated blood pressure measurements throughout each session. All subjects had a test session during the tenth week.

Results demonstrated clearly a beneficial effect for deep muscle relaxation. Although there was some suggestive evidence for the superiority of the combined approach, the voluntary control technique showed no significant relationship to improvement. Repeated measures were associated with only transient improvement which disappeared well before the tenth week.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Analysis of nitrogen controls on carbon and water exchanges in a conifer forest using CLASS-CTEMᴺ⁺ model

contributor:
Arain, M. Altaf
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract:
Nitrogen (N) controls on carbon and water exchanges were analyzed in a 70-year old eastern temperate conifer forest in Ontario, Canada from 2003 to 2007 using a newly developed nitrogen (N) cycle coupled model -- CLASS-CTEMᴺ⁺. This process-based model incorporates sunlit and shaded big-leaves for C3 and C4 photosynthesis and semi-mechanistic canopy conductance formulation for dynamic plant-functional-types. Recently, key soil and plant N cycling algorithms have also been included (e.g., biological fixation, atmospheric N deposition, fertilization, mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, leaching, soil nitrous dioxide (N₂0) emissions, root N uptake, plant N allocation and N controls on plant photosynthesis capacity). The simulated values of soil-plant N contents and processes rates including N₂0 fluxes were generally in agreement with observations.

Comparison of default non-N and C&N-coupled model simulations clearly revealed N controls on photosynthetic uptake and water loss. Predictions of daily gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (Re), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and evapotranspiration (ET) showed better agreement with eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements when using the N-coupled model (RMSE of 1.97, 0.73, 1.44, 0.92; and MAE of 1.48, 0.55, 1.01, 0.60 for GEP, Re, NEP, and ET, respectively; n=1825) as compared to the non-N model simulations (RMSE of2.95, 1.35, 1.93, 1.03; MAE of2.38, 1.15, 1.55,0.71 for GEP, Re, NEP, and ET, respectively; n=1825) over 5 years (2003-2007). Annual values of N-coupled model simulated NEP were 134, 195, 183, 225 and 255 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for 2003-2007, as compared to non-N model simulated annual NEP values, which were 535, 562, 507, 540, and 535 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for respective years. These values were compared to measured NEP values of 220±67, 126±67, 33±67, 142±67 and 102±67 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for the years 2003-2007, respectively. The difference between N-coupled model simulated and EC measured annual variations of carbon exchanges was largely due to specific extreme weather events (e.g. drought, spring warming) during certain years. Overall, the impacts of N limitations on carbon fluxes were more pronounced during early spring, late autumn and winter seasons. This newly developed model will help to evaluate the response of terrestrial vegetation ecosystems to N variations under different scenarios for future climate change.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)