title: Spot the Violent Sex Offender: Identifying Violent and Less-Violent Sex Offenders at a Glance

abstract: People make accurate social judgements from minimal information. Although this is believed to be evolutionarily-evolved, accuracy is not universal. This study investigated personality traits’ roles, including psychopathy, in violence perception accuracy and the facial cues used in these perceptions. From two-second glances at faces, two undergraduate samples judged 84 sexual offenders’ violent propensities and completed personality measures. Participants were unable to distinguish violent from less-violent offenders and neither gender was more accurate. Facial cues of masculinity tended to be valid cues. Most general personality characteristics did not contribute to accuracy, however, low honesty-humility (associated with increased psychopathy) contributed to greater accuracy in sample two. Boldness and total psychopathy, measured by the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, also contributed to increased accuracy for sample two. The results suggest that people use valid and misleading cues in rapid judgments about violence and that the role of psychopathy in threat detection accuracy warrants further investigation.


title: Examining Complex Links among Shyness, Fear Regulation, and Parental Emotional Socialization in the Prediction of Young Children's Socio-Emotional Functioning

abstract: The primary goal of this study was to examine a complex theoretical model linking shyness, fear regulation, parental emotion socialization, and indices of social adjustment in preschoolers. Participants were N = 262 preschool children (ages 2-5 years; M = 3.23, SD = .51). Parents rated children’s shyness and fear regulation strategies in the Fall (Time 1) and early childhood educators assessed indices of children’s social adjustment in the Spring (Time 2). Among the results, shyness was negatively associated with fear regulation and positively associated with socially withdrawn behaviours at preschool. A significant age moderated-mediation effect was also found, whereby fear regulation mediated the negative association between shyness and prosocial behaviour among older preschoolers, but not among younger preschoolers. Overall, the results provide some initial evidence to suggest that fear regulation may play a unique role in older preschoolers’ social adjustment.


title: Monte Carlo Dose Calculations for Permanent Breast Seed Implant Brachytherapy

abstract:
To investigate the use of patient-specific (rather than water-based) models for permanent breast seed implant (PBSI) brachytherapy, a retrospective study of 35 PBSI patients is performed. Virtual detailed-tissue patient models are created and overlaid with Pd-103 seed geometries, allowing for simulations with egs_brachy, a new Monte Carlo code.
Considerable discrepancies in dose distributions are demonstrated. Target dose metrics are 4-26\% higher using TG43 assumptions, skin metrics are underestimated by up to 66.5\%, and large disparities are observed in heart, lung, and rib doses. The sensitivity of dose distributions to assumptions in model creation is examined. Individualized adipose-gland segmentation thresholds and realistic seed orientations are shown to be important for accurate modeling. Radioprotective lead shielding has a negligible impact on skin dose.
This thesis demonstrates the importance of detailed patient modeling for PBSI brachytherapy, illustrating the shortcomings of TG43-based simulations and contributing to the future clinical implementation of model-based dose calculation algorithms.


title: The impacts of shrub abundance on microclimate and decomposition in the Canadian Low Arctic

abstract: Increasing deciduous shrub abundance in the Arctic could alter the biotic and abiotic controls on carbon (C) cycling in these ecosystems. Betula glandulosa leaf litter was decomposed at three sites of differing shrub abundance in the Canadian Low Arctic for one year. Summer and winter microclimate along with soil nutrients were monitored and lab incubations simulated autumn temperatures and leaching conditions. At the high shrub site, warmer winter soil temperatures contrasted with cooler summer temperatures likely due to deeper snow and greater thickness of moss and organic soil layers compared to the other sites. However, surface mass loss was significantly higher at the shrubbier site only after a full year suggesting that microclimate was not the only influencing factor. At all sites, large mass losses (21-26%) occurred between August and May with no significant differences among sites. The laboratory study suggested that much of the mass loss occurred shortly after litterfall in autumn.


title: Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution of the Snowcap Assemblage, Yukon-Tanana Terrane, West-Central Yukon

abstract: Quantitative and qualitative analyses of Snowcap Assemblage metapelitic rocks of the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) in west-central Yukon results in the identification of three phases of metamorphism and deformation through garnet crystallization modeling coupled with garnet age dating. A first Permo-Triassic metamorphic event (ca. 245 Ma), associated with a heating event occurring during the emplacement of Permian granitoids, reached low P amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions. The second metamorphic event dated at the Jurassic (ca. 197-188 Ma) reached peak P-T conditions of 7 kbar and 650-685 °C with a heating rate of 20 °C/My and is followed by a dwell period at T > 600 °C. This event follows typical Barrovian-type metamorphism and is interpreted to be associated with the accretion of the YTT onto Laurentia. The third metamorphic event, post-Jurassic in age, reached peak P-T conditions of 6 kbar and 580 °C with a heating rate of 20 °C/My.


title: The Food Entrainable Oscillator: The Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Story

abstract: Food availability is a potent external cue that can uncouple endogenous rhythmicity from the master circadian oscillator. It is driven by a largely unknown entity that encompasses a network of peripheral and central systems, the food entrainable oscillator (FEO). The orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin is associated with feeding, energy metabolism and has been proposed as an entrainment signal for the FEO. This thesis set out to manipulate the FEO through scheduled feeding paradigms while studying the influence of ghrelin on FEO outputs. Energy utilization patterns in response to a scheduled meal, as examined through indirect calorimetry, exhibited entrainment to the meal timing. We further demonstrated that restricted feeding paradigm entrained the energy utilization patterns, independently of the GHSR and circulating ghrelin. The influence of scheduled meals on the FEO was not limited to a negative energy balance, freely fed CD-1 male mice exhibited food anticipatory activity (FAA) and entrained to a scheduled snack of cookie dough during their non-active phase. Intriguingly, the development and entrainment of FAA is dependent on both the type of scheduled snack and the strain of the animal model used. Circulating ghrelin levels were not necessary in the development or maintenance of the entrainment of the FAA. However, central signaling of ghrelin, through its growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) may have a role in the development of the FAA in paradigms of a scheduled treats. Taken together these data present evidence that ghrelin and the GHSR are not critical in mediating the systems of the FEO and its respective outputs, under various feeding paradigms.


title: Effects of Nature Exposure and Nature Relatedness On Goals: Implications For Materialism

abstract: Materialism, the high importance individuals assign to owning material items, is generally associated with less human happiness and fewer sustainable behaviours. In this thesis, I proposed nature contact as a novel solution for decreasing materialistic aspirations, increasing mood, and fostering environmental concern. I used self-determination theory to propose that nature contact may orient people towards pro-social goals (e.g., intrinsic goals, environmental concern) while shifting people away from extrinsic goals (e.g., materialism). I proposed that people need to affiliate and connect with nature, which is consistent with the biophilia hypothesis and ecopsychology. When this need is met, I hypothesized that intrinsic goals and mood would increase, decreasing materialistic aspirations. Nature relatedness, feeling part of the natural environment, was explored as a mediator of the relationship between nature exposure and materialistic aspirations. To test these ideas, I conducted four studies with different types of nature exposure and then assessed dependent measures. Walks in nature generally lead to increases in mood (Pilot Study, Study 1) and state nature relatedness (Pilot Study, Study 1, Study 3). However, viewing nature photographs and spending time in nature over multiple days were mostly ineffective at increasing moods (Study 2 and 3). Viewing photographs did not change state nature relatedness (Study 2). Regardless of the type of nature exposure, environmental concern did not change in response to nature exposure (Study 2 and 3). Across the four studies, nature exposure did not decrease materialistic aspirations or increase intrinsic aspirations. This suggests that nature exposure, as manipulated in this dissertation, does not shift the perceived importance of specific aspirations in the moment or over a 12-day period. However, correlational evidence suggested that trait nature relatedness (and feeling high nature relatedness in the moment) was related to lower materialistic aspirations and higher intrinsic aspirations (Pilot Study, Study 1 and Study 3). This supports the idea that increasing people’s connection to nature may be a potential strategy or intervention for decreasing materialistic aspirations. To examine this possibility, researchers may wish to use different types of nature exposure and further document which types of nature exposure lead to which specific benefits.


title: A Wind-Tunnel Investigation of an Ultra-Light Wing and Ultra-Light Aircraft

abstract: A wind-tunnel investigation was undertaken on a scaled down rigid model of both an ultra-light wing and an ultra-light aircraft. The results of the ultra-light wing were compared to an existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for validation purposes. The comparisons indicated that the results of the simulation did not agree with those from experimentation and further work is required on developing a validated simulation. The basic performance characteristics along with a longitudinal and lateral static stability analysis were completed. It was observed that the aircraft's drag polar does not conform to a classic parabolic shape commonly used to describe conventional fixed-wing aircraft; the suspended fuselage was found to have a dominant effect on the shape of the drag polar when compared to the wing-only experiments. Furthermore, the aircraft was found to be statically stable in pitch and statically unstable in yaw.


title: Computational Analysis of Personality and Emotion in Semi-Structured Interviews

abstract: Psychopathy is a personality disorder involving deficits in affective characteristics and behaviour (Cleckley, 1988; Hare, 2003). Previous studies have found relationships between psychopathy and negative polarity in text, as well as psychopathy and specific semantic content (e.g., Body, Family) (Garcia & Sikström, 2014; Hancock, Woodworth, & Porter, 2013; Sumner, Byers, Boochever, & Park, 2012). The majority of these studies were performed with non-clinical psychopathy (from the general population), and the only study on clinical psychopathy (from institutionalized populations) failed to find support for a relationship between overall psychopathy and negative polarity (Hancock et al., 2013). The current study explores emotion and semantic categories in further detail with both a non-clinical and a clinical sample. Findings were inconsistent with the majority of previous research, suggesting that linguistic correlates of psychopathy are variable. The prevalence of such correlates is possibly dependent on sample size and text source.


title: Ecosystem Services and the Political Economy of Watershed Governance

abstract:
Water is a multi-use resource, with governance being shaped by a range of interacting institutional and economic imperatives. These many uses comprise a joint system where water and economy are linked by varying degrees of dependency on water-based ecosystem services. The production of ecosystem services is contingent on underlying ecological processes. However these processes can be affected by our actions, creating a sustainability dilemma. Institutions are in place to manage the impacts of our actions; however, institutions are subject to a range of pressures including actor preferences, historical factors, socio-cultural narratives, the influence of ideas and experts, and political context. Thus, we have multiple co-existing and competing resource regimes, drawing on an underlying resource system (water), across a shared landscape, with interrelated institutional mechanisms that are shaped by an array of factors. Moreover, water resources governance is highly normative as multiple actors engage in political contestation and seek to privilege their individual interests within institutional outcomes.
Through three interrelated studies, my thesis argues that more attention needs to be paid to the values and normative dimensions that underlie water governance. The first study develops a decision-support tool that helps planners understand the critical linkages between economic activities and ecological factors at the watershed level. The analysis uses Ontario’s Mississippi Valley as an illustrative case. The second study draws on natural resource economics and models of participatory governance in order to examine how cultural values affect water management in the case of Chelsea, Quebec. The third study treats the Ontario Clean Water Act (2006) as a case study. It traces actor involvement in the development of the legislation, examining subsequent institutional changes, and how these changes were then interpreted and transformed by decentralised planning boards that were empowered to develop rules to control activities within local watersheds.
Together, these analyses demonstrate how system effects, combined with actor-institution interactions, can lead to a range of social, environmental and economic risks. This feeds into a critical discussion about the role of watersheds and watershed communities in water resources governance.


title: Geochemistry and U-Pb Geochronology of the 1450-1425 Ma Large Igneous Province of Eastern Laurentia and 2480-780 Ma Large Igneous Provinces of Western Laurentia

abstract:
Mesoproterozoic magmatism that is exposed on the eastern and western margins of Laurentia (North America) are interpreted to be parts of large igneous provinces (LIP). The western margin between Kimberley (British Columbia) and Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming), and the eastern margin between Labrador City and coastal Labrador are herein referred to as western Laurentia (WL) and eastern Laurentia (EL), respectively. WL intraplate magmatism was previously divided into two LIPs the: 1) ca. 1460 Ma Moyie-Purcell LIP (MPL) which consists of the i) Purcell lavas in the USA, ii) Moyie sills of the Belt-Purcell basin iii) dykes of the Tobacco Root Mountains and 2) the ca. 780 Ma Gunbarrel LIP. The MPL is composed of tholeiitic basalts, and associated with the world class Sullivan Pb-Zn deposit. EL consists of basalts of the non-mineralized Michael-Shabogamo Gabbros (MSG).
This research demonstrated that at least 17 geochemical groups are present in WL of which some belong to additional previously unrecognized events. Seven geochemical groups belong to the ca. 1460 Ma MPL; 1 with the ca. 780 Ma Gunbarrel LIP, 2 with a 1590-1550 Ma Mammoth-Western Channel LIP (MWCL); 2 with ages of 2480, and 1420 Ma; and 5 undated mafic pulses. The MWCL is similar to contemporaneous volcanic rocks within the South Australia craton, which was adjacent to NW Laurentia ca. 1590 Ma. This study proposes a shared 1590 Ma plume and LIP magmatism between Laurentia, and South Australia cratons.
The MSG of EL are subalkaline basalts enriched in P2O5 and K2O and are shown to represent a single event with 2 pulses based on new U-Pb ages. Each pulse is defined by a distinct [P2O5*1000]/Zr (P/Zr) ratio: 1) a high P/Zr group at ca. 1425-1435 Ma; and 2) a low P/Zr group at ca. 1435-1450 Ma. Enrichment of P2O5 and K2O is due to melting of a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle with melting facilitated by a slab window.


title: Declarative Entity Resolution Via Matching Dependencies and Combining Matching Dependencies With Machine Learning for Entity Resolution

abstract:
Entity resolution (ER) is an important problem in data cleaning. It is about iden- tifying and merging records in a database that represent the same external entity. Relatively recently, declarative rules called matching dependencies (MDs) have been proposed for specifying similarity conditions under which attribute values in database records are merged. An ER process supported by MDs over a dirty instance may lead to multiple clean instances.
In this thesis, we first present disjunctive answer set programs that capture through their models the class of alternative clean instances obtained after an ER process based on MDs. With these programs, we can obtain clean answers to queries by skeptically reasoning from the program. As an important practical case of ER, we provide a declarative reconstruction of the so-called union-case ER methodology, as presented through a generic approach to ER, the so-called Swoosh approach. We extend our ASP-based account of the union-case of Swoosh with negative rules.
In this work, we extend MDs to relational MDs, which capture more application semantics, and identify classes of relational MDs for which the proposed declarative specifications for ER via MDs can be automatically rewritten into stratified Datalog programs.
We also show the process and the benefits of integrating four components of ER: (a) Building a classifier for duplicate/non-duplicate record pairs using machine learn- ing (ML) techniques; (b) Use of relational MDs for supporting the blocking phase of ML; (c) Record merging on the basis of the classifier results; and (d) The use of the declarative language LogiQL -an extended form of Datalog supported by the LogicBlox platform- for all activities related to data processing, and the specification and enforcement of MDs.


title: Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) for Fluorescence Quenching by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Water Analysis

abstract:
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have many excellent properties such as strong fluorescence, chemical stability and facile synthesis. In this work, GQDs were prepared by pyrolysis of citric acid. And optimization of the pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time, and dispersion pH attained 1.04 times stronger fluorescence intensity.
The appearance of metal oxide nanoparticles in potable water has attracted much public attention. A simple method for quantitative analysis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was developed by fluorescence quenching of GQDs in this research. Dopamine (DA) was first added to coat TiO2 nanoparticles with polydopamine (PDA) under ultrasonication. GQDs were next added as a fluorescent sensor probe to measure the quenching of its emission intensity by the PDA-coated nanoparticles. Data analysis by the Stern-Volmer equation followed a third-order polynomial fit that indicated static, dynamic and absorptive contributions to the total quenching. Detection of TiO2 nanoparticles down to 0.02 mg/mL was validated.


title: Inference With Misspecified Linear Mixed Effects Models

abstract:
This thesis provides an overview of linear mixed effects models commonly used in Biostatistics for analyzing repeated measurements, which include clustered and longitudinal measurements on patients or individuals often considered in clinical studies. In this thesis, we study the properties of the maximum likelihood estimators under the assumption of skew-normal distributions for the random effects and/or random errors in linear mixed models. We find that when the "true" random effects distributions are skewed, the assumption of a skew-normal distribution for the random effects provides more robust estimators of the model parameters in terms of smaller biases and mean squared errors.
We also study the empirical levels of the likelihood ratio test for testing the significance of the skewness parameters in the skew-normal distribution. Our Simulation study suggests that the likelihood ratio test provides approximately the correct level of significance under the null hypothesis that the underlying distribution is normal.


title: Foraging in the Presence of Obstacles

abstract: This thesis focuses on investigating searching algorithms which can solve the Ants Nearby Treasure Search (ANTS) Problem in the presence of obstacles. In the ANTS problem, there are k ants initially located at the origin in a two-dimensional grid. Pheromones are used as physical markers to allow the ants to perform a collaborative search. The target treasure is located at an unknown location at distance D from the origin. A simple deterministic foraging algorithm is provided first, which is improved later by using an additional marker to achieve a global termination. The Zig-Zag foraging algorithms and the Up-Down foraging algorithms solve the searching problem using one ant in a bounded environment with large obstacles. The spiral searching algorithms work with k ants in a wrap-around environment having randomly placed single cell obstacles. All algorithms are implemented in NetLogo and the corresponding simulations and explanations are presented by using examples.


title: Towards Efficient Instrumentation for Reverse-Engineering Object Oriented Software through Static and Dynamic Analyses

abstract:
In software engineering, program analysis is usually classified according to static analysis and dynamic analysis. While static analysis provides inaccurate and imprecise results due to programming language's features, dynamic analysis produces more accurate and precise results at runtime at the expense of longer executions to collect traces.
One prime mechanism to observe executions in dynamic analysis is to instrument either the code or the binary/byte code. Instrumentation overhead potentially poses a serious threat to the accuracy of the dynamic analysis, especially for time dependent software systems (e.g., real-time software), since it can cause those software systems to go out of synchronization.
There are two ways to increase accuracy of a dynamic analysis: devising more efficient instrumentation and using a hybrid (static plus dynamic) analysis. A hybrid analysis is a favourable approach to cope with the overhead problem over a purely dynamic analysis. Yet, in the context of reverse engineering source code to produce method calls dynamic and hybrid instrumentations typically lead to large execution traces and consequently large execution overhead.
This thesis is a step towards efficient and accurate information collection through a hybrid analysis procedure to reverse engineer source code to produce method calls, with the prime objective to reduce instrumentation overhead. To that aim, the first contribution of this thesis is to systematically analyze the contribution to instrumentation overhead of different elements of an existing and promising hybrid solution. Then, a second contribution of the thesis is to suggest an instrumentation optimization process with a range of different designs for those elements to reduce the overhead and select the best one for each element to optimize that solution. The resulting optimized hybrid technique, our third contribution, which potentially produces more accurate instrumentation compared to that hybrid solution for multi-thread software by reducing execution overhead by three quarters, has a reasonable efficiency to reverse engineer programs to produce method calls for multi-threaded software. A final contribution of this thesis is to suggest a set of recommendations for efficient instrumentation.


title: Becoming a "Nation That is Not a Nation": National Image, Lost World Narratives, and American Antarctic Literature

abstract: This dissertation identifies the lost world narrative genre as being central to the history and development of American Antarctic literature, a connection which has not previously been explicitly identified, or explored in any sustained way. As a genre, lost world narratives render places that are “outside time,” which dovetails with the literary figuration of Antarctica as a place of “frozen” time. These facts converge in the lost world narrative of the American Antarctic literary tradition, in which the Antarctic lost world setting serves as a platform for a conservative, or static, national image of American society which is frequently grounded in discourses of evolution, including pre-Darwinian theories of racial difference, that are mobilized in particular to reflect historically contingent, ideologically-motivated ideas of masculinity and race. Such national images are conservative insofar as they foreground discourses which reflect the values and seek to perpetuate the social power of specific groups (namely, white men). Through its examination of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838), Charles Romyn Dake’s A Strange Discovery (1899), Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Caspak trilogy (1918), H.P. Lovecraft’s At the Mountains of Madness (1936), and Marvel Comics’ Ka-Zar (1965-2011), the present work demonstrates that while these aspects provide a sense of cohesion to American Antarctic literature and do, in fact, help to distinguish it from trends in the Antarctic texts of other nations, ultimately that cohesion only represents the projection of a limited national image based on white masculine social hegemony in the US. Despite this normative vision that they advance, however, these texts also exhibit a strong counter-current that manifests in different ways but always works to break down the surface cohesion provided by the conservative national images fostered by American Antarctic lost world narratives.


title: Geochemical, Isotopic, and Mineralogical Characterization of the Frobisher Suite Mafic-Ultramafic Sills, Southern Baffin Island, Nunavut, with Implications for Metallogenic Potential

abstract: The Frobisher Suite is a newly recognized magmatic province comprised of mafic-ultramafic sills in southern Baffin Island, Nunavut. The sills are emplaced into the metasedimentary strata of the middle Paleoproterozoic Lake Harbour Group, and vary in thickness from several meters to hundreds of meters. Based on major and trace element chemistry, the Frobisher Suite can be divided into eight geochemical groups. The major geochemical components indicate melting occurred to differing degrees within a mantle plume head, at various depths below the Meta Incognita microcontinent at ca. 1900 Ma. A number of sills formed via injections of multiple, distinct magma types, some of which were influenced by subcontinent lithospheric mantle. Disseminated sulphides are present in the sills, and in some cases, the adjacent host psammite. At this stage, the Frobisher Suite may be considered to be part of its own Large Igneous Province (LIP), termed the “Frobisher LIP.”


title: Detecting Incidents on Uninterrupted Flow Facilities: Bayesian-Monte Carlo Models

abstract:
Incidents on freeways and other major highways during high traffic volume conditions cause capacity bottlenecks. If incidents are detected quickly and are managed promptly, traffic delay can be reduced, and secondary accidents can be avoided. There are opportunities to capture real-time data and use these in incident detection algorithms designed specifically for alerting the traffic management centre about an incident to be the likely cause of a rapid drop in speed and formation of stationary and/or moving queues. Although over the years, a number of algorithms have been developed for this purpose, further advances are needed for reducing false alarms and improve the accuracy and speed of detecting incidents.
An original incident detection model based on Bayesian, Montecarlo, and reliability methods was formulated, calibrated and verified for uninterrupted flow facilities. The inputs to the model were obtained from Montecarlo simulation and archived Highway 401 (Greater Toronto Area) incident and detector-based traffic flow data. The detectors served as a proxy for road-side units (RSU) of a future connected infrastructure-vehicle system.
The incident detection model is built into an algorithm with the capability to identify patterns of traffic flow caused by incidents under high traffic volume conditions. The model and algorithm are designed to work with data obtainable from highway sensors/detectors and RSU. With minor changes to the code, data from probe vehicles and crowd-sources can be used as well.
The algorithm includes a number of criteria that narrow the choice of likely causes of the rapid drop in speed both spatially and temporally. The results achieved suggest high success rate in minimizing false alarms and improving detection rate under applicable traffic conditions.
A Matlab-based test bed was developed for testing models, and simulated incidents were used for conducting additional tests on the predictive capability of the algorithm/model. The results are in line with those obtained from archived actual incident data.
It is expected that the use of the algorithm and its constituent model will contribute to reduced delay, and improved safety (e.g. reduction of secondary collisions).


title: Building States, Undermining Public Order? Security Sector Reform in Pluralist Public Order Regimes

abstract:
Since the Cold War and especially after the attacks of September 2001, security sector reform has become a key component of the state-building project targeting unstable, fragile states. Yet, despite its popularity with donors and other international stakeholders, SSR has often failed to fulfill its overarching objective: reduce violence and make people safer. SSR success is unclear at best, as suggested by Afghanistan and Iraq, but also Haiti and El Salvador. In this dissertation, I argue that SSR falls short of its promises because it often fails to acknowledge the complex environment in which it takes place. Indeed, SSR tends to remain state-centric, targeting only public security and justice institutions and their formal role in the production of public order. Yet, in fragile states, the State does not hold the monopoly on violence, and its capacity to produce public order and provide security remains limited. Where the State is unable to do so, other actors have often emerged to produce public order and claim control over the means of violence.
To better understand the impact of SSR on these complex environments, I introduce the public order regime framework to map out systematically how public order is produced by state and non-state actors through more or less formal means in those complex polities. Looking more closely at SSR programs in Haiti and El Salvador, I find that the effect of SSR on pluralist public order regimes varies based on the strategy chosen to deal with non-state coercive actors and informal public ordering. Where non-state actors have a strong incentive to claim control on the means of violence, state-centric SSR tend to be disruptive and can backfire, increasing rather than reducing violence. When the structure of the regime is taken into consideration by SSR however, the disruptive consequences of these reforms can be mitigated. Based on those results, I call for a more pragmatic approach to SSR that departs from Western normative assumptions, and is anchored in a finer understanding of the complex composition of governance structures in fragile states.


title: Coworker Influence Upon Individual Internalization of Safety

abstract:
What is the influence of coworkers upon the individual’s internalization of safety? Despite it being recognized as one of the most pervasive determinants of individual behaviour, social influence upon individual safety motivation has largely been overlooked by safety studies. This study operationalized group level safety climate to focus on coworker influence – an alternative to the predominant group level leadership perspective.
This exploratory, qualitative study interviewed 55 workers across three safety critical industries: firefighting, whitewater raft guiding, and paramedicine. The interviews were combined with workplace visits and six group interviews, using a theoretical proposition guided research model. The semi-structured qualitative approach allowed for the nature of the unstudied relationship between coworker influence and individual safety values to emerge. The focus of the study was at the group level.
This study found that there is significant complexity at the coworker or group level regarding safety; more so than the predominant hierarchical safety climate paradigm. The major theoretical contribution of this research is a finding that coworker influence and social identity were an active influence upon internalizing safety motivation. Shared experience, social bonding and trust allowed for the individual to socially identify with their group and internalize group safety priorities and incorporate these into self-concept. Coworker social support and trust validated the individuals’ sense of competency. This sense of competency was the first defense in dealing with work ambiguity, but more existentially, coworker endorsement of competency also anchored basic work identity. Safety at its most concrete level was about not getting hurt. Safety at its more meaningful level was about the potential harm from finding one’s self on the outside of the work group and the internal or psychological implications of such exposure.
This research adds complexity to the field of safety studies by including peer interaction and internal safety values. This research also introduces to safety studies as-yet underutilized social theories as a means of examining coworker influence and internalizing safety. In particular, self-determination theory and social identification theory are applied to group and individual level safety behaviour.


title: Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the freeze tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica

abstract: Freeze tolerance is a survival strategy used by the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, for winter survival. Drastic changes to physiology and biochemistry are required to enter a state of metabolic rate depression in order to reestablish homeostasis during whole-body freezing. Enzymes are biocatalysts that mediate these metabolic functions and regulate survival of this environmental stress. This thesis explores the properties and regulation of two key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) from liver and amino acid metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH) from skeletal muscle. The studies showed that allosteric effectors play a role in differentially regulating these enzymes between freezing and control conditions. Furthermore, reversible protein phosphorylation appears to be a common regulatory mechanism reducing activity of both LDH and GDH in the frozen state. Altogether, these studies support theories that multiple mechanisms of enzyme regulation, particularly protein phosphorylation, contribute to the reorganization of metabolism during freeze tolerance.


title: An Investigation of the Effect of Vicarious Social Defeat Stress on Stress Hormones and Food Consumption in Male Mice

abstract: In addition to causing depressive-like behaviours in rodents, stressors can also alter feeding behaviour and body weight. The current study aimed to investigate the vicarious social defeat stress model as a means of studying the effects of stressors on feeding, in a manner that allows for comparison between directly affected victim animals and witnesses to social defeat. Increased corticosterone secretion occurred in both acutely treated victim and witness animals 10 minutes following stressor exposure, an effect that persisted in the victim animals for 1.5 hours. No significant effects were found in chronically treated groups, which may be the result of a habituation-like effect to repeated stressor exposures. No significant changes were found in food consumption, weight gain, or plasma ghrelin. Overall, these findings shed light on the impact of social stressors and the consequences of being involved in, compared to witnessing, social defeat.


title: Micromanaging Freeze Tolerance: The Biogenesis and Regulation of microRNAs in Frozen Frogs

abstract: When temperatures plummet below 0°C, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) freezes up to 65% of its body water in extracellular ice masses, displaying no measurable brain activity, no breathing, and a flat-lined heart. Various molecular mechanisms including microRNAs, a multifunctional group of short non-coding RNAs, are in place to facilitate freeze tolerance. This thesis provides the first large-scale investigation of microRNA in a freeze tolerant vertebrate. Immunoblotting was used to investigate protein abundance of key microRNA biogenesis factors in brain and liver of control, 24 h frozen, and 8 h thawed R. sylvatica. Biogenesis capacity was reduced in brains and elevated in livers during freezing and thawing. This correlated with RT-qPCR levels of ~110 microRNAs, where the majority of differentially expressed miRNAs were downregulated in brains and upregulated in livers. Bioinformatic miRNA targeting predicted brain miRNAs to play a neuroprotective role, while hepatic miRNAs suppressed energy-expensive pro-growth processes.


title: No Oxygen? No Problem! Epigenetic mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in a champion anaerobe, the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)

abstract: Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) are champion anaerobes that can survive approximately three months of absolute anoxia at 3 °C and recover with minimal cellular injury. Although various physiological and biochemical adaptations are involved in anoxia tolerance, metabolic rate depression (MRD) is considered to be the most useful response. T.s. elegans can reduce their metabolic rate to 10% of normoxic values by reducing all energy expensive cellular processes including gene expression. However, adaptations of alternate transcriptional regulatory processes are mostly unknown. In the thesis, epigenetic regulation of anoxia tolerance was investigated by exploring the dynamic changes in DNA methylation/demethylation, histone acetylation/deacetylation, and histone lysine methylation during short-term (5 h) anoxia and long-term (20 h) anoxia in several tissues of red-eared sliders. DNA methylation significantly increased in the liver and white skeletal muscle. An increase in DNA methylation could indicate a potential decrease in global gene expression in response to oxygen deprivation in red-eared sliders. Correspondingly, a genomic mark of active transcription, DNA demethylation, decreased in the liver and white skeletal muscle. Establishing a unique balance between global and localized DNA methylation could be an important component of anoxia tolerance. Histone lysine methylation was also anoxia responsive in the liver of red-eared sliders, and suggested a target-specific regulation that could potentially aid in the selective upregulation of genes that are necessary for anoxia survival, while suppressing others. Histone acetylation and deacetylation, implicated in MRD of other stress-tolerant animals, illustrated a strong suppression in the liver of red-eared sliders. A strong suppression in histone H3 acetylation may also indicate an overall decrease in gene expression. Overall, this thesis may enhance our understanding of alternate modes of transcriptional regulation during anoxia tolerance and report several epigenetic mechanisms that are involved the hypometabolic response in T.s. elegans.


title: Long Term Effects of Early Life Maternal Separation During Tyrosine Receptor Kinase B (TrkB) Knockdown

abstract: Recent work suggests that depression may be a disorder of neuroplasticity. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that signals through tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) to influence synaptic growth and maintenance, and has been implicated in depression. Early life stressors are known to predispose individuals to the later development of depression. We hypothesized that this predisposition is mediated by TrkB/BDNF signalling in early life. Therefore, we utilized a TrkB mutant mouse (TrkBF616A) to reversibly block early postnatal BDNF/TrkB signalling during exposure to early life stress (maternal separation). In 3 month-old mice exposed to maternal separation, we found that TrkB knockdown impacted various aspects of their apparent resiliency to stress in adulthood. Moreover, these mice have very circumscribed variations in the expression of TrkB and BDNF within the brain. We speculate that BDNF might imprint early life stressor events, which ultimately influences the manifestation of depressive illness.


title: Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Promotes Survival of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells in Vitro through Smad2/3 Activation

abstract: Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) was recently identified as a rejuvenating factor that promoted neurogenesis in aged mice. Previous work has revealed that gdf11 mRNA is expressed in the developing retina, and GDF11 protein can signal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to grow dendrites in vitro. The developmental expression pattern of GDF11 in RGCs and the impact of GDF11 on mammalian RGCs remain unknown. The current study investigated 1) the developmental time course of GDF11 expression in RGCs, 2) the effect of GDF11 on RGC survival and axonal growth in vitro, and 3) the mechanisms mediating GDF11 responses in RGCs. Retinae were collected from C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice at different developmental stages to evaluate the expression of GDF11 in RGCs. Postnatal RGCs were also cultured in the presence of GDF11 treatment. The results show that GDF11 does not promote axon growth but enhances RGC survival in vitro through activation of pSmad2/3.


title: A Novel Technique for Addition of Hydrogen to Zirconium Alloys: Mechanical Hydrogen Ingress and Its Applications

abstract: This thesis outlines the development of the Mechanical Hydrogen Ingress (MHI) technique, which is a novel method of adding hydrogen to zirconium. The method was shown to have an uncertainty of 2% of the predicted hydrogen concentration plus 1.4 ppm (i.e. a sample with 50 ppm would have an uncertainty of 0.02(50) + 1.4 = 2.4 ppm). The MHI technique was used to add a known amount of hydrogen to a low-hydrogen zirconium sample in order to determine the initial hydrogen concentration using the differential scanning calorimetry technique, to determine the hydrogen solubility in copper, and to add hydrogen to zirconium at temperatures below 350 °C to support life-extension experiments on irradiated ex-service CANDU pressure tubes.


title: Using RNA-Seq to identify oospore wall-specific Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme (CAZyme) coding genes of Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, an oomycete plant pathogen

abstract: Oospores are propagules resulting from oomycete sexual recombination and act as long-term survival structures. In Pythium ultimum, and many other oomycete species, the glucan-rich walls of dormant oospores can account for 50% of the total volume of the oospore. Oospore walls can be digested quickly and used as a food source to propel oospores towards a germinable state. Whether digestion occurs by enzymes resulting from genes transcribed at this stage, or prepackaged transcripts/proenzymes released upon wall rehydration is currently unknown. Since oospore walls are composed predominantly of β-glucans, enzymatic digestion by glucanases may represent the earliest stage-specific molecular development ocurring at this point in its life cycle. We used RNA-Seq to investigate the oospore conversion process and to identify genes encoding oospore wall-specific enzyme products. Some enzymes were expressed solely during oospore conversion, and among those, some are only present in Pythium species when compared to other oomycetes.


title: The career and compositions of S. C. Eckhardt-Gramatte

abstract: Born in Russia in 1899, S. C. Eckhardt-Gramatte achieved renown in Europe as a pianist, violinist, and composer shortly after the end of World War I. After giving up her performing career in the early 1930s, she moved in 1953 to Winnipeg, Canada, where she continued to compose until her death in 1974. She joined the Canadian League of Composers in 1953 and took out Canadian citizenship in 1956. The present paper is a full-length, integrated study of Eckhardt-Gramatte's career and compositions, and as such, for the first time, it brings together articles, concert reviews, program notes, analyses, and so on. More specifically, the paper deals with Eckhardt-Gramatte's development as a composer, so that her biography is examined only to the extent that it has a bearing on the style and nature of her music. Each chapter deals with a separate period in Eckhardt-Gramatte's life and works and although almost all of her compositions are mentioned, several are discussed in some analytical detail.


title: 1978 : an unusual ice year in Lancaster Sound.

abstract: A simplistic theoretical model is presented and is used in an attempt to identify major variables affecting Lancaster Sound's clearing process in 1978, but some reference is made to other anomalous years (1963, 1970). The variables likely affecting Lancaster Sound's 1978 clearing date are: the predominance of easterly winds in July and August and calm in March; cooler than normal air temperatures which shortened the thaw season and thickened the ice cover; reduced sunshine levels resulting from above normal cloudiness; and above normal quantities of thick ice. Wind direction seems to be the most important variable. Westerly winds are associated with 75% of clearings. Clearing date distribution in Lancaster Sound was found to fit a normal distribution, the mean clearing date occurring in the first week of July. A 4% chance of clearing exists after September 1 and 16% after August 7.


title: Investigations of thermokarst development and climatic change in the Yukon Territory

abstract: Investigations of thermokarst development, ground ice conditions and climate change in the Stewart and Takhini River Valleys, Yukon Territory are reported. Core drilling to 5 m revealed extensive ground ice in glacio-lacustrine clays in the Stewart Valley. The development of two retrogressive thaw-flow slides is reconstructed with air photographs, and studies of seasonal activity are reported. Maximum rates of retreat occur during rainstorms when surface debris accumulation is prevented. Pond development is also reconstructed with air photographs, and by cross-dating of ring series from submerged trees. The ponds were initiated around 1880, and at present are growing at a constant rate. A numerical simulation of the effects of climate change and fire on ground thermal regime indicates that fire produces a greater change in surface temperature than a climatic warming of 2°C. The features in the Stewart Valley are associated with the post-1850 warming, while the Takhini features have recently enlarged, following a forest fire.


title: The wife/mother/student : impact of the student role on personal project systems.

creator: Burgess, Pamela D. (Pamela Dorothy-Anne).

abstract: The present research investigates the return to university of the wife/mother and its positive and negative effects on her everyday life situation. Personal projects analysis (Little, in press) provides the framework for the assessment of the content, structure and dynamics of 450 personal projects reported by 27 women who are wives, mothers and students. Each respondent was also asked to imagine that she were no longer a student. On the basis of this hypothetical situation, 369 new or continuing projects were listed by respondents as representative of their project systems as wives, mothers and ex-students. The hypothetical project systems were then compared to the actual project systems of respondents to assess the impact of the student role on their lives. Results indicate that the present life situation of the wife/mother/student is characterized by greater time pressures, project conflict and guilt than the hypothetical life situation of the wife/mother/ex-student. Family-centred activities remain consistently important, while household tasks are unenjoyable and unchallenging for the wife/mother in both project systems. Leisure activities increase in frequency in the hypothetical situation, benefitting in terms of expected progress from the easing of time pressures and project conflict. Academic pursuits, the major source of challenge for the wife/mother, are largely replaced by vocational plans when she imagines herself as no longer a student. Discussion centred on the significance of stress in the life situation of the wife/mother/student. The importance of support systems in the successful adaptation of the wife/mother to her student role is also considered.


title: Digital signal processing functions for vlsi systems design

abstract: The computational requirements of digital signal processing are summarized in terms of a small set of basis functions. These functions represent data independent computational operation, classes that vary only with respect to a characteristic set of application dependent parameters. The representation of processing requirements in terms of the basis functions provides a natural partitioning of system functions at a level amenable to implementation with VLSI component technology. Based on such a system partitioning an established design methodology for implementing concurrent multiple processor systems can be utilized to realize high performance digital signal processing systems that take advantage of advanced component technology. The thesis is presented in summary form with explicit references to the attached manuscript of a complete book, co-authored with Professor B.A. Bowen, which grew out of the initial thesis research.


title: The future of professionalism: the case of dentistry in Canada.

abstract: Social, economic and technological changes in Canada since World War II have brought about major changes in the practise and conditions of work of most occupations, including the professions. The sociological literature presents a number of views of the future of professions, highlighting three major directions: professionalization, deprofessionalization and proletarianization. An examination of dentistry in Canada supports the arguments presented by the professionalization theorists – the continued maintenance of the professional status granted the profession by the state.


title: Symbols of order and harmony in the work of Marian Scott, 1931-1949

abstract: This thesis examines the themes of harmony and order in the work of Marian Scott during the period 1931-1949. It looks at three symbols — spiral, crystal and cell-caul — which were used to visually articulate these themes. The paper begins by exploring the Intellectual background of Scott's work by examining some of the influential forces In the artist's life in order to show their effect in shaping her quest for order and harmonious balance. The influences examined Include her husband, her circle of friends and the readings and artists which she has indicated as being Important in her development. These are presented against the backdrop of the political and art historical events of the 1930s and 1940s. The paper examines the paintings which preceded the pivotal work of this period, the Endocrinology mural, for evidence of the thematic development and use of symbols which are mentioned above. These themes and symbols which appear in Scott's work in an incipient form in the 1930s are precipitated in the mural Endocrinology. The symbols are examined both from a general perspective in order to show the history or ancestry of the symbol and from the particular context of the way in which they were used in Scott's paintings. A brief examination is made of the paintings done after the mural in order to trace the incorporation of the symbols in these paintings. In general, the thesis focuses on the forms in the artist's work and how they can be read as testaments of her belief in the presence of an underlying harmony and order.


title: Alterations in the rewarding value of intracranial self-stimulation following uncontrollable stressors : assessment in a current-intensity paradigm.

abstract: The effects of uncontrollable shock on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) from the nucleus accumbens (Nas), substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were assessed in a rate-independent decreasing rate-intensity paradigm. Exposure to inescapable shock resulted in response depressions in ICSS from the Nas and VTA with a resulting shift in the rate-intensity function to the right while no changes were noted in animals responding from the SN. Increasing the current intensity eliciting ICSS 30 uA above the threshold current did not eliminate the stressor-induced response depressions noted in the Nas. In fact, the reductions in ICSS from the Nas were more pronounced. Inescapable shock failed to exert an effect on ICSS from either the Nas or the SN among mice without prior experience in the rate-intensity paradigm. Response reductions following inescapable shock among mice responding from the VTA were found to be considerably more pronounced than those noted in the Nas. These data were taken to suggest that uncontrollable stressors alter the rewarding/motivational value of ICSS in the Nas and VTA but not the SN. The present findings are consistent with the proposition that the alterations in reward value of ICSS following uncontrollable stressors are subserved by region-specific alterations in DA neuronal activity. It is suggested that, since altered DA neuronal activity has been demonstrated in human depressives and a decreased ability to experience pleasure is a prominent feature of depressive symptomology, stressor-induced alterations in DA activity may be responsible for these depressive symptoms. It is concluded that the paradigm employed here could be particularly beneficial in the testing of antidepressant drugs for their efficacy in alleviating the affective component of depressive symptomatology.


title: Bayesian detection of noisy time-dispersed pulse sequences

abstract: In this thesis the problem of digital communication through noisy dispersive time-invariant known channels is investigated. The channel model is a known time-invariant linear filter followed by a source of additive noise. The Bayesian demodulator is determined for any digit-by-digit modulation scheme for m-ary digits, any specified set of m-ary digit error costs, any set of known digit a priori probabilities, and any linear noisy dispersive channel that introduces intersymbol interference between a finite number of digits. Decision-theoretic methods are used to determine the Bayesian decision procedure for the case where a finite number of digits are sent and also for the case where the digit sequence is infinite. These general results are applied to the situation where the additive noise is white and gaussian, and where an infinite sequence of digits is sent by transmitting one of m possible waveforms every T seconds. It is required that a final decision on each digit be made within a specified time after that digit is transmitted. The received signal in the infinite past is used by a finite size demodulator to minimize the average risk associated with that decision. The demodulator contains a bank of linear filters, followed by a nonlinear sampled data system with memory. Both the number of filters and the complexity of the sampled-data system are exponentially related to the number of interfering digits. The problem is then made yet more specific by assuming that pulse amplitude modulation is used. In this case the size of the filter bank varies linearly, rather than exponentially, with the amount of intersymbol  interference, although the remainder of the demodulator retains the exponential relationship. Knowledge of this demodulator can be used to evaluate any suboptimum demodulator that is designed to overcome additive noise and intersymbol Interference. Qualitative comparisons are made between the Bayesian demodulator and a large number of suboptimum demodulators proposed in the literature. The results of a computer simulation study are used to quantitatively compare the Bayesian demodulator with the optimum linear equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer, two attractive practical demodulators. It is shown that the decision feedback equalizer performs almost as well as the Bayesian demodulator, and much better than the linear equalizer in many cases.


title: Arctic cooperative development : theory and practice.

abstract: This thesis examines the cooperative movement in Arctic Canada in terms of the degree to which the cooperatives have reinterpreted the cooperative ideology and assesses the constraints that have encouraged these alterations. Using concepts from literature and from Literature, an “ideal” is then used to examine the anthropological and sociological debates from within the cooperative This thesis examines the cooperative movement in Arctic Canada in terms of the degree to which the cooperatives have reinterpreted the cooperative ideology and assesses the constraints that have encouraged these alterations. Using concepts from literature and from Literature, an “ideal” is then used to examine the anthropological and sociological debates from within the cooperative is described. This model the Arctic cooperatives in order to elucidate their conformity to and deviations from the ideal. The impact of the cooperatives on the Lives of the Inuit is discussed in terms of the discontinuities they introduced with the traditional Inuit Lifestyle. The problems and constraints the cooperatives have encountered throughout their development are outlined. The results of this thesis illustrate the importance the cooperative movement has played in the lives of the Inuit in their attempts to become active and self-confidant participants in Canadian society. The thesis also serves as an important case-study in cooperative development and serves to change. further our understanding of social and cultural cooperative is described. This model the Arctic cooperatives in order to elucidate their conformity to and deviations from the ideal. The impact of the cooperatives on the Lives of the Inuit is discussed in terms of the discontinuities they introduced with the traditional Inuit lifestyle. The problems and constraints the cooperatives have encountered throughout their development are outlined. The results of this thesis illustrate the importance the cooperative movement has played in the lives of the Inuit in their attempts to become active and self-confidant participants in Canadian society. The thesis also serves as an important case-study in cooperative development and serves to further our understanding of social and cultural change.


title: Women's liberation as portrayed through the writings of Nellie McClung and Francis Beynon : an agrarian reform perspective

abstract: This thesis examines the writings of Nellie McClung and Francis Beynon as examples of early twentieth century prairie literature which deals with the issues of women's freedom from an agrarian reform perspective. Since an understanding of the reform movement is necessary in order to understand the literature of the two writers, the thesis examines economic conditions; it considers theological argument and religious faith; and it considers social factors of particular relevance to the structure of reform ideology. We then look at the reasons for the interrelationship between the reform movement and the suffragist organization on the Canadian prairies. The backgrounds of the authors are discussed in detail. Both writers had an agrarian upbringing and both were strongly involved in reformist and suffragist activities. Both wrote articles and essays attempting to make farm women aware of the way in which they were exploited and the need to fight for social and political reforms. The specific novels which are discussed are Francis Beynon's Aleta Dey, and Nellie McClung's trilogy: Sowing Seeds in Danny, Second Chance and Purple Springs. Other writings which are examined in detail include McClung's book of essays, In Times Like These, and Beynon's articles and editorials in The Grain Growers' Guide.


title: Evaluation of contingency contracting with hyperactive boys and their parents.

abstract: The effects of contingency contracting on the home behaviour of five hyperactive boys were examined throughout a two month intervention period. Following baseline recording by the parents of the frequency of selected target behaviours, contracts were negotiated between each child and his parents. Points were awarded to the child contingent upon his desirable behaviour and were deducted for undesirable behaviour. Accumulated points could be exchanged daily for desired rewards. Results for three of the five boys indicated that the frequency of the undesirable behaviour decreased when the contract was in effect, while the frequency of positive behaviours increased. No reliable changes were observed in the frequency of target behaviours of the two remaining boys. It was noted that the contracts negotiated for these children were more complex and were not administered consistently. A significant decrease was observed on the Conduct Problem factor of the Connors' Parent Rating Scale completed by the children's mothers. On a questionnaire evaluation of contracting, parents reported that the procedure had been effective, that they would continue to use it, and that their attitudes toward their children had become more positive. Important goals for future research with hyperactive children include the investigation of the success of contracting procedures combined with stimulant drugs or placebo, and development of both efficient and effective methodologies for instituting contingency contracting involving both home and school behaviour problems.


title: Contrasting perspective and texture gradient cues in the Mueller-Lyer illusion : Judgement theories versus perspective theories

abstract: Several attempts have been made to propose theories which would specify the perceptual mechanism responsible for the Mueller-Lyer illusion; however, few of the many experiments conducted using this illusion have made cross-theoretical comparisons. The purpose of the current investigation was to contrast predictions made by judgment and perspective theories, using stimuli which contained both perspective and texture gradient distance cues. The experiment employed  124 subjects who provided 22,320 points of subjective equality as measures of illusory distortion through the method of constant stimuli. The major results indicate that ohly the main effect of the perspective cue could be strongly associated with  illusion magnitude. This finding in itself does not differentiate judgment and perspective theories. However, the second strongest effect, the perspective by texture gradient cue interaction, was shown to clearly differentiate the prediction efficacies in that judgment theories provide a more complete and consistent explanation of the distortion found in the Mueller-Lyer illusion. The basic findings and data trends reported by Haesen (1974) were also observed. Finally, line proximity was suggested as a new variable by which judgment theories may be compared and which may provide a means of extending assimilation theory.


title: An analysis of word generation by the left and right cerebral hemispheres : the effects of imposed speed-stress instructions

abstract: A left hemisphere advantage in response accuracy was obtained for an adjective gener a tion task independent of fluctuations in subjects' speed-accuracy criteria. This effect resulted despite the fact that stimuli were not repeated over trials and despite the controls taken to minimize eye movement confound. Response times did not differ statistically as a function of visual field condition. This finding suggests that previously obtained visual field effects for response time may not reflect a 'necessary' hemispheric difference in processing time, but may have been an artifact specific to free-response paradigms.


title: Television and the House of Commons : the introduction of an electronic Hansard and its effects

abstract: In October, 1977, television cameras first began recording the debates of the House of Commons in order to begin an "electronic Hansard" which would preserve on audio and videotape every word spoken in the House by its members. This move raised inportant questions for political and communications theory regarding the effects the television cameras would have. Through a hypothesis and two corollaries the thesis explores the questions of what effect the cameras had on the gatekeeper role of the television journalists, and whether the Opposition or the Government gained in perceived strength and ability' to set the political agenda. The consideration of these questions is preceded by a discussion of the public debate which occurred before the cameras were introduced.


title: A history of orchestras in Ottawa from 1894 to 1960

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to trace the history of the major orchestras which were formed in Ottawa from 1894 to 1960, and which eventually evolved into our present-day Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and the National Arts Centre Orchestra. Chapter one gives background material on Canada and the early history of the city of Ottawa, thus providing the cultural setting from which the orchestras emerged. Each succeeding chapter deals with a new orchestra which was created under the baton of a different conductor. Chapters two to six draw upon a research paper entitled Ottawa Symphony Orchestras 1894- 1941 which I completed for course 30.511, April, 1978. Several aspects which have been considered with regard to the different orchestras are: size and personnel, support or patronage, nature of the repertoire, quality of performances, guest artists, inclusion of Canadian compositions, children's concerts and the value of the orchestra to the community. A study such as this will furnish an insight into the cultural interests and musical activities of the Ottawa community which may, in turn, be compared to conditions which existed in other Canadian cities thus giving us a better view of the overall musical/cultural scene in Canada. My research was greatly facilitated by a discovery at the Ottawa Public Library of the early programs given by Ottawa Symphony Orchestras from 1894 to 1927. Other important sources were concert reviews from The Ottawa Citizen and Records of the Women's Committee of the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra.


title: Coastal zone management in Nova Scotia, a siting guideline

abstract: A major problem in Coastal Zone Management in Nova Scotia revolves around the need to balance two forces which often oppose each other. On the one hand there is the legitimate need of the economic and social sector to locate facilities or activities on the coastal zone. On the other hand there is the requirement to ensure that the coastal ecosystem is protected. The legal and administrative process in force for allocating coastal sites is fragmented and operates in an ad-hoc manner. Functional responsibilities for the management of this natural resource are divided among the Federal, Provincial and Municipal governments in Canada. Sitings of facilities or activities are often delayed or not approved at all in Nova Scotia because of the lack of a common system or process to co-ordinate the administrative requirements related to siting within the context of a comprehensive Coastal Zone Management Plan. This thesis proposes a Siting Guide!ine or administrative framework which is designed to facilitate the co-ordination of requirements related to the siting of facilities or activities on the inshore area of the coastal zone of Nova Scotia.


title: Von "Faust, ein Fragment" zu "Faust I" und "Faust II" : Ueberlegungen zu Goethes und Schillers Verhaeltnis zu Kant und Fichte.

abstract:
This thesis understands itself as a contribution to the continuing discussion about the internal unity of Goethe's Faust. The work's presumed unity is genetically interpreted: regarding the origin (author), the elaboration-process (including direct and indirect influences by other persons) and the result (text) of Goethe's tragedy. The initial idea is that Faust -- as any other important and authentic literary work -- does not only represent the creation of an individual, but expresses also the very spirit of its time.
This idea leads logically to the question of the significance of Kant's and Fichte's philosophy which determined essentially the spiritual "horizon" in Germany during the years I780-I830 and which had been very carefully studied by Schiller and Goethe.
The thesis tries to point out that the genetic unity of  Faust  can be shown by illuminating and making transparent this "horizon".


title: A content analysis of children's views of the world

abstract: The answers of 713 Canadian children to the question 'what is wrong with the world and how would you put it right?' were content analyzed. The extent to which different types of problems and solutions were identified by the children in the sample was determined. The relationship between the types of problems and solutions suggested by the respondents as well as the way in which the answers varied according to sex and age was examined. The most pervasive problem cited by the children was the state of the natural environment. The children were especially concerned about the effects of pollution . The second most often cited problem involved the social personal aspect of the world around them . This was followed by problems associated with social institutions especially the military. Solutions of a social personal nature were most often suggested. These were followed by social institutional solutions which most often involved political or legal action. Material goods ranked third as solutions to the world's problems. The types of solutions associated with each of the three major problems follow. Problems with the natural environment were most often associated with social personal solutions, social institutional solutions and solutions involving material goods (in order of extent of association). The solutions proposed for social personal problems were most often social personal, and social institutional. Social institutional problems were most often associated with social personal and social institutional solutions. Significantly more females defined the world's problems and solutions as social personal. Males referred to solutions involving material goods and social institutions significantly more often than did females. The proportion of problems defined as social personal and to do with the military increased with age of respondent. As they got older children referred to more social personal solutions and less to solutions involving material goods. There was a non-monotonic relationship between age and mention of social institutional solutions. The proportion of social institutional solutions increased until ages 10-12 years and then decreased again. The results of the study are discussed in light of relevant psychological literature.


title: C. G. Jung's concept of synchronicity as it relates to the psychology of the individual

abstract: C.G. Jung's principal essay on the subject of synchronicity, "Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle", appeared in 1952. In his presentation, Jung failed to relate the concept of synchronicity explicitly to the psychology of the individual. Furthermore, the subsequent literature has neglected to fill this critical gap. This thesis presents, drawing from Jung's writings as a whole, a comprehensive synthesis of the basics of Jung's thinking on synchronicity as they relate to the psychology of the individual. The essential contribution of this work is twofold. Firstly, the thesis provides a framework for the systematic investigation of synchronicity as it relates to the psychology of the individual. Secondly, the thesis indicates that Jung's concept of individuation refers to more than simply a process of strictly psychological development but also to a conscious movement, on the part of the individual, toward a relationship with nature as a whole.


title: One author's response to a changing world: a study of the variations in selected novels of Lucy Maud Montgomery

abstract: Lucy Maud Montgomery's novels with young female protagonists are usually considered by critics to be indistinguishable. The assumption is inaccurate; these works vary in their characterization of heroine, their development and resolution of conflict, and their narrative tone. The variations, moreover, are directly related to Montgomery's own changing attitude about fiction, which altered as she responded to the developments of the twentieth-century world. This thesis outlines the variations among the young heroines' development, and illustrates the connection of each to the author's own beliefs at the time of the novel's composition. Such a study repudiates the assumption that these works cannot be differentiated, and establishes Montgomery's fiction in the more revealing context of its relation to her own responses to life and art.


title: The effect of V.D.U. text-presentation rate on reading speed and comprehension

abstract: The effect of video display unit (VDU) text-presentation rates on the reading speed and comprehension of 90 undergraduate psychology students was investigated. A modified version of a Nelson-Denny Reading Test comprehension subtest was presented to each subject at a rate of 150, 300, 1200, or 9600 baud, or in an "instant" condition which presented text one VDU "page" at a time. Comprehension scores were highest in the 300-baud and  Instant conditions, and lowest in the 150-baud and 9600-baud  conditions. VDU reading speeds were marginally higher in the 9600-baud condition, and marginally lower in the 150-baud condition.  In general, other timing measures were equivalent across conditions . At very high or low presentation rates, comprehension deteriorated. The ,mediating effect of three task characteristics was discussed: hurried or incomplete reading; the contect of timed performance; the stimulation of interactive computer use. No evidence was found that low rates enhance performance.


title: Intrametropolitan branch banking : Ottawa, 1930-1979.

abstract: While many components of urban land-use patterns have been examined, banking has been all but ignored by geographers. This study attempts to introduce intrametropolitan branch banking to the literature of tertiary location theory. A brief history of Canadian banking is provided to Introduce the topic to geographers. This is followed by an examination of the spatial patterns of branch bank location in Ottawa between 1930 and 1979 using parallels drawn from the extensive literatijre of retail geography. While the expected spatial association between retailing and banking is established, banks are not represented in proportion to the retail importance of the centre. A brief study of consumer/bank relationships indicates that locational convenience is the most important consideration for bank selection. However, service considerations did form a considerable proportion of bank selection criteria. The major finding of the study suggests that the spatial pattern of the contemporary branch banking system is characteristic of a low order function.


title: Sex differences in the relationship between personal projects and job satisfaction

abstract: This study analyzes the relationship between job satisfaction and the characteristics and compatibility of personal activities in the lives of working men and women. It was hypothesized that women, relative to men, may experience an overload of personal projects leading to greater project conflict and subsequent lowering of job satisfaction. Seventy-three men and 76 women employed by Canadian National at their Montreal Headquarters were assessed with Personal Projects Analysis techniques (Little, in press) to examine their evaluations of current work and non-work activities on 16 dimensions. A battery of job satisfaction measures served as quasi-dependent variables. Results indicate convergence among measures of job satisfaction, the predictability of job satisfaction from personal project dimensions, and important sex differences in the project systems of men and women. While the data do not support the hypothesis that women experience greater project load and conflict leading to lower job satisfaction, they do suggest that perceived project control plays an important mediating role in the relationship between project system variables and job satisfaction. Discussion is centered upon the implications of the data for examining current trends in the sharing of non-work projects in families, and on methodological suggestions for expanding and clarifying the present findings.


title: Teacher-child interactions as related to the sex, income status, age and physical attractiveness of preschool children

abstract: The purposes of this observational study were to (a) obtain behavioural data in several preschool settings concerning the frequencies of types of teacher-child interactions and (b) to demonstrate a method for process evaluation of preschool programs. Male and female preschool teachers were observed in three classrooms. Instrumental, social and disciplinary interactions were related to the sex, income status, age and physical attractiveness of the children. The sex and income status of the children were the most imiportant child-characteristics which were related to variations in the teachers' behaviours. In one classroom in particular, boys and low-income children received more teacher-initiated disciplinary contacts and fewer social contacts than girls and middle income children. Further research was suge;ested with regard to physical attractiveness. Implications were discussed in terms of the limited generalizability of the data to other settings due to the large amount of variation which existed both within and between programs. It was concluded that the behavioural data obtained could most usefully be applied to preschool evaluation in providing ideal opportunities for fostering teacher av/areness and in evaluating program aims.


title: Anthologies of English-Canadian poetry, 1864-1960 : defining the canon

abstract: This study of forty-two anthologies of English-Canadian poetry published between 1864 and I96O reveals some of the processes whereby the canon of English-Canadian poetry has been defined, from the earliest anthologists'  attempts to bring together good Canadian verse to the latest anthologists' attempts to define in their selections a body of verse that may be considered the Canadian poetic tradition. With the introduction of "modern poetry" and the assertion of the modern critical sensibility, the period 1928 to 1954- was turbulent. New poetry was being written and admitted into the anthologies and the anthologies presented earlier Canadian poetry in new lights. A concluding analysis of the anthology representations of Roberts, Carman, Lampman and Scott shows that each anthology, through its selection of discrete poems, presents both a version of the tradition as a whole and a profile of changes in the reputations of individual poets.


title: Sex differences in rates of return from human capital to earnings for married full-time workers in the Canadian labour force : a case of women's work history?

abstract:
This thesis investigates the argument that the work history of married women can explain inequality in rates of return from human capital (years of experience and schooling) to earnings between married men and women in the full-time Canadian labour force. In support of this argument this thesis finds the following: (1)
work history has a marginally significant effect on the amount of inequality in rates of return between married women 30 to ^4 years of age and married males, (2) married women 30 to 44 years of age who have conceivably never been out of the labour force for homemaking-childrearing purposes obtain the same rate of return as married males, (3) married women 25 to 29 years  of age have work histories similar to those of married males and they obtain the same rate of return as married males, and (4) results vary in the anticipated direction by work history when married women 45 to 64 and 25 to 64 years of age are those of concern.
While this thesis lends some support to the above mentioned argument, the interpretation of the results of this study and those of past studies is dependent on the assumption that work history is the cause and attenuated rates of return is the effect. This assumption might well prove to be untenable. Past discrimination could be responsible for women's discontinuous work history. Longitudinal data on women's earnings in addition to longitudinal data on women's work history is needed. This thesis concludes that women's time out of the labour market for the purposes of homemaking-childrearing appears to generate inequality in rates of return between married men and women, particularily if.the problem is viewed from a life cycle perspective. However, the intercept differences that this study consistently finds in the equations which best describe malefemale differences in earnings attainment, regardless of work history, suggest that sexual inequality in rates of return is only a small aspect of the general problem of sexual inequality of earnings.


title: Simultaneous task performance : test of the multiple resource model

abstract: An experiment was conducted to rest a version of the multiple resource model o£ information processing which equated the cerebral hemispheres with resource pools. Subjects were required to perform one of two target tasks (.CVC recognition or dot localization) simultaneously with one of four load tasks (shape or letter matching or, noun or line categorization). Load task interference effects on target task reaction time were obtained only for the dot localization task. Semantic tasks produced more interference than spatial tasks. Categorization tasks produced more interference than matching tasks. The noun categorization task produced more interference than the line categorization task. Some of these effects were evident in increased variability of reaction times ^z well as in increased reaction times as such. Interference with target task performance was not evident in the accuracy variable. In general, the results did not support the cerebral hemisphere-based resource pool version of the multiple resource model on which this study was based. While the multiple resource model could be modified to explain the obtained data, it is not clear, that the model, as it now stands, has any predictive utility.


title: Investigations Towards the Synthesis of the Cucurbitacins

abstract: Studies aimed at the partial synthesis of Cucurbitacins from lanosterol or steroidal derivatives are described in three sections. Firstly, further studies on the cleavage of 9a,11a-epoxyandrost 4-ene-3,17-dione by BF3 and other Lewis acids are described with full structural details on the products obtained. Secondly, a series of 9a,lla-epoxylanostane derivatives were synthesized and the epoxide cleavage reaction studied. No methyl migration was detected, rather 11-ketones or 7,9(11)-dienes were obtained in varying amounts. An attempt was made to rationalize the formation of these products based on an intramolecular proton abstraction mechanism. The third section of this thesis describes a successful attempt at C9 -> C10 methyl migration in 9a,11a-epoxy-4,4-dimethylandrost-5 ene-3,17-dione, where a developing allylic carbonium ion at C-9 apparently drives the methyl migration in one direction giving only one product.


title: Compliance and progressive relaxation training in the treatment of recurrent headache

abstract: The present study assessed progressive relaxation training as a treatment for recurrent headache among university students. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a relaxation treatment condition or a no-treatment monitoring control condition. All subjects monitored their headache activity over a 3-week baseline, and two 2-week follow-up intervals. In addition, treatment subjects were administered two sessions of progressive relaxation training over a two-week period following the baseline period. Upon completion of all headache diaries, subjects were administered an experimental pain stimulus in a paradigm designed to assess compliance. Our principal findings were that treatment and monitoring subjects reduced average headache activity to a an equal extent from baseline to follow-up. However, treatment subjects reported more substantial decrements in headache activity at follow-up. Treatment subjects reported significant reductions in physical and mental relaxation following each progressive relaxation training session. Treatment subjects' expectations for treatment success were associated with decreased headache  activity on all headache diaries subsequent to treatment. Our compliance manipulation failed to distinguish compliant and non-compliant responders to the experimental pain stimulus. Nevertheless, we found that global reports of treatment success were positively associated with compliant responding. Results are discussed in terms of non-specific treatment effects, generalization of treatment effects, subject attrition and cross-situational compliance effects.


title: Facilitating Recommendation Uptake: The Role of Feasibility, Stakeholder Involvement, and Stakeholder Commitment

abstract:
A central goal of program evaluation is to provide recommendations that will inform programming decisions. Yet, recommendations often do not translate into practice; wasting precious resources and thwarting evaluators‘ ultimate goal of social betterment. Despite identifying numerous variables related to evaluation use in general and recommendation uptake in particular, the literature on this topic derives almost exclusively from evaluators‘ practice-based observations. Moving beyond a 'shopping list‘ approach, with this research I sought to identify, empirically, the relative importance of facilitators of recommendation uptake. Moreover, this work draws on reports from those actually responsible for implementing evaluation recommendations, adding an important perspective to the use and recommendation uptake literature.
Two studies were conducted with recommendation implementers; one using a structured Q-sort task, and the other using an open-ended interview method. The research questions were: i) are there different perspectives among implementers about the most important facilitators of recommendation uptake?; and ii) is there a subset of variables that reliably facilitate uptake regardless of the implementers‘ specific point of view?  Together the results suggest that there are indeed four unique implementer points of view regarding important facilitators of recommendation uptake. The results also suggest that stakeholder involvement in the evaluation process, stakeholder commitment to evaluation use, and the feasibility of the recommendation are reliable facilitators of uptake. This research has important theoretical and practical implications, and also reveals important avenues for future research on evaluation use.


title: A Multi-Scale Approach to Exploiting Measured and Modelled Building Performance Data to Improve Campus Operations

abstract:
Campuses, communities, and other building clusters are major users of energy and water and thus can have a significant environmental impact. Frequently, their buildings’ resource consumption is metered at various levels of spatial and temporal resolution to track and reduce it. However, the metering and data logging systems are often inconvenient and difficult to access due to use of multiple systems and technologies of varying vintages. Moreover, modern commercial buildings have complex mechanical systems and heat transfer paths, and these are typically difficult to visualize. Furthermore, current data availability and visualization tools do not lend themselves to identification of inefficiencies and possible solutions.
This work is divided into two main parts. The aim of the first part is to provide a useful workflow and set of methods to enhance campus operations. Within the scope of this work, by using a combination of measured data and models, a comprehensive energy use assessment at different scales can be formed. This information can yield greater insights about opportunities for operational improvements and retrofits that would not be available through measurements alone. This work involves the application and testing on Carleton University campus its Canal Building to ensure that the theory is grounded in practicality and it also allows the usability to be tested on real stakeholders (building operators, campus planners, architects and accountants).
The second part deals with practical elements of application and dissemination. In this part, a workflow is developed to automate the process of creating Sankey diagrams from energy simulation outputs. Moreover, this part investigates the feasibility of utilizing the visualization technique (Sankey diagrams) developed in the first part to evaluate various design variants and to enhance the decision-making process.
The main contributions of this research include methodologies to: 1) convert sparse sensor and sub-meter data into estimated energy flows, 2) combine measured and modeled data to provide a detailed record of buildings and campus resource consumption at a wide range of scales, 3) convert building information models (BIM) into energy models, 4) combine hybrid evidence-based, analytical optimization, and inverse calibration methods, 5) estimate the impact of unmeasured energy flows, 6) estimate upstream environmental impacts of buildings and campuses, and 7) visualize measured and modelled data using Sankey diagrams at various scales: from building system to campus level.


title: Personhood, Persistence, and Constitution

abstract: In the following essay I argue that psychological continuity provides the most suitable account of a person’s persistence. This is in accordance with Derek Parfit’s claim that what’s important in cases of survival is not personal identity, but psychological continuity. The essay focuses on a criticism raised by Marya Schechtman. She argues that Parfit’s account doesn’t sufficiently distinguish between the metaphysical and practical concerns of a person’s persistence, which she takes to create significant problems. I respond to her criticisms to show that these problems are not as significant as she claims, and that by attempting to address them, her own view suffers. The difficulty with her view results from too broad a concept of personhood. This is the result of confusing the causal with the constitutive features of personhood. Once these features are distinguished, we can see why psychological continuity provides a better account of a person’s persistence.


title: Modelling and optimizing through-the-Earth radio transmissions

abstract:
Through-the-Earth (TTE) radio has been proposed for emergency communications in locations inaccessible by conventional means, such as underground mines. While the technology is viable, it is unclear how the signal propagates in inhomogeneous media; neither modelling or obtaining a conductivity distribution in the context of TTE radio has been previously attempted. With a robust model, many practical questions can be answered, such as what is the maximum range or the optimal frequency to use, or where the transmitter and receiver should be ideally placed. To this end, a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code was developed and optimized for the forward modelling of TTE radio transmissions. This method is computationally intensive, and to improve performance, it was run on a graphics processing unit (GPU). The code was validated against analytical solutions for simple geometries.
The use of a TTE radio signal to estimate the conductivity structure of an operating environment was demonstrated at an experimental coal mine. A transmitter was set up on the surface, and the signal strength in the underground mine was measured at several locations and frequencies. A four-layer conductivity model, with topography, was fitted to this data, using the FDTD code.
TTE radio signal range has been experimentally observed to increase in the presence of elongated conductors. A thin-wire approximation was added to the FDTD code, and conductivity models were fitted to match observed data for propagation along elevator shafts in multistory buildings and along railway tracks. Multistory buildings present a separate challenge due to their conductive reinforced concrete structure. By representing the floors and walls as thin sheets of a given conductance, observed and modelled data were reconciled for a variety of buildings, including above-ground reinforced concrete constructions, a building with steel floors, and a building partially below ground, and for placements of the transmitter and receiver inside or outside the building.
Further work remains in modelling a wider variety of settings where TTE radio could be used, such as buildings with different materials. Another avenue of research is to improve the performance of the modelling code, by refining the numerical method used.


title: Heuristic Global Optimization

abstract: Global Optimization (GO) problems occur quite frequently in real-life applications, but are very hard to solve. As a result there is an ever-growing demand to find effective, fast methods for solving GO problems. The goal of this research is to develop algorithms that can quickly find good quality solutions to large-scale nonconvex GO problems, which are the hardest form of GO problems. This research develops a fast heuristic multistart algorithm for solving large-scale GO problems. The new heuristic algorithm, Constraint Consensus Global Optimizer (CCGO), has two phases: global and local. The global phase is an approximate search that quickly explores the variable space using a variety of heuristics. The local phase launches local solvers from the most promising points found in the global phase. CCGO has been specifically designed to utilize the state of the art hardware systems supporting concurrency in software execution. The components of the new heuristic algorithm have been thoroughly examined via a number of experiments. The performance of the new heuristic is then studied with respect to some state of the art complete and heuristic solvers. Empirical results show that the CCGO algorithm has an edge in runtime while offering competitive solution quality. CCGO's ability to find high-quality solutions quickly makes it an attractive choice in both theory and practice: (a) practical applications that need a solution as quickly as possible can use CCGO to get one and (b) optimization solvers that want to capitalize on an early incumbent solution can use CCGO or its approximate search feature within their workflow.


title: A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Investigation of Conifer Endophytes of Eastern Canada

abstract: Research interest in endophytic fungi has increased substantially, yet is the current research paradigm capable of addressing fundamental taxonomic questions? More than half of the ca. 30,000 endophyte sequences accessioned into GenBank are unidentified to the family rank and this disparity grows every year. The problems with identifying endophytes are a lack of taxonomically informative morphological characters in vitro and a paucity of relevant DNA reference sequences. A study involving ca. 2,600 Picea endophyte cultures from the Acadian Forest Region in Eastern Canada sought to address these taxonomic issues with a combined approach involving molecular methods, classical taxonomy, and field work. It was hypothesized that foliar endophytes have complex life histories involving saprotrophic reproductive stages associated with the host foliage, alternative host substrates, or alternate hosts. Based on inferences from phylogenetic data, new field collections or herbarium specimens were sought to connect unidentifiable endophytes with identifiable material. Approximately 40 endophytes were connected with identifiable material, which resulted in the description of four novel genera and 21 novel species and substantial progress in endophyte taxonomy. Endophytes were connected with saprotrophs and exhibited reproductive stages on non-foliar tissues or different hosts. These results provide support for the foraging ascomycete hypothesis, postulating that for some fungi endophytism is a secondary life history strategy that facilitates persistence and dispersal in the absence of a primary host. This thesis provides an alternate approach to identifying endophytes by considering the whole fungus interacting within its natural habitat.