title: An Investigation of Ultrashort Laser Pulse Modification of Diamond

contributor:
Haugen, H.
Botton, Gianluigi
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract:
This thesis reports observations of modification to single crystal CVD grown diamond irradiated with ultrashort (~150 fs), infrared (800 nm) laser pulses. The first set of experiments reports on modifications when the pulses were focused on the surface of single crystal diamond. A second set of experiments was done where pulses were focused in the bulk to study the formation of internal structures. Diamond is a dielectric material that is normally transparent to infrared radiation. However , the high intensity of femtosecond laser pulses allows for nonlinear absorpt ion of laser radiation. The surface features that formed on diamond were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Thin cross sections of diamond were also made using a focused ion beam (FIB) machine. These thin membranes were analyzed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to study modifications in the crystal structure directly below the surface of areas irradiated with ultrashort laser pulses. A FIB was also used to prepare TEM samples from areas in the bulk that had been irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses.

Surface craters were made with single femtosecond laser pulses. A ring around the edge of the single pulse craters was observed for craters made with higher pulse energies. Atomic force microscope measurements of this ring revealed it was substantially deeper than the area in the center of the crater and therefore more ablation occurred in the outer ring than in the center. This left a protrusion in the center of the crater. The formation of this ring feature was initially unexpected because the laser pulse has a Gaussian profile. More ablation might be expected to occur in the center of the crater which received a higher intensity and fluence. TEM cross sections also revealed a modified layer of amorphous carbon or polycrystalline diamond on the surface of the crater which had a very uniform thickness inside the ring or central protrusion. This modified layer was thicker underneath the deeper ring feature.

Surface craters were also made with multiple laser pulses and surface lines were made by translating the sample as it was irradiated. In these experiments ripples were observed. Two different types of ripples formed . The first type had a spacing of 550-600 nm which was slightly less than the wavelength of the 800 nm laser pulses. Another type of ripples, with a spacing of 200-250 nm, was also observed. These higher spatial frequency ripples formed in areas which received a lower fiuence/pulse such as around the edge of craters made 'with multiple pulses or lines made with low energy pulses. Both kinds of ripples formed perpendicular to the direction of the laser polarization. This sections of t he ripples viewed in a TEM revealed the high and low spatial frequency ripples had a similar structure. The center of each ripple was unmodified diamond that was part of the main single crystal lattice. The surface of the ripples was covered with a thin, uniform layer of polycrystalline diamond, amorphous carbon or graphite. The ripples had a very smooth, sinusoidal profile instead of forming more angular grooves.

Areas inside the diamond samples were irradiated by focusing the laser pulses in the bulk of the single crystal diamond samples. The sample was translated while being irradiated to make lines within the bulle These lines appeared as darkened areas which could be seen in an optical microscope. TEM sections revealed that cracks had formed in the bulk along the cleavage planes of diamond. These cracks contained polycrystalline material. However, no periodic structures were observed inside diamond. Other dielectrics irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses have revealed periodic structures formed in the bulk.

The results of a TEM analysis on a specimen of laser irradiated single crystal InP are shown in Appendix A. The TEM sample was made by taking a section of a crater formed with a single laser pulse. The laser pulse had a central wavelength of 800 nm and a duration of 10 fs. The irradiation was performed at the Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie in Berlin, Germany. This research was in collaboration with Jorn Bonse (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung, Berlin, Germany) et al. The crater had a central protrusion feature similar to the feature seen in diamond craters made with single laser pulses. The crater was covered in a laser modified layer made up of polycrystalline and amorphous InP. This layer was much thicker in the area under the central protrusion. There was a very sharp boundary between the laser modified layer and the unmodified InP.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Behaviour of Reduced-Scale Fully Grouted Concrete Block Masonry Building

contributor:
Drysdale, R.
EI-Dakhakhni, W.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
Much of the experimental research on shear wall elements in reinforced masonry has been performed on shear walls in isolation. These elements have typically been removed from their structural system and artificial idealized loading is placed on them. Testing is limited to these types of experiments because of limitations of laboratory equipment or the potential cost constraints of attempting tests on full building systems. Full-scale testing as well as some reduced scale testing has been performed at McMaster University over recent years. However, in order to examine larger walls as well as full building structures, the focus of research has turned more towards reduced-scale testing. First, half-scale tests were completed, and now, as part of a new test program, testing utilizes one-third scale concrete blocks.

This thesis focuses on the ductile response of a one-third scale reinforced, fully grouted, concrete block shear wall building. As the name implies, the lateral load resisting system consists solely of reinforced masonry shear walls. Documentation is presented of the building response in terms of stiffness, torsion and post-yielding lateral loading. Further examination is presented related to the diaphragm action and associated inter-wall coupling behaviour. The load-displacement characteristics of the structure are then broken down into the response of the individual shear wall elements within the structure. These response characteristics are then related back to previous studies of the same wall configurations tested in isolation.

The primary objective of the thesis is to provide a foundation to build a relationship between the behaviour of reinforced masonry shear walls tested in isolation and their behaviour in a building or system setting. This, along with future research in this area will provide comparisons between current design practice and observed performance for the purpose of potentially amending design practices related to seismic provisions as found in the National Building Code of Canada (2010) as well as the masonry design standard C5A 5304.1 (2004).

The results of this study show a positive response for the use of one-third scale testing as well as testing of full systems. Although relatively brittle reinforcing steel limited the ability of the structure to achieve the expected ductility level the test results did show excellent promise for the hypothesis presented. This experimental program showed the potential of reinforced masonry shear walls to resist seismic loading while acting as part of a structural system.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: The Stress of a Cooperative Breeder

contributor:
Balshine, Sigal
Gilmour, K.M.
Behavioural Endocrinology

subject:
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Social and Behavioral Sciences

abstract:
In this thesis I examined behavioural, physiological, and molecular aspects of the stress response of the highly social cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Through this work, I established that dominant individuals within a group have higher baseline stress levels (as measured by plasma circulating cortisol concentrations) than subordinate group members, and hypothesize that this is due to the high demands placed on dominant individuals in both acquiring and maintaining their dominance status. Additionally, social behaviours, and activity levels were positively correlated with stress levels in subordinate males but these correlations were not observed in any other social class. Life history traits of males may explain this pattern, as subordinate males are arguably the social class with least stability in a group, and may need to appease dominant individuals in order to be allowed to stay; this may in tum cause stress. I was also able to establish that while dominant individuals had higher resting cortisol levels than subordinates, they were in no way maximal, as the application of a 10 minute stressor caused large increases above resting levels (>10 fold in magnitude) in circulating cortisol levels of both social classes and in both sexes. As an extension to the characterization of the stress response in N. pulcher, we examined differences in corticosteroid receptor levels between dominants and subordinates. This will paint a much fuller picture of the stress response in N. pulcher and highlight differences and similarities between stress responses in each social class, both physiologically and at the molecular level.

In a second experiment, dominant female breeders were repeatedly stressed to assess possible maternal and offspring fitness costs. Through this manipulation we found that stressing females resulted in a longer interval between spawning events, and decreased maternal growth rates. Additionally there was a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid, as well as egg size in stressed mothers compared to those left unstressed. Helpers within a group seemed to have no effect on the above-mentioned characteristics, however mothers without helpers released highly variable cortisol concentrations during the first and second lay, while those with helpers saw less variability in the concentration of cortisol they released into eggs.

The results presented in this thesis shed light on the stress responses of N. pulcher, highlighting the impacts that within-group social dynamics have on stress levels, and their potential impacts on maternal and (possibly) offspring fitness.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: ON THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE EQUIVALENT TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIAL

contributor:
Stolle, D.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The subject of this study is the mechanical response of soil masses consisting of numerous strata in their elastic range. The study comprises analytical, experimental and numerical aspects and provides an insight to the concept of 'equivalent' homogeneous cross-anisotropic material indicating that a system of strata can be replaced by an equivalent transversely isotropic material.

The elastic material properties of such an equivalent transversely isotropic are derived analytically, based on the elastic constants of the constituents. The experimental study is carried out to investigate and verify the concept of the equivalent transversely isotropic material. The experiments involve triaxial tests on samples of two types of homogeneous clay, as well as tests on layered samples consisting of the homogeneous materials. In the numerical part of the study, the tests conducted in the experiments, were simulated via finite element analysis. A comparison is made between the elastic constants obtained from the mathematical formulation, the experiments and FE simulations.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: GERMLINE MUTATIONS AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS IN FATHEAD MINNOWS EXPOSED TO CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS FROM RANDLE REEF, HAMILTON HARBOUR

contributor:
Quinn, James S
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Sediments at Randle Reef, Hamilton Harbour are highly contaminated with coal tar, a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's). Studies there have demonstrated adverse effects in fish, including elevated mortalities and increased incidences of tumors. However, reproductive effects and heritable genetic alterations have not been evaluated. We exposed sub-adult fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to contaminated water and sediments at Randle Reef, Hamilton Harbour using two approaches. In the first, fish were caged at Randle Reef for six weeks, and in the second fish were exposed in-lab to whole sediments for three weeks. Fish from both studies were transferred to clean aquaria and evaluated for reproductive impairment immediately following exposures. We also determined germline mutation rates in fish exposed in-lab, using microsatellite DNA markers. Overall, we found no evidence to support our initial expectation that fish exposed to the highly contaminated sediments at Randle Reef would experience elevated germline mutations and reproductive impairment. This finding was unexpected, given the large number of studies that have reported effects following exposure to PAH's and PAH-contaminated sediments, including sediments contaminated with coal tar. A number of factors that may have contributed to results obtained are discussed.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: An Appraisal of The Lignin/Activated Carbon Adsorption System

contributor:
Benedek, Andrew
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
The pore structure of a wide array of activated carbons has been evaluated by nitrogen adsorption and mercury penetration techniques. Carbons were found to exhibit total surface areas and pore volumes in the range 93 - 1500 m²/g and 0.34 -1.8 cm³/g respectively. The Darco carbons contain significant pore structure in all pores up to 1000 Ǻ radius. Columbia carbon contains negligible pore structure in pores of greater than approximately 20 Ǻ radius. Special "A" carbon contains virtually all its limited pore structure in pores of 20 - 200 Ǻ radius.

A kraft lignin, Indulin A.T., has been shown by Ultra-filtration and Gel Filtration techniques to exist in aqueous solution as a variety of different molecular weight fragments, with molecular weights ranging from approximately 4,000 to greater than 300,000. Each fragment is characterised by a unique molecular weight, hydrodynamic radius, characteristic diffusivity, solubility and color and TOC content. The concentration, and color and TOC content per molecule of each species in solution determines overall solutions color and TOC. The change in overall solution color and/or TOC with change in solution pH and solution age has been shown to be associated with an alteration in the molecular distribution, and hence the relative concentrations, of the various fragments in solution.

Adsorption of lignin from aqueous solution onto activated carbon has been shown to proceed by a selective adsorption mechanism. Here the smallest adsorbable fragments are preferentially adsorbed initially, with progressive preferential adsorption of increasingly larger fragments as either contact time or carbon dosage is increased. Correlations between observed adsorption behaviour and pore structure for various carbons tend to support Chen's hypothesis that each fragment will adsorb preferentially into pores of approximately 3.3 to 6.1 times its hydrodynamic radius. It appears that carbon pore structure in pores of greater than 16 Ǻ radius is primarily responsible for adsorption of color and TOC from aqueous lignin solution. Adsorption of each species appears to occur by an ion exchange or concentration-precipitation mechanism.

Most activated carbons contain sufficient pore structure in pores of greater than 16 Ǻ radius to bring about good color and TOC removals at resonably low carbon dosages. Columbia carbon, however, is incapable of removing the bulk of lignin fragments, and hence the major portion of color and TOC, from solution due to lack of adequate pore structure in pores of greater than 15 Ǻ radius. Similarly, Special "A" cannot effectively adsorb the low molecular weight fragments from solution due to a deficiency of pore structure in pores of less than 16 - 20 Ǻ. Good color and TOC removals are, however, possible with Special "A", as its limited pore structure is specific to adsorption of the fragments responsible for the bulk of overall solution color and TOC.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Advanced materials and electrochemical fabrication methods for application in biosensors

contributor:
Zhitomirsky, Igor
Materials Science and Engineering

subject:
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract:
New electrochemical deposition methods have been developed for the fabrication of advanced composite coatings for biosensors applications. The methods are based on electrodeposition of biopolymers, such as cathodic electrodeposition of chitosan, anodic electrodeposition of alginic acid and hyaluronic acid. Another approach is based on electrolytic deposition and electrophoretic deposition of ceramic materials and chitosan. Electrochemical strategies have been discovered for the electrochemical co-deposition of polymers with enzymes, such as glucose oxidase and hemoglobin. Glucose oxidase was used as a model enzyme for the development of new electrochemical strategies for the fabrication of composite coatings for applications in biosensors. New strategies have been further utilized for the fabrication of novel composites containing hemoglobin. It was found that co-deposition of biopolymers and enzymes from the solutions resulted in the fabrication of composite materials which can keep the activity of the enzymes.

Electrochemical methods have been developed for the deposition of composite coatings containing ceramic materials (ZnO) in the matrix of chitosan. The composite coatings can be utilized for the immobilization of enzymes by the electrostatic attraction. The composition and microstructure of the composite coatings were investigated. The composition of these nanocomposite coatings can be varied by variation of bath composition for electrodeposition. The deposition yield was studied at various deposition conditions. Electrochemical deposition mechanisms have been investigated and discussed. Obtained results pave the way for the fabrication of novel coatings for immobilization of enzymes and for application in advanced biosensors.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Real-time GPU Implementations of Image/Video Spatial Resolution Upconversion and Video Deinterlacing

contributor:
Wu, Xiaolin
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract: In this thesis, we reexamine the classical problems of image/video spatial resolution up conversion and video deinterlacing with an aim to develop real-time, adaptive solutions. The research of this thesis is important because most video applications require real time throughput. We study the use of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) technology for high throughput video interpolation and deinterlacing. The main technical challenge is how to fully utilize the processing power and parallel architecture of GPU to maximize the throughput of up conversion and deinterlacing without compromising the visual quality of the resulting videos. To achieve the goal we develop a GPU-friendly two-pass directional image/video resolution up conversion algorithm and present a GPU implementation of the method, using the NVIDIA CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) technology. We also devise a GPU-motivated motion-adaptive deinterlacing algorithm and develop a CUDA-based implementation of the algorithm. To strike a balance between performance and complexity, we discuss the techniques of adapting the computations in motion detection and adaptive directional interpolation to the GPU architecture for maximum video throughput possible. Experimental results demonstrate that using a mid-range GPU card, our CUDA-based implementations offer real-time solutions for image/video spatial resolution upconversion and video deinterlacing.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Study of the Applicability of the TRACE Code to CANDU Safety Analysis by Modeling the RD-14M Experimental Facility

contributor:
Novog, D.R.
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract:
A modern thermal-hydraulics system code is used to model the behaviour of a nuclear power plant's heat transport system in best-estimate safety analyses. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's newly developed TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational Engine (TRACE) code represents the state of the art in the field. Before a code can be accepted for use in safety analyses, however, it must first be demonstrated that it can produce meaningful results through a process of verification and validation. To demonstrate the applicability of the TRACE code to modeling CANDU type reactors, a model of the RD-14M integral test facility has thus been created using TRACE V5.0.

The RD-14M facility is an electrically heated, scaled representation of a typical CANDU primary heat transport system. Tests at the facility are done to simulate various postulated accident scenarios, including loss of coolant accidents. A specific test (B9401) is of note for serving as benchmark data in an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) code intercomparison and validation exercise, and has been modeled with TRACE.

TRACE was demonstrated to reproduce the general trends of the test transient with fidelity comparable to other codes included in the IAEA exercise. Differences between the measured and predicted peak fuel sheath temperatures and break discharge rate were found to partially result from limitations in TRACE's constituent thermal-hydraulic models' ability to account for some horizontal flow stratification effects and break discharge phenomena common in CANDU accident analysis. Methods are proposed within the modeling methodology to account for these limitations. Ultimately, TRACE predicted the important test parameters as well as or better than some of the established codes used in the IAEA exercise, attesting to its maturity as an analysis tool.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Artificial versus Real Communication in Elementary Foreign Language Classes

contributor:
Widmaier, F. T.
German

subject:
German
German Language and Literature
German Language and Literature

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the types and amounts of speaking activities in which beginning foreign language students engage, in order to determine how and to what extent students practice the language artificially in drills, directed dialogues and other forms of pseudo-communication, and how and to what extent they use the foreign language as a real means of communication.

Seventeen grade 10 and grade 11 German classes in Hamilton-Wentworth publicly supported secondary schools were observed, and teacher questionnaires were completed by twenty local German teachers to verify the accuracy of the observations.

The results of the observations and the questionnaires reveal that student talk in elementary foreign language classes is largely in the foreign language (86%),
but that this talk falls almost exclusively in the artificial range (98%). Only 2% of everything spoken by the students in grade 10 classes was real communication in the target language. Further, the data indicate that real communication activities do not increase substantially at the grade 11 level.

Student exposure to real uses of the foreign language occurred primarily in the form of listening comprehension, in that 75% of all real communication spoken in German in
the grade 10 classes was the teacher giving instructions or making explanations. Even in this category, teachers used more English than German (61% English). In general a tendency was shovm both by teachers and students to use English whenever real communication was intended.

Real communication is believed to be essential both to student motivation and to student achievement at the earliest stages of foreign language learning. Yet real
communication activities rarely occurred in the beginning foreign language classes observed in this study. Teachers cited two major obstacles in achieving real communication with their first year students: their limited vocabulary and their limited knowledge of structure. Teachers who overcame these two obstacles in the observations achieved real communication via the following technique: by using the vocabulary and structure from a drill, text, or dialogue which the students had already mastered to ask the students personal questions. This technique may be utilized as a follow-up step to every practice activity from the beginning of foreign language study and needs only to be planned and practiced regularly for real communication in elementary foreign language classes to substantially increase.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: L'Esthétique d'Etienne Souriau

contributor: Georgiades, Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
Cette thèse aurait pu s'intituler "Introduction à l'esthétique d'Etienne Souriau" ou "Aspects de l'esthétique d'Etienne Souriau" ou "L'oeuvre esthétique d'Etienne Souriau". Nous avons finalement choisi le titre le plus simple, le plus dépouillé, celui qui nous paraissait convenir le mieux à une présentation qui se veut honnête, de l'esthétique d'Etienne Souriau. Ce titre est neutre. On peut lui donner l'envergure que l'on veut. On peut le peupler, l'habiter de différentes appréciations en se laissant guider par l'oeuvre même de celui que l'on veut étudier. Ce sont donc les textes d'Etienne Souriau qui nous ont suggéré les subdivisions, les titres des différents chapitres. Nous avons tenté d'analyser les problèmes, qui nous paraissaient les plus importants mais ce jugement de valeur demeure en partie subjectif. Nous avons d'emblée laissé tomber tout l'aspect cosmologique, tout le côté mathématique de l'oeuvre de Souriau pour nous concentrer uniquement sur l'esthétique. Nous avons d'abord essayé d'établir ou de discuter certaines définitions importantes comme celle d'oeuvre d'art avant de décrire les valeurs esthétiques chères à Souriau, d'examiner l'expérience de la création en art et d'étudier l'humanité, l'"hominité" vue à travers l'art.

Ce travail s'est fait dans le respect de l'oeuvra et la soumission à la pensée d'un maître esthéticien. Il ne se voit ni comme analyse critique, ni comme véritable discussion. Il se veut très exactement présentation. C'est le premier pas de la démarche et, à notre connaissance, ce pas n'avait pas encore été fait. Il s'agit donc d'un commencement avec ses défauts et, nous l'espérons quelquesunes de ses qualités. Nous n'avons voulu que baliser, que poser des signes de route dans un vaste champ encore à explorer.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Synthetic Loading of Induction Motors using a Sinusoidal Modulation Technique

contributor:
Szabados, Barna
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
A Sinusoidal Modulation technique is proposed for the synthetic loading of induction machines at full load based on power electronics control. The sinusoidal modulations are based on the two axis method and reference-frame theory. The method applies specifically to induction machines for which physical load testing is unadvisable or unattainable. This allows motor manufactures to fully test their products while utilizing current motor production as the basic setup of their test system decreasing costs.

Previous modulation technique methods are either too costly or incur high oscillation currents rendering the systems impractical. The Sinusoidal Modulation technique computer simulations show the ability of the method to suppress power fluctuations on the driver motor of the system. Experimental and simulation results are analyzed and compared to prove simulation accuracy and system viability. Experimental data gathered at half rated load show maximum fluctuations on the driver motor in the range of 2%.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Residential Mobility and the Changing Social Geography of Toronto, 1901-1911

contributor:
Mercier, Michael
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract:
The changing social-cultural and economic character of neighbourhoods is a result of individual decisions, such as households changing their place of residence. This thesis documents and analyzes the effect of such residential mobility on the changing social geography of cities, through a case-study approach; Toronto between 1901 and 1911. More specifically, this thesis investigates the social characteristics that affected mobility behaviour, and the role that residential mobility played in the changing social geography, and suburbanization, of early 20th Century Toronto.

Residential mobility behaviour was determined through the compilation of representative samples from two urban neighbourhoods in 1901 and two suburban neighbourhoods in 1911. The primary sources of data were the Census of Canada (1901 and 1911) and annual city directories, which were used to assess mobility in the intermediate years. Individual-level data for the head of each sampled household were collected from the four neighbourhoods, and assessed for differences in mobility behaviour with respect to social-cultural and economic factors.

Differences in the residential mobility behaviours of households were evaluated based on the distance of moves and the level of mobility (frequency of moves). In general, in the two urban neighbourhoods continental European immigrants (specifically those of Jewish ancestry) moved locally and were highly mobile, while residents of British ancestry (both native-born and immigrant) moved over longer distances and less frequently. Additionally, in the two suburban neighbourhoods recent immigrants commonly originated from the central city and exhibited low mobility, and native-born and established immigrants generally originated from either the outer city areas or other suburbs and were more highly mobile.

Overall, it was found that the observed mobility patterns for the urban and suburban neighbourhoods were directly affected by certain social-cultural and economic characteristics. Furthermore, the role of residential mobility, as a key component of the suburbanization of early 20th Century Toronto, was clearly evident.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Russell's Notion Of Implication: An Essay In The History Of Logic

contributor:
Radner, M.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: An attempt has been made in this thesis to analyse critically the notion of implication in the logical works of Bertrand Russell. An exposition of Russell's notion of implication is presented in one part, and in another part, the author discusses various substantive issues that are raised by Russell's treatment of implication. Besides the discussion of certain philosophical problems , the author has tried to understand Russell's notion of implication in terms of a developmental study in the history of logic.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Delay Performance for Supporting Real-time Traffic in a Cognitive Radio Sensor Network

contributor:
Zhao, Dongmei
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
Traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) working in the license-free spectrum suffer from uncontrolled interference as the license-free spectrum becomes increasingly crowded. Designing a WSN based on cognitive radio can be promising in the near future in order to provide data transmissions with quality of service requirements. In this thesis, we introduce a cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) and analyze its performance for supporting real-time traffic. The network devices opportunistically access vacant (or available) channels in the licensed spectrum. When the current channel becomes unavailable, the devices can switch to a new channel.

Three types of real-time traffic are considered, constant-bit-rate (CBR) traffic, bursty traffic, and Poisson traffic. For the CBR traffic, a fixed number of packets are generated periodically; for the bursty traffic, a burst of packets are generated periodically and the number of packets in each burst is random; and for the Poisson traffic, the packet arrivals follow Poisson process. We derive the average packet transmission delay for each type of the traffic. The analytical results are verified by computer simulations. Our results indicate that real-time traffic can be effectively supported in the CRSN, and packets with the Poisson arrivals may experience longer average delay than the bursty arrivals.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: The responses of trunk muscles to perturbations before and after Active Release Technique® of the hip flexor

contributor:
Potvin, James Robert
Kinesiology

subject: Kinesiology Kinesiology

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a passive myofascial therapy treatment (Active Release Technique® (A.R.T®)) on various outcome measures with an asymptomatic tight hip flexor group (A-THF) (n=8) and a low back pain tight hip flexor group (LBP-THF) (n=10). These two groups were also compared with a control group (CON) (n=8) The outcome measures for this study were: 1) Tnmk muscle EMG measurements monitoring unloading perturbations (Unknown Timing (UT) and Known Timing (KT)) and Unstable Standing (US) perturbations. 2) Maximum voluntary trunk flexor and extensor moments (FlexMax and ExtMax), 3) disability and pain measurements (RMDQ and VAS) with self-efficacy (PSEQ) evaluated as a covariate. 4) Hip extension mobility.

The results from this study demonstrated both significant short term and sustained improvements in trunk FlexMax and ExtMax. For the THF groups, A.R.T® resulted in significant acute (within session) increases in ExtMax of 20.6%, 11.9% and 12.3% on days 1,3 and 4, respectively. After the 2 week treatment program was completed, the THF Groups demonstrated an average increase in ExtMax of 25% compared with their baseline values. After the treatment, the LBP-THF group had trunk FlexMax and ExtMax values that were 34% and 32.3%, respectively, compared with the CON group.

The full treatment program of the LBP-THF group was associated with a reduction in disability by 2.8 points and pain by 2.9 cm. Interestingly, self-efficacy was found to be a significant covariate for the disability outcome measure. For the passive hip extension measurements, the LBP-THF group and the A-THF groups increased their values by 13.10 and 8.0°, respectively. In addition, the other two hip extension tests (knee extended and knee bent tests) demonstrated significant increases in measured passive hip extension values over the course of the A.R.T® treatment and, by the end of the study, the LBP-THF groups' hip extension values were not significantly different from that of the CON group.

The US perturbation trials showed a significant decrease in average muscle activity for the TES, LES, MULT and GLUT muscles over the course of the treatment program, but there were no significant and clinically relevant changes observed in anticipatory adjustment and baseline muscle activity for the KT and UT perturbation trials. However, after the treatment program, there was a trend for the THF Groups' baseline and anticipatory adjustment EMG ampltidues to shift closer to those of the CON group for most muscles.

The results from this study suggest that the utilization of A.R.T® can result in clinically important benefits, for patients with tight hip flexors and low back pain ,by decreasing pain and disability while improving trunk strength and hip extension flexibility.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Photosynthesis by Natural Phytoplankton Populations and Its Interrelationship With Light and Temperature

contributor:
Harris, G. P.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Photosynthesis measurements were conducted through the fall, winter and spring of 1974-75 on natural phytoplankton populations from Coote's Paradise (Lake Ontario). Oxygen evolution was measured using oxygen electrodes under a matrix of light and temperature conditions. Respiration was also measured. The P.Q. was determined and averaged 1.13 over the year. The short term oxygen results showed a linear response of net photosynthesis to light. Respiration rates at each temperature were used to calculate gross photosynthesis. The temperature data was converted to Arrhenius plots. The temperature vs. photosynthesis correlations revealed that at least over the time of the oxygen measurement, dark respiration continues in the light. Respiration rates showed a strong seasonal trend. Respiration per mg chl a increased as the water temperature decreased. An excellent relationship was observed between maximum gross assimilation number and temperature. This relationship appears to be independent of species composition and such variables as growth rate, temperature and variations in nutrient conditions. The temperature response revealed indicates no temperature adaptation by the photosynthetic mechanism of phytoplankton and would not be as clearly revealed using cultured algae and in situ¹⁴C techniques.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: A Kingdom In Trouble

contributor:
Fudge-Schormann, Ann
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
Once upon a time there was a small kingdom of people with a dream. The dream was for a world where children could live free from harm. When any member of the kingdom found a child who had been harmed, the child was brought into the kingdom but those who hurt the child were never allowed in the kingdom .... even if they were children
once too!

And so the story begins. Child welfare agencies have struggled with finding ways to balance fulfilling their mandate of protecting children while still attending to broader social issues that cause problems for families in the first place. This paper uses story and metaphor to challenge the reader, and those working in child welfare, to consider some of the significant sources of oppression inherent in the work.

The purpose of this paper is to examine a small site of practice, located in a social housing neighbourhood, named New Beginnings that seeks to integrate community-based child protection work and community development. The study is based on findings from in-depth interviews with service providers, from both child welfare and other social agencies, affiliated with New Beginnings. The data is interpreted and discussed using a critical framework. Findings indicate that New Beginnings may be an example of innovation and creativity in a very financially restricted time for child welfare.

Despite the promise of the program, careful attention must be paid to the extraordinary power that those working with and for the very large kingdom embody.

This power cannot be extricated from the practice despite the friendly cover. The change in location, from a centralized to a community site, may create opportunities for relationship development and increased partnerships with neighbours to aid in community capacity building and system reform. However, this location change also has potential to create additional site of surveillance and ultimately greater oppression.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Effects of Amount and Type of Self-Regulation Opportunity during Skill Acquisition on Motor Learning

contributor:
Lee, Tim
Kinesiology

subject: Kinesiology Kinesiology

abstract: This study examined the effects of varying levels and type of self-control on the acquisition and retention of a motor task. Four sequence timing tasks were used, each with their own sequence order and target time. The goal of the task was to complete the sequence with a movement time as close to the target time as possible. An experimental group was given self-control over the practice variable of task ordering as well as constrained self-control over feedback scheduling. Three control groups were yoked to certain aspects of the experimental group. Control group A was yoked to the task order decisions made by the experimental group but permitted to self-control their feedback schedule. Control group B was yoked to the experimental group's chosen feedback schedule but permitted to control their trial order. The last control group, C, was yoked to both the feedback and task order schedule of the experimental group. Groups that selfcontrolled their own feedback schedules; the experimental group and control group A, were slower to demonstrate decreases in absolute constant error at the beginning of acquisition. Throughout acquisition, these same groups were able to utilize the feedback requested after a given trial to significantly improve performance on the following trial of the same sequence type. During acquisition, and retention, the self-controlled feedback groups had average movement times that were more accurate to the average target time than did other groups. No further differences between groups were found during retention or transfer. These results suggest that the self-controlled conditions used in this study affect performance during acquisition but do not necessarily enhance the amount of information retained in the long term.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Reality in the Novels of Uwe Johnson

contributor:
Lawson, J. B.
German

abstract:
This study assesses the importance of the contribution made by Uwe Johnson in his novels to the development of contemporary realistic writing, by examining political and
social problems raised by the post-war ideological division of Europe and the complex question of individuality in modern society. Johnson's three novels are considered on a comparative basis, with regard to narrative structure, settings and characterisation, in order to indicate his principal interests as a novelist and as an observer of society, and to sugeest significallt changes of emphasis within the novels.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Treatise on the South Slavic Vila

contributor:
Colarusso, John
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: This thesis seeks to clarify the often confused understanding of the Serbo-Croatian vila and elucidate her position within the archaic South Slavic world view. Through a survey of her functional traits within the Serbo-Croatian epics, the argument presented here attempts to typify her actions in the epic sphere, and weigh those against her conception in the folkloric sphere, making a case for the understanding and study of the vila as one distinct figure divided into two typological facets - one mythological in nature, the other a product of folk custom. From there the thesis explores a comparative Indo-European mythological study of the isolated epic functions of the vila, in order to properly posit her among similar analogues in the Indo-European myth system.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Mitochondrial inheritance in haploid x non-haploid crosses in Cryptococcus neoformans

contributor:
Xu, Jianping
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Cryptococcus neoformans is among the most common human fungal pathogen and the leading cause of meningoencephalitis among immunocompromised individuals. It consists of two divergent serotypes A and D as well as their hybrid serotype AD. Strains of serotype A and D are mostly haploid in the natural environment and among clinical isolates while AD hybrids are either aneuploid or diploid. C. neoformans is a bipolar heterothallic fungus in which completion of the sexual (meiotic) cycle is dependent upon interaction between cells of opposite mating type, MATa and MATα. In crosses between haploid MATa and MATα strains, most fusion products and meiotic segregants inherit mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the MATa parent. Besides mating between haploid strains, haploid x aneuploid and haploid x diploid crosses, collectively referred to as haploid x non-haploid crosses, can also occur in C. neoformans. However, it was previously unknown whether the uniparental mitochondrial inheritance operates in C. neoformans haploid x non-haploid crosses as well. In my thesis, I analyzed mitochondrial inheritance in the fusant and meiotic segregant populations of the two types of opposite-sex haploid x non-haploid crosses, MATa/a and MATα and MATa and MATα/α. The study showed that: (1) unlike haploid x haploid crosses, mitochondrial inheritance in the progeny of haploid x non-haploid crosses was not dominantly uniparental although it was biased towards inheritance of MATa(/a) parent-specific mtDNA, and that (2) there was a significant variation within and between crosses of each type in the percent of progeny with other mtDNA types. The findings of my study expand our understanding of mitochondrial inheritance process in C. neoformans and, potentially, in other eukaryotes.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Neutron Scattering Studies of La2_xBaxCuO4

contributor:
Gaulin, B. D.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: Elastic neutron scattering studies have been performed on high quality single crystal samples of lightly doped La2_xBaxCuO4 with concent rations of x=0, 0.006, 0.0125 and 0.025. These samples display x dependent magnetic structures with transition temperatures which closely follow the usual phase diagram for this material. A low temperature, 2D antiferromagnetic transition has been observed in samples with hole concent ration near the 'spin-glass' transition at x~0.02. In data collected on the N5 triple axis spectrometer at Chalk River, the sample with x=0.0125 demonstrates the onset of 3D antiferromagnetism with TN ~ 151K, followed by attenuation of the scattering intensity of the (1/2,1/2,0) magnetic Bragg peak below T=21K, indicating the onset of 2D magnetic ordering. This result is similar to that obtained by Matsuda et al. in lightly doped La2_xSrxCuO4.[1] This result is confirmed by direct observations of 2D 'rods ' of magnetic scattering in time-of-flight measurements performed on the Disk Chopper Spectrometer at NIST.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Consulting The Experts: Towards A More Passenger-Friendly Accessible Transportation System

contributor:
Aronson, Jane
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
Transportation is among the essential services that promote inclusion to everyday life for all citizens. Neither private nor public transportation systems provide fully adequate access for people with mobility limitations such as the elderly or people with disabilities. The historical exclusion from full participation in many activities of daily life experienced by people with disabilities is perpetuated by this lack of access to adequate transportation. Through a social lens and legislative backdrop, this study explored the challenges experienced by passengers of Accessible Transportation Services (ATS) in Hamilton, Ontario. This research was consistent with feminist methodology and was based upon a qualitative study of seven women with disabilities who are ATS passengers.

The accounts of these passengers illuminated barriers, both practical and attitudinal, that they experienced in using accessible transportation. Managing these barriers required work on their parts, generated considerable stress and compromised their inciusion as equal and entitied citizens. This study can serve as a starting point from which to examine the experiences of accessible transportation for passengers of working age and how they navigate their lives through the complex set of rules. Their description of ATS can inform service operations and ongoing policy development, both locally and more broadly in the province or even abroad. This study can also enhance an understanding of transportation as a contributor to, and perhaps, determinant of social inclusion.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Language and Soteriology: Vedāntic and Buddhist

contributor:
Arapura, J. G.
Sivaraman, K.
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: The body of this work consists of the study of the notion of language in Rg Veda, Sarikara, Pali Suttas, and Nagarjuna with perhaps the main emphasis of the work falling on the two philosophers mentioned. In each instance I have attempted to come to an understanding of the notion of language in terms of its relation to what might be described as "ultimate concerns", or in other words, those of metaphysical inquiry and soteriological endeavour. The main sceme that I work towards is a heuristic one, revolving around the bifurcation of language conceived of as "divine" in the Brahmanical traditions studied, and as "diaboligcal" in the Buddhist ones. However, this distinction, since it is an heuristic one, should not be pressed too far.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Amnesiac Memory, Melancholic Remembrance: The Work of Le Ly Hayslip

contributor:
Goellnicht, Donald
English

subject:
English Language and Literature
English Language and Literature

abstract:
This thesis examines how America's cultural and historical memory forgets or problematically remembers Vietnam and the Vietnamese people(s) through the most prominent Vietnamese American texts, Le Ly Hayslip's When Heaven and Earth Changed Places and Child of War, Woman of Peace, and Oliver Stone's filmic adaptation of Hayslip's memoirs, Heaven and Earth. In the U.S., thirty years after the end of the Vietnam War, there is a vast archive of history books, memoirs, films and other cultural products about the War, yet the Vietnamese people(s) are conspicuously absent in these discourses. In the American context of historical amnesia, Vietnam (the country) is forgotten and the Vietnamese people(s) are denied subjectivity, their numerous losses remaining disavowed and un-moumed.

I argue that Hayslip's books represent acts of mouming. She achieves this mouming by engaging with her losses and those of the Vietnamese people(s) in a productive way, using them as means to attain voice / Subjectivity and to counter the American forgetting of Vietnamese causalities and losses. I explore a form of melancholic remembrance tied to the traditional Vietnamese practice of ancestor worship at work in Hayslip's memoirs, one that allows Hayslip to offer alternative, minority stories of the War. However, the mainstream reception of Hayslip's books, especially the embrace of her message of healing and reconciliation, appropriates and co-opts her voice/ story to support U.S. national objectives. I analyze stone's film as an ultimate example of Hayslip's appropriation by the American dominant. The thesis considers the complexities in and around Hayslip's texts in order to better understand America's amnesiac memory in relation to Vietnam and the Vietnamese people(s).

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Effect of Force, Frequency and Gripping on Muscle Activity during a cyclic Push Task

contributor:
Keir, Peter J.
Kinesiology

subject: Kinesiology Kinesiology

abstract:
Risk factors for the development of upper extremity work-related musculoskeletal disorders (UE WMSD) include high repetition, high force, and the combination of high force and high repetition (Moore et al. 1991 ; Silverstein et al., 1986; Latko et al. , 1999). This study examined the muscle activity in the upper extremity during a repetitive pushing and gripping task with differing force levels and differing frequencies. Ten males and 9 females performed a cyclic bimanual push and grip task for 120 s while 8 muscles of the upper extremity were monitored by EMG on the right side of the body. All combinations of 3 push load levels (1 kg, 2 kg, 4 kg), 3 frequencies (4/min, 8/min, 16/min) and 2 grip conditions (no grip and 30% relative to the individual's maximum) were randomized.

The paradigm of doubling frequency and load did not lead to a doubling of muscle activity. The increase in muscle activity was somewhat linear in many muscles with several exceptions but was much less than 1: 1. The AEMG appears to reflect workload rather then the force and frequency parameters that were chosen. In the forearm, the load and frequency parameters and concurrent grip caused increased activity in all muscles. The addition of a grip superseded the effects that were expected due to load but not frequency. As well, as the frequency increased, muscle activity also increased while the amount of muscular rest (muscle activity < 1 % maximum in seconds per minute) decreased. The muscular rest of the extensor digitorum decreased during the grip the high frequency (16/min) condition regardless of load, all the trials were under 10% of rest.

For the shoulder, anterior deltoid activity increased when gripping for all participants but significant differences were noted between genders. The anterior deltoid muscle activity was also affected by the weight of the arm, thus was not directly proportional to the 1-2-4kg load applied. Although maximum strengths for the shoulder were not recorded in this study, the finding that female subjects had higher anterior deltoid activity than male subjects was expected due to the absolute push loads likely being a greater relative effort for women. Overall, male subjects required about 70-75% of the anterior deltoid activity of females but had the same amount of muscular rest based on muscular rest (muscle activity < 1 % maximum in seconds per minute). This finding is quite interesting as often a single metric is used to analyze tasks leading to potentially misleading interpretations.

Through examining the EMG of the upper extremity muscles, the current data suggests the need to raise the importance on the frequency of work and to also increase the importance of gripping in ergonomic assessment tools. This thesis helps further the understanding of the physiological relationship between force, frequency and concurrent gripping, with the ultimate goal of establishing acceptable values.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The Spectra of the Dicyanobenzenes

contributor:
King, G. W.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
This work is concerned with the assignment of the fundamental frequencies of the three dicyanobenzenes (para-, meta- and ortho-) and their deuterated species using infrared data for the region 4000-30 cm‾¹ and Raman spectra, and interpretations are given for all the observed bands not chosen as fundamentals.

From a comparative analysis of the spectra, together with those of other related molecules assignments have been made for the 36 normal frequencies of vibration of the molecules.

The assignments for these compounds constitute the basis for the interpretation of the spectra of more complex and less symmetrical disubstituted derivatives.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Russell's Earliest Metaphysics

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
In what follows I examine the effects upon Russell's metaphysics of developments in his philosophy between 1894 and 1924. I attempt to make clear the nature of the philosophical interdependence of the three main respects in which Russell's opinion chaniged in the course of thls period and which have bearing on the question of his
metaphysics: (1), concerning ontology; (2), concerning the nature of metaphysics; (3), concerning the validity of metaphysics.

(1) Given these intentions, what is interesting about the development of Russell's ontology from An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry (1896), via the monistic
idealism of his uncompleted studies of the foundations of science (1896-1898), to the empiricism and pluralism of Logical Atomism (1924), is not so much the fact that he reversed his opinions in about 1900 but the continuity of attitude which underlies the reversal.

The period in question is dominated, of course, by Principia Mathematica (Vol. 1, 1910). I show how this work evolved out of the earlier to its intended status not merely of meta-mathematical thesis, or treatise of formal logic, but of "Logic" in the sense of a comprehensive system of philosophy. (What is given there is summarily is developed at length expressly as a system of metaphysics in The Philosophy of Logical Atomism (1918) and as a system of epistemology in Our Knowledge of the External World (1914) etc.) I try to show that Prinicipia's vast supeiority to its predecessors in the sphere of formal logic is counterbalanced (at least in comparison with its direct rival, Bradley's Principles of Logic) by equally vast and irresoluble difficulties in the sphere of metaphysics.

(2) Russell came to reject in principle Kant's transcendentalism on the grounds of that method's "subjectivity" and "psychologism". I argue that Russell's insensitivity to the import of Kant's principle, revealed by the demand for an absolutely mind-independent ground for the truth of mathematics, is evidence in his own metaphysics by neglect of attention to the principle that to attempt to define the grounds of the objectivity of truth as wholly indepenent of knowledge in general must lead to incoherence. In turn the cause of this (and thus the ultimate source of incoherence in his own account) lies in his misunderstanding the transcendental principle to imply that the generality intended by the concept of knowledge in general is to be construed as equivalent to some such conjunctive generalisation as hat of the set of all individuals' individual knowledge.

(3) In the course of certain papers which are intended rather more polemically that philosophically, (e.g. The Philosophical Importance of Mathematical Logic (1913), and Mysticism and Logic (1914), there is a gradually more explicit suggestion that Idealism is to be rejected more on the grounds just that it is a metaphysical doctrine, that that it is bad metaphysics. That is, Russell came to reject metaphysics as such, which he contrasts with "scientific philosophy" precisely as an expression of the contrast between mysticism and mathematical logic. Thus Idealism and his own philosophy prior to the doctrine of Principia are presented as totally disreputable in just this way. I argue that the corollary to this has a disastrous effect upon his own later philosophy, viz., the belief that the "scientific philosophy" is, as such, immune to external criticism on metaphysical grounds.

To sum up, my thesis is that the key to Russell's earliest metaphysics is his perhaps temperamental inability to accept any theory which allows a different order to sphere of validityy respectively to mathematical and to metaphysical statements about reality as such. He seems to have been influenced by the feeling that since these are indentical just in respect of their absolute generality, on any satisfactory account they ought to be assimilate. Thus in the Idealist phase he proposed that mathematics could not express the whole truth about reality because of inherent contradictions which would be totally removed only in the highest systhesis. That is, mathematics was to become one with metaphysics by means of a conceptual revolution in the former. In the Logicist phase just the contrary is prroposed, that mathematical philosophy is to supplant metaphysics by means of a conceptual revolution in the latter.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Formally Specifying and Verifying Linux-PAM Configurations Using Hierarchical Coloured Petri Nets and NuSMV

contributor:
Qiao, S.
Computing and Software

subject:
Computer Engineering
Computer Sciences
Software Engineering
Computer Engineering

abstract:
Authentication frameworks and their implementations are essential to securing computer systems and networks. One such framework is the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) published in 1995 as standard OSF-RFC 86.0. PAM solves the "authentication problem", mainly, how to "integrate multiple authentication mechanisms in a modular and dynamic fashion", making PAM the de facto choice for authentication on most Unix and GNU/Linux-based systems. Linux-PAM is an implementation of PAM for GNU/Linux.

To this day, Linux-PAM configurations are poorly understood by administrators. Ad hoc, informal PAM-configuration testing techniques exist, but suffer from many shortcomings.

We introduce an automated, formal approach to Linux-PAM configuration testing. First, given a Linux-PAM configuration, we dynamically create an "intemal-to-the-tool" representation of a Hierarchical Coloured Petri Net (HCPN), which encodes all of the possible authentication process instances associated with this configuration. During this creation, "base case" HCPN templates are used, each template created only once, i.e. during tool development, not during testing. Second, we translate the resulting HCPN into a NuSMV model Third, we use NuSMV to verify the model for "security" properties.

A tool prototype, implemented in C, automates these three steps. State space size was reduced via manual HCPN and Transition System specification tuning. The State Space Explosion problem was overcome with the use of NuSMV-implemented model checking algorithms. Industrial Linux-PAM configurations were tested, yielding model building times in ones of seconds, and verification times in tens of seconds. Also, the tool produces HCPN representations via Graphviz.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: John Wisdom on the Nature of Philosophy

contributor:
Simpson, E.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: A Transgenic Model of Constitutive Kaiso Overexpression in the Mouse Intestines

contributor:
Daniel, Juliet M.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Kaiso is a member of the BTB/POZ-ZF (hereafter POZ-ZF) family of transcription factors that was initially identified as a p120 interaction partner. Like typical POZ-ZF transcription factors, Kaiso has an N-terminal POZ domain that facilitates protein-protein interactions and a DNA-binding zinc finger region at the C-terminus. Kaiso is implicated in the Wnt signaling pathway and has important roles in both normal development and in disease pathogenesis. In the Xenopus model system, Kaiso depletion results in gastrulation defects during embryogenesis. However, Kaiso expression rescues the axis-duplication phenotype resulting from β-catenin overexpression in Xenopus tadpoles. Additionally, Kaiso has been shown to bind the xWnt11 promoter directly and downregulate expression of this non-canonical Wnt ligand involved in directing cell movement, adhesion, and polarity. Taken together these two findings confirm Kaiso's role as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling in Xenopus. In the mouse model system, however, it was found that Kaiso was dispensable throughout embryogenesis and adulthood. In the Apc^Min/+ model of intestinal cancer, constitutive Wnt signaling induces polyp formation in the small intestines of affected mice and this closely mimics the human disease familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Kaiso null mice actually display a resistance to intestinal tumorigenesis; they exhibit a delay in tumor formation and a reduction in tumor size and number. Hence, in contract to the Xenopus system, data from the mouse model hints at Kaiso's role as a positive regulator of Wnt signaling. To resolve this discrepancy, we engineered an intestinal-specific Kaiso overexpression mouse model and observed the phenotype in a wildtype and Apc^Min/+ background.

Kaiso overexpression mice were created by pronuclear injection of Kaiso cDNA under control of the intestinal-specific villin promoter. Four founder animals were initially identified but only three of these founders, A, B, and, C, produced viable and fertile Kaiso transgenic offspring. Western blot analysis of A, B, and C mouse intestinal tissue showed that Kaiso is efficiently overexpressed in the intestines at high, moderate, and low levels, respectively. RT-PCR analysis showed that Kaiso overexpression is limited to villin positive tissues, including the kidney, small intestine, and large intestine. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Kaiso overexpression had no overt effect on normal intestinal development. When crossed with Apc^Min/+ mice, high levels of Kaiso overexpression correlated with increased intestinal tumorigenesis. This implicated Kaiso as a positive regulator of Wnt signaling in the mammalian mouse model and supports previous independent studies. Future experiments should include the analysis of Kaiso's effect on cell proliferation along the crypt-villus axis in the intestines of Kaiso overexpression mice. Further investigation of Kaiso's role in intestinal development and tumorigenesis could be achieved through crosses with p120 intestinal-specific misexpression mice in wildtype and Apc^Min/+ backgrounds.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Fiber Optic Sensors for In-Situ Monitoring of Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas

contributor:
Xu, Chang-Qing
Chang, Jen-Shih
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract: A fiber optic carbon dioxide sensing system was developed for in-situ monitoring of carbon dioxide within a diesel engine exhaust environment. The fib er sensor was based upon the encapsulation of pyranine paired with tetraoctylammonium hydroxide within a hydrophobic glass formed using the sol-gel process. The sensitivity of the sensor to carbon dioxide was shown to follow a non linear trend with the highest sensitivity in the 0 - 5% CO2 range. The lower detection limit was experimentally determined to be better than 0.3 % CO2 . The fiber sensor's response was also characterized within an environment similar to that within an diesel engine exhaust stream. The fiber sensor was shown to be relatively unaffected by carbon monoxide and nitric oxide at concentrations which are typically found within a diesel engine exhaust gas. Nitrogen Dioxide, however, caused an effect in biasing the sensor response to erroneously report higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than were present . Higher concent rations of nitrogen dioxide were shown to permanently damage the fiber sensor and render it inoperative. The effects of increased environmental temperature and relative humidity were shown to decrease the sensitivity of the fiber sensor within the range of interest tor carbon dioxide sensing within diesel exhaust gases. An experiment within the exhaust stream of a single cylinder 2.4 kW diesel engine demonstrated that the fiber sensor was capable of monitoring the carbon dioxide levels for 6 minutes, however, longer exposure to this exhaust environment caused the destruction of the fiber.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Thoughts on the Political and Moral Philosophy of Kant

contributor:
Ajzenstat, S.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Analysis of Autogenous and Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

contributor:
Chidiac, Samir E.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
Concrete undergoes volume change as it changes phases from plastic to solid. Volume change due to water movement and losses within the concrete are referred to as chemical and autogenous shrinkage and drying and plastic shrinkage are due to water exchange with the surrounding environment. Shrinkage strains need to be investigated as they can have detrimental effects on the serviceability and durability of concrete.

For this study, an experimental program was developed using fractional factorial principles to investigate the effects of curing regime and concrete mixture namely, water to cement ratio (w/c) , water content (w), maximum aggregate size (size), silica fume replacement percent (SF), ground granulated furnace slag replacement percent (GGBFS), and volume of coarse aggregate (CA), on the magnitude of autogenous and drying shrinkage. A new test setup was developed to measure autogenous shrinkage, capillary pressure and temperature. The results were found to concur with those reported in the literature, i.e., moist cured samples exhibit chemical shrinkage and that air cured samples exhibit both chemical and drying shrinkage and that the magnitude of the latter is much greater than the former. Values of drying shrinkage are found to range from 450 to 800 μm/m. The results also revealed that all the parameters studied do contribute to shrinkage but not to the same degree. An increase in the volume and size of coarse aggregate is found to produce concrete that exhibits less drying shrinkage strains. The addition of SF as cement replacement is found in general to increase shrinkage strains. The statistical investigation has revealed that the following parameters, CA volume, w/c2, CA2, w/c*SF, w/c*GGBFS, size*SF, size*CA, w/c*w*size, w/c*SF*GGBFS, and w/c*SF*CA are statically significant to a 90% confidence level.

For autogenous shrinkage, w/c is found to be a significant parameter. The results also revealed that increasing the amount of chemical admixtures, WRA and VEA, has led to a significant increase in strains. Autogenous strains were found to occur when there is a rise in capillary suction pressure, occurring due to self-desiccation.

Seven models proposed in the literature to estimate strains due to shrinkage were evaluated using the experimental data. The majority of these models have been adopted by North American, European or Japanese concrete standards. The assessment has revealed that only two models, namely B3 and ACI - 209 are somewhat adequate in their predictions of strains in concrete that is 28 days or older. Regression models developed in this study are found to provide a better estimation of the concrete shrinkage strains at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 119 days.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Evaluating Canada's Compassionate Care Benefit from the Employer/human resources (HR) Perspective

contributor:
Williams, Allison M.
Geography and Earth Sciences

subject:
Earth Sciences
Geography
Earth Sciences

abstract: Canada's rising aging population in addition to the de-institutionalization of palliative care services to the community-level has placed increased pressure on employed family members to provide care. Canada's federal government has responded through the creation of the Compassionate Care Benefit (CCB), enacted in 2004 with the goal of providing family caregivers with job-secured time away from work as well as six weeks of employment insurance (El) benefits of up to 55% of their average earnings while they take leave to provide care to a dying loved one. Individual workplaces have been aware for years of the need to accommodate their employees' family needs through the adoption of Family Friendly Work Policies (FFWPs). Traditionally, these policies have been associated with assisting female employees with maternity and childcare supports. With the rising elderly population and emphasis on family care giving, more workers will have the dual role of being a worker and a caregiver to a loved one, which suggests that workforces need to be prepared by offering suitable supports to accommodate their workforces who are also terminal caregivers. The objectives of this thesis are twofold. First, it attempts to uncover the expectations and realities that employers and HR professionals had of the CCB, specific to how it meets their employees' needs, how it meets the informational needs of the workplace, and its ability to be incorporated within existing features. The second objective specifically focuses on palliative or end-of-life (P/EoL) care giving situations in the workplace through addressing how workplace size and employee characteristics determine how 'family caregiver friendly' a given workplace can be. Five focus group discussions occurred in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador with employers/human resources (RR) professionals in an effort to gain input from diverse employers representing various workplace sizes and sectors. All focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Living Church: Mapping a Community of Faith in Rural Prince Edward Island During Parish Restructuring

contributor:
Badone, Ellen E.F.
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: This thesis examines the importance of local community to Prince Edward Island Catholics during the process of church restructuring. Faced with the possibility of having to close their church buildings due to economic, demographic and pastoral pressures, parishioners have expressed strong attachments to their church buildings and are fighting to keep their churches open. Relying on ethnographic data collected in the summer of 2008 in three church communities on Prince Edward Island, I present the possibility of loss that parishioners face on various levels: of their buildings, their church communities and even their religion. The importance of the cemeteries attached to the church as well as concerns around changing family size show the strong connections that generations of Island families have to their communities. Conflicts over collection funds in the case of church amalgamations are an example of what is at stake in these small communities, where money for the church is circulated mainly among its parishioners. As parishioners seek options to keep their churches open, they become involved in debates about church policy. With these ideas in mind I argue that along with a belief in the doctrines of the larger Roman Catholic Church, local memories and church buildings are an important part of religious life for these parishioners.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Role of Chromatin Remodeling and Signal Transduction In C. elegans and C. hriggsae Vulval Development

contributor:
Gupta, Bhagwati P.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: The C. elegans vulva is an established model system to understand how genes and pathways function to control organ formation. The precise mechanisms underlying vulval development are complex and require multiple layers of integration. These regulatory networks range from direct regulation of gene transcription through chromatin modification to activation or repression of downstream targets of signaling pathways. At the level of chromatin modification the C. elegans histone deacetylase, hda-l , plays an important role in repressing gene transcription. This work shows that hda-l mutants have defects in vulval invagination, morphogenesis, and gonadogenesis. Consistent with these phenotypes, hda-l is expressed in vulval cells and gonadal lineage cells in both C. elegans and C. briggsae. Furthermore, hda-l was found to regulate the expression of two transcription factors involved in uterine formation , lin-ll and egl-l3, and one gene involved in AC specification, zmp-l. hda-l also regulates fos-lb in vulval cells. With regards to cellular signaling we focused on the Wnt pathway component, pry-l/Axin. pry-l mutants are Muv and these ectopically induced VPCs in both C. elegans and C. briggsae adopt a secondary cell fate. This fate specification is independent of the gonad derived and LIN-12/Notch mediated lateral signals, indicating activated Wnt signaling alone can specify cell fates. pry-l mutants also exhibit a P7.p induction failure defect in both species . This defect is likely caused by LIN-l2 signaling resulting in persistent expression of the MAP kinase phosphatase, lip-l , in P7.p and P8.p. Further examination revealed that P7.p induction in pry-l ; lip-l and pry-l ; lin-l2 double mutants was significantly increased. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that crosstalk between Wnt and LIN-l2/Notch are crucial to proper vulval formation. These experiments provide evidence that vulval development is regulated by a complex regulatory network that is evolutionary conserved between C. elegans and C. briggsae.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Stretch Forming of Sheet Metal. A Review of Some Instability Theories and The Design and Construction of A Testing Rig For Formability Studies of Thicker Guage Materials

contributor:
Sowerby, R.
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract: Some instability theories relating to the stretch forming of sheet metal are reviewed, and a comprehensive computer programme based on Marciniak's modified mathematical model is developed to determine, theoretically, the Forming Limit Diagram. Also, Kasper's Shape Analysis technique is analyzed in the form of an Optimization model, and an attempt is made to correlate it with the theoretically determined FLD in order to predict the formability of sheet metal in advance. At the same time, a testing rig is designed, built and tested for the determination of the FLD of thicker guage materials under laboratory conditions.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: REACTIVE EXTRUSION OF PHOSPHATE CROSSLINKED POTATO STARCH

contributor:
Thompson, Michael
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
Biobased engineering materials from natural polymers such as potato starch and sisal fiber have increasingly attracted more attention compared with their petroleum counterparts due to biodegradability, environmental protection, and sustainable development. A novel biobased composite was developed based on phosphate crosslinked thermoplastic potato starch and sisal cellulose fiber aimed at improving mechanical properties and hydrophobicity.

First of all, potato starch has a much narrow processing window in extrusion machinery for manufacturing thermoplastic starch. Statistical analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data aided in extrusion processing design and optimization.

Then, bulk crosslinking of potato starch with sodium trimetaphosphate in the presence of rheological controlling additives (xanthan gum and glycerol) was investigated. Batch kinetics for the reaction was studied using in-situ attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy monitoring. The spectra data were processed by multivariate analysis to reveal vibrational bands related to crosslinking and to identify important variables for reaction optimization. A kinetics model was created to facilitate developing a reactive extrusion process for bulk starch phosphate crosslinking. The effects of hydrocolloidal xanthan gum and glycerol on starch crosslinking reaction were also evaluated.

Furthermore, gelatinized starch with processing additives was crosslinked with and without natural sisal fiber using sodium trimetaphosphate within a co-rotating intermeshing twinscrew extruder. The produced biocomposites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, sessile drop contact angle measurement, moisture content determination and tensile mechanical testing. Comparison of experiment data and calculated values from modified Tsai-Halpin model confirmed crosslinkages formed between the crosslinked starch matrix and sisal fibers. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites were significantly improved, but the moisture sensitivity was increased due to reduced crystallinity caused by crosslinking.

Finally, hydrophobicity of the starch biocomposite was improved by surface modification with Hydrores 266MB dispersion. Improvement of hydrophobicity is essential to maintaining superior mechanical properties of the biocomposites in surroundings with high relative humidity.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: The Effect of Pandemic Influenza on Infant Mortality in Toronto, Ontario, 1917-1921.

contributor:
Herring, D. Ann
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: The 1918 influenza pandemic was not a disease of infants. Most research on this disease has focused on young adults, whose excess mortality was most alarming. However, as infant mortality rates are a measure of social health, an analysis of infant death provides another avenue for exploring the declining environmental conditions due to this epidemic. This study investigates infant mortality in Toronto, Canada, from September to December 1918, through the Registered Death Records of the Province of Ontario. A comparison of infant death in 1918 to surrounding years (1917-1921) revealed that infant mortality rates remained relatively stable. However, there were changes in the infant mortality profile. Deaths from influenza did increase slightly and were early for the typical airborne disease season. While infants did not suffer from the drastic rise in excess mortality that was seen in adults, the epidemic altered who was dying and when. Although a community may be greatly strained by an epidemic and stressful social conditions, the infant mortality rate may be more representative of long-term social stress rather than acute, intensive crises.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: High-fidelity Image Compression for High-throughput and Energy-efficient Cameras

contributor:
Wu, Xiaolin
Dumitrescu, Sorina
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract: In this thesis, we propose a new encoder-friendly image compression strategy for high-throughput cameras and other scenarios of resource-constrained encoders. The encoder performs L∞-constrained predictive coding (DPCM coupled with uniform scalar quantizer), while the decoder solves an inverse problem of L2 restoration of L∞-coded images. Although designed for minimum encoder complexity (lower than distributed source coding and compressive sensing), the new codec outperforms state-of-the-art encoder-centric image codecs such as JPEG 2000 in PSNR for bit rates higher than 1.2 bpp, while maintaining much tighter L∞ error bounds as well. This is achieved by exploiting the tight error bound on each pixel provided by the L∞-constrained encoder and by locally adaptive image modeling.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: The Ownability of Land: Property Right, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection

contributor:
Waluchow, Wil
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
Restrictions on the kinds of things people can own and on the uses to which people can put their property is as familiar an idea as that of property itself. A consequence of this familiarity is that it is easy to overlook the reasons why we can own a sandwich but not a smile. A second consequence is that it is not always clear when or whether restrictions on how we use the things we own undermine our ownership.

In this paper, I will discuss a theory of property recently offered by James Penner. Penner seeks to replace the so-called "bundle of rights" picture of property which he claims suffers from internal conceptual tension and which offers little real help to lawmakers when it comes to making decisions about property. Penner attempts to unify the bundle of rights by focusing instead on the interest we have in owning things. It is not that we have a certain kind of right that puts us in a property relationship with something, it is that the right we have protects the interest we have in owning it.

The primary thesis of this paper is that restrictions on the use of natural resources, when they are enacted to protect the environment "for its own sake" undermine the possibility of a property relationship with those resources. Ownership is generally the right to exclusively determine the use of a thing. But when the things we 'own' have legally protected interests in how they are used, then it can no longer be said that our determination of their use is exclusive, and ownership of those things becomes impossible.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Dual-View Catadioptric Imaging System Design for Endoscopy

contributor:
Fang, Qiyin
Deen, Jamal M.
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract: Fluorescence endoscopy is a promising functional imaging technique to improve screening of early cancer lesions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The intensity of tissue autofluorescence is weak and conventional forward viewing endoscopes are inefficient in light collection from objects of interest located on the GI tract wall. This thesis work presents the design and optimization of a catadioptric endoscope objective lens that is capable of acquiring simultaneous forward and radial views. The radial view optics is optimized for a balance between image quality and light collection by utilizing a pair of folded parabolic mirrors for redirecting the field of view and lenses for aberration control. The modulation transfer function, numerical aperture, track length, and field of view are parameters used in the optimization. Non-sequential ray tracing simulations of the light collection of various field locations along a cylindrical surface that simulates the GI tract suggest that the proposed design is more practical in light collection when compared to typical wide-angle, forward-viewing endoscope objectives. A prototype with additional optimization in an enlarged 3:1 scale design is manufactured by the Instrument Technology Research Center of the National Applied Research Laboratories (Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China). Empirical verification of the modulation transfer function as well as relative light collection across the field of view is performed on the manufactured prototype. View synthesis digital image processing algorithms are proposed and tested using imagery acquired by the manufactured prototype.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Hospitality in Some Works of Thomas Heywood

contributor:
Ostovich, H.
English

abstract:
In this thesis I examine representations of hospitality in four works by Thomas Heywood: 1 and 2 Edward IV (1599), A Woman Killed with Kindness (1603), The
English Traveller (1633), and The Late Lancashire Witches (1634). In the early modern period the practice of hospitality was integral to social relations, facilitating the consolidation of social ties, status and influence. Concurrent with these four plays, the period from approximately 1580 to 1630 contained an increasing interest and anxiety about the practice of hospitality and its apparent decline. Through an examination of the representations of hospitality in these plays, in relation to contemporary concerns surrounding early modern hospitality, I show that these plays exhibit a variety of anxieties and concerns about the practice of hospitality. In particular, I argue that the plays exhibit anxieties about masculine identity and the social responsibilities of householders; that the hospitable relation between host and guest, though intended to be socially edifying, may provide an avenue for social disruption and subversion due to the specific functions and expectations surrounding hospitality; and about female participation in hospitality, which often results in the exclusion of women from the benefits of the conventional system of hospitable exchange.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: A Microsimulation Model for Residential Mobility: An Application to the City of Hamilton

contributor:
Kanaroglou, Pavlos S.
Geography and Earth Sciences

subject:
Earth Sciences
Geography
Earth Sciences

abstract:
URM-MicroSim is a prototype system for a micro simulation model of urban residential mobility. It is developed for the city of Mytilene, Greece. However, it is only a prototype and fails to meet the requirements of practical use, especially with regard to execution time. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is first presented to fully understand the required improvements to the existing system. These are divided into functional and non-functional requirements, which are discussed separately. On the basis of the analysis, several functions (such as user interface and logging system) have been implemented and the time consuming functions were indentified and revised without affecting the simulation results. The revised system was tested for consistency in performance, and the results were convincing.

Within this context, URM-MicroSim is calibrated for the city of Hamilton. The calibration methods include identifying the probabilities of demographic events and rebuilding the immigration sub-model. After URM-MicroSim is applied for Hamilton, simulation results from the system are validated against census data from Statistics Canada. Results from the validation provide evidence that URM-MicroSim is able to capture the overall trend of residential mobility at both aggregate and disaggregate levels. Lastly, some directions for future research are indicated, that focus on reducing system execution time and broadening the scope of the model.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Love and the Knowledge of God in Augustine's De Trinitate

contributor:
Kroeker, Travis P.
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: This thesis offers a close reading of Augustine's De Trinitate that is aimed at addressing the vexed question of the unity of the work. The most influential 20th century interpretation of De Trinitate holds that Augustine moves from a theological examination of the nature of the Trinity based on scripture to a philosophical investigation based on the structure of the human mind. This interpretation has led to the misconceptions that Augustine espouses a form of natural theology and separates theological doctrine from the concerns of the practical life. This thesis shows that De Trinitate is unified around the methodological rule that only the mind that loves God is capable of knowing him. This means, first, that Augustine's procedure is improperly characterized as natural theology; and, second, that, in making love a prerequisite for, and means to, knowledge of God, the ethical question of the ordering of love is inseparable from doctrinal concerns. This thesis shows that De Trinitate offers a coherent and compelling moral ontology in which the perceived tensions in Augustine's theology of love can be reconciled.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: WEAVING CULTURE IN SAMBAAK'E

contributor:
Preston, Richard J.
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: This thesis uses a metaphor of "weaving" to analyze ongoing culture formation processes in the isolated Dene community of Sambaa K'e, located in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories. The weaving of spruce root baskets is a skill that had been forgotten but has recently been retrieved by the Dene of this community, which is committed to maintaining traditions within its evolving lifestyle. The primary evidence for this process is the material in the two editions of a "community book", Sambaa K'e Then and Now (1998); references to the second edition are from the 2006 version of the manuscript, soon to be printed. The research and production process for the two editions, along with the contents, are part of the evidence for the community's creativity in weaving traditional knowledge and practices with modem ones. I have engaged with these Dene people over more than two decades, and have gained awareness of their values, developing lifestyle, and practical ways of weaving the old and the new. I theorize that their tendency to creative resilience is an outcome of historical and current survival in the "spiritual domain" of the subarctic ecosystem (Preston 1998, 50). There seems to be a general acceptance among anthropologists of the concept "culture as a verb"; this thesis provides evidence for how this plays out dynamically in the everyday lives of people in this community. These Dene, in their stories, art, and photos, as well as in their collaboration in developing the book, offer personal witness to the unfolding details of the culture weaving process within their community. This thesis offers evidence from the larger collection of material in the book itself, and from my observations of community process, of how this subarctic Dene group is weaving its culture in a continuous, pragmatic and creative formation process.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Persistence and Effectiveness of Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin during Soil Remediation

contributor:
Smith, James E.
Earth Sciences

subject:
Earth Sciences
Earth Sciences

abstract: Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBβCD) is receiving increasing interest as an enhancing remediation agent used for soils contaminated with hydrophobic contaminants. While being used in remediation experiments, no previous study has investigated the fate of HBβCD under non-enhanced uncontrolled conditions in field soils. This study assesses the removal efficiency of DDT using 10%-HBβCD solutions within laboratory soil columns, and examines the persistence of HBβCD within uncontrolled un-enhanced field soil conditions. The bench scale soil column study was found to remove 19% and 20% of the initial DDT and DDE masses respectively after ten treatments of 10%- HBβCD solutions applied twice per day for one week. This definitively shows HBβCD does vertically mobilize DDT in the soil profile. Stable carbon isotopic measurements of technical grade HBβCD resulted in an expected 0 l3C value of -16%0. The expected stable carbon isotopic value (δl3C) of the initial untreated soils was -24.5%0. The soils treated with 10%-and 20%-HBβCD solutions both indicated an increase in carbon isotopic values during and after the experiment, indicating retention of HBβCD within the soil. Measurements of HBβCD in soils using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (LCMS) indicated a smaller persistence of HBβCD within the soils during and shortly after HBβCD applications. The carbon isotopic measurements and LCMS concentration of HBβCD reflected similar short and long-term trends for both increasing and decreasing concentrations. Evidence from both stable carbon isotope analysis and LCMS analysis indicated that HBβCD persisted in the soils six weeks after applications; however, there was no evidence of HBβCD in soils eleven months after the treatments ceased.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The Integrity of Ethic: Spinoza's Intuitive Science

contributor:
M., John R.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
The essence of Spinoza's system is to be found in its very unity. This is found in the reflection of the unity of God in the structure of his Ethic. As a result of this, how one goes about reading the Ethic is directly responsible for one's ability to piece the whole of the system together. The main problem with commentators' positions, for example, lies in just such an inability.

The position taken in this thesis is essentially a proposal for how to read the Ethic and how one can tie the whole together in any analysis. I begin with a discussion of unity and the structure of the Ethic as revealed by this unity. I then proceed to discuss Spinoza's conception of the path to a life of reason; a discussion which culminates in a presentation of his Ethic in Scientia Intuitiva, and his notion of Immortality. I take these last two positions as standards of one's ability to tie the Ethic together and reveal its inherent integrity. This, then, leads to a discussion of commentators' views and a display of their limitations in revealing the integrity of Spinoza's thoughts.

This thesis marks the first step of the study of Spinoza. One must grasp the fundamental integrity of his thoughts before one can proceed to a defense or criticism of his position. It is not, therefore, a topical analysis of his system, but a proposal which encompasses what I feel to be the essentials of his total position. By working from this whole of the Ethic to this particular proposal I hope to be able to reveal, by example if necessary, the fundamental integrity of God and of Spinoza's system.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Monocular Light Deprivation of the Pigeon

contributor:
Heron, Woodburn
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: Monocular deprivation or visual input in the pigeon alters the visual evoked response of the contralateral optic lobe. When the procedure is repeated, and the previously normal eye deprived of light, the responses of both optic lobes change. The EEG did not change with deprivation. The results for aninials deprived of patterned visual input are unclear in terms of both the evoked response and the EEG.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: A Defense Against Quine's Attack on Analyticity

contributor:
Wilson, N.L.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: This thesis is an attempt to rescue the analytic-synthetic distinction from the attacks of W.V.O. Quine ,and his followers. In particular, the notion of synonymy in natural languages is examined along with a critical discussion of attempts to define this notion. Also, Carnap's explication of logical truth is discussed to some length with emphasis on semantical rules, meaning postulates, and state-descriptions.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Atria Geometries

contributor:
Lightstone, M.F.
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
A systematic validation of the computational fluid dynamics code ANSYS CFX for atria geometries is presented. Turbulent natural convection, radiation heat transfer and conjugate heat transfer are essential to the performance of an atrium and are all validated separately. In order to be thorough, the initial validations involve the fundamental simulations for each phenomenon. A simulation of a complete atrium is also presented using the conclusions reached in the previous validations.

The validation of each of the phenomena was successful. Turbulent natural convection simulations yielded two suitable turbulence models, with the preference for k-ω model being decided by a narrow margin. The radiation validations proved that the Discrete Transfer model was an accurate model and the best offered by ANSYS CFX. Conjugate heat transfer showed that ANSYS CFX was capable of capturing the qualitative aspects of the phenomenon. The final atrium simulations showed the expected over prediction of temperature in the atrium, and an under prediction of the stratification. The atrium simulation proved insensitive to façade emissivity. The magnitude of the solar radiation heat flux did change the temperature and velocity field. It was shown that ANSYS CFX was capable of modeling the important phenomena but more accurate boundary conditions are required to obtain the best results possible.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)