title: This is Me, This is Who You Think I Am: Disgust and the Liminal Agency of Young Adolescents

contributor:
York, Lorraine
English

subject:
Disgust
O'Neill
Canada Reads
YA Literature

abstract: This thesis is an exploration of liminal teen agency in Heather O’Neill’s Lullabies for Little Criminals and Raziel Reid’s When Everything Feels Like the Movies. By focusing on two teen characters from working class families, one female, one queer, I investigate how teens assert their autonomy while still living under the constraints of classism and (hetero)sexism. While these teens are able to retain some form of autonomy, I argue that their agency is often obscured or overwritten by the disgust reactions of other characters in each novel. Drawing on affect theory, particularly Sara Ahmed’s body of work, Jonathan Dollimore, and Sianne Ngai, and drawing on Joan Sangster’s work on the construction of female delinquency, I investigate the significance of the disgust reaction, and how the reaction is a means of reasserting power over the willful, resistant teen body. As the Canada Reads competition reveals, the middle class, cis-hetero readerly discomfort with these novels becomes an avenue through which this literature is deemed “unpalatable,” providing a justification to doubt the testimony of narrators like Baby and Jude. This thesis is ultimately an intervention into doubted testimony, and demonstrates how affective disgust is the source of doubt. Since agency and testimony are tightly intertwined in each novel, doubting testimony becomes a violent form of denying these characters, and the authors, agency.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Machine Learning Approach on Evaluating Predictive Factors of Fall-Related Injuries

contributor:
Samavi, Reza
eHealth

subject: machine learning, supervised classification, falls, CCHS, injuries

abstract:
According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, falls account for 95% of all hip fractures in Canada; 20% of fall-related injury cases end in death. This thesis evaluates the predictive power of many variables to predict fall-related injuries. The dataset chosen was CCHS which is high dimensional and diverse. The use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and random forest was employed to determine the highest priority risk factors to include in the predictive model. The results show that it is possible to predict fall-related injuries with a sensitivity of 80% or higher using four predictors (frequency of consultations with medical doctor, food and vegetable consumption, height and monthly physical activity level of over 15 minutes). Alternatively, the same sensitivity can be reached using age, frequency of walking for exercise per 3 months, alcohol consumption and personal income. None of the predictive models reached an accuracy of 70% or higher.

Further work in studying nutritional diets that offer protection from incurring a fall related injury are also recommended. Since the predictors are behavioral determinants of health and have a high sensitivity but a low accuracy, population health interventions are recommended rather than individual-level interventions. Suggestions to improve accuracy of built models are also proposed.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Gendered Precarity: Millennial Mothers' Experiences of Taking Pregnancy/Parental Leave in a Precarious Labour Market

contributor:
Zhou, Rachel
Social Work

subject: precarity gender

abstract:
This thesis reports on the findings and implications of gendered precarity in the neoliberal labour market for millennial mothers. By considering the unique intersection of precarity, gender, and age, my findings contribute to the literature by adding qualitative evidence to the anecdotal reports of women being restructured, demoted, and let go from their workplaces while on pregnancy/parental leave. Further, this research contributes to the knowledge on the topic of precarious work by reporting on participants’ “sense of precarity” as a result of structural inequalities.
The interviews conducted with six millennial women in their 30s reveal the complexity of their experiences as precarious workers and parents. Specifically, feeling vulnerable in the workplace, the impact of major life changes on millennial mothers’ identities, and participants’ responses to perceived motherhood penalty. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the findings in relation to the literature, considers the limitations of the study and offers possibilities for future research, avenues for policy advocacy, and suggestions for social work practice.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: EXPLORING DIABETES KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION OF DEVELOPING DIABETES AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONGST SECOND GENERATIONAL SOUTH ASIAN YOUNG ADULTS CARING FOR PARENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

title: DIABETES KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMOUNGST SOUTH ASIANS

contributor:
Sherifali, Diana
Carroll, Sandra
Punthakee, Zubin
Nursing

abstract:
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has an earlier onset and disproportionately impacts those of South Asian descent. Traditionally, the management of T2DM in the South Asian community has required the support of adult children to provide care for their parents. Diabetes caregiving tasks can be culturally mediated which can lead to differentiations in the caregiving tasks between genders. The implication of providing care can impact quality of life, diabetes related knowledge and perception of developing diabetes amongst these caregivers.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate South Asian young adult’s knowledge of diabetes, quality of life, and risk perception of developing diabetes compared to their actual risk of developing diabetes amongst South Asian young adults whose parents have T2DM.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was completed. A convenience sample of South Asian young adults aged (18-29) years of age completed an online questionnaire (N=150). Data were collected using the following tools: 1) 24-item DKQ 2) CANRISK 3) RPS-DD and 4) WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Independent t-tests, Pearson chi-squared tests, linear regression and multiple regressions were conducted.
RESULTS: The t-test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in diabetes knowledge between males (M=30.16, SD=4.87) and females (M=34.31, SD=4.41); p<0.001, 95% CI [-5.64, -2.65]. Risk perception and diabetes knowledge statistically significantly predicted physical health F (2, 146)=6.751, p=0.002 of caregivers. 79.5% of male and 65.8% of female caregivers had a low risk perception of developing diabetes χ2(1)= 3.49, p=0.06.
CONCLUSION: Findings from the present study highlight the importance of examining the South Asian family milieu when providing care to those affected by T2DM. The findings highlight the need for gender-specific diabetes educational interventions for this young adult South Asian population. Based on our findings, a majority of caregivers had a low risk perception of developing diabetes.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Algorithmic Rectification of Visual Illegibility under Extreme Lighting

contributor:
Wu, Xiaolin
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Image and Video Processing
Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
Image Enhancement
Image Segmentation

abstract:
Image and video enhancement, a classical problem of signal processing, has
remained a very active research topic for past decades. This technical subject will not become obsolete even as the sensitivity and quality of modern image sensors steadily improve. No matter what level of sophistication cameras reach, there will always be more extreme and complex lighting conditions, in which the acquired images are improperly exposed and thus need to be enhanced.

The central theme of enhancement is to algorithmically compensate for sensor limitations under ill lighting and make illegible details conspicuous, while maintaining a degree of naturalness. In retrospect, all existing contrast enhancement methods focus on heightening of spatial details in the luminance channel to fulfil the goal, with no or little consideration of the colour fidelity of the processed images; as a result they can introduce highly noticeable distortions in chrominance.  This long-time much overlooked problem is addressed and systematically investigated by the thesis.
We then propose a novel optimization-based enhancement algorithm, generating optimal tone mapping that not only makes maximal gain of contrast but also constrains tone and chrominance distortion, achieving superior output perceptual quality against severe underexposure and/or overexposure.

Besides, we present a novel solution to restore images captured under more challenging backlit scenes, by combining the above enhancement method and feature-driven, machine learning based segmentation. We demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in terms of segmentation accuracy and restoration results over state-of-the-art methods.

We also shed light on a common yet largely untreated video restoration problem called Yin-Yang Phasing (YYP), featured by involuntary, intense fluctuation in intensity and chrominance of an object as the video plays. We propose a novel video restoration technique to suppress YYP artifacts while retaining temporal consistency of objects appearance via inter-frame, spatially-adaptive optimal tone mapping. Experimental results are encouraging, pointing to an effective and practical solution to the problem.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Perceptual learning of the orientation structure of faces and textures

title: Learning to perceive orientation structure

contributor:
Sekuler, Allison B
Bennett, Patrick J
Psychology

subject:
perceptual learning
face perception
ERP
N170
N250
textures
horizontal bias
orientation selectivity

abstract: Perceptual learning occurs because observers become more sensitive to informative aspects of the stimuli. Learning the informative aspects of one stimulus set does not transfer to another stimulus set of the same class. In this dissertation, the argument will be made that if observers learn how to discover informative aspects, learning will be more generalizable. However, discovery requires that the informative aspects are not easily apparent. To this end, stimulus orientation structure can be manipulated to contain informative structure in one orientation band, and non-informative structure in the other orientation band. Such a manipulation was inspired by research on face perception: Faces are best identified when decisions are based more on the horizontal relative to the vertical facial structure. Hence, the first three chapters focus on understanding the horizontal bias during face identification, and the final two chapters introduce a novel stimulus set for which horizontal bias may be learned. Chapter 2 identifies a neural marker of horizontal bias that is correlated with face identification accuracy, suggesting that we can predict how well observers identify faces based on their neural sensitivity to horizontal relative to vertical structure. Chapter 3 shows that when face identification accuracy declines due to healthy ageing, so too do behavioural and neural horizontal bias, but Chapter 4 shows that perceptual learning can increase horizontal bias in healthy older adults. Chapter 5 uses texture stimuli and shows that observers can learn to discover informative horizontal structure embedded in uninformative vertical structure. Chapter 6 extends these findings to show that adequate practice results in learning that generalizes to novel textures for which the orientation-selective processing is relevant. The results presented inform our understanding of the neural representations associated with orientation-selective processing, and suggest that observers can learn to discover informative structure conveyed by a particular orientation band.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Systematic improvement of approximations with smooth models of the Coulomb potential

contributor:
Ayers, Paul W.
Savin, Andreas
Chemistry and Chemical Biology

subject:
Model potential
Method development
Range separation
Energy extrapolation

abstract:
Orbital-based methods for electronic-structure calculations are limited to atoms or molecules with up to about 50 electrons. This limitation comes from the requirement of a long expansion in basis functions to approximate correctly the wave function. Replacing the Coulomb interaction with a smooth model potential has two main consequences: first, the wave function becomes cuspless and the expansion in basis functions converges more rapidly, and second, the smooth potential describes a weaker interaction at the electronic coalescence point, which leads to the loss of accuracy. This work explores whether one can construct models with smooth, non-singular, potentials, but without compromising accuracy. The key idea is to use extrapolation procedures to predict the energy for the Coulomb interaction from a sequence of (cheaper) calculations for smooth potentials.
By replacing the Coulomb electron-electron interaction with a smooth potential, using the semi-stochastic heat-bath configuration interaction method (SHCI) to select key configurations, and extrapolating to the limiting (non-smoothed) Coulomb potential, we were able to retain the accuracy of full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations, at reduced computational cost.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: ARISTOTLE ON THE PLEASURES OF TEMPERANCE

contributor:
Johnstone, Mark
Classics

subject: temperance health pleasure appetite

abstract: My investigation of pleasures involved in an Aristotelian temperate action starts with Aristotle’s account of health presented in Metaphysics, Physics, and his other biological works. Aristotle’s conception of health provides the theoretical backdrop in which two modes of temperate action concerning bodily pleasures involving appetite and pain are made possible. The temperate person is capable of acting temperately because the rational part of the human soul can influence appetite, and the contact between the pleasant and what is good for health allows two possible ways of action. When the pleasure of appetite is within the range of what is good for health or does not harm health, temperate people may pursue it; when the two do not match, a temperate action does not involve any bodily pleasures, and is simply the activity of the rational soul. This thesis emphasizes the second mode of temperate action, since this type of temperate action simply consists in the activity of the rational soul, specifically, acting out the deliberate decision of avoidance.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)

abstract: In Aristotle’s ethical theory, the virtue of temperance is related to two types of pleasures. One type is the bodily pleasures involving appetite and pain, the other is the pleasure following upon a temperate action. My examination of his conception of health reveals that, in acting temperately, temperate people experience the second type of pleasure in their abstinence from the enjoyment of the first type of pleasures.


title: CELL SURFACE GRP78 PARTICIPATES IN THE UPREGULATION OF TGFβ1 SIGNALING BY HIGH GLUCOSE

contributor:
Krepinsky, Joan
Medicine

subject:
Diabetic Kidney Disease
TGF-beta
Glomerulosclerosis
GRP78

abstract: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects around 40% of diabetic patients worldwide and has become a major health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. The progression of DN is characterized by the thickening of glomerular basement membrane, albuminuria and the development of glomerulosclerosis. Renal function is eventually compromised. Due to various hemodynamic and metabolic changes, especially the elevated blood glucose level in diabetic patients, glomerular mesangial cells have been shown to upregulate transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) level and signaling, resulting in the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The atypical expression of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) on the cell surface may be associated with this pro-fibrotic effect through its interaction with the TGF-β1 activation process. However, there is no current literature demonstrating the role of cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) in the pathogenesis of diabetic renal diseases. The purpose of my MSc project was to determine the role of csGRP78 in TGF-β1 synthesis and activation and thereby in the progression of DN. We hypothesized that the increased expression of csGRP78 in response to high glucose exposure stimulates TGF-β1 upregulation through intracellular signaling, as well as its activation through interaction with the latent complex, which leads to the expansion of mesangial matrix.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)

abstract: Diabetic kidney disease affects around 40% of diabetic patients worldwide and is a major health concern. A major feature of the disease is glomerulosclerosis, which is the scarring of glomeruli. The glomeruli filter blood passing through blood vessels in the kidneys to remove waste, which will then be excreted into urine. In diabetic patients, high blood glucose causes the fibrosis of glomeruli and damages the filtration barrier. As a result, a large amount of proteins leak from the blood into the urine. It has been discovered that TGF-β1 is one of the key molecules mediating the generation of scar tissue in the glomerulus. It promotes the growth of mesangial cells, a major type of kidney glomerular cells, and stimulates their production of extracellular matrix proteins. Our results showed that GRP78, a protein that is primarily expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and assists with protein folding, moves from the inside of cells to the surface in response to a high glucose environment. Here, we found that it facilitated TGF-β1 signaling. Based on our studies, we propose that when GRP78 is at the cell surface, it enables the release of latent TGF-β1, increasing TGF-β1 activity and thus promoting the development of disease.


title: Modeling the functional roles of scapulohumeral muscles

contributor:
Keir, Peter
Kinesiology

subject:
Biomechanics
Glenohumeral Joint
Shoulder
Stability
Probabilistic Modeling
Variability

abstract: A high degree of variability is commonly encountered in biomechanical investigations of the shoulder. Researchers have hypothesized that the variation between individuals explains why only certain workers are injured when performing the same tasks as other individuals. One source for the variability is inter-individual differences in shoulder musculoskeletal geometry. The purpose of this thesis was to use computational modeling to assess the functional roles of the scapulohumeral muscles, compare model-predicted data to the reviewed literature, and quantify the sensitivity of these functional roles to changes in muscle geometry. Muscle moment arms, lines of action, stability ratios, and forces were quantified throughout arm elevation in the scapular plane using a widely investigated upper extremity model. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to iteratively adjust muscle attachment locations in order to reflect potential inter-individual differences in muscle geometry. Model-predicted muscle moment arms agreed well qualitatively with the reviewed literature; however, several muscle lines of action were inconsistent between the model and previous data collected in cadavers available in the literature. Sensitivity of muscle functional roles to attachment changes was muscle-specific, and depended upon the elevation angle as well as outcome measure. Regressions were developed to identify which attachment locations at the clavicle, scapula, and humerus caused the greatest change in muscle functional roles. In general, muscle moment arms were most sensitive to changes of the muscle attachment closest to the joint centre (humeral attachment for rotator cuff muscles; scapular attachment for deltoids). Lines of action were most affected by perturbations in scapular attachment location. Overall, these findings indicate that inter-individual musculoskeletal geometry differences can substantially alter muscle functional roles, which are expected to require altered muscle activity and kinematic coordination patterns between people. These variations in musculoskeletal geometry may differentially affect risk of work-related shoulder musculoskeletal disorders among individuals.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: The Impact of Exercise on Mood, Social and Cognitive Outcomes

contributor:
Becker, Sue
McKinnon, Margaret
Neuroscience

subject:
Mood disorders
Exercise
Depression
Stress
Cognitive function
Social function
Yoga

abstract: While the physical health benefits of exercise are well established, mental health benefits remain unclear. The literature reports reduced stress and improved cognitive function in rodent exercise studies, and improved mood scores in humans. However, though mood disorders are characterized by poor response to treatment, studies rarely evaluate difficult-to-treat patients or functional outcomes. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of 12-week, group-based exercise programs (running or yoga) on mood and functional outcomes including health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and social and cognitive functioning. Methods: Study 1 was a retrospective review of mood and stress outcomes in participants with difficult-to-treat mood disorders. In Study 2, we measured functional outcomes before and after the running program in a subsample from Study 1. Improved friendship and high injury rates in the running group inspired Study 3, a randomized control trial to evaluate mood and functional outcomes in a non-clinical sample using yoga, a low-impact exercise program that included cognitive control. Results: In Study 1 (n=46), depression (p<0.0001) and stress (p=0.01) scores improved over time, and improved friendship levels were predictive of improved mood scores (p<0.04). In Study 2 (n=18), we found improved scores on several HRQOL subscales, including social functioning (p-values<0.01) and weak improvements in working memory and processing speed (p-values<0.04). In Study 3, yoga participants (n=20) had improved stress (p=0.02), loneliness (p=0.002), and HRQOL (p-values<0.03) scores, compared to wait-list controls (n=8). Yoga participants improved on tasks reflecting hippocampal memory (p-values<0.006) and attention and inhibitory control (p=0.03). Regression and mediation analyses suggest that social support mediates the stress-reducing impact of yoga (p-values<0.0005). Discussion: Group-based exercise programs impart benefits across mental health and functional outcomes for participants with and without mood disorders. Exercise may be an effective adjunctive treatment for mood disorders, and more data is needed on how social support impacts clinical outcomes.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: This dissertation examines the impact of exercise across multiple indications of mental health and functioning including mood scores, stress, cognitive function, social function and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in participants with and without mood disorders. Youth and adults engaged in 12-week group-based exercise interventions of running or yoga and completed comprehensive mental health and neurocognitive assessments. Results: Participation in a structured exercise program was associated with improved stress and depression, social functioning, physical and mental HRQOL domains and limited improvements in cognitive function. Results also support therapeutic benefits of structured high- and low-intensity exercise programs across multiple symptoms in patients with difficult-to-treat mood disorders, and further suggest that reduced stress and increased social functioning play key roles in the mental health benefits observed. These results represent a new standard for mood disorders research, to better understand the how lifestyle strategies are effective for the treatment of mental illness.


title: Cord blood dendritic cell populations in atopic-at-risk and not-at-risk infants

contributor:
Denburg, Judah
Medical Sciences

subject:
Dendritic Cell
Clinical Allergy and Immunology
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Atopy

abstract:
Allergic disease encompasses multiple complex syndromes including hayfever, food
allergies, eczema and asthma. Atopy is the genetic predisposition towards an IgE-driven
immune response in reaction to environmental stimuli, and often serves as a predictor for
the development of allergies in the future. While disease etiology is not yet fully
understood, many factors including genetics and the environment play a role in the
development of allergic disease. Reliable methods for predicting atopic disease
development are crucial in emerging therapeutic approaches, which aim to decrease
allergic disease severity and clinical progression through early detection and preventative
measures. While DCs are emerging as key players in the development of allergic disease,
they are challenging to study in vivo due to their low numbers, and ex vivo methods
remain relatively unstudied.
In this project, receptor expression profiles of atopic-at-risk infants compared to not-atrisk
infants were examined in DCs found in cord-blood at birth and CD34+-derived DCs
cultured ex vivo. Atopic-at-risks exhibited a higher percentage of ex vivo pDCs
expressing TSLPR when compared to not-at-risks. Additionally, an increase of FcεRI
expression in atopic-at-risks was found approaching significance in in vivo mDCs. Furthermore, DC differentiation in culture from hematopoietic progenitors and the
differences between in vivo and ex vivo DCs were studied. Results indicated a consistent
10-fold increase in the DC population after a 12-day culture compared to cord blood DC
numbers. Additionally, a distinct DC population emerged as early as Day 3 with a
substantial increase in the percentage of mDCs relative to pDCs. A trend of increased
TSLP, CD80, CD86 receptor expression and decreased TLR-5, ST2, FcεRI receptor
expression after culture in both mDCs and pDCs was also noted.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)

abstract:
Allergic disease development typically begins in infancy, progressing classically in a
series of stages from early life through adulthood. Currently, there is a lack of reliable
predictive tests for the development of atopic sensitization and disease. This has slowed
efforts to intercept and prevent allergy development at its earliest stages. Dendritic cells
(DCs) link innate and adaptive immunity and are thought to be key players in the
development of allergic disease. However, the low numbers of DCs in blood make them
challenging to study. Methods such as inducing the differentiation of DCs from
progenitors are often utilized to obtain a sufficient number of cells. This project
investigates whether receptor expression of cord blood-derived DCs grown ex vivo are
comparable to the profiles of in vivo DCs at birth. Furthermore, the expression of key
receptors on DCs grown in vivo/ex vivo are compared in atopic at-risk, not-at-risk infants.


title: The Transmutation of Nihilism: Nietzsche's Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence

contributor:
Allen, Barry
Philosophy

abstract: This thesis examines the problem of nihilism as Nietzsche diagnoses it, and delves into the significance of eternal recurrence as a doctrine that indicates the possibility of its overcoming. I delineate the interpretations of his thought by Heidegger, Deleuze, and Klossowski, outlining their differences. In Chapter 1, I consider Nietzsche’s early work on the Pre-Socratic philosophers, and analyze how his characterizations of certain key thinkers resonate throughout his oeuvre. I demonstrate how the dispute between the Pre-Socratics concerning the relationship between being and becoming illuminates what Nietzsche later identifies as nihilism, as well as its opposite: the affirmation of appearances, which characterizes the pathos of the tragic philosopher. In Chapter 2, I discuss Nietzsche’s critique of Judeo-Christian morality and the pathology of ressentiment that results in the death of God. In this psychological analysis, I compare Freud and Nietzsche’s understanding of consciousness and the unconscious. In Chapter 3, I consider the future overcoming of nihilism embodied in the overman, who is cultivated by a noble class of creators who legislate new values. I argue that the tragic philosopher is responsible for the transmutation of nihilism, embodied by Zarathustra, who dies in delivering the doctrine of eternal recurrence to humanity. In conclusion, I discuss the political consequences of Nietzsche’s thought, which relate to his critique of Darwinism and to his own understanding of the evolutionary process.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Philosophy (MA)


title: De l'individu à la collectivité : Traumatisme et santé mentale chez Gisèle Pineau

contributor:
Nshimiyimana, Eugène
French

subject:
mental health
Gisèle Pineau
francophone literature
trauma

abstract: Ce projet analyse la présence du traumatisme ainsi que de la santé mentale dans la literature francophone. Visant à explorer ces rapports, ce projet de recherche se base sur la question du rôle du traumatisme ainsi que de la santé mentale dans Chair piment (2002) et Folie, aller simple. Journée ordinaire d’une infirmière (2010) de Gisèle Pineau, par rapport à l’individu et par rapport à la collectivité. Pour commencer, ce projet de recherche introduit les définitions des termes « traumatisme » et « santé mentale, » pour cimenter les recherches dans un discours spécifique. Ensuite, il explore la façon dont ces deux définitions s’appliquent aux textes du corpus. Après, à partir de la pensée de Julia Kristeva sur la dépression et l’abjection, il se concentre sur l’individu et son rapport à ces éléments. Mais du point de vue collectif, le travail se concentre sur les éléments historiques et sociaux qui peuvent être des facteurs déterminants de la « maladie mentale ». Pour cela, le travail s’inspire de Judith Butler, surtout dans ce qu’elle appelle les « grievable lives », pour montrer que certains traumatismes collectifs peuvent avoir un impact durable sur les individus sans que cela puisse paraître comme tel.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Genetic Divergence in Tissue and Developmental Stage-Specific Proteins of Sibling Species of Drosophila melanogaster

title: Genetic Divergence in Sibling Species of D. melanogaster

contributor:
Singh`, R. S.
Biology

subject:
gene
diverge
tissue
drosophila melanogaster
drosophila
melanogaster
protein

abstract: Four sibling species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. sechellia and D. mauritiana) were used to study genetic variation at the protein level by improved two-dimensional (2DE) gel electrophoresis. Three of the species, D. simulans, D. sechellia and D. mauritiana, are chromosomally homosequential, but their phylogenetic relationship to each other is a subject of controversy. Eight tissues representing adult and larval (developmental stage) and reproductive and non-reproductive tissues were analysed for protein variation. The tissues used were as follows: larval testis, brain, haemolymph, wing disc, and adult testis, accessory gland, male and female brain. Close to 400 protein spots were detected per tissue using this sensitive method. Each tissue was compared between species for protein variation. Protein variation was measured on the basis of qualitative differences (presence/ absence) of the protein spots in six pairwise species comparisons and four-way comparisons. Different levels of protein variation were detected for the same tissues in different species comparisons and each tissue showed different levels of variation in the same species. Different tissue proteins seemed to evolve independently in different species. But there was no evidence of any trend or pattern to show that either larval or adult patterns are more diverged than the other. The variation between tissues rather than developmental stages appears to be the major determinat of the level of divergence. The reproductive tract (testis and accessory gland) proteins showed more variation among species comparison than the non-reproductive tissue proteins. Among the four species, D. melanogaster testis proteins, both larval and adult, showed the maximum divergence. From the results it seems that there is a correlation between the level of reproductive tract protein divergence and the degree of reproductive isolation observed among these species. Among the other three closely related species, the levels of divergence of the reproductive tract proteins are similar, but lower than that of D. melanogaster. The phylogenetic relationship based on 2DE protein divergence showed D. simulans to be closer to D. mauritiana than to D. sechellia.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Policy Rationale for Innovation Parks in Canada

contributor:
McBride, Stephen
Political Science

subject: Innovation Policy

subject: Innovation Parks

subject: Innovation

subject: Ontario

subject: Saskatchewan

subject: McMaster Innovation Park

subject: Saskatchewan Innovation Place

subject: Policy Rationale

subject: Comparison

subject: Canada

abstract: Innovation Parks in Canada

abstract: Innovation Parks became an innovation and economic development policy instrument in the Western world more than two decades ago. While Canada was slow to catch up to this phenomenon, it did eventually join the trend. This study analyzes the policy rationales for innovation parks in Canada through a national and sub-national lens. For this purpose, Ontario and Saskatchewan are chosen as comparative points. It compares the Saskatchewan Innovation Place (SIP), McMaster Innovation Park (MIP), and David Johnston Research and Technology Park (DJRTP). The study develops a three-pronged analysis of institutions, interests and ideas to explain why governments support innovation parks as a policy instrument. It is argued that the continued support of these initiatives is largely a function of institutional path-dependence and policy lock-ins manifest through sunk infrastructure investments, desire to balance different interest groups – mainly the commercial real estate sector and the organizations representing the research parks. These institutional and structural struggles are underpinned by the ideational frames of economic development and knowledge-based economic growth.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Validity of Heart Rate and Accelerometry in the Assessment of Physical Activity in Pre-School Children

contributor:
Blimkie, C. J. R.
Human Biodynamics

subject:
child
pre-school
heart rate
accelerometry
physical activity

abstract: The purpose of this study was to validate heart rate recording (Polar Vantage XL), and accelerometry (Tritrac-R3D) against a direct observational technique (BEACHES) in the assessment of physical activity in 49 healthy male and female pre-schoolers (3.0 to 5.9 yrs). Activity was assessed in a controlled laboratory environment and in 2 field trials during spontaneous uncontrolled activity. During the laboratory session, subjects wore a heart rate monitor and an accelerometer while performing a choreographed routine of activities. The actual level was coded concurrently on the BEACHES scale by a trained observer. The three measures were significantly correlated during the laboratory (r = 0.76-0.85) and field (r = 0.50-0.85) conditions. There was no difference in mean scores for activity level of the group between two different days of field observation, however, there was considerable intra-subject variability as reflected by the low to moderate rank order correlations for all techniques. It was found that a measurement interval of greater than 5 min would likely increase the correlations. These findings suggest that the three measures of PA provide similar information about the level of PA in both a controlled and the free play environment, and pre-school children as a group generally maintain a similar level of activity from day to day.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The Association of Immigration and Ethnicity with Adherene to Statins and Cardiac Rehabiltation Post-Myocardial Infarction: A sub-study of the ISLAND randomized controlled trial

title: Immigrants & Secondary Cardiac Prevention Therapy Adherence

contributor: Medical Sciences (Clinical Epidemiology and Health Care Research)

subject:
immigrant
foreign-born
canadian
adherence
statin
cardiac rehabilitation
myocardial infarction
coronary angiography
angiogram
duration of residency
ethnicity
visual minority
prevention
cardiovascular
heart attack
reminder
healthy immigrant effect

abstract:
Adherence to guideline-recommended secondary cardiovascular prevention therapy (statins and cardiac rehabilitation) has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of all-cause mortality (Statins RRR 0.25, 95% CI 0.19-0.30; Cardiac Rehabilitation RRR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.36) and secondary events.1,2 Yet, ≥50% of patients discontinue statin use within 12-month after an initial prescription and completion of cardiac rehabilitation is ≤20% in Ontario.3,4 Low statin adherence and cardiac rehab completion limits patients from realizing the full benefits of therapy.
 A meta-analysis of  randomized controlled trials of adherence to statins for secondary prevention reported that nonadherence to statins was greater in non-white ethnicities compared to white ethnicities (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04-1.59) with geographical variation in outcomes.5 In respect to cardiac rehabilitation, the literature suggests that non-white ethnicities are less likely to complete cardiac rehabilitation compared to white participants.6,7 However, a gap remains in our knowledge of cardiac rehabilitation completion among immigrants due to lack of outcome reporting across clinical trials. The literature suggests that immigrants have improved health profiles relative to Canadian-born patients. Specifically, immigrants with ≤10 years of Canadian residency have greater medication adherence than immigrants with >10 of Canadian residency when compared to Canadian-born participants.6-9
This thesis was a planned sub-study of the Interventions Supporting Long-Term Adherence and Decreasing Cardiovascular Events (ISLAND) randomized control trial. The ISLAND study was a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of educational reminders on adherence to guideline-recommended therapy post-myocardial infarction. Study participants were allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups: i) usual care, ii) educational reminders sent via post, or iii) combination post and interactive voice response educational reminders. Investigators were blinded to the allocation sequence, participant allocation, and outcome assessment. Medication adherence and completion of cardiac rehabilitation were assessed 12-months from baseline. This sub-study of ISLAND focused on participants who completed a 12-month outcome assessment with a recorded response to the following question, “Were you born a Canadian citizen?”.
Immigrants experienced greater odds of statin adherence at 7-days (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.00-1.85) and 30 days (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.96-1.94) at one-year post-myocardial infarction, after adjusting for age, diabetes, sex, and smoking status. We found no evidence that immigration status was associated with cardiac rehabilitation completion (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.72-1.14) after adjusting for age, diabetes, sex, smoking status, average neighborhood income quintile, education, and marital status. The odds of statin adherence at 7-days (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.89-2.18) and 30-days (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.89-2.18) was greater in visual minorities than white patients, however the difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence of an association between ethnicity and cardiac rehabilitation completion (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.75-1.29). Our analysis could not fully evaluate the healthy immigrant effect due to an insufficient sample size of immigrants with <10 years of Canadian residency exposure (n=29).
In conclusion, we report a statistically significant 36% increase in the odds of 7-day and 30-day statin adherence in immigrants compared to Canadian-born patients. We also report that the odds of cardiac rehabilitation decreased by 9% in immigrants compared to Canadian-born patients at 12-months post-myocardial infarction but this was not statistically significant. Our findings offer support for the “healthy immigrant effect” continuing in immigrants with >10 years of Canadian residency exposure. We were unable to evaluate outcomes in immigrants with <10 years Canadian residency exposure due to a lack of sample size (n=29).

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)

abstract:
The primary purpose of this research project was to assess whether immigrants, individuals who reside in Canada but were born outside of the country, who have experienced a previous heart attack were adhere to heart health therapies better than Canadian-born patients. The heart health therapies of interest to our investigation are two guideline-recommended heart attack prevention therapies, statins and cardiac rehabilitation.
The study design of our research project was a cohort sub-study of the ISLAND randomized control trial which investigated adherence to heart health therapies in patients residing in Ontario, Canada.
Our major finding was that immigrants who lived in Canada for >10 years were more adherent to statin therapy for a previous heart attack compared to Canadian-born participants. Our findings support the hypothesis that immigrants tend to demonstrate behaviours associated with improved outcomes compared to their Canadian-born counterparts.


title: Design of Erbium-Doped Tellurium Oxide Optical Amplifiers on a Low-Loss Silicon Nitride Waveguide Platform

contributor:
Bradley, Jonathan
Engineering Physics

abstract: Research interest in optical amplifiers has remained intensive over the years due to their widespread application in high-speed telecommunication systems. The requirement for amplification arises from the need to strengthen weakened signals as they propagate through optical fibers or through waveguides on chips and in order to meet strict system power budgets. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers offer high, broadband and low-noise gain for wavelength-division multiplexed systems. Nevertheless, fiber amplifiers are bulky and many applications, including the development of compact transceiver modules for the data center, require an integrated on-chip solution. Erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs), which are integrated onto silicon chips, could potentially replace EDFAs in many instances. Of prospective materials for EDWAs, erbium-doped tellurium dioxide has a range of advantages including its high refractive index for compact waveguides and bends, large erbium light emission bandwidth, high Er3+ ion solubility and high gain. However, fabrication of erbium-doped tellurium oxide waveguides has proved challenging, and methods developed to date are not compatible with standard silicon-based photonic integration platforms. Meanwhile,  silicon nitride is a standard high-quality light guiding platform due to its fairly high refractive index, high transmission throughout the visible and infrared spectrum and the compatibility of silicon nitride fabrication process with standard CMOS fabrication lines. The combination of erbium-doped tellurium oxide with silicon nitride technology could lead to compact and high performance optical amplifiers that are scalable and compatible with existing photonic integration platforms. This thesis describes research on different designs of erbium-doped tellurium oxide optical amplifiers integrated on a low-loss silicon nitride waveguide platform.  Both theoretical and experimental work is described in the context of improving the amplitude, capacity and stability of erbium-doped tellurium oxide optical amplifiers for communications. Specifically, Chapter 2 studies the theory and background of optical waveguides and rare earth dopants and their transitions. Chapter 3 presents the finite element method waveguide mode solver, tellurium oxide-coated silicon nitride waveguide design and amplifier model. In Chapter 4, simulation results on the optimization of the tellurium dioxide-coated silicon nitride waveguides are presented.  Modelling and comparisons between Er-doped Al2O3 and TeO2 waveguides are also described using a MATLAB code that provides predictive results for both of their performance. Fabrication and initial measurements results are generally shown in this chapter as well.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: An analysis of the effects of behavioural mimicry in social interactions on affiliative perceptions of the interaction partner

contributor:
Obhi, Sukhvinder
Psychology

subject:
behavioural mimicry
social interactions
human behaviour

abstract: Behavioural mimicry refers to an unconscious and automatic tendency for people to copy each other’s actions and mannerisms, while engaging in an interaction. Behavioural mimicry in dyadic interactions leads to an increase in liking, rapport and prosocial behaviour. Given that behavioural mimicry carries a social benefit within the dyad, in the first experiment, we wanted to explore the social consequence of behavioural mimicry in a larger social environment by introducing a third person. The third person was in the background of an interacting dyad (consisting of the participant and a neutral in demeanour confederate) and either (1) mimicked the participant, (2) anti-mimicked the participant, or (3) kept a neutral position throughout the interaction. The results indicated that when one of the interacting partners is anti-mimicked, they report liking their non-mimicking interaction partner more than in either of the other two conditions. In experiment two, we set out to determine whether motor similarity of movement or temporal contingency of movement led to the affiliative judgements often reported in the mimicry literature. We had a research assistant either anatomically mimic (same effector), specularly mimic (different effector) or anti-mimic the participant during a task at either a short or long time delay, and collected participant’s likeability judgements of the research assistant. We discovered that anatomical mimicry leads to higher affiliative judgement at short time delay compared to long time delay, that specular mimicry leads to a higher affiliative judgement at long time delay compared to short time delay, and that anti-mimicry leads to the same affiliative judgement regardless of time delay. In experiment three, we wanted to explore the neurocognitive significance of behavioural mimicry. A previous study demonstrated that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the inferior frontal cortex (IFC) increased mimicry in a subsequent interaction. We wanted to replicate this finding with one change: we used a computer task rather than a naturalistic interaction. Following anodal tDCS to the IFC, control site or sham stimulation, the participants watched a video of a female model that touched her face every few seconds. We wanted to determine whether the participant would touch their face more often following the IFC stimulation compared to the other two conditions. Our results were not similar to the previous finding: participants touched their face at similar rates regardless of the stimulation site. Nonetheless, in this thesis, we report a novel social manipulation of behavioural mimicry (mimicry emanating from outside the interacting dyad) that impacts the affiliative feelings within the interacting dyad. We also report a novel form of a mimicking behaviour, that goes beyond the traditional definition, to impact the perception of the interaction partner at a longer time delay.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)

abstract: This thesis describes empirical research that explores the nature of behavioural mimicry and the impact it has on how people perceive one another. Behavioural mimicry refers to the natural tendency for people to copy one another’s behaviours and mannerisms in an interaction. This tendency builds rapport and likeability between the interacting pair. Across three experiments, we expand on previous behavioural mimicry literature. By using novel mimicry manipulations, we demonstrate that behavioural mimicry detection (experiment one) and recognition (experiments two and three) systems are more complex than previously believed.


title: EVALUATION OF SNOWMELT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCED SPRING PEAK FLOW PREDICTION

contributor:
COULIBALY, PAULIN
Earth and Environmental Sciences

subject:
Hydrologic models
Spring peak flow prediction
Snowmelt estimation
Calibration approaches

abstract:
In cold and snowy countries, water resources management and planning require accurate and reliable spring peak flow forecasts which call for adequate snowmelt estimation techniques. Thus, exploring the potential of snowmelt models to improve the spring peak flow prediction has been an active research area. Snow models vary in degree of complexity from simple empirical models to complex physically based models. Whereas majority of studies on snowmelt modeling have focused on comparing the performance of empirical snowmelt estimation techniques with physically based methods, very few studies have investigated empirical methods and conceptual models for hydrological applications. This study investigates the potential of a simple Degree-Day Method (DDM) to effectively and accurately predict peak flows compared to sophisticated SNOW-17 model at La-Grande River Basin (LGRB), Quebec and Upper Assiniboine river at Shellmouth Reservoir (UASR), Manitoba. Moreover, since hydrologic models highly rely on estimated parameter vectors to produce accurate streamflow simulations, accurate and efficient parameter optimization techniques are essential. The study also investigates the benefits of seasonal model calibration versus annual model calibration approach. The study is performed using two hydrological models, namely MAC-HBV (McMaster University Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning) and SAC-SMA (Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting) and their model combinations thereof.
Results indicate that the simple DDM performed consistently better at both study sites and showed significant improvement in prediction accuracy at UASR. Moreover, seasonal model calibration appears to be an effective and efficient alternative to annually calibrated model especially when extreme events are of particular interest. Furthermore, results suggest that SAC-SMA model outperformed MAC-HBV model, no matter what snowmelt computation method, calibration approach or study basin is used. Conclusively, DDM and seasonal model optimization approach coupled with SAC-SMA hydrologic model appears to be a robust model combination for enhanced spring peak flow prediction. A significant advantage of aforementioned modeling approach for operational hydrology is that it demonstrates computational efficiency, ease of implementation and is less time-consuming.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Exploring the Relationship Between Neck Strength, Anthropometry, and Symptom Scores on Concussion Risk and Recovery in University Athletes

contributor:
DeMatteo, Carol
Gross, Anita
Price, Ira
Rehabilitation Science

subject:
concussion
mTBI
athletes
concussion risk
recovery
brain injury
neck strength

abstract: An examination of neck strength, and other possible predictors of concussion risk in university athletes and how these variables relate to concussion recovery in this cohort.

abstract:
Concussion incidence in university athletes has been increased drastically over the last two decades. Prevention of concussion injuries is still elusive and scarcely reported in the literature. Certain athletes are at greater risk for concussion than others. Identifying these risk factors is an important first step in identifying those who are at highest risk for concussion. Concussions are biomechanical injuries therefore addressing the strength of the neck musculature might be a significant modifiable risk factor in concussion prevention. Greater neck strength may help to attenuate the forces that cause concussion and either prevent injury or decrease the severity.
	There are some known risk factors for concussion, including age and female sex, however this does not account for all of the variability in concussion incidence in university athletes. Further exploration into the importance of neck strength and concussion in university athletes is required to identify alternative prevention strategies available to athletes.
	The purpose of this research was to examine if neck strength and anthropometric variables are significant predictors of concussion risk and concussion recovery time in Canadian university athletes.
	Chapter One provides a review of the current literature on concussion. It presents the background information for concussion risk, etiology, assessment, and management in university athletes. This chapter also reviews the literature to date on neck strength in concussion and assessments of neck strength in athletes.
	Chapter Two presents a study evaluating the risk of concussion in a group of Canadian university varsity athletes (n = 246). Neck strength and anthropometric variables are assessed for their significance in predicting concussion risk in this cohort along with published covariates. Neck pain and past concussion history were found to be the most significant predictors of concussion in this population.
	Chapter Three provides an exploration into the importance of neck strength and anthropometric variables in length of recovery in concussed athletes (n = 35). The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 3rd edition was used to evaluate symptom intensity in these athletes. A multiple linear regression model was used to predict recovery time. Symptom score and neck pain were the only significant predictors of concussion recovery time in varsity athletes.
	Chapter Four presents the implications of the two aforementioned studies for clinical practice, future research, and policy recommendations. More in-depth assessments prior to the beginning of competition should be considered in identifying athletes who are at greatest risk for concussion. Athletes with significant past concussion history should be evaluated more closely and informed of their heightened risk for subsequent injury.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Health Sciences (MSc)


title: Fully Integrated Electrochemical Sensor Based on Surface Activated Copper/Polymer Bonding for Lead Detection

contributor:
Haddara, Yaser M.
Howlader, Matiar M. R.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
surface activated bonding
lead detection
electrochemical sensor
fully integrated
water quality monitoring
copper
polymer
environmental sensor

abstract:
Lead (Pb) levels in tap water below the established water safety guideline are now considered harmful, thus detecting sub-parts-per-billion level Pb is important. This thesis reports on a miniaturized Copper (Cu)−based electrochemical sensor fabricated from thick film electrodes for their superior sensing performance. These thick film electrodes are based on highly conductive rolled-annealed Cu foil that has a compact bulk structure, but these advantages are often offset by the fact that RA Cu foil is difficult to bond to a substrate due to poor film-adhesion property and lack of mechanical interlocks. For this reason, we develop a direct bonding process for Cu/polymer. An integrated three-electrode planar configuration is then fabricated on the bonded specimen to achieve a fully-functional sensor that can detect 0.2 μg/L (0.2 ppb) Pb2+ ions from a 100 μL sample in only 30 s. This is the most rapid detection of Pb featured to date by an all Cu-based sensor.
This thesis first focuses on improving substrate adhesion of RA Cu foil to liquid crystal polymer (LCP). This is achieved by a surface activated bonding process where Cu and LCP surfaces are treated with low-power reactive ion etching oxygen plasma followed by low-pressure contact at 230 °C. This treatment produces hydroxyl (OH−) groups on Cu and LCP surfaces making them highly hydrophilic. When Cu and LCP are contacted and heated, the OH− chains condense by dehydration and form an intermediate oxide layer. This layer mainly develops as Cu2O nanoparticles from the plasma-treated Cu side due to thermal oxidation in air. These nanoparticles diffuse into the polymer substrate when heated under mechanical pressure, resulting in a strongly bonded flexible specimen for the sensor.
A simple, inexpensive, and production-friendly fabrication process is then developed for these sensors. Following direct bonding, flexible Cu/LCP is fed into a LaserJet printer for a one-step transfer of polyester resin−based electrode mask on Cu. This is followed by etching, packaging, and a chlorinating process to achieve a fully-functional integrated sensor. The sensing performance of directly bonded Cu/LCP is comparable to that of commercially available Cu/polyimide (PI) laminate. Our approach holds promise towards realizing low-cost integrated water quality monitoring systems.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)

abstract: Lead contamination in tap water has major health risks for which monitoring of its levels is important. In this thesis, we develop a low-cost copper/polymer-based lead sensor. The sensor is fabricated from high-quality metal foil electrodes that are integrated to a polymer substrate by a direct bonding process. This enables strong adhesion of foil-based electrodes to the substrate that is crucial to the sensor performance and packaging integrity. We investigate the bonding mechanism between copper and polymer to understand the fundamentals of materials integration. These findings will lead to the development of polymer-based sensors and integrated systems. The bonded sensor bases are mechanically flexible, which facilitates a rapid and low-cost fabrication process using a laser printer. The developed sensor has a fast response time (30 s) and can detect very low levels of lead, thus making it suitable for water quality monitoring applications in under-developed and developed countries with legacy water systems that have not been upgraded yet.


title: MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE REGULATION OF LUNG RESIDENT MEMORY T CELLS INDUCED BY TB VACCINATION STRATEGIES

contributor:
Xing, Zhou
Medical Sciences

subject: Lung tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells, Viral vector TB vaccine, respiratory mucosal vaccination, parenteral prime-local pull vaccination

abstract: In the recent years, it has been well established that primary respiratory viral infection-induced lung resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) characterized by the expression of integrins CD49a and CD103, as well as the early-activation marker CD69, constitute the first line of defense against reinfection. On the other hand, viral vector-based respiratory mucosal (RM) vaccination, as well as parenteral vaccination followed by airway luminal manipulation induce lasting and protective lung T cell immunity towards pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, it remains poorly understood whether and how these TB vaccination strategies induce TRM in the lung. As such, within this thesis we will investigate generation of lung CD8 TRM upon different TB vaccination strategies and the underlying mechanisms regulating establishment of such cells. Here using distinct models of replication-deficient adenoviral vector-based TB vaccination, we find that RM vaccination leads to generation of lung CD8 TRM identified by the expression of CD69, CD103, and very late activation Ag 1 (VLA-1). These TRM-associated molecules are acquired by CD8 T cells in distinct tissues. In this regard, VLA-1 is acquired during T cell priming in draining mediastinal lymph nodes (dMLNs) and the others acquired after T cells entered the lung. Once in the lung, Ag-specific CD8 TRM continue to express VLA-1 at high levels through the effector/expansion, contraction, and memory phases of T cell responses. We also reveal that VLA-1 is not required for homing of these cells to the lung, but it negatively regulates them in the contraction phase. Furthermore, VLA-1 has a negligible role in the maintenance of such cells in the lung. Separately, we have observed that while parenteral intramuscular vaccination alone does not induce lung CD8 TRM, subsequent RM inoculation of an Ag-dependent, but not a non-specific inflammatory agonist induces lung CD8 TRM. Such generation of lung CD8 TRM needs CD4 T cell help. These findings not only fill the current knowledge gap, but also hold important implications in developing effective vaccination strategies towards mucosal intracellular infectious diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), TB and herpes virus infection.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Essays in International Trade and Finance

type: Thesis Other

contributor:
Veall, Michael
Pujolas, Pau
Economics

abstract:
There has been a huge increase in the volume of trade in the last fifty years, fueled in part by
the proliferation of international agreements. This thesis studies two important implications
of these agreements as well as a third implication of a comparison of specific patterns
of rising trade across countries. After an overview of the thesis in Chapter 1, Chapter 2
examines detailed firm-level microdata on firms who invested and traded with Peru, before
and after the Canada-Peru Foreign Investment Protection Agreement enacted in 2007. It
finds little evidence that the agreement contributed to outsourcing in Canada. It also finds
that in this case, the firm’s Foreign Direct Investment was more likely to have expanded
their production structures horizontally rather than vertically, although the evidence is
incomplete. Chapter 3 uses a theoretical model to show potential shortcomings of reducing
tariffs through international agreements when governments may face a sovereign debt crisis,
especially when their institutions have limited ability to collect other forms of taxes. Chapter
4 examines trade data on imports of luxury goods, finding no robust evidence of different
rates of changes across countries that have been estimated by others to have had large or
small increases in top end incomes.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Thinkable Futures, Permissible Forms of Life: Listening to Talk about Trans Youth and Early Gender Transition

contributor:
Sinding, Christina
Social Work

subject: transgender, trans, child, youth, puberty, medical, discourse analysis, race, autism, temporality, interpretive repertoire, transgender studies, critical disability studies, queer temporality, queer of colour critique

abstract: This is a time of expanding futures for transgender youth who are able to “buy time” by blocking puberty and transitioning young. Twenty years of clinical literature indicates that suppressing puberty can be lifesaving for trans youth, allowing them to avoid the distress and harm associated with transgender lives writ large. A growing number of “gender affirming” clinics now offer young trans people greater autonomy over their bodies, their futures, and their future bodies. Yet there remain troubling disparities, with indications that clinics are primarily serving white middle class trans youth and that autistic trans youth face delays. This thesis is a discourse analysis of 18 interviews with international health and mental health clinicians and 10 interviews with key stakeholders. Drawing from the literature of queer temporalities, sociological work on time and social power, queer and trans of colour critique, critical disability studies, critical autism studies, and transgender studies, I use an “interpretive repertoire” analysis to ask: How have puberty suppression and early gender transition become thinkable futures for trans youth? This thesis finds that the conditions of possibility that make early transition possible for some, are the same that foreclose it for others. The discourses of maturity and cognitive age, the expected “chrononormative” narrative, and the discourses of crisis and the “race against time”, each work to make outsiders of autistic and racialized trans youth in particular. While there is much to celebrate in the new futures available to trans youth, I argue that puberty blockers currently function as a “switchpoint” moving privileged trans youth onto a track toward even greater privilege, and widening the gap in life opportunities. This thesis introduces the concept of “the temporality of privilege” and calls for greater attention to the political implications augured by the contemporary scene of gender-affirming care for trans youth.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: We are in a time of expanding futures for transgender youth who are able to “buy time” by blocking puberty and transitioning to a new gender while young. Clinical research and literature suggest this as a lifesaving option for trans youth, allowing them to avoid distress and harm. Yet there remain troubling disparities with this treatment. Many clinics report they are primarily serving white middle class trans youth and there are some indications that autistic trans youth may be stalled or delayed in the process. I report on a discourse analysis of 18 interviews with health and mental health clinicians across six countries, in addition to 10 interviews with community level experts. I draw on a range of theory and an “interpretive repertoire” analysis to theorize how these futures become thinkable and possible for trans youth, while considering the political implications and unforeseen consequences for those youth unable to benefit.


title: "The Kindness of Uncle Sam"?: American Aid to France and the Politics of Postwar Relief, 1944-1948

contributor:
Horn, Martin
History

subject: private voluntary relief; foreign aid; postwar relief; Franco-American relations; humanitarianism; UNRRA; American Aid to France

abstract: This dissertation contributes to literature on postwar philanthropy and the Franco-American relationship. It examines the private voluntary relief organization, American Aid to France (AAF), which provided emergency supplies, rehabilitative services, and assisted in the reconstruction of France following the Second World War. Unlike other devastated European countries, Charles de Gaulle did not invite the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to host a program, which limited France’s participation in the transnational relief movement of the immediate postwar period and allowed AAF to become the principal foreign private voluntary aid agency operating in Liberated France. From 1944 to 1956, AAF asserted that its assistance reflected the strength of the Franco-American alliance, and kinship felt between two countries with a shared history of liberal revolution and republicanism. AAF’s statements expressing “goodwill” and “historical friendship” towards France rapidly began to assume a more political tone as Cold War tensions intensified. From 1947 onward, AAF became increasingly outspoken in its support for capitalism, democracy, and international cooperation. These statements were crafted for, and appealed to, U.S. authorities who believed France was the key to containing communism in Europe. In reality, AAF’s main concern was redressing the destruction of Normandy caused by Allied bombing campaigns, and the organization showed no hesitation to work with mayors from across the political spectrum in devastated French communities to achieve this goal. AAF’s private voluntary status shielded the organization from French criticisms of Americanization chiefly aimed at the Marshall Plan. This dissertation demonstrates that AAF was part of an independent, robust private voluntary relief sphere that contributed to Europe’s recovery, and helped citizens in the United States and France come to terms with the transition from war to peace.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: This dissertation contributes to literature on postwar philanthropy and Franco-American relations. It examines American Aid to France (AAF), one of hundreds of U.S. private voluntary relief organizations founded during the Second World War to help devastated civilians. Operating from 1944 to 1956, AAF’s efforts to provide emergency supplies, rehabilitative services, and assist in the reconstruction of Liberated France was a significant private affirmation of the Franco-American alliance during a period of increasingly tense international relations. Private voluntary relief organizations have been overlooked in scholarship in favour of larger agencies such as the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which has resulted in a considerable emphasis on transnationalism in the literature on postwar relief. Examining Franco-American relations through the prism of AAF’s relief reveals that a dynamic alternative network of private assistance, which operated firmly outside of the transnational relief movement, contributed in meaningful ways to France’s recovery.


title: Analysis of Huntingtin Protein Aggregation Mechanisms and the Development of a Clinically-Derived Human Cell Model of Huntington's Disease

contributor:
Truant, Ray
Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences

subject:
Huntington's Disease
Neurodegeneration
Cell Biology
Protein Aggregation

abstract:
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by selective neuronal vulnerability and subsequent degeneration in specific areas of the brain. Huntington’s Disease (HD) is inherited as an autosomal dominant mutation that primarily affects the cells of the striatum and the cerebral cortex, leading to a triad of symptoms that include the progressive loss of motor function, defects in cognitive ability and psychiatric manifestations. HD is caused by a CAG repeat expansion that exceeds 37 repeats in Exon1 of the HTT gene, manifesting as a pathogenic polyglutamine (polyQ) amino acid tract expansion in the huntingtin protein. HD is a late onset disorder, with disease onset around 40-50 years of age and symptoms that worsen over 10-20 years. Only a few symptomatic treatments are available and there is currently no cure for the disease. Therapeutics to target the huntingtin gene itself have only been in clinical trial in the past 2 years.
The length of the expansion has an inverse relationship with the age of disease onset. Most patients that have repeats between 40-45 CAG, however, have varying age of disease onset. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated DNA handling and repair pathways as modifiers of age of disease onset up to 6 years. Therapeutic approaches to modify and delay onset indefinitely through other genetic targets will require identification of pathological mechanisms that precede disease onset.
Several hallmark phenotypes have been identified in cell and animal models, including pathogenic aggregate formation. These models are not reflective of human biology, using excessively large CAG repeats (>100) associated with the more aggressive, juvenile HD, overlooking the importance of GWAS results and the progression of disease with lower pathogenic CAG repeats (40-50 CAG). We have therefore generated novel, clinically-relevant human patient fibroblast cell lines and have characterized several disease phenotypes. My thesis presents a culmination of several projects that focus on disease modelling, primarily outlining phenotypic differences between wildtype and HD cells that will benefit our understanding of disease pathogenesis.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Dimensioning of Integrated Starter-Generator Mild Hybrid System Using Real World Drive Cycles

contributor:
Bauman, Jennifer
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject: Hybrid, Hybridization, Dimensioning, Electrification, Vehicle Modelling

abstract: Hybrid vehicles are an important technology for reducing oil use and transportation-related emissions. It is well-known that hybrid and electric vehicles are often designed and tested using standard cycles such as the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWY), Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), and the US06 Supplementary Federal Test Procedure (US06). However, this begs the questions: How does real world driving compare to these cycles? Can a vehicle be designed using real world driving data which saves fuel in the real world compared to a vehicle designed using standard cycles? This thesis investigates this issue using a set of 5000km of real world driving data by light-duty pickup trucks, with the goal to optimize the fuel savings of a mild hybrid truck. The challenge with using a model-based design approach on thousands of kilometers of real driving data is the long model run-time required to iterate through plant and control parameters. Thus, this work develops a novel script which reduces optimization time by 78%. The key is to run the full model of the non-hybrid truck one time on the full driving data set, and then use the resulting vehicle speed, engine efficiency, engine torque, and engine speed, as inputs to the faster script. The script is then used to quickly iterate through the driving data set many times to find optimal control and plant parameters. In this work, exhaustive search is used; however, evolutionary optimization algorithms could also be used and would benefit from the fast script iteration on real world driving cycles. Overall, the use of the real world driving set for design of the mild hybrid truck resulted in a 7.10% decrease in fuel consumption compared to the non-hybrid truck, while the use of standard driving cycles for design resulted in a 5.45% fuel consumption decrease compared to the non-hybrid truck.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Health Utility of Patients with Non-Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers

contributor:
O'Reilly, Daria
Xie, Feng
Thabane, Lehana
Health Research Methodology

subject:
Health utility
Diabetic foot ulcer

abstract:
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) impart a large burden on patients and the healthcare system in Canada.  Health utility estimates are an integral part of determining the cost-effectiveness of treatments for DFUs.  The objective of this thesis was to identify health utility estimates for patients with non-healing DFUs.  A systematic review of studies reporting health utility estimates for non-healing DFUs was conducted and included nine studies.  The quality of the studies, as it related to the health utility estimates for non-healing DFUs, was difficult to determine due to a lack of reporting of study and patient characteristics.  The health utility estimates ranged from 0.44 to 0.89. None of the studies investigated for factors associated with the health utility of patients with non-healing DFUs.
In addition, an exploratory regression analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in patients with chronic, non-healing DFUs was conducted.  No factors were identified that were associated with health utility; however, the sample size was small and the analysis exploratory. Further research is required to identify such factors.  Finally, a descriptive regression model, including several baseline factors, was created which provided a heath utility estimate of 0.647 for Canadian patients with non-healing DFUs; however, the results should be interpreted with caution, especially as some subgroups had very small numbers of patients (e.g., Wagner Grade of 4; patients with 4 or more wounds).
In summary, guidance is lacking on the best methodology to conduct and analyze studies that provide estimates of the health utility of patients with non-healing DFUs, or any other health state, that are to be used to inform economic evaluations. Additionally, a tool is needed to aid analysts in critically appraising studies so that they can select the best estimate of health utility value to include in economic evaluations.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Health Sciences (MSc)

abstract: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) impart a large burden on patients and the healthcare system in Canada.  The objective of this thesis was to identify health utility estimates for patients with non-healing DFUs.  A systematic review was conducted and included nine studies, for which health utility estimates ranged from 0.44 to 0.89.  An exploratory regression analysis of data from an Ontario-based study in patients with non-healing DFUs was conducted.  No factors associated with health utility were identified but further research is required.  A descriptive regression model, adjusting for several baseline factors, provides a health utility of 0.647 for Canadian patients, but should be interpreted with caution.  Guidance is needed on the best methodology to conduct studies to estimate the health utilities for use in economic evaluations and for a tool to critically appraise studies to help select the best estimate of health utility for inclusion in economic evaluations.


title: Age-associated inflammation impairs myeloid development and monocyte and macrophage function

contributor: Medical Sciences (Molecular Virology and Immunology Program)

abstract:
As the population ages, the burden of chronic inflammatory disease increases and novel interventions to keep older adults healthier for longer are urgently required. Individuals with lower than age-average levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF, IL-6) appear to live longer, healthier lives. Our data suggest that chronic exposure to inflammation in the aging microenvironment alters myeloid cell production and function, which ultimately impacts health. In humans (20-100yo) we found that serum cytokines and health conditions were stronger predictors of myeloid cell numbers, and monocyte maturity and activation than age alone. Individuals with more chronic conditions had more myeloid derived suppressor cells and a higher ratio of CD16+ to CD14+ monocytes. Markers of monocyte activation (e.g. CCR2, CX3CR1, HLA-DR, CD16) were elevated in chronic inflammatory states (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, RA; osteoarthritis, OA) when compared to healthy age- and sex-matched controls. CCR2 expression on monocytes correlated with pain in RA and OA. Following DMARD treatment in RA patients, inflammation, monocyte CCR2 expression, and disease activity decreased.
Myeloid cells expand with age in both mice and humans. In mice, we found that this resulted from increased monopoiesis in the bone marrow and the spleen. Using heterochronic bone marrow chimeras, we determined that this process is driven by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from the aging microenvironment. Transcriptomic analysis of both circulating monocytes and alveolar macrophages revealed decreased expression of genes involved in myeloid lineage commitment and
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maturation (i.e. HDAC1, TET2, FOXO3) in old WT mice, but not in in old TNF KOs. Although myeloid cells increase with age, their function is impaired. We found that both life-long and acute exposure to TNF can impair phagolysosomal fusion and decrease bacterial killing capacity of macrophages. Overall, these studies demonstrate that age-associated inflammation accelerates myeloid cell production at the expense of proper differentiation and function.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: Inflammation in the absence of infection or injury naturally increases with age. Healthy aging is influenced by an individual’s level of inflammation. The risk of developing chronic disease (e.g. heart disease, diabetes, arthritis) and mortality increases in people who have higher than age-average levels of inflammation. Monocytes and macrophages are cells of the immune system whose numbers and functions change with age, as well as in diseases that increase in prevalence with age. The goal of this thesis was to better understand how increased levels of inflammation affect monocyte and macrophage numbers and functions, which we believe increases susceptibility to chronic disease. We found that high levels of inflammation increase the numbers of these cells but they cannot properly perform their functions. By decreasing inflammation we were able to reverse some of these changes. These findings suggest that decreasing inflammation may prevent and slow the progression of chronic age-associated diseases.


title: A Novel Type of Signalling from DNA Damage Under ATP Stress in Huntington’s Disease

subject:
Huntington's disease
DNA damage
Bioenergetics
DNA damage repair

abstract:
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of striatal and cortical neurons. The neurons in these regions are particularly energy-demanding and need to maintain high levels of oxidative phosphorylation to support cellular activities. Reactive oxygen species are generated as a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation and can damage DNA and other biomolecules if not properly metabolized. In HD, there is elevated oxidative DNA damage and impaired DNA damage repair, likely due to impaired function of the mutant huntingtin protein in base excision repair (BER). Previous studies have shown that mutant huntingtin is hypo-phosphorylated at serines 13 and 16 in the N17 domain, and that restoring phosphorylation can reestablish normal protein function and is protective in HD.
In this thesis, we show that a metabolite of the DNA damage product N6- furfuryladenine (N6FFA), kinetin triphoshate (KTP) increases N17 phosphorylation through casein kinase 2 (CK2) by acting as an ATP analog, with protective effects in cell and animal models of disease. We additionally show N6FFA increases the activity of CK2 on other substrates, specifically p53. We hypothesize that in times of ATP stress CK2 can utilize KTP as an alternate energy source, promoting DNA repair and cell viability. In HD, inefficient BER inhibits generation of KTP and promotes hypo- phosphorylation of CK2 substrates, which can be overcome by exogenous addition of N6FFA. Additionally, we show that another DNA-responsive kinase, PKCζ, can also phosphorylated N17, potentially priming this domain for CK2 phosphorylation. Finally, we propose that the protective effects of N6FFA may be via a two-pronged pathway, involving both CK2 and the mitochondrial quality control kinase, PINK1. Thus, this thesis presents a novel mechanism where a product of DNA damage acts as a phosphate source for critical kinases in DNA repair and mitochondrial maintenance in conditions where ATP levels are low.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Influences of Diet, Exercise, and Stress on Hippocampal Health in Depression and Alzheimer’s Disease

contributor:
Becker, Suzanna
Psychology

subject:
neuroscience
psychology
behaviour
mice
hippocampus
Alzheimer's disease
depression
stress
exercise
diet
neurogenesis
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
learning
memory

abstract:
Chronic stress and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) both lead to degenerative changes in the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in episodic memory and regulation of the stress response. Mechanisms of aging (inflammation, oxidative stress, membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance) and a loss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), occur in cases of both stress-related depression and AD. Three studies were conducted using mouse models to determine whether exercise or treatment with an anti-aging multi-ingredient supplement (MDS) designed to counteract these aging mechanisms could protect the hippocampus, and associated behavioural functions, from either stress or AD. The first experiment revealed that the upregulation of neurogenesis by aerobic exercise in c57Bl/6 male mice does not occur after stress exposure. The MDS and exercise, but neither intervention alone, alleviated anhedonia, upregulated BDNF and increased neurogenesis.
        The other two experiments evaluated whether the MDS could counteract a range of AD behavioural and biological manifestations in both sexes of the 3xTg-AD mouse model. At 3-4 months of age, 2 months of MDS-supplementation protected 3xTg-AD mice from developing deficits in working memory and spatial learning seen in vehicle-treated transgenic mice. The MDS continued to benefit 3xTg-AD females, but not males, on tests of 24-h recall under conditions of high interference until 11-12 months of age, along with upregulating hippocampal BDNF. The MDS also attenuated the splenomegaly seen in 3xTg-AD mice and normalized the previously undiscovered aberrant recruitment of CA1 and CA3 neurons by 3xTg-AD males during spatial encoding.
        This work supports the use of diet and exercise to buffer against major depressive disorder (MDD) and AD in part by acting upon the hippocampus. It also recommends the use of lifestyle-based interventions to promote functional improvements in MDD or AD, and further elucidates the potential of BDNF and neurogenesis as therapeutic targets in counteracting these debilitating conditions.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Genetic Identification of Phosphotyrosine Specific Drosophila Effectors of Neu/Erb-B2 Signaling

title: Genetic Screening for Effectors of Neu/ErbB2 Signaling

contributor:
Jacobs, J.
Biology

subject:
genetic
phosphotyrosine
drosophila
Neu/Erb-B2 signal

abstract:
The Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (DEgfr) is the only fly orthologue of the vertebrate Neu/ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. In Drosophila, DEgfr signaling is required in the developing wing discs, and for the determination and differentiation of wing veins. Expression of constitutively active rat Neu/ErbB2 transgenes, each having a single phosphotyrosine (pTyr) residue in the adaptor domain, generates cellular responses in Drosophila consistent with the activation of signaling cascades employed by intrinsic DEgfr. We have performed extensive genetic screening to identify adaptor and second messenger pathways that are activated by individually reconstituted pTyr, by determining which signaling gene mutants alter neu wing phenotypes. In addition, we have screened for genetic deletions on the second and third chromosome that enhance or suppress the wing phenotypes generated by the neu add-back alleles. This approach has enabled us to identify several signaling proteins that differentially affect the Neu signaling pathway via association with specific pTyr residues. We have also identified 41 genomic regions in Drosophila, which modify signals from either individual or multiple neu add-back alleles. As Neu signaling appears to function in a manner similar to the DEgfr, we sought to determine whether these receptors were capable of heterodimerizing. In
order to examine this we co-expressed a kinase inactive version of the neu^YD allele with activated DEgfr. Co-expression of these receptors suggested that the DEgfr was unable to dimerize with, and transphosphorylate, the YD pTyr on Neu, as no potent anti-apoptotic phenotype was detected. Additionally, co-expression of activated neu and the kinase inactive version of neu^YD resulted in a decrease in glial cell numbers, in relation to mis-expression of the activated neu allele alone. These findings suggest that Neu does not interact with the DEgfr, but rather functions via homodimerization of it's receptor subunits.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Crisis on Infinite Texts: How Superman Developed into a Jesus Figure

contributor:
Kroeker, Travis
Religious Studies

subject:
Superman
Jesus Christ
Bible
Comic Books
Christ Figure
Superheroes

abstract: A study of the history of how Superman came to be identified with Jesus Christ.

abstract: This thesis examines the historical trajectory of how the comic book character of Superman came to be identified as a Christ figure in popular consciousness. Superman was created in 1938, but the character developed significantly from his earliest incarnations. This thesis argues that the connections between Superman and Jesus were not integral to the character as he was originally created, but were imposed by later writers over time and mainly for cinematic adaptations. There is a notable difference between how Superman is portrayed in the comics and the films because the films are aimed at a broader audience and have different marketing aims. Superman turned into a Christ figure for financial reasons in many ways. This thesis also tracks the history of how Christians and churches viewed Superman, as the film studios began to exploit marketing opportunities by comparing Superman and Jesus. This thesis uses the methodological framework of intertextuality to ground its treatment of the sources, but does not follow all of the assumptions of intertextual theorists because discussions of authorial intention are necessary for the narrative that this thesis pursues. The connection between Superman and Jesus was not inevitable and cannot be seen wholly as a byproduct of the changes in the surrounding American culture because this connection was a product of specific artistic decisions by particular creators—who were not necessarily Christians themselves.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)

abstract: This thesis examines the historical trajectory of how the comic book character of Superman came to be identified as a Christ figure in popular consciousness. It argues that this connection was not integral to the character as he was originally created, but was imposed by later writers over time and mainly for cinematic adaptations. This thesis also tracks the history of how Christians and churches viewed Superman, as the film studios began to exploit marketing opportunities by comparing Superman and Jesus. This thesis uses the methodological framework of intertextuality to ground its treatment of the sources, but does not follow all of the assumptions of intertextual theorists.


title: BEYOND ONE’S OWN MASTERY:  ON THE NORMATIVE FUNCTION OF HATE SPEECH

contributor:
Waluchow, Wilfrid
Philosophy

subject:
Hate Speech
Philosophy of Law
Normativity
Philosophy of Language

abstract: This thesis calls for a reconfiguration of hate speech as a primarily normative phenomenon. All hate speech strives to weaken the social-moral normative status of its targets and in doing, justifies violence against its target. In light of this normative function, the harm of hate speech is reconsidered. Against traditional defenders of hate speech regulation, I claim that individual and collective harm is a highly likely, but not a necessary consequence of hate speech, while intrinsic harm and reckless risk necessarily follow from hate speech’s normative capacity. In light of the normative origin of such harms, a societal response with normative clout is required. However, while individual responses are insufficient to block the normativity of hate speech, I suggest that the legal system is characteristically well-suited to do so.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Development and Use of Health Outcome Descriptors: A Guideline Development Case Study

contributor:
Schünemann, Holger
Health Research Methodology

subject:
Health Outcome
Guideline
Breast Cancer
Descriptor

abstract:
OBJECTIVES: During health guideline development, panel members often have implicit, different definitions of health outcomes that can lead to variability in evidence synthesis and recommendations. McMaster GRADE Centre researchers developed a standardized description of health outcomes using the health marker state format. We aimed to determine which aspects of the development, content, and use of marker states were valuable to guideline developers.
STUDY DESIGN & SETTING: We conducted a case study of marker state development with the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC) Guidelines Development Group (GDG). Eighteen GDG members provided written and interview feedback on the process. Using the health marker states, 2 health utility rating surveys were conducted near the beginning and end of development respectively.
RESULTS: We developed 24 marker states for outcomes related to breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Feedback from GDG members revealed that marker states could be useful for developing recommendations and improving transparency of guideline methods. Comparison of the two health utility surveys showed a decrease in standard deviation in the second survey across 21 (88%) of the outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Health marker states are a promising method, satisfying the pre-requisite of being feasible, acceptable, and with some initial result on reduction of variance of health utility scores.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Public Health (MPH)


title: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER AND LITHIUM-ION CAPACITORS FOR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN A SIMULATED DC METRO RAILWAY SYSTEM

contributor:
Emadi, Ali
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electric double layer capacitor
Lithium-ion capacitor
Energy storage system

abstract:
This works begins by providing motivation for additional research and political interest in the use of passenger railway systems as a method of ‘green’ transportation. Additional motivation for the adoption of energy saving methods within new and existing railway systems is also provided. This motivation stems from the relatively small carbon dioxide emissions per passenger kilometer and large quantity of electrical energy used in association with passenger railway systems. In specific cases, both theoretical analyses and experimental implementations of energy storage in railway systems have shown a reduction in electrical energy use and/or vehicle performance gains. Current railway energy storage systems (ESS) commonly make use of battery or electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) cells. A review of select energy storage technologies and their application in railway systems is provided. For example, the developing Qatar Education City People Mover system makes use of energy dense batteries and power dense EDLCs to provide the range and power needed to operate without a conventional railway power source between stations, formally called catenary free operation.

As an alternative to combining two distinct energy storage technologies, this work looks at experimentally characterizing the performance of commercially available lithium ion capacitors (LiCs); a relatively new energy storage cell that combines characteristics of batteries and EDLCs into one cell. The custom cell testing apparatus and lab safety systems used by this work, and others, is discussed.   A series of five tests were performed on two EDLC cells and five LiC cells to evaluate their characteristics under various electrical load conditions at multiple temperatures. The general conclusion is that, in comparison to the EDLC cells tested, the LiC cells tested offer a superior energy density however, their power capabilities are relatively limited, especially in cold environments, due to larger equivalent series resistance values.
The second topic explored in this work is the development of a MATLAB based DC powered passenger vehicle railway simulation tool. The simulation tool is connected to the experimental analysis of EDLC and LiC cells by comparing the volume and mass of an energy storage system needed for catenary free (no conventional DC power supply) operation between train stations using either energy storage technology. A backward facing modelling approach is used to quantify the drive cycle electrical power demands as a function of multiple vehicle parameters and driving parameters (eg. acceleration rate, travel distance and time).

Additional modelling methods are provided as a resource to further develop the simulation tool to include multiple vehicles and their interactions with the DC power supply. Completion of the multi-vehicle simulation tool with energy storage systems remains a task for future work.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Alexis de Tocqueville on American Expansionism and the Problem of Indigeneity

contributor:
Planinc, Mendelson
Zdravko, Alan
Religious Studies

subject: Tocqueville, Colonialism, Indigenous

abstract: This thesis explores Alexis de Tocqueville’s representation of Indigenous peoples in his book Democracy in America, a subject largely overlooked in the history of Tocqueville scholarship. I argue that his narrative on the history of American expansionism creates a simulacrum of Indigeneity as a rhetorical trope to convince the reader of the impossibility of the resurrection of European feudalism. In the process he exposes the brutality of American decadence while paradoxically endorsing the principles that motivate European colonialism. Tocqueville’s historical narrative essentially writes Indigenous people out of history and offers a tacit justification for some of the injustices they suffered. Although some modern scholars read him as a critic of American tyranny, I suggest that his juxtaposition of savagism and civilization presupposes a progressive concept of history that condemns Indigenous peoples to an unavoidable destruction.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)

abstract: This thesis examines the way that Alexis de Tocqueville misrepresents the history of Indigenous peoples in his book Democracy in America. I argue that his discussion on the history of American colonialism depicts Indigenous peoples in a way that fails to appreciate their culture and suggests that their destruction is simply the tragic result of the triumphant march of European civilization. I also argue that, for Tocqueville, the democratic movement in Europe is an historical inevitability that is impossible to resist.