title: Skeletal Muscle Ion Regulation and Metabolism at Rest and During Intense Exercise

contributor:
Heigenhauser, George J.F.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
In intense exercise the maintenance of muscle contraction and metabolism is critically dependent on the regulation of intracellular homeostasis. The present studies have examined the physiological and biochemical effects of three factors which influence this regulation at rest and in exercise; these factors are the strong ions, the weak ions (weak acid and base electrolytes), and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

This thesis describes three series of experiments which were designed to demonstrate the importance of ion regulation in the maintenance of muscle performance and metabolism in intense exercise. The purposes of these studies were three-fold: (1) to quantify the intracellular composition of strong ions of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles at rest and at the end of intense exercise; (2) to determine the relative contributions of strong ions, weak acids and bases, and CO₂ to the total intracellular ionic composition muscle at rest and in exercise; and (3) to demonstrate the between intracellular ion regulation, muscle metabolism and muscle performance during intense exercise.

The first series of experiments examined the ionic and metabolic composition rat hindlimb muscles (white gastrocnemius, WC; plantaris, PL; red gastrocnemius, RG; soleus, SL) sampled at rest and following 4.5 min of intense swimming exercise. Intracellular ionic status is dependent upon the PCO₂ strong ion difference ([SID]), and the total concentration of weak acids and bases ([ATOT]) of the intracellular fluids. PCO₂ was held constant at various levels and intracellular strong ion concentrations r were measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis. [ATOT] is a pooled term representing all of the intracellular weak electrolytes and cannot be directly measured. A method for determining [ATOT) indirectly from measurements of pH, [SID] and PCO₂ muscle homogenates was formulated and is described. Intracellular [SID) was found to be significantly higher in fast twitch WG (161 mEq/l) than in slow twitch SL (137 mEq/l); this was primarily due to a higher [K+] in resting WG. Muscle [ATOT] averaged 190 mEq/l at rest, and there was little difference between muscles. Intramuscular pH was determined using three methods: the distribution of the weak acid DMO, from pH measurements of muscle homogenates, and was calculated from the independent variables [SID], [ATOT}, and PCO₂. Corresponding to its higher [SID], the WG had a significantly higher intracellular pH at rest (6.94) than SL (6.72).

The second series of experiments examined changes in extra- and intra-cellular ion and metabolite concentrations, and quantified the ion and metabolite fluxes between muscle and blood at rest and during intense electrical stimulation using an isolated perfused rat hindlimb preparation. These studies confirmed that K⁺ and La⁻ leave the muscle cells during contraction and that Na⁺ and Cl⁻ enter, and that these ionic disturbances cause the increase in intracellular [H⁺j associated with the decrease in muscle performance. With stimulation, the major changes affecting intracellular ion status and metabolism were large increases in intracellular lactate concentration ([La⁻li) and [Na⁺]i, and a marked reduction in [K⁺]i. These changes were greatest in WG, a highly glycolytic muscle, and least in SL, a predominantly oxidative muscle; the rise in [La⁻]i accounted for 67% and 50% of the fall in [SID] in WG and SL, respectively. Correspondingly, the largest changes in ion status occurred in WG. The high initial [SID]i in resting we prevented excessive increases in [H⁺] and protein ionization state during muscle contraction.

The third series of experiments examined the effects of extracellular metabolic and respiratory alkalosis on muscle performance, metabolism and ion regulation, and provided an opportunity to test the hypothesis that changes in intracellular ionic status will affect the regulation of metabolism. With alkalosis, compared to controls, there were no differences with respect to performance and metabolism, however, the rate of La⁻ efflux from muscle was significantly increased and [La⁻]i was significantly reduced. Extracellular alkalosis was also associated with increased fluxes of Na⁺ from perfusate into muscles, resulting in large increases in [Na⁺] at rest and during stimulation; K⁺ efflux in alkalotic hindlimbs was significantly reduced, compared to controls, during stimulation. A theory is proposed whereby exercise-induced changes in intracellular [La⁻], [K⁺] and [Na⁺] exert direct effects on the ionized state of intracellular proteins and on metabolic regulation during exercise.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Biosynthesis of Antibiotic F-244 in Fusarium sp. Atcc 20788

contributor:
Harrison, P.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
The naturally occurring antibiotic β-lactone F-244, also known as 1233A and L-659,699, is isolated from species of Fusarium, Scopulariopsis and Cephalosporium. This compound has been shown to be a potent specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase, a key enzyme in the mammalian biosynthesis of cholesterol.

Extensive multidimensional NMR analysis afforded unambiguous assignments of all the proton and carbon-13 resonances of F-244.

The biosynthesis of F-244 in Fusarium sp. ATCC 20788 was investigated by incorporation of isotopically labelled precursors such as acetate and methionine into growing cultures. Separation and purification of the resulting labelled F-244 was followed by NMR analysis to determine the location of label.

The results show that F-244 is a polyketide metabolite derived from 7 acetate units arranged in a typical "head-to-tail" fashion; the three methyl groups and the carbon of the hydroxymethyl moiety are derived from L-methionine. The carbonoxygen bonds at C₁₄=O and C₁₂-O are derived intact from acetate. These results define a probable sequence of events on the polyketide synthase surface, where acetate units are condensed and manipulated to give F-244.

To test this hypothesis, several of the potential intermediates, both as free acids and as N-acetylcysteamine thioesters, with strategically placed deuterium or carbon-13 labels, were synthesized and fed to growing cultures of Fusarium sp. ATCC 20788.

The results of feeding experiments using deuterium labelled putative intennediates showed that none of these precursors was incorporated intact. When the carbon-13 labelled intermediates were used, the ¹³C NMR spectra showed enhancements of the signals that are derived from C-1 of acetate, indicating that the labelled intermediates had been degraded by β-oxidation.

[equations removed]

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Dioxycarbenes and 3,3-Dioxyvinylcarbenes In the Synthesis of Novel Heterocycles

contributor:
Warkentin, J.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
Carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds are ubiquitous in nature. Therefore, the discovery and development of new ring forming reactions are of paramount interest to synthetic organic chemists. Recently, the intramolecular cyclization of reactive intermediates, such as anions, cations, and radicals have provided a number of new methods by which known and novel ring systems can be constructed. Cyclizations involving tandem, or multiple sequences have gained considerable popularity due to their high overall efficiency and remarkable speed by which these processes can yield complex polycyclic ring systems.

Carbenes are another interesting class of reactive intermediates which undergo characteristic reactions. The cyclization reactions of carbenes have not been studied to a significant extent In particular, me work described in this thesis outlines the only study of the intramolecular cydization of dioxycarbenes onto a tethered alkyne moiety.

The first section of this dissertation details the development of a convenient new class of thermal dioxycarbene precursors, dioxyoxadiazolines I, which display many significant advantages over previously used sources of dioxycarbenes D.

[figure removed]

The second section of this dissertation details the use of dioxyoxadiazolines possessing a tethered triple bond for the thermal generation of dioxycarbenes III which are capable of intramolecular cyclization. It was found that the cyclization of a dioxycarbene onto a tethered triple bond results in the regioselective generation, of another reactive intermediate, a 3,3-dioxyvinylcarbene (IV or V, depending on the nature of R'), which can undergo a number of interesting intermolecular reactions. This approach leads to the rapid construction of some interesting and rather complex polycyclic heterocyles which are, in many cases, obtained with high regioselectivity and sometimes even high stereoselectivity.

[figure removed]

The results described in this thesis mark the discovery and development of a new synthetic methodology which may, by appropriate choice of the starting material, provide a valuable tool for the rapid and selective synthesis of a number of heterocyclic ring systems.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Relative Sea Level Control of Incised Shoreface Sediments in the Burnstick Member, Cardium Formaiton, Upper Cretaceous Alberta

contributor:
Walker, R.G.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The Burnstick Member of the Cardium Formation (Turonian, Upper Cretaceous) occurs in the subsurface of southern Alberta and is underlain by the Hornbeck Member and overlain by the Raven River Member. These sediments were deposited into the Alberta Foreland Basin along the eastern margin of the Canadian Cordillera. The Burnstick Member sediments appear to be tens of kilometers east of the closest known paleoshoreline (Kakwa Member, Cardium Formation) which presents a major problem with respect to sediment transport in an offshore environment. Two possibilities exist for the deposition of the Burnstick Member sediments including, direct emplacement into an offshore environment by storm related currents ("offshore bars") or deposition in a shoreface environment during a rapid lowering of sea level (incised shoreface deposits). Approximately 200 cores and 800 geophysical well logs were used to determine the sedimentology and sand body geometry of the oil and gas fields at Caroline, Crossfield, Garrington and Lochend. Well log cross sections, core cross sections and isopach maps show that the Burnstick Member rests on a major erosional surface (E4) that outlines a "one-sided scour" or "bevel" which is open towards the northeast. The scours are between 2 - 6 m deep and are interpreted to have developed in shoreface environments. In between the fields the E4 surface merges with the T4 surface (Burnstick - Raven River Member contact) and forms the E4/T4 surface. The E4/T4 surface is flat relative to a horizontal lower marker and combined with the incised E4 surface underneath the four fields defines a step-like topography across the study area. Ten facies are combined into two vertical facies sequences; a coarsening upwards Burnstick Member sequence and a fining upwards lower Raven River Member sequence. Both facies sequences are best developed in the on-field positions, where they reach a maximum thickness of 7 meters. In contrast, the off-field development of the two facies sequences is poor and rarely exceeds 0.25 meters. The Burnstick Member sediments are concentrated in three long, linear and narrow belts in the study area and rest within the incised, one-sided scours of the E4 surface. The belts are approximately 15 km apart, oriented NW-SE and are traceable throughout the study area. The problem of transporting and focussing sediments in an offshore environment does net apply to the Burnstick Member sediments as they are interpreted to be incised shoreface deposits that were localized on the Cretaceous shelf during sea level fluctuations. Four sea level changes are hypothesized including one large lowering to move the shoreface from west of the study area to a position at Garrington, and three small rises to move the shoreface from Garrington to Caroline/Crossfield, from Caroline/Crossfield to Lochend, and from Lochend to west of the study area. Indirect evidence suggests that fluvial channels cut across the exposed shelf and supplied sediments to the incised shorefaces.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Changes In Agriculture on the Six Nations Reserve

contributor:
Gentilcore, R. L.
Reeds, L. G.
Burghardt, A. F.

subject:
Agricultural and Resource Economics
Tuscarora
settlment
agricultural development

abstract: The Grand River and its tributaries drain an area of over 2,000 square miles, in south-western Ontario between Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario. The area includes the present-day counties of Brant and Waterloo, and the adjoining parts of Wellington, Oxford, Wentworth, Haldimand, and Halton. It is one of the most fertile regions in Ontario, with a variety of soil types, mostly clay loams and a relatively mild climate. In Brant county, about 11 miles south of the town of Brantford, lies the township of Tuscarora, the Reserve of the Six Nations Indians, and all that remains of their original land grant, which extended almost the whole length of the Grand River. The type of agriculture and land use in Tuscarora presents a striking contrast to the conditions in the surrounding townships, which have been settled by non-Indian people. Large areas of the Reserve lie unused and are under either rough grass, scrub, or woodland, and little land is being used for agriculture. This study is an enquiry into the poverty of the Reserve, as reflected in the land use. The enquiry has three aims. First, the history of settlement and land use on the Reserve since the end of the eighteenth century is considered, to discover whether the present day poverty has its roots in the past. Secondly, a comparison is made between the trends in agricultural development in Tuscarora and those in the neighbouring townships of Oneida, to see whether these conditions have persisted since the Reserve was first established. Thirdly, an investigation is made of soil conditions as a contributing factor to the present day poverty of the Reserve.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Effects of Sea Level Changes on the Sedimentology of the Cardium Formation Northeastern Pembina, Alberta

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: Examination of 32 cores and over 100 well logs in Northeastern Pembina allowed 8 facies to be distinguished. The facies within the Raven River Member comprise a shelf sequence which begins with dark bioturbated muddy siltstones, and coarsens upward into pervasively bioturbated muddy sandstones, bioturbated sandstones and nonbioturbated sandstones. The most characteristic sedimentary structure in the nonbioturbated sandstones is llumnlocky cross stratification wtlich is formed during storm reworking of offshore sediments. An erosion surface separates the Raven River Member from the overlying conglomerates of the Carrot Creek Member. Maximum erosion on this surface occurs within a drilling gap present in northeastern Pembina and off the northern boundary of the field. On either side of the drilling gap, facies 7 is present beneath the conglomerates. However within the drilling gap there is a pronounced thinning or complete absence of facies 7. Conglomerates form a very thin veneer on top of the erosion surface which may indicate a second period of erosion after deposition of the conglomerates. Off the northern boundary of the field, the Cardium sequence is partially or completely absent. The origin of the erosion surface may be due to a relative lowering of sea level in the Alberta Basin. This would cause the shoreline to advance many kilometres basinward and a new shoreface to become established on sediments which were previously offshore. Newly incised rivers could then carry sand and gravel to the new shoreface. The Carrot Creek Member is overlain by the Dismal Rat Member, the base of which is characterized by pebbly mudstones that fine upwards into laminated dark mudstones and massive dark mudstones. This sequence may represent a relative rise of sea level within the Alberta basin. Pebbly mudstones may be the result of gravel on top of the erosion surface being reworked by storms into the transgressive muds. The morphology of the datum (used for correlation of well logs) in northeastern Pembina is characterized by undulations and discontinuities. These structures were originally thought to be tectonic. However, the topography mimics that found on the erosion surface above the Raven River Member. The morphology of the datum may represent the draping of sediments on top of the erosion surface above the Raven River Member. Alternatively, the morphology of the datum may reflect erosion on this surface.

abstract: Bachelor of Science (BSc)


title: CANADIAN MILITARY FAMILIES: SEPARATION RESILIENCE AND PEACETIME DEPLOYMENTS

contributor:
Watt, Susan M.
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract: Military families face a unique lifestyle that brings with it a series of stressors not experienced by the general civilian population. These include frequent moves, adjusting to the military subculture, and family separations. Family separations are especially stressful, as military spouses and parents are deployed for peacetime missions and training. However, the resilience and strengths-based literature has shown that most families are able to successfully cope with adversity. Further, structural changes to the military and family environment can increase family resilience. This is the crux of 'Occupational Social Work' in the military wherein lies the responsibility to baiance the needs of the individual, families, or other groups, with the needs of the military. In addition, policy development that is informed by research needs to form a significant part of 'Occupational Social Work' practice. This thesis is an exploratory work to further Occupational Social Work knowledge and practice and to stimulate further research on the effects of deployments on military families. This study also examines how Canadian military families cope with the deployment of their spouses by utilizing the Deployment Resilience Scale created by Major Adrian Van Breda on the South African Defence Force and by engaging in personal interviews in an attempt to explore family resilience in the Canadian military, and the usefulness of the Deployment Resilience Scale as a predictive tool. Findings show that, overall, Canadian military families have an average level of resilience. The area of lowest resilience appeared in family 'financial preparation' and military 'family-oriented management'. Military social workers need to be alert to potential difficulties with military deployments on the individual, family, and organizational levels. Historically military families relied on each other, friends and neighbours for support, usually only in dire circumstances. Currently, it appears that military families rely more on military formal and informal services, however, dissatisfaction with the gaps in service, and the military system of service delivery may be a indication that families are moving away from the 'rugged individual' ethos. It appears that military families acknowledge the mutually interdependent relationship between families and the military as an employer. Military occupational social workers need to encourage a healthy balance between employer and employees by using an ecological, strengths based resiliency model of practice, and by developing appropriate assessment tools to track progress and identify areas of both health and concern.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: INCISED SHOREFACE SBDIMENTS OF THE BURNSTICK MEMBER, CARDIUM FORMATION, BRAZEAU RIVER GASFIELD, ALBERTA

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The Burnstick Member of the Cardium Formation to been (Turonian, Late Cretaceous) occurs in the subsurface of southern Alberta and is sandwiched between the'Hornbeck Member and the Raveri River Member. These sediments were deposited in the Alberta Foreland Basin along the eastern margin of the rising Canadian Cordillera. The Burnstick Member sediments appear deposited tens of kilometers east of the closest known paleoshoreline which presents a major problem with respect to sediment transport in an offshore environment. Two possibilities exist for the deposition of the Burnstick Member sediments including, direct emplacement into an offshore environment by storm related currents ("offshore bars") or deposition in a shoreface environment during a rapid lowering of sea level (incised shoreface deposits). Approximately 130 electrical logs and 23 cores were used to determine the sedimentology and sand body geometry of the Burnstick Member in the Brazeau River area. Well log cross sections and core cross sections show that the Burnstick Member rests on a major erosional surface (E4) that outlines a sigmoidal step which is open towards the northeast. The steps are between 4-6 m deep and are int.erpreted to have developed in shoreface environments. In off-fields areas the E4 surface merges with the T4 surface (Burnstick- Raven River Member contact) and forms the E4/T4 surface. The E4/T4 surface is flat relative to a horizontal lower marker. The Hornbeck Member sedimerits, which under I ie the Burnstick Member, is composed of bioturbated shallow marine mudstones. The Burnstick Member is composed of a coarsening upward sequence which passes from bioturbated muddy siltstones up into clean conglomeratic sandstones. The Burnstick reaches a maximum thickness of 8 metres. The Raven River Member overlying the Burnstick is composed of massive black mudstone referred to as the "Black Blanket". The Burnstick Member sediments are concentrated in long, linear sand bodies, which strike NW-SE. The sand bodies rest on the incised step in the E4 surface. They are interpreted to be incised shoreface deposits that were localized on the shelf during sea level fluctuations. A rapid fall In relative sea level is proposed to have initiated lowstand shoreface development on the shelf. stillstand caused the shoreface to retreat towards the southwest and become incised into the underlying Hornbeck Member. A transgression is proposed to have followed, which planed off the upper shoreface and evidence of subaerial erosion to the southwest. This transgression eventually buried the Burnstick Member sediments in marine muds.

abstract: Bachelor of Science (BSc)


title: Water and electrolyte losses and replenishment in children during prolonged exercise in the heat: Physiological and perceptual considerations

contributor:
Bar-Or, Oded
Physiology and Pharmacology

subject: Pharmacology Physiology Pharmacology

abstract: Recommendations regarding fluid replenishment for children who exercise are scarce and based on adult data. The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate and identify factors that would help optimize fluid replenishment for children who exercise in a warm environment. Total sweat electrolyte losses were compared among maturational groups (males and females) exercising in the heat (chapters 2 and 3). Total sweat Na⁺ and Cl⁻ losses, even when corrected for body weight, were greater in young men and women compared to their prepubescent and pubescent counterparts. Children and adults lost similar amounts of K⁺, lactate, and ammonia per kg body weight. Within the same maturational group, there were no gender differences in any of these electrolyte losses. Chapter 4 summarizes the effect of hypohydration (induced by exercise in the heat) on thirst, drink preferences, and the subsequent voluntary rehydration. Thirst and drink preferences were assessed while children dehydrated up to 0.8% of their initial body weight in four separate trials (one flavored drink in each). Thirst intensity increased during dehydration. Grape was the preferred drink during the entire dehydration phase, but its desirability did not increase as much as it did with the orange, apple and water drinks. This is possibly due to a ceiling effect. During recovery, most subjects rehydrated with all drinks, exceeding baseline levels by 0.40% (apple) to 0.76% (grape). The magnitude of overhydration, however, was greater with grape and orange than with water and apple. Chapter 5 summarizes the effect of ingesting various electrolyte drinks on thermoregulation and performance of children who were kept euhydrated while exercising in the heat. Four grape-flavored drinks were tested. One drink was water and the other three had 6% carbohydrate (4% sucrose, 2% fructose) with different [Na⁺] (0, 8.8, 18.5 mmol∙1⁻¹). Rectal temperature, heart rate and performance were similar among trials. A negative Na⁺ deficit occurred with all drinks but in a greater extent with Na⁺-free drinks. Na⁺ intake did not modify plasma [Na⁺] or osmolality. Drink composition had no effect on thirst and stomach fullness sensations, nor did it affect voluntary intake during recovery. The main conclusions of this thesis were: (1) Adults lost more Na⁺ and Cl⁻ from sweat than children. (2) Children's thirst intensity and drink preferences increased in response to minimal dehydration levels. (3) Grape was the most desirable drink. (4) Children spontaneously overhydrated following hypohydration induced by exercise. (5) Compared to water, CHO-electrolyte drinks had no effect on thermoregulation, performance, and perceptual responses of children who were kept euhydrated while exercising in the heat.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Free Vibrations of Skirt Supported Pressure Vessels

contributor:
Levinson, M.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract: The free vibrations of skirt supported pressure vessels are studied in this thesis; both cantilevered and fixed-pinned systems are considered. A hierarchy of models, ranging from a rigid mass (vessel) supported by massless Euler-Bernoulli beam (skirt) to a model in which both components are represented by Timoshenko beams, is subjected to analysis. Several typical numerical examples are considered for both sets of boundary conditions. The results of these calculations indicate that whereas the cantilevered system may be modeled with fair accuracy, compared to the most sophisticated model considered, by a rigid mass supported by a massless beam capable of undergoing shear deformation, it is necessary to model all components of the fixed-pinned system by Timsoshenko beams, i.e. the most sophisticated model considered. The first two mode shapes for all models of a typical case of each configuration are shown. Finally, some comments on the modeling and analysis of specific realistic systems are made.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Characterisation of a low-affinity melatonin binding site in Syrian hamster brain

contributor:
Niles, L. P.
Medical Sciences, Neurosciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Neurosciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: The pharmacology of 2-(¹²⁵I) iodomelatonin ((¹²⁵I) MEL) binding was investigated in Syrian hamster brain regions. Both kinetic and saturation binding analysis revealed a site with an affinity of ≅2 nM in the hypothalamus. Correlation of the pharmacological profiles in different brain regions indicated this site also to be present in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This binding site appeared to be present throughout the CNS and peripheral tissues of the hamster and is distinct from the picomolar-affinity melatonin receptor. Using the technique of radiation inactivation, the molecular sizes of the chick retinal picomolar-affinity melatonin receptor (Mᵣ = 44 kDa) and hamster hypothalamic low (nanomolar)-affinity binding site (Mᵣ = 30 kDa) were found to be significantly (p<0.04) different. This, along with the pharmacological differences, supports the notion of two separate melatonin binding sites. Binding studies indicated that the continuous cell line RPMI 1846 (Syrian hamster melanoma) possesses a melatonin binding site similar to that found in the hamster CNS. A high correlation was observed for a series of compounds between the Kᵢ in hamster hypothalamic membranes vs RPMI 1846 membranes. Scatchard-Rosenthal analysis of saturation binding of (¹²⁵I) MEL to membranes indicated a site of similar affinity to that in brain. This cell line was used to study potential signal transduction mechanisms for the site. No effect of melatonin was seen on basal or forskolin-stimulated membrane adenylate cyclase activity. Using (³H) adenine and (³H) myo-inositol prelabelling of cells, melatonin was found to be without effect on in situ basal or stimulated cAMP or basal IP₃ levels. In ⁴⁵Ca-flux experiments, melatonin was without effect on basal or K⁺-stimulated uptake in hamster brain synaptosomes or basal uptake in RPMI 1846 cells. This nanomolar-affinity melatonin binding site therefore does not seem to be coupled to the adenylate cyclase or inositol phosphate second messenger systems and its biochemical and physiological function(s) remain(s) unknown.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: POSSIBLE BASEMENT INFLUENCE ON CRETACEOUS CARDIUM SAND BODY ORIENTATIONS IN THE GARRINGTON AREA, ALBERTA BASIN

contributor:
Walker, R. G.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation contains extremely long, linear sandstone and conglomerate bodies. Four of the most linear are; Caroline, Garrington, Crossfield and Lochend; they trend northwest -southeast. The factors controll ing the linearity of these sandbodies, which are presently interpreted to be incised shorefaces, have been questioned. Jones (1980) proposed that the orientation of these sandbodies is dictated by vertical faults in the basement that have effectively controlled the position of the Cardium oil fie lds. Hart and Plint (1993) suggested that remobilized basement structures during Cardium times affected the orientation of these sandbodies. Fourteen continuous stratigraph intervals from the top of the Mannville to the base of the Belly River were studied in the Garrington area by correlation of 797 resistivity well logs. Regional and residual trends were observed in isopach, quadratic trend surface, and residual maps. Residual trends occur at oblique angles to regional trends, which would indicate differing factors affecting local and regional sedimentation. Regional thinning trends were observed from SW - NE in Layers 4-2, 6-4, 12-11, 13-12, and 15-14; SE - NW in Layers 7-6, and 9-8; W - E in Layers 8-7, 11 -10, and 14-13; NW - SE in Layer 10-9; and NE - SW in Layer 16-15. No trends were found to penetrate through the stratigraphic layers, suggesting that underlying basement control was not important. Basement movements would have to propagate through 2.2 to 3.5 km of Phanerozoic sediment in order to influence the orientation of the Cardium sandbodies in the study area. Thus, the present sedimentological interpretation of these sandbodies, namely incised shorefaces deposited during a lowstand and then abandoned on the shelf during the following transgression, appears adequate.

abstract: Bachelor of Science (BSc)


title: Explanations for the tendency of women and elderly people to feel unsafe while out alone in their neighbourhoods at night

contributor:
Richardson, R.J.
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: It has been observed that women and elderly people in Britain, Canada, and the United States of America are more likely to feel unsafe while out alone in their neighbourhoods at night than men and younger people are. Explanations for this phenomenon are developed and tested in this dissertation. Some of the explanations are developed on the basis of three causes that scholars have postulated to account for people feeling unsafe while out alone in their neighbourhoods at night: fear of crime, perceived risks of criminal victimization, and perceived vulnerability to crime. Other explanations are developed on the basis of arguments put forward to account for fear of crime. According to these explanations, women and elderly people are especially likely to feel unsafe, either due to their intending to avoid criminal victimization, or due to their social positions, their exposure to incivility, and their disenchantment with their communities' enforcement of civility. Moment structure models are devised to express the various explanations for the tendency of women and elderly people to feel unsafe. The models are tested using data from the British Crime Surveys of 1984 and the Fear of Crime in America Survey of 1990. None of the explanations that are examined cover the data.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Sedimentology and allostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Lea Park - Belly River transition in central Alberta, Canada

contributor:
Walker, Roger G.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The proposition of this dissertation is that the coastal sediments of the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Lea Park-Belly River transition were deposited in fine-grained, sandy "braid deltas", in which a maze of shallow channels would distribute sediment all along the shoreline. Rather than having one major fluvial distributary depositing the delta, the deltaic shoreline is interpreted to have been created by numerous smaller fluvial systems simultaneously depositing sediment at the shoreline. The massive-to-laminated beds are interpreted to have been deposited by turbidity currents which carried very large amounts of sand in suspension. These turbidity currents were most likely generated by slumping of pre-deposited delta mouth sediments, but may also have formed as hyperpycnal fluvial density currents. The deltaic coastal systems are laterally equivalent to thick units of fluvial and associated non-marine sediments to the west. These fluvial systems were undoubtedly supplying the deltaic shorelines further to the east. Sediments indicative of both fine-grained, meandering fluvial systems and coarser-grained, higher energy fluvial systems are present within the study area. The shoreline cycles are laterally equivalent to incised fluvial sediments, which in some locations sit directly on fine-grained marine shelf sediments. This combination of sharply-based shoreline cycles and incised fluvial sediments is interpreted to be indicative of forced regressions, where a relative drop in sea level causes the shoreline to move rapidly basinward. This interpretation of rapid drops in relative sea level indicates that the regressive-transgressive cyclicity of the Lea Park-Belly River transition was allocyclically controlled. The overall time frame for deposition of all eight cycles within the study area is thought to be on the order of 1.0-1.25 million years, indicating that the Lea Park-Belly River cycles were deposited in response to fourth-order fluctuations in relative sea level. The underlying control of these fluctuations is speculative, but they may be due to fluctuations in subsidence rates due to active loading in the Cordillera acting in concert with a third-order drop in relative sea level. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Growth and characterization of electrodeposited zinc sulphide and chemical vapour atomic layer deposited zinc oxide, sulphide, and oxysulphide thin films

contributor:
Kitai, A.H.
Materials Science

subject:
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract: Thin films of ZnS and ZnO(1-x)Sx were prepared by electrodeposition and chemical vapour atomic layer deposition (CVALD), respectively. This represents the first effort to apply the technique of electrodeposition to ZnS for the purposes of electroluminescence. This is also the first time thin films of ZnO(1-x)Sx were grown by CVALD and represents the first analysis of how the films properties vary with a known stoichiometry. Characterization methods performed on the thin films include: Auger spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, Hall measurements and uv/visible transmittance. The as electrodeposited films were nearly stoichiometric but conductive and oriented in a <200> direction. After annealing the films became discontinuous and lost their crystallinity, but their absorption characteristics more closely resembled that of evaporated films. Ion implantation with Mn was successful and the films exhibited yellow-orange cathodoluminescence. The value of x in the formula ZnO(1-x)Sx could be varied from 0 to 0.95 by changing the amount of hydrogen sulphide admitted to the reaction chamber. Films with values of x near 0 grow in the <200> direction (of ZnO) and have a fine grained structure. As the value of x increases the films become more and more amorphous but split into a two phase structure close to x = 0.55. At this point the films exhibit a minimum bandgap. As x increases further the films become one phase again and become oriented into the <111> direction of ZnS. The cathodoluminescent characteristics of these films also change with x. When x is zero the films appear to luminescence green or yellow depending on the deposition temperature. Even 5% S removes this luminescence however and the spectrum is dominated by a peak in the red. This peak steadily decreases then increases again as x increases.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation at Seebe Alberta, Shallow Marine Storm Deposits

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The Cardium Formation in the study area can be defined by twelve different facies. Ordering of facies forms five coarsening upward cycles. Three different 'cycle types are present. The two thicker ones are characterized by 1) basal Bioturbated Siltstone Facies, grading up into 2) various interbedded siltstones and hummocky cross-stratified (H.C.S.) sandstone facies; followed by 3) more massive Bioturbated Sandstone Facies in one cycle type, and H.C.S. Sandstone Facies in the other. These two cycle types terminate sharply with or without a conglomerate veneer. The third cycle type consists of 1) Less Bioturbated Shale Facies which coarsens upward into 2) Bioturbated Siltstone Facies and the cycle is terminated by 3) Concretionary Conglomerate Facies. H.C.S. is a newly-defined sedimentary structure formed by long period storm waves, and commonly preserved below fairweather wave base. In the Cardium, the abundance of H.C.S. accompanied by small wave ripples, graded bedding, and a deeper water fauna (together with the absence of medium scale cross bedding) suggests deposition below fairweather wave base. Near-shore sediment is entrained by powerful storm-surge bottom currents. Storm waves feeling the bottom imprint H.C.S. on these density current deposits. Fairweather conditions cannot rework the H.C.S. and produce only bioturbated siltstones and shales. The main ichnofauna is a Rhizocorallium-Zoophycos assemblage with abundant Chondrites and some Ophiomorpha. This suggests a depositional environment well off-shore in deeper water, which agrees with the interpretation derived from the H.C.S. The foraminiferal assemblage also suggests an open marine rather than nearshore environment.

abstract: Bachelor of Science (BSc)


title: Crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase

contributor:
Yang, Daniel S.C.
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract: Single crystals of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus subtilis were grown by vapor diffusion at 23℃ from 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.0 solutions containing polyethylene glycol 8000, magnesium ATP and L-tryptophan. The crystals diffracted to 2.9 A (55% complete with 14885 accepted reflections two times above the sigma level and Rsym = 5.4%) at -180℃, and belong to the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with unit cell dimensions: a = 145.09 ± 0.12 A, b = 108.56 ± 0.12 A, c = 49.37 ± 0.06 A and one dimer in the asymmetric unit. The refined model of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was used as a starting model for molecular replacement. Cross-rotation and translation functions calculated at various resolutions ranges produced a unique solution 4 and 15 times the r.m.s. level, respectively. The crystal structure of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, complexed with the tryptophanyl adenylate intermediate has been refined to a crystallographic R-value of 23.4% for reflections between 8 and 3.1 A. In the final model, the root-mean-square deviation from ideality for bond distances is 0.02 A and for angles is 4.6°. Each monomer contains two domains: an α/β domain consisting of five parallel β-strands (residues 1 to 180) and a helical domain (residues 181 to 326). Residues 181 to 295 which are located in surface loops in the helical domains have high thermal factors and unfavourable dihedral angles. The substrate, Trp-AMP, binds in a deep pocket ~20 A long in the middle of the α/β domain. The indole and adenine rings of Trp and AMP are positioned close to hydrophobic residues located at the bottom of the pocket. The hydroxyl groups of the ribose ring, the carbonyl oxygen and amide nitrogen of Trp are bound to the top of the pocket within hydrogen bonding distance to Asn18 and Gln147, respectively. The results of point mutations in the vicinity of the active site are examined in light of this structure.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Ichnology and Paleoecology of the Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation at Seebe, Alberta

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The Cardium at Seebe is definable in terms of five ichnofacies which correlate with the twelve sedimentological facies of Wright (1980). A revised species list of the ichnofauna has been constructed and is used along with sedimentological data to develop the paleoenvironment at Seebe. The five ichnofacies differ in grain size, sediment type and degree of bioturbation. Totally bioturbated sands and shales reflect long periods of environmental stability during which communities of varying diversity were established. Where traces are preserved best, namely on the upper surfaces of the previously defined cycles 2 and 3, community analyses were performed. These analyses indicate a general correlation between diversity and environmental stability following the storm deposition of sands. Conditions under which non-bioturbated sands were deposited are also discussed. This is the first analysis of the ichnofauna at Seebe and as such it includes a detailed study of the systematic ichnology of the area. Ichnologically, the Cardium at Seebe represents a mid-shelf environment populated largely by deposit feeders. The ichnocoenoses are within the Cruziana-Zoophycos assemblage which is characteristic of deeper water. These are best developed on the upper surfaces of the storm dominated sands. The paleoecological observations are concurrent with Wright's sedimentological observations in as much as they suggest an open marine rather than a nearshore environment.

abstract: Bachelor of Science (BSc)


title: Relativistic treatments of the nucleon-nucleon system

contributor:
Nogami, Y.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: The relativistically minimalist Breit equation is used to study the two-nucleon system. Generally, the equation is noncovariant and its realm of applicability is limited. It is not a field-theoretical equation but, at low energy, it was thought to be a promising candidate to explore the scheme of repulsive vector and attractive scalar interactions as the dominant ingredient of the two-nucleon interaction. In the ¹S₀ singlet case, the equation does indeed seem viable. Dynamically sound interactions and a reasonable fit of the scattering data arise. In a specific application, the discrepancy between the ¹S₀ isovector scattering lengths of the p-p and n-n interactions is explored. This novel charge-symmetry-breaking (CSB) mechanism enlarges the discrepancy between the two lengths, implying a still larger correction is required by other documented (CSB) mechanisms. An all-encompassing model of the ³S₁-³D₁ state is, on the other hand, not achieved. Models which best fit the experimental deuteron and elastic scattering data, are unphysical. The vector coupling is driven strongly negative and a dominant interference mechanism arises involving the entirely phenomenological short range OPEP. It was hoped that this parametrized short range OPEP would remain benign while the scalar/vector interference scheme took a lead role. Instead the constraint of avoiding Klein paradox difficulties defeats this picture and achieves the short-range repulsion in the N-N force by ramping up the phenomenological OPEP. It is finally argued that the Breit framework almost certainly does not lend itself to an adequate description of the N-N system. It does, however, point to novel relativistic elements which may ultimately resolve celebrated outstanding problems such as the a_t-r_m discrepancy. The triplet scattering length a_t and deuteron matter-radius r_m are tightly correlated and resistant to simultaneous fitting in conventional models. The p-wave amplitudes of the lower components of a relativistic framework offer a potential means of resolution.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Scaling Limit of Lattice Trees Above Eight Dimensions

contributor:
Slade, G.
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract:
This work is concerned with the behavior of n-bond trees in a regular d dimensional lattice for large n. A lattice tree is, by definition, a connected cluster of bonds with no closed loops.

The results presented herein are for a 'spread-out' model in d > 8; this model differs from the nearest-neighbour model in that the 'bonds' are chosen uniformly from {x,y ∈ Zᵈ : max₁≤ᵢ≤d |xᵢ-yᵢ| ≤ L} where L will be taken large enough for a variant of the lace expansion (as adapted in [HS3 & 4]) to converge.

By way of comparison, it has been recently proved [HS1] via the lace expansion that, above 4 dimensions, n step self-avoiding walks on the hypercubic lattice Zᵈ converge (in distribution) to Brownian motion when space is scaled down by n½, and n tends to infinity.

If we let tn(0,x) be the number of n bond trees connecting 0 and x, we can take its Fourier series tn(k):

[equation removed]

where k ∈ [-π,π]ᵈ. We prove that for L sufficiently large and d>8 for the spread-out model,

[equation removed]

where D is related to the mean radius of gyration. This would correspond in x space to scaling space down by n¼ where n is the size of a tree as measured by the number of bonds it contains.

Similar calculations are carried out for trees connecting m points. The resulting distributions turn out to be exactly the characteristic functions of the measures D. Aldous conjectured in his 1993 J.S.P. paper regarding the embedding of random continuum trees in Rᵈ --which are themselves related to variant of super Brownian motion known as integrated super-Brownian excursion (ISE).

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Design criteria for an EEG Alpha Rhythm Monitor

contributor:
Kennett, T. J.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: Design criteria for construction of a device for monitoring the frequency of the alpha rhythm of the human EEG are presented in this thesis. Power spectral analysis is implemented on a minicomputer system and its limitations are illustrated. The need for a form of pattern recognition of alpha activity is revealed and satisfied subsequently by use of amplitude and duration discrimination. These techniques along with zero-crossing analysis constitute the main ideas which are recommended in the monitor design.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Malcolm X : a man ahead of his time

contributor:
Lentner, H. H.
Political Science

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Structure and Reactivity of the 1,3-Dioxolan-2-ylium Ion System

contributor:
Childs, R.F.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
The 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium ion is an important intermediate occurring in many carbohydrate transformations. The system has been widely studied, yet conflicting views on the effect of substituents on the ground state structure of 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium ions have been presented. This thesis embodies the results of a series of investigations, utilizing a number of complementary techniques, to examine the effect of substitution on the structure and reactivity of a homologous series of 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium ions.

The possible use of the 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium system as a model for the transition state structures of nucleophilic displacement reactions has been explored. The intramolecular nucleophilic attack of an acetate group on a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium ion has been investigated for a series of C(4)-aryl substituted cations. A Hammett study revealed that this isomerization reaction proceeds via a step-wise mechanism involving a carbenium ion intermediate. In contrast, when the C(4) substituent is hydrogen or methyl, a concerted isomerization mechanism is operative, as revealed by semi-empirical calculations. It is suggested that when the C(4) substituent is sufficiently electron donating, the system may adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry and hence may serve as a model for the Sn2 transition state.

Dual substituent parameter (DSP) correlations were used to establish the dependence of the ¹³C chemical shifts of the 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium ion system on the electron donating power of the C(4)-aryl substituent. These correlations support the inclusion of an ionic resonance contributor to the ground state description of the system. The weight given to the ionic resonance contributor increases with better electron donating C(4)-substituents.

X-ray crystallography has been used to determine the solid state structures of two 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylium ion salts with different C(4) substituents. The changes in bond lengths observed in going from a hydrogen to a phenyl substituent at C(4) are partly attributed to the increased importance of the ionic resonance structure in the aryl system.

Semi-empirical calculations at the AM1 level revealed the effects of differential C(4)-substitution. Better electron donating substituents lowered the isomerization barrier and increased the relative importance of the ionic resonance contributor in the ground state, in accord with the experimentally determined results. The ability of a CF₃ substituent at C(2) to achieve similar changes in structure and reactivity was also established.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Decompositions of complete multipartite graphs and group divisible designs into isomorphic factors

contributor:
Rosa, Alexander
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract:
A multipartite graph Km₁, m₂, ..., mr (group divisible design GDD) is (t,d)-decomposable if it can be decomposed into t factors with the same diameter d. The graph Km₁, m₂, ..., mr (design GDD) is (t,d)-isodecomposable if the factors are moreover isomorphic. Km₁, m₂, ..., mr (GDD) is admissible for a given t if its number of edges (or blocks) is divisible by t. fr(t,d) or gr(t,d), respectively, is the minimum number of vertices of a (t,d)-decomposable or (t,d)-isodecomposable complete r-partite graph, respectively. gr(t,d) is the minimum number such that for every p ≥ gr(t,d) there exists a (t,d)-isodecomposable r-partite graph with p vertices, and hr(t,d) is the minimum number such that all admissible r-partite graphs with p ≥ hr (t,d) vertices are (t,d)-isodecomposable.

We completely determine the spectrum of all bipartite and tripartite (2,d)-isodecomposable graphs. We show that f₂(2,d) = g₂(2,d) = g₂(2,d) =h₂(2,d) and f₃(2,d) = g₃(2,d) = g₃(2,d) for each d, that is possible, while h₃(2,2) = ∞ (i.e., for any given p, there is an admissible graph with more than p vertices which is not (2,2)-isodecomposable), h₃(2,3) = g₃(2,3) +2, h₃(2,4) = g₃(2,4) and h₃(2,5) = g₃(2,5) + 1.

For complete four-partite graphs we completely determine the spectrum of (2, d)-isodecomposable graphs with at most one odd part. For the remaining admissible graphs, namely for those with all odd parts, we show that there is no such (2,5)-isodecomposable graph. For d = 2,3,4 we solve the problem in this class completely for the graphs Kn,n,n,m and Kn,n,m,m.

For all r ≥ 5 we determine smallest (2,d)-isodecomposable r-partite graphs for all possible diameters and show that also in these cases always gr(2,d) = gr'(2,d). Some values of hr(2,d) are also determined.

We furthermore prove that if a GDD with r ≥ 3 groups is (2,d)-isodecomposable, then d ≤ 4 or d = ∞. We show that for every admissible n there exists a (2,3)- and (2,4)-isodecomposable 3 - GDD(n,3), i.e., a GDD with 3 groups of cardinality n and block size 3.

Finally, we determine the spectrum of the designs 3 - GDD(n,3) which are decomposable into unicyclic factors.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Targeting and Import of the Peroxisomal 3-Ketoacyl-CoA Thiolase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

contributor:
Rachubinski, Richard A.
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract: The mechanism by which subcellular organelles are assembled is one of the fundamental problems of eukaryotic cell biology and biochemistry. Proteins synthesized in the cytosol are targeted to the appropriate membrane by signals usually encrypted in some primary sequence segment. Many peroxisomal proteins are targeted by the C-terminal tripeptides which are identical to or conserved variants of Ser-Lys-Leu. Mammalian peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases are targeted by a cleavable N-terminal presequence. In this thesis the targeting of Soccharomyces cerevisiae thiolase was investigated. The N-terminal 16 amino acids of S. cerevisiae thiolase were shown to be both necessary and sufficient for peroxisomal targeting in yeast. Unlike mammalian thiolases, the native thiolase of S. cerevisiae is not detectably modified by cleavage of the targeting sequence. Several amino acid residues within the targeting region that are conserved among all thiolases were altered by mutagenesis, and three critical residues were identified- Arg4, Leu5, and Leu12. A novel approach was used to demonstrate that prior to translocation into peroxisomes, thiolase can form dimers. A targeted subunit could mediate the import of a cytosolic variant of thiolase by this means. The implications of this observation with respect to the conformation of thiolase prior to and during translocation are discussed.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Representations of the Body and the Self in Samuel Richardson's Clarissa and Selected Works of Succeeding Writers

contributor:
Blewett, David L.
English

subject:
English Language and Literature
English Language and Literature

abstract:
Ever since its first publication in 1747-48, Richardson's Clarissa has generated a variety of critical responses, in spite of the author's claim of transparency in his characterization and his attempts at directing the novel's reception. It is the objective of this thesis to expose and explore the contradictions and ambiguities which are inherent in Richardson's novel, to determine their origins, and to trace them in selected works of subsequent writers.

Informed by Foucauldian methodology, this thesis concentrates not only on the examination of the novel's discursive context and cultural-historical background but also on the investigation of particular, occasionally neglected, themes, such as gender, the body, power, technologies of the self, and friendship. Such an approach provides a new way of looking at Clarissa, as it presents the novel as located within a specific cultural context while at the same time influenced by various literary traditions as well as mythological notions and concepts; it further shows that Richardson's characterization fails to convey the author's professed didactic intentions.

The scope of the research extends to three areas of investigation. First, the thesis explores a variety of discourses, fictional and non-fictional, which preceded Clarissa or were written at about the same time and points out the way in which Richardson appropriated them and the degree to which they influenced his work. These different, at times, conflicting, discourses assisted in rendering the novel complex and occasionally led to contradictions in the text. Second, concentrating on the protagonists of Clarissa, the thesis explores, in a textual analysis of the novel, issues of characterization. The notion that Clarissa and Lovelace are strict binary opposites - Richardson had designed them as such - is exposed as problematic. Instead, it will be seen not only that the contradictions and ambiguities within the two protagonists work against their depiction as transparent, clear-cut characters but also that Clarissa and Lovelace are in many ways similar. They are similar because both are placed within the same discursive systems - such as the medical or the religious and because Richardson could not resist his personal involvement with his creation. Third, the thesis shows that the complexities of Richardson's novel become further apparent through the different ways in which successive writers responded to this work. Concentrating on selected novels by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Sophie von La Roche, and Mary Wollstonecraft, the thesis contends that subsequent novelists expose problematic areas in Clarissa, either by following in Richardson's footsteps or by responding to his work in an innovative fashion.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: THE BUDDHIST CONCEPTION OF OMNISCIENCE

contributor:
Murti, T.R.V.
Religion

subject:
History of Religions of Eastern Origins
History of Religions of Eastern Origins

abstract: As its central purpose, the thesis outlines the Buddhist conception of human omniscience as developed by the philosophers of later Vijnanavada Buddhism, i.e., DharmakIrti, Prajnakaragupta Santarakita and Kamalasila. It attempts to show how those philosophers dialectically established the possibility of human omniscience and the omniscience of the Buddha. The concept of human omniscience was introduced into Indian philosophy because of the religious controversies between Heterodox (Nastika) schools, such as Jainism and Buddhism, and Orthodox (Astika) schools, especially Nyaya-Vaiseika, Sankhya-Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta. The Mimamsakas began the argument with claims for the omniscience of the Vedas; the Naiyayikas followed with the attribution of omniscience to God. When the Buddhists, in turn, maintained the omniscience of the Buddha, the Mimamsakas raised objections to the concept of human omniscience, the omniscience of the Buddha, of God, and of any human religious teacher. In order to refute these objections and to assert once again the superiority of the Buddha and his teachings of Dharma, the later Buddhist philosophers sought to dialectically established the concept of human omniscience. The Buddhist argument was the product of constant interaction and debate with other Indian religious and philosophical schools, and it is clear that omniscience was and continues to be one of the pivotal topics for all schools of Indian philosophy. The Buddhists have used logical arguments to support the concept of human omniscience. They have established the omniscience of the Buddha using the logical methods of presumption and inference. They have provided the answers from the Buddhist point of view to the Mimamsakas' objections against the concepts of human omniscience and the omniscience of the Buddha. The Buddhists maintain that an omniscient person perceives all objects of the world simultaneously in a single cognitive moment. They have also argued that only an omniscient person can teach Dharma. The aim of the Buddhists was to prove the superiority of Buddhism among all religions, because it is based on the teachings of an omniscient being. In brief, this thesis outlines the development of the concept of omniscience, which the Buddhists hold to be the necessary and sufficient condition for perception of supersensuous truths such as Dhatma.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Censored Subjects: Indirection on the English Renaissance Stage

contributor:
Morton, Richard
English

abstract:
This study examines eight Renaissance plays containing the bodily figurations of madness, ghosts, death, and violence. My thesis is that these figurations can be best understood using a psycho-semiotic theoretical approach employing concepts devised by Jacques Lacan and by Julia Kristeva--especially their concepts of "Otherness" and "abjection."

I contend that the audiences of each of these plays, in responding to the staged tensions between the social and the corporeal identities of the subject--that is, between the social Other and the psychic other--would particularly recognize the inadequacy of language to voice the central concerns of the play. My thesis questions the representational power of the word for the mortified bodies staged in the "non-verbal" register of madness, ghosts, death, and violence, who refute the unfitting misrepresentations of Symbolic signification and who refuse to be alienated in its system. The compensatory bodily performance in the "non-verbal" register interrogates what language does to, and what it fails to do for, the subjects who use it. My readings explore the linguistic impediments to the self's disclosure--they deconstruct the symbolically constructed subject to show how much of the subject is excluded from conventional characterizations.

The first chapter outlines my critical approach. Subsequent chapters consist of readings of the individual plays: The Maids Tragedie, Phila∫ter, Bu∫∫y D'Ambois, The Spanish Tragedie, The Tragedie of Philotas, The Tragedy of the Dvtchesse of Malfy, 'Tis Pitty Shee's a Whore, and The Atheist's Tragedie. I believe that the conditions of the Renaissance theatre--the great variety of weekly performances, ad hoc rehearsals and spontaneous player modifications--would have compelled the playwright to stress key phrases and key ideas that are readily translated to the performance text of the play from the written one. It is a focus on these key elements that directs the present study.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Role and mechanism of action of tyrosine kinases in mammary tumorigenesis

contributor:
Muller, W.J.
Health Sciences

subject:
Other Medicine and Health Sciences
Other Medicine and Health Sciences

abstract:
Overexpression and amplification of the neu proto-oncogene have been implicated in the development of aggressive human breast cancer. To investigate the effect of mammary gland-specific expression of the neu protooncogene, transgenic mice carrying the unactivated neu gene under the transcriptional control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer were established. Overexpression of neu in the mammary tumors was associated with elevated Neu intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and the stochastic development of focal mammary tumors which frequently metastasized. These observations provide the first direct evidence that expression of the proto-oncogenic form of neu results in a heritable development of metastatic mammary tumors.

Another potent tyrosine kinase activity that has been implicated in the genesis of murine mammary tumors is that associated with polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyV MTAg). Expression of MMTV/PyV middle T antigen in the mammary glands of transgenic mice resulted in the induction of multifocal mammary tumors which frequently metastasized to the lung. The potent transforming activity of PyV MTAg can, in part, be attributed to its ability to associate with an activate a number of e-Src family tyrosine kinases (e-Src, e-Yes, and Fyn). In order to assess the role of individual members of the e-Src family of tyrosine kinases in PyV MTAg induced mammary tumorigenesis, I have crossed the MMTV/PyV middle T fusion gene with mice bearing disrupted c-src or e-yes alleles. Mice expressing the PyV middle T transgene in the absence of functional c-Src rarely developed metastatic mammary tumors. However, transgenic mice expressing the PyV MTAg in mammary epithelium lacking functional c-Yes developed multifocal mammary tumors with kinetics comparable to MMTV/PyV middle T strains possessing a functional c-Yes. These findings suggest that c-Src tyrosine kinase activity is required for PyV MTAg induced mammary tumorigenesis and also illustrate a in vivo genetic approach to dissect mitogenic signal transduction pathways.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns

contributor:
Drysdale, R.G.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The design of column cross sections for known axial loads and moments has reached the stage where practical methods give results which agree very closely with tests and with accurate analyses. However considerable uncertainty exists with regard to methods employed to take into account the effects of the additional moments caused by deflection of columns. Theoretical calculations can be used to accurately predict the loads at which material failure or column instability will occur. However designers require simpler techniques which are sufficiently general in nature to be equally applicable to the large variety of design cases.

The effect of column slenderness which is further complicated by consideration of creep under sustained load is the main topic of this study. It is suggested that a realistfc appraisal of design methods must be based on the idea of consistent safety factors. Thus slender columns subjected to sustained load must retain sufficient reserve capacity so that failure loads when compared to design loads provide equal safety factors. The National Building Code of Canada is being revised to include tho relevant provisions of tho ACI Standard 318-71(²). Tho columns analysed in this study were designed in accordance with ACI Standard 318-71. Comprehensive evaluation of the design parameters in the ACI method is given in this thesis along with conclusions and comments. It was observed that the ACI method does not yield consistent safety factors for the different values of the design parameters. The analyses and conclusions of this study are given in details in chapters (6) and (7).

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Diaminopolythiol complexes of technetium and rhenium

contributor:
L., C. J.
Chemistry

abstract: Interest in technetium chemistry is derived from the fact that it is a recently-discovered element and from the use of the isotope ⁹⁹ᵐTc as a radioactive label in diagnostic nuclear medicine. Rhenium belongs to the same group in the periodic table as technetium, which makes the two elements similar in terms of chemical properties. Diaminopolythiol ligands designed for chelation with technetium and rhenium have been synthesized and characterized. Methods of characterization included ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR, Raman and mass spectroscopy. Double resonance NMR experiments were carried out for confirmation of the NMR assignments. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was used in cases where suitable crystals could be isolated. The unexpected formation of oxo(2-(1'-methyl-1'-mercaptoethyl)-3-(5"-methyl-5"-mercapto-3"-dehydroazahexyl)-thiazolidinato-N³,N³",S¹', S⁵")technetium(V) (7) was reinvestigated. The complex was prepared previously and was thought to have the technetium atom bound to two nitrogen and three sulfur atoms giving a novel TcO(N2S3)¹ complex. The crystal structure determination of the complex showed that the third sulfur atom was not bound to technetium instead it formed a S-C bond to give a five-membered thiazolidine ring. It was shown in this work that the unexpected thiazolidine ring formation had taken place during the ligand synthesis and before the complex formation. The ligand N10-(thioethanoyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethy-3,4-dithia-7, 10-diazabicyclo(5.3.0)decane (10), was synthesized in a multi-step procedure. The reaction of (10) with ReO(P(Ph)₃)₂Cl₃ led to the unexpected formation of the novel asymmetric Re(V)ON2S2 complex, oxo(1,1-dimethyl-3-aza-6-amidooctane-1,8-dithiolato)rhenium(V) (11). Complex (11) was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and IR and Raman spectroscopy. Throughout this thesis the nomenclature NXSY, where X and Y are not subscripts, indicate an organic ligand with X nitrogen atoms and Y sulfur atoms.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Modelling activated sludge treatment of petroleum and petrochemical wastes

contributor:
Dold, P.L.
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The objective of this study was to establish the general framework of a comprehensive dynamic mechanistic mathematical model for predicting the behaviour of an activated sludge plant treating petroleum/petrochemical industrial wastewaters. Specifically, the aim was to develop two activated sludge mechanistic models which predicted the behaviour of systems treating: (1) petroleum refinery wastewater, and (2) petrochemical refinery wastewater. The wastewater treatment plants at two industrial facilities in Ontario were used to develop these models.

A review of the literature identified that mechanistic models were not available for industrial activated sludge plants, but there was extensive information on the development and application of such model to municipal treatment systems i.e. the ASMI model developed by the IAWPRC (Henza et al., 1987). The development of models for the municipal systems served as a valuable resource for developing these models, but extensive differences between the two types of wastewaters meant that it could not be applied directly to predicting the behaviour of these systems.

The premise for developing these two industrial models was based on the fact that the types of contaminants treated in petroleum and petrochemical refineries have similar characteristics. Both types of systems are based on the processing of crude oil or its derivatives. Therefore, if the contaminants have similar properties, it was hypothesized that the removal mechanisms of the different compounds would also be similar. For example, removal precesses such as volatilization, sulphur oxidation, degradation of oils and greases, and degradation of inhibitory compounds such as phenolics are characteristic of these industrial facilities. As a result it was possible to develop a model structure which would apply t to the activated sludge treatment of various petroleum/petrochemical wastewaters. This study illustrates these points as they apply to the two selected facilities.

In general, development of a mechanistic model involved:

(1) Identifying model components; and, (2) Identifying model processes.

Once these model elements were determined, the model was formulated into a mathematical structure. In terms of the development of an activated sludge mechanistic model the following steps were identified as necessary parts of the process and were applied to the development of each of the activated sludge models in this study:

(1) Selection of model structure and complexity, (2) Gathering of experimental data, (3) Mathematical model formulation, and (4) Model calibration and verification.

The first stage in the study was the development of the petroleum refinery model in order to establish the model structure. In an earlier study (Baker, 1993), an experimental programme designed especially to provide the data necessary for model development was conducted. Using this data the model structure was developed for activated sludge treatment of petroleum refinery wastewaters. Once the model structure was in place, the data were used to calibrate the model predictions to the known system behaviour monitored during the experimental programme. This involved determining values for the different stoichiometric and kinetic coefficients included in the model. By adjusting the values of the parameters until they match observed system behaviour, a single set of values was established which enabled the model to predict adequately system behaviour.

With the experience gained during development of the petroleum refinery model, development of the petrochemical model followed a different approach. The petroleum refinery model provided a structure on which to base the petrochemical model. Therefore, only limited experimentation was conducted to collect the necessary data to determine the important components and processes to include in the model. This experimental programme was performed at the petrochemical facility, and data collected during this study were supplemented with data monitored on the full-scale system. The core of the experimentation involved performing a series of batch tests in which activated sludge was mixed with individual influent streams and the response of the mixture with respect to OUR, filtered COD, and filtered TKN was measured over time. These tests provided data on the kinetic response of the petrochemical system. This data was used to calibrate the model to the behaviour of the petrochemical facility. The result was a model capable of predicting the response of the petrochemical system with reasonable accuracy.

A final stage of the study was to illustrate the advantages of having modelling tools of these systems. One key advantage is to be able to simulate system behaviour on a computer scale before testing operating strategies on a full-scale system. To illustrate a practical application of these models, the petrochemical model was used to determine those modes of operation which provided better system response in terms of effluent COD and VOC air emissions for this particular plant. A range of operating configurations and operating conditions were simulated in the model. Another application of activated sludge models which was not considered in this study was to assist in the design of new wastewater treatment systems.

In conclusion, this study developed two activated sludge models for the treatment of (1) the petroleum refinery system, and (2) the petrochemical refinery system. It illustrated the methodology required to develop models of these type of industrial wastewater treatment facilities. With the framework established for the treatment of petroleum based wastewaters, the development of a model for a different petroleum/petrochemical treatment systems can be accomplished with limited experimentation. The approach applied to the development of the petrochemical activated sludge system model can be utilized. This was a valuable contribution of this work.

In achieving these objectives, the study also consolidated current knowledge on the response of these systems. As a result, a better understanding of system behaviour and the important removal mechanisms associated with treatment of petroleum/petrochemical wastewaters was attained. The differences between municipal wastewater treatment and petroleum wastewater treatment became apparent during the course of the study and confirmed the need for separate models from the IAWPRC ASMI model.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 3201: Primordial Binaries and Tidal Dynamics

contributor:
Welch, D. L.
Astrophysics

subject:
Astrophysics and Astronomy
Astrophysics and Astronomy

abstract: 1859 radial velocities (median precision ≃ 1 km s⁻¹) have been measured for 1318 stars in the direction of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 3201. Since the systemic radial velocity for NGC 3201 is 494.2 km s⁻¹, the field and cluster samples separate unambiguously into two distinct samples. Analysis of the radial velocities and APM/CCD photometry for the 879 field stars in our sample has revealed the presence of a probable moving group of ~ 13 stars with radial velocity 75 km s⁻¹ at a distance of 6 - 12 kpc. For the cluster members, we have multiple velocities for 279 stars (known photometric variables excluded) spread over a maximum of six years. Comparison of the observed velocities to simulated datasets containing known numbers of binaries has yielded upper limits to the true binary fraction (for binaries with 0.1 ≤ P ≤ 5 - 10 years and mass ratios in the range 0.1-1.0) of 0.06-0.10 (circular orbits) and 0.15-0.18 (eccentric orbits), consistent with the corresponding incidence among nearby solar-type stars and among a sample of six other Galactic globular clusters with measured binary fractions. NGC 3201 appears to be rotating with an apparent projected rotation amplitude of 1.22±0.25 km s⁻¹. The observed increase in ostensible rotation amplitude with distance from the cluster core may, however, be due to either the projection of the cluster space velocity onto the plane of the sky, or the preferential stripping of stars on prograde orbits near the limiting radius due to the disk-shocking instability identified by Oh and Lin (1992). BV CCD images have been used to derive cluster surface brightness profiles which extend out to ≃ 18. These profiles and the 399 mean radial velocities for nonvariable cluster members have been analysed using both single- and multi-mass King-Michie models and nonparametric techniques. Both methods suggest that the cluster mass-to-light ratio is relatively flat in the range 1.5 - 10 pc: M/Ls ≃ M/Lv = 2.0±0.2 in solar units. The best-fit mass function has a spectral index of x ≃ 0.75 ± 0.25, consistent with recent findings that the form of the mass function depends on the position relative to the potential of the Galaxy.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: NEUROGENIC CONTROL OF CANINE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE: COMPARISON OF THE NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED HYPERRESPONSIVE STATES

contributor:
Daniel, E.E.
Biomedical Sciences

subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Medicine and Health Sciences

abstract:
Asthma is a disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AH) to various spasmogens. Ozone-inhalation causes transient AH of human and canine airway smooth muscle (ASM) and has therefore been used as a model of AH. The mechanism(s) underlying ozone-induced or asthma-related AH are not completely understood, but there is a growing body of evidence that there is a causal relationship between airway inflammation and AH.

In these studies, the mechanisms regulating canine bronchial smooth muscle (3rd to 5th order) activity were investigated using intracellular microelectrodes (to monitor electrical activity) and muscle baths (to monitor mechanical activity). The effects of ozone-inhalation and inflammatory mediators on regulation of ASM tone were also investigated.

Excitation of ASM (membrane depolarization and contraction) was elicited by activation of muscarinic receptors or thromboxane receptors; the former were found to be of the M₃-subtype. The data indicated that pharmacomechanical (rather than electromechanical) coupling was involved.

Inhibition of ASM was found to be initiated by activation of β-adrenoceptors; these were found to be predominantly of the β₁-subtype, though there was evidence that some β₂-adrenoceptors were also involved. There was evidence of physiological antagonism between cholinergic receptor-mediated excitation and adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition due to reciprocal effects on adenylate cyclase.

Release of acetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve endings was antagonized by activation of muscarinic receptors (M₁-subtype) or adrenoceptors (both β₁- and β₂- subtypes), and potentiated by activation of thromboxane receptors; these receptor populations were presumed to be located on the nerve endings. There was indirect evidence that neurotransmitter-release was also antagonized by a cyclo-oxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid (presumably PGE₂).

Ozone-inhalation significantly enhanced contractions in response to electric stimulation, but did not significantly after those to exogenously-added cholinergic agonist or to KCl. This AH was prevented by indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor) or by L-670,596 (thromoboxane receptor antagonist). It was concluded that the mechanism underlying ozone-induced AH involved decreased prejunctional inhibition (mediated by PGE₂) and/or increased prejunctional excitation (mediated by TxA₂).

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Nitrogen balance and leucine kinetic approaches to the examination of protein requirements and protein metabolism in resistance athletes

contributor: Medical Sciences (Cell Biology and Metabolism)

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Previous work has demonstrated that resistance exercise may increase dietary protein (PRO) requirements to a varying degree. Much of these discrepancies probably arose from differences in training intensity, classification of exercise, habituation to a training stimulus, and methodological considerations such as: 1. inadequate dietary adaptation periods; 2. failure to measure routes of nitrogen (N) loss (i.e., sweat); 3. failure to measure the dietary PRO (nitrogen (N)) content; 4. collection periods too short to measure an impact of exercise (i.e., delay in N excretion due to dehydration); and 5. the use of measurements insensitive to short-term alterations in PRO metabolism (i.e., lean body mass estimate from skinfolds to assess changes in muscle mass over a week of treatment). In addition, there is a paucity of information quantitating the influence of acute and chronic resistance exercise on PRO turnover. The overall purpose of this thesis was to examine N metabolism and the PRO requirements of resistance athletes, under well controlled conditions, with three discrete, but related studies. The first investigation was a randomized, cross-over study designed to determine the dietary PRO requirements of young men performing intensive body building resistance exercise during the early stages of training (novice) and to determine whether the consumption of excessive amounts of PRO had an ergogenic (work enhancing) effect upon muscle mass/strength gains. Twelve inexperienced, young, male volunteers received either a PRO supplement (total PROIN=2.62 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) or a carbohydrate (CHO) supplement (total PROIN=1.35 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) each for a period of 4 weeks during intensive (1.5 h·d⁻¹, 6 d·wk⁻¹) circuit weight training. Nitrogen balance (NBAL) measurements taken over the last 3 days on each diet were used to determine that the PRO intake (PROIN) for zero NBAL was 1.43 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ (+1SD=1.62 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ (recommended intake)). Pre- and post-training measurements of strength and estimates of muscle mass (density, creatinine excretion, and biceps muscle N content) were not different between diet treatments in spite of a significant training effect (increased strength and lean body mass) due to the exercise programme. It was recommended that young males performing body building-type resistance exercise require a dietary PROIN of 1.62 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ during the first 2 months of training and that there are no greater increases in strength or muscle mass by consuming PRO in excess of this amount. The acute effects of resistance exercise upon leucine oxidation and whole body PRO synthesis (WBPS) were studied using stable isotope methodology in the second study. L-[1-¹³C] leucine was used as a tracer to calculate these variables in 6 healthy, fed, male athletes in response to a 1 h bout of circuit-set resistance exercise. The measurements were performed prior to, during and for 2 h after exercise and corrections were made for the background ¹³CO₂/¹²CO₂ breath enrichment and bicarbonate retention factor (c). Results demonstrated significant increases in the background ¹³CO₂/¹²CO₂ breath enrichment at 1 and 2 h after exercise and in c during exercise. At 15 min after exercise c was significantly lower than at rest. There were no effects of exercise on leucine oxidation, WBPS, nor the rate of appearance of endogenous leucine or total leucine flux. We concluded that circuit-set resistance exercise did not affect the measured variables of leucine metabolism. In addition, large errors in calculating leucine oxidation and WBPS during resistance exercise can occur if background ¹³CO₂/¹²CO₂ breath enrichment and c are not accounted for. In the final study, leucine kinetics and NBAL were used to determine the dietary PRO requirements of sedentary (S) and resistance trained (BB) subjects. Each subject was randomly assigned to each of 3 dietary PROIN (LP=0.86; MP=1.40; HP=2.40 g PRO·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) for a total period of 13 days. Over the last 3 d, NBAL measurements were completed and on the last day WBPS and leucine oxidation were determined from L-[1-¹³C] leucine turnover. Regression analysis of the NBAL data was used to determine the PROIN for zero NBAL for S=0.69 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ and BB=1.41 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ and a recommended intake (ZERO intake +1 SD) for S=0.89 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ and BB=1.76 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹. For BB the LP diet did not provide adequate PRO and resulted in an accommodated state (↓ WBPS vs MP and HP), the MP diet resulted in a state of adaptation as evident by the increase in WBPS (vs LP) and no increase in leucine oxidation (vs LP), while the HP diet did not result in increased WBPS compared to the MP diet but leucine oxidation did increase significantly indicating a nutrient overload. For S the LP diet provided adequate PRO and increasing PROIN did not increase WBPS. Leucine oxidation increased for S on HP diet. Taken together, these results indicated that the MP and HP diets were nutrient overloads for S. There were no effects of dietary treatment on indices of lean body mass (creatinine excretion, body density) for either group. Overall, this research provided evidence that the PRO requirements of resistance athletes are greater than for sedentary individuals and are above current Canadian and U.S. recommended daily PROIN for young, healthy males. The second study demonstrated that acute resistance exercise did not affect whole body leucine turnover and, in contrast to endurance exercise, there was no significant increase in leucine oxidation during exercise. In addition, this study demonstrated that changes occur in c and background breath enrichment during and after resistance exercise that can have an impact on leucine oxidation measurements. The final study also demonstrated that the positive NBAL that occurs at high PROIN does not appear to represent a physiological entity (i.e., no increase in WBPS or lean mass) but is probably an error in the NBAL method.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: INTERSOCIETAL INTERACTION ON THE NORTHWEST MESOAMERICAN FRONTIER

contributor:
Finsten, Laura
Anthropology

subject:
Archaeological Anthropology
Archaeological Anthropology

abstract: Various hypotheses concerning macroregional spheres of interaction affecting La Quemada's place in Mesoamerican history are evaluated. Pottery and human bone from the 1987-89 La Quemada project are analysed for information on intersocietal interaction. The hypothesis that La Quemada was involved in turquoise trade with the American Southwest (Chaco Canyon) in the Early Postclassic is also examined. The results of these analyses indicate that La Quemada had limited contacts outside its neighbouring valleys. None ofthe materials necessarily represent trade and there is no suggestion that a formally organised system existed. Attempts to find archaeological evidence for the ethnohistorical myths that relate the migration of Nahua speakers northward and the return ofthe Tolteca-Chichimeca to Tula fail to consider the difficulties with associating material remains with ethnic identity. It is not yet possible to explain how La Quemada was integrated into regional and macroregional scales of interaction.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: CORPS ET NATURE CHEZ TROIS ECRIVAINES GUADELOUPEENNES

contributor:
Crosta, Suzanne
French

subject:
French Linguistics
French Linguistics

abstract: Cette etude examinera la representation du corps ferninin et de la nature guadeloupeenne dans Pluie et vent sur Telumee Miracle  de Simone Schwarz-Bart, Traversee de la mangrove de Maryse Conde, et L 'Exil selon Julia de Gisele Pineau. Elle se penchera plus precisement sur l'interaction therapeutique entre le corps feminin et la nature. Etant donne Ie cadre de ce travail, on se limitera 11 une analyse textuelle qui tiendra compte de la perspective diachronique des romans en question. Au long de l'etude, on analysera les strategies des ecrivaines pour valoriser la tradition litteraire antillaise au ferninin. Cette etude examinera l'impact de l'histoire coloniale sur le corps et la nature guadeloupeenne et la facon dont cette relation se manifeste dans les ceuvres. Ensuite, l'etude abordera le theme du jardin et son role comme site de resistance feminine. L'etude tentera d'identifier les causes de la violence envers la femme et la maniere dont laquelle le concept du ko/cadavre explique la tendance de la femme a subir ses agressions, a renverser cet emprisonnement psychologique et a tirer le meilleur de son sort. Finalement, on fera une comparaison de la signification de chaque roman par une analyse du langage, les dichotomies representees et la solidarite feminine a travers les generations.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: BULK THERMAL COPOLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE AND ACRYLIC ACID IN CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTIONS

contributor:
Hamielec, A.E.
MacGregor, J.F.
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Polymer Science
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
This thesis contains two parts. The first involves the theoretical modelling of bulk, thermal, homo- and copolymerizations of styrene with another vinyl monomer in continuous flow stirred tank and tubular reactors. The second involves an experimental study of such polymer production in pilot plant scale reactors. Kinetic modelling fundamentals, applicable assumptions and their implications are discussed. Three series of experimental runs were performed in a 1.4 liter stirred tank reactor. The experimental conditions were in the range of 200 to 300 C with residence times of 15- 60

minutes. The first set was done with pure styrene to verify the current styrene kinetic model and provide more detail on the formation of oligomers. Two additional series of experiments were performed with two different comonomer compositions. The monomers were styrene and acrylic acid. Parameter estimation and model verification were attempted with all data. The parameter estimation results are necessarily uncertain due to the low number of experiments possible with pilot plant work and the low variance of the responses obtained in experimentation on high temperature systems. The kinetic mechanism initiation, oligomer formation supported in this work describing styrene thermal and polymer production are Trimer formation is suppressed in the copolymerization of styrene with acrylic acid. This is due to the reaction of acrylic acid monomer with the thermal initiation intermediate, thus preventing rearrangement to trimer species.

Trimer formation is accelerated by the addition of chlorine radical to the reaction. This radical reacts with the intermediate to produce chlorinated trimer species and prevents macroradical formation. The addition of a tubular reactor was found to severely increase polymer oil fraction and decrease molecular weight, with only a minor productivity increase.

It is believed thermal degradation is very  significant in determining molecular weights at temperatures greater than 280 c.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Dynamics of LMC Clusters

abstract:
The dynamics of three populous Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) star clusters NGC 1866, NGC 1978, and NGC 1850, have been examined using a combination of BV charge-coupled device (CCD) images and high-precision radial velocities of individual member stars.

NGC 1866.

V-band CCD images of the young LMC cluster NGC 1866 out to a projected radius R ~ 100 pc were obtained using the 1.0m telescope at Las Campanas. The luminosity profile is described by a power-law. The total cluster luminosity is LV∞ = 6.5 ± 0.3 × 10⁵ L. In the region 4 ≤ R (pc) ≤ 12, the cluster has a mean ellipticity of ε = 0.17 ± 0.06 and a minor axis position angle α = 125° ± 5°. NGC 1866 has a systemic velocity of Vαve = 301.2 ± 1.0 km s⁻⁻¹ and is rotating around an axis at a position angle of 100±25° with a peak velocity of 1.3 ± 0.5 km s⁻¹. The best estimate for the average slope of the mass function is x = 1.3 ± 0.15 (r = 2.0 x 10⁸ years). NGC 1978. BC CCD images of the elliptical LMC cluster NGC 1978 out to a projected radius R ~ 100 pc were obtained using the 1.0m telescope. After star-subtraction and median-filtering the ellipticity of the surface brightness distribution was determined to be ε = 0.30 ± 0.03 and the major axis position angle to be PA = 152 ± 7°. Single and multi-mass anisotropic King-Michie models and single-mass rotating and non-rotating oblate spheroid models were fitted to both the surface luminosity profiles and the radial velocity data. The total cluster luminosity is Lʙ = 3.1-3.7 ± 0.2x10⁵ Lʙ⊙ and Lv = 3.0-3.5 ± 0.2x10⁵ Lv⊙. The single-mass models tended to give better agreement with the luminosity profiles. We found no significant differences between the M/L's derived with oblate spheroid models and those derived with spherical models. NGC 1850. In this thesis we have examined the age and internal dynamics of the young binary LMC cluster NGC 1850. Isochrone fits to a BV color-magnitude diagram revealed that the primary cluster has an age of τ = 90 ± 30 Myr. The total cluster luminosity varied from Lʙ = 2.60-2.65x10⁶ Lʙ⊙ and Lv = 1.25-1.35x10⁶. Of the 52 stars with echelle spectra, a subset of 36 were used to study the cluster dynamics. Values for the slope of the mass function were determined using the derived M/L, theoretical mass-luminosity relationships, and several forms for the IMF. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Modelling permafrost hydrology using limited data

contributor:
Woo, M.K.
Earth and Environmental Sciences

subject: Hydrology Hydrology

abstract: The hydrological processes of the active layer in continuous permafrost areas are governed by water and energy fluxes, with most hydrological activities concentrated in the thawed seasons. This study was focused on the modelling of hydrological processes in the active layer, emphasizing the fluctuations of the frost table and the moisture status in the thawed zone. Emphases were placed on the calibration of a one-dimensional hydrological model and the development of a two-dimensional model to simulate frost table descent during the summer time. Woo and Drake (1988) developed a model to simulate the daily hydrological and thermal processes of a vertical column in continuous permafrost areas. It combines freeze-thaw processes with water balance to enable daily updating of the status of the frost table, water table, soil moisture, snowmelt and evaporation. Input data include only precipitation, global solar radiation, and air temperature. This model has not been calibrated for the High Arctic and only limited field testing has been performed. This study used field measurements from Resolute, Northwest Territories, to calibrate the model. Independently by obtained data sets were used to test the model outputs and compared with field measurements. The model performed well. The model was then applied to simulate the hydrological responses to climatic variability. The sensitivity of the model was analyzed and discussed. The frost table represents the dynamic lower boundary of the thawed zone. The horizontal variation in frost table depth was modeled, applying the Green theorem to solve the heat flow equation for the active layer zone where the 0$\sp\circ$C isotherm is the limit of thaw. This model incorporates the effect of ground ice content in the retardation of thawing front descent, and the moisture status in the calculation of thermal conductivity. The frost table computed for a transect comprising two distinct soil segments compared favourably with field measured values. The model was used to assess frost table responses to varying degrees of soil saturation, ice content and air temperatures. This model was also coupled to the outputs from the one-dimensional model to allow horizontal extension of the frost table simulations. Coupling of these two models enable hydrological simulation of continuous permafrost terrain using limited input data that can be obtained from Arctic Weather Stations.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Lithology and Groundwater Geochemistry of Beulah and Marshay Townships

contributor:
Kramer, J.R.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract:
A study was carried out during 1976 to determine the lithological and hydrological factors that are involved in controlling the water chemistry of the lakes in Beulah and Marshay Townships; approximately 60 miles north of Sudbury, Ontario. There are several lakes with water quality characteristics totally analogous to a calcareous terrain dispersed among lakes with water quality typical of an igneous terrain.

The results indicate that:

(1) the surficial (1-10 m) glacial drift is not the source of the high levels of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO₃¯ found in the carbonate lake waters. The surficial glacial drift units have been derived from dominantly granitic terrain and are probably of local origin;

(2) in the study area, non-transient, basal groundwater is the major transport mechanism for the major ions present in the carbonate lakes;

(3) the carbonate material is a mixture of calcite and dolomite. It appears to be located 15-20 m below the surface;

(4) lakes saturated with respect to calcium carbonate are deep enough and topographically low enough to intersect the calcareous material and/or the basal groundwater that flows through the carbonate material. The other lakes receive their major ions from the dissolution of silicates in the surficial glacial drift;

(5) recent calcareous sediments on the shoals of Shoofly Lake have been produced by the physical and chemical breakdown of the aragonite shells produced by the pelecypods and gastropods living on the shoals. This process is active at present.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)