title: Exploring differential gene expression encoding antimicrobial peptides in green frogs (Rana clamitans) using temperature as an abiotic stressor

contributor:
Feschuk, Aileen M. (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Easy, Russell) (Thesis advisor)
(Smith, Todd) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract: Biology

abstract: Small proteins called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), secreted onto the skin of frogs, allow them to resist infection by many pathogens. The objective of this research was to determine how stress, specifically temperature, alters AMP production in green frogs (Rana clamitans), the most abundant frog species in Nova Scotia, Canada. A total of 18 frogs were divided equally into three cohorts and subjected to different temperature conditions: 4 C, which is typical of hibernation, 22C, which is typical of summer temperatures and served as a control, and 26 C, which is at the higher end of the thermal range of green frogs. Epidermal mucus swabs were taken directly after the course of each experimental trial. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry were then performed to separate and identify AMPs and other proteins of interest that were present in the epidermal mucus. Molecular analysis was also performed, which included designing and optimizing primer sets for genes encoding antimicrobial peptides, as well as barcoding genes, which can be used in future studies. Our results showed that frogs in the control and warming cohorts had similar epidermal proteomic profiles, with the greatest number of protein bands appearing in the protein profiles of frogs in the warming cohort. Frogs in the cooling cohort had a highly depressed epidermal mucus proteome and did not display any strong visible bands. Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of a number of proteins of interest in the control cohort samples; however, AMPs were not identified. The results of this research may contribute to understanding how temperature affects the expression of genes encoding AMPs and other immunological proteins, which is of particular interest given recent global climate change and mass declines of amphibian populations.


title: Using stable isotopes to assess whether trophic feeding position predicts plastic ingestion in two species of gull (Larus argentatus and L. marinus)

type: Text Dissertation/Thesis

contributor:
Jardine, Alexander M. (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Mallory, Mark) (Thesis advisor)

rights: The author grants permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. The author retains the copyright of the thesis.

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract: Biology

abstract:
Plastic pollution is increasingly recognized as one of the most significant environmental concerns in the modern era. Organisms in marine environments are particularly susceptible to effects of plastic pollution via ingestion, entanglement, and toxicity. Seabirds are useful bioindicators of ongoing issues in marine systems, and they can be studied to learn more about how pollutants move throughout an ecosystem. I studied gut contents of 44 herring gulls (Larus argentatus), and 44 great black-backed gulls (L. marinus) to compare ingested plastic and other anthropogenic debris between species, with respect to their average trophic feeding positions (based on stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon) and time of year. Although great black-backed gulls fed predictably at a higher trophic level, there were no differences in ingestion rates, plastic mass, or seasonal ingestion of plastics between species. I interpret these results as suggesting, first, that herring gulls rely more heavily on low trophic level landfill food subsidies during the winter (leftover food scraps), and
shift to more natural higher trophic level marine foods (e.g., invertebrates, scavenging fisheries wastes) in the breeding period. Second, I interpret great black-backed gulls to be more likely feeding on more on natural foods (or directly scavenging fisheries by-products) throughout the year, while incorporating items from the landfill as a supplementary source of food. Finally, I comment on the need for more standardized methods in the field of plastic ingestion research and compare my findings to those in other literature.


title: Effects of New Zealand black currant extract on cardiovascular function and exercise performance in football and rugby players

contributor:
Tomchuk, Alexis T. (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Kaviani, Mojtaba) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract: Nutrition & Dietetics

abstract:
Purpose: New Zealand blackcurrants (NZB) contain a high concentration of various polyphenols, the most notable being anthocyanins which have been linked to anti-inflammatory effects, increased peripheral blood flow and reduced oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NZB supplementation on cardiovascular function and sports performance in rugby/football players. Methods: In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, three male and two female athletes participated in two testing sessions. Participants were instructed to supplement twice daily for seven days (2x3
00mg, 1 capsule each time), equally distributed throughout the day. Participants began with a 3-minute warm-up at 50% VO2 max. Phase 1 consisted of a 5-minute run at 60% VO2 max. Phase 2 consisted of seven stages, totaling 204 seconds, with six repeated sprints lasting 19 seconds interspersed with active recovery bouts at 50% VO2 max lasting 15seconds. During the test, cardiovascular variables and respiratory gases were both collected. Results: The results showed that the number of completed sprints increased by 13% seen in 4 participants following NZB when compared to placebo (PLA) during the incremental running test (NZB: 26±5.31 vs. PLA: 23±9.37).  Also, a trend was found for an 18.7% higher stroke volume during exercise in NZB (122±24.5 mL) compared with placebo (103±16mL). Conclusion: In conclusion, a 7-day NZB supplementation improved repeated sprint performance and cardiovascular function during an incremental running test.


title: Adult sexual assault experienced by lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women: group differences in psychological health outcomes and perpetrator characteristics

contributor:
MacDonald, Alyssa (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Price, Lisa) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract: Psychology

abstract:
There is a lack of research on adult sexual assault perpetrated against sexual minority women, psychological health among those with an adult sexual assault history, and perpetrator characteristics. In this study
participants were recruited through social media and Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, and 136 women completed the survey on LimeSurvey. Among those with an adult sexual assault history, group differences in psychological health outcomes between lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women were analyzed, with no significant differences found. Bisexual and lesbian women were more likely to experience male perpetrated than female perpetrated sexual assault, both bisexual and lesbian women experienced more female perpetrated sexual assault than heterosexual women, and bisexual women experienced more male perpetrated
sexual assault than lesbian and heterosexual women.


title: Cerebral hemodynamics and cognition during simulated microgravity

contributor:
MacKinnon, Andrew R.S (author)
(Mekary, Saïd) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract:
Microgravity has been shown to be a significant stressor on many physiological systems in the body due to the redistribution of fluids that occurs in the absence of gravitational force. The cardiovascular, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems have all been proved to undergo significant alterations because of this stressful environment, but there is scarce literature surrounding the effects of microgravity on cerebral hemodynamics and cognition.  Therefore, this study aims to determine if the altered levels of blood and oxygen reaching the brain during simulated microgravity has an effect on cognitive performance.A total of 39 participants aged 22.1±5.95 years participated in the study. Each participant took part in a single 2-hour testing session. Each participant completed an hour and a half of simulated microgravity using the head-down-
tilt (HDT) method by laying still on a table angled at -6°. Two cognitive tasks were completed during the testing session; one at the beginning of the session and one following the simulation of microgravity to measure any differences in cognitive performance. Cerebral oxygenation was monitored throughout the testing session using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cerebral oxygenation was found to be significantly higher during the simulation of microgravity compared to the upright seated position and horizontal seated position (p<0.05). Non-executive task performance remained stable, but executive task performance significantly improved after the HDT as reaction time significantly decreased from 1058±195 msec to 950±158 msec (p<0.05). Cerebral oxygenation was found to remain stable during the non-executive tasks, but was found to be significantly heightened during the executive task post HDT (p<0.05). Acute microgravity was found to significantly alter the levels of cerebral oxygenation. These alterations were also correlated with differences in cognitive performance. As the race for Mars intensifies, more deep-space missions occur, and commercial spaceflight approaches reality, it is necessary that we have a complete understanding of physiological response to microgravity to ensure safety and efficiency for these missions, as well to ensure feasibility for this industry.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Just like Omar: living in a continued state of exception & the threat of becoming homo sacer

contributor:
Clifford, Christopher (author)
(Whitehall, Geoffrey) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract:
After 9/11, the governments of Western democracies started to operate under a constant state of exception and have continued to do so into the present. This thesis explores this new paradigm. I closely examine how Giorgio Agamben’s theories of the state of exception and homo sacer that outlines a system that permits government to enact policies that are outside the constitution as a means of national security. This empowers the state to treat citizens and foreigners in ways that would otherwise be unlawful, leaving anyone vulnerable to the whims of the leaders who hold power. To describe the effect exceptional
governance can have on a person, this thesis investigates the case of Omar Khadr and his relationship with the United States and Canada. I argue that Omar’s capture, detention, and treatment is a cautionary example of the lengths the state can go to when they consider someone a threat to national security. I
conclude this thesis by examining the evolution of exceptional politics from the governments that succeeded the Bush and Harper administrations and determine that western democracies are living in a constant state of exception, leaving anyone vulnerable to become homo sacer.

abstract: Politics


title: A comparison of CNN and DBN image classification models under adversarial conditions

contributor:
Yang, Tao (author)
(Silver, Danny L.) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract:
We investigate and compare Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Deep Belief Network’s (DBN) ability to withstand several common attacks to limit their performance. We propose that CNN makes a strong inductive bias assumption about the relationship between pixels that are proximal to each other that makes it valuable to adversarial attacks. We implement several attacks using the MNIST and CIFAR-10 dataset where we modify pixels of the test images in different ways to challenge the CNN and DBN models.  Each experiment is run multiple times to develop and test models.  The accuracy of the models
for each method is analyzed. The results show that DBN models generally perform better under attack than the CNN models.  When the assumption of the relationship between pixels is removed, the advantage of CNNs convolutional inductive bias no longer exist.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Honouring the process of anger: an inquiry into the experience and meaning of anger in women's lives

contributor: Perry, Christine E. (Christine Elaine) (author)

subject: LE3 .A278 1997

abstract: This study is a subjective inquiry into the meaning of anger in women's lives, as experienced within the context of their own unique life experiences. The central thesis of this study is that women's acceptance and integration of anger is a complex and dynamic process of exploring and understanding the origins of anger and recognizing the power of anger to be a positive and healing force in their lives. Five women participated in a three stage research process which involved in-depth, one to one interviews, a weekend retreat group experience, and a process of collaborative data analysis. Five major themes were identified: suppression and denial of anger, fear of anger, exploring the origins of anger, women's special needs in opening to anger, and emergence of self. Verbatim excerpts from interviews, journals and followup meetings are integrated with related literature in the presentation of these themes. Each woman's process of exploring and understanding her anger was different. The themes presented describe common elements in women's experience and portray how women's anger is influenced by oppressive social structures. Reflections on the research experience stress the importance of honouring one's unique process of opening up to anger as a way of becoming more self-assertive and using the voice of anger for personal and social change.

abstract: Education


title: Resisting the trend?: Pentecostal growth in twentieth century Canada

contributor:
Thompson, Cush (author)
(Bowen, Kurt) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 1996

abstract:
This thesis is an investigation into two of the predominant themes in contemporary religious theory. This is an exploration of Pentecostalism as part of the broader evangelical community in Canada.
It is also an investigation into the secularization process, which has dominated the religious landscape over the course of the latter half of this century. Thus, a descriptive analysis of the Pentecostal
movement in Canada is presented, including its birth as a religious movement and the various reasons why it arose and grew. Its subsequent growth in the era of secularization is then analyzed. It
is suggested that Pentecostalism along with other evangelicals have fared better than the mainline churches in the face of secularization, but their rates of growth have nonetheless diminished in the past fifteen years. In this manner, it is argued that even this high flying, religious group is succumbing to the pressures of secularization.

abstract: Sociology


title: Prior learning and acquisition of novel discriminations

contributor:
Murray, Emily (author)
(Mehta, Rick) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2006

abstract: Two experiments assessed the prediction that pretraining with a configural or elemental discrimination would influence learning rates of novel configural discriminations. Participants first acquired either a configural or an elemental discrimination, and were then presented with a negative patterning or biconditional discrimination. In both experiments, the negative patterning discrimination was learned faster than the biconditional discrimination. However, pretraining had little influence on the acquisition of these discriminations .

abstract: Psychology


title: Anti-cancer peptide mastoparan and derivatives kill HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells by peptide-mediated Lysis

contributor:
Walker, Olivia (author)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)
(Coombs, Melanie) (Thesis advisor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2020

abstract: Biology

abstract:
This  study  investigates the  anti-cancer  effects  of Mastoparan and  its  derivatives  on the  HCT-116  colon  cancer cell  line in vitro. Anti-cancer  peptides are  small  peptides that  exhibit  increased  toxicity towards  cancer  cells. Mastoparan is  an  amidated venom peptide extracted from the wasp species Vespula lewisii. Mastoparan acts as a broad-spectrum anti-cancer peptide that show increased toxicity towards cancer cells compared to normal cells. Four derivatives based on a single amino acid change from the  parent  peptide  have  been  made:  R7,  S8W14,  W4,  G2. The  mechanism  of  killing cancer  cells was  identified  by  lactate dehydrogenase  assays  and  scanning  electron microscopy. Mastoparan and  derivatives  had  a  direct-acting  lytic  mechanism  that caused  cell  necrosis.  Scanning  electron  microscopy  showed  that  the  membranes  of Mastoparan-treated  cells  were  substantially  more  damaged  than  those  of  vehicle-treated cells. Significantly    more    lactate    dehydrogenase    was    released    from
Mastoparan-and  derivative-treated  cells  at  25  μM  than from  vehicle-treated  cells, indicating that the cells died by necrosis. The ability of Mastoparan and derivatives to kill three-dimensional tumours   was   determined   using   a   multi-cellular tumour spheroid model and an acid phosphatase assay. Tumour spheroids were treated with 25  μM Mastoparan or  derivatives  and  acid  phosphatase  activity  was  measured  after 72 hours. Peptide treated cells had significantly decreased acid phosphatase; notably, spheroid  cells  treated  with  derivative  W14  had  3.49  ±  0.35%  acid  phosphatase activity  compared  to  vehicle-treated  spheroids  at  101.33  ±  1.11%. The  present  work suggests that Mastoparan and its derivatives demonstrate potential as an anti-cancer therapy for colorectal cancers.


title: The breeding and feeding ecology of a Barred Owl Strix varia barton population in Kings County, Nova Scotia

contributor:
Elderkin, Mark (author)
(Smith, Peter C.) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 1987

abstract:
The  resident  breeding  population  of  Barred  Owls  Strix varia  Barton  has increased  in  Kings  County, Nova  Scotia since  the  early  1970s. This  increase  of  nesting  pairs  was linked  with  high  habitat  heterogeneity, reduced interspecific  competition  with  Great  Horned  Owls and  the provisioning  of  nest  boxes. The  number  of  nest  boxes increased  from  10  to  25 from  1979  to  1986  when  the population  was  studied  to  assess  long-term  breeding  trends. During  this  time, the  population  of  potential  breeders increased  from  3  to  12  pairs. The  proportion  of  pairs  which attempted  to  breed  varied  among years. This  study  is  the first  to, describe  Barred  Owl population  fluctuations incorporating  the  non-breeding  component. Forty-eight nesting  attempts  which  have  been  documented  between  1979  and
1986  are  considered. Fifteen  of  those  which  occurred  in 1985  and  1986  were  studied  to  obtain  detailed  breeding  data.
The  frequency  of  breeding, the  timing  of  breeding  and clutch  size  varied  within  and  among years. The  most common clutch  size  of  two  eggs  was less  productive  than  that  of three. Chick  growth  rates  examined  in  1985  and  1986, generally  showed  that  nestlings  which  survived  to  fledge  had similar  rates  of  growth. Nestling  mortality  (starvation) occurred  most  often  among third-hatched  chicks  in  broods  of three. The  major  causes  of  nest  failure  were  predation  of young  by  Raccoons (n=7) and  desertion (n=5) of  nests  during incubation. Incubation  and  brooding  were  conducted  soley  by the  female  parents  which  were  fed  by  males. Intensive brooding  stopped  approximately  two  weeks  after  the  oldest chick  had  hatched;  at  this  time  the  females  began  hunting  to augment  foods  provisioned  by  males. A  breeding  pair  of Barred  Owls  monitored  with  a 16  mm cine-camera, showed  that hunting  was conducted  almost  exclusively  at  night. Peaks  of hunting  activity  occurred  after  sunset  and  before  sunrise.
Analyses  of  adult  pellets  collected  in  1985  (n=ll5) and 1986 (n=83) showed  that  there  were 635 individuals  of  36 prey  species. Meadow Voles  were  the  major  prey  and  varied in  their  importance  between  years. Counts  of  intact  prey found  cached  in  nest  boxes  when  newly  hatched  chicks  were present  and  analyses  of  prey  remains  after  chicks  fledged from  13  nests  in  1985  and  1986, showed  that  parent  owls expanded  their  dietary  width (n=45  prey  species)  after chicks  hatched.
Although  Barred  Owls have  traditionally  been  associated with  mature  forest  habitats,  findings  of  this  study  suggest that  the  limiting  factors  are  related  more  to  the  abundance of  prey  resources  and  nest  site  availability,  rather  than the  age  of  the  forest. Reproductive  rates  have  previously been  interpreted  as  being  affected  by  individual  parental quality, inter-brood  competition  and  brood  size. It  is
proposed  that  interactions  with  nest  invertebrate communities  may increase  intraspecific  competition  within broods  during  periods  of  prey  shortage. The  ability  of parent  owls  to  adjust  their  reproductive  effort  (i.e.  clutch size  or  brood  size) in  accordance  with  short-term  changes in prey  abundance  may be  implicated  with  competition  and parasitism  by  invertebrates  found  in  nest  substrates  and  the
nutritional  status  of  young  surviving  to  fledge. An hypothesis  is  presented  to  explain  the  magnitude  of  nest invertebrate  effects.

abstract: Biology


title: Task scheduling in fog environment using deep reinforcement learning strategy

contributor:
Swarup, Shashank (author)
(Shakshuki, Elhadi) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
The cloud computing market is dominated by service-providing companies, including but not limited to Microsoft, AWS, Salesforce, and Google to name a few. These cloud service providers have witnessed tremendous development in their infrastructure to support the performance requests of customers. In order to stand by their service level agreements (SLAs) the computing demands of the customers are met. There’s a pressing need to bring distributed virtual machines to customer devices to cater to the task(s) latency constraints. A task can be classified as high latency, low latency, and ultra-low latency task. High latency tasks are those tasks that require extensive computation time. An example of high latency task is downloading a 4k image on a device that is located far away from the host server. Usually, any task that requires more than 200ms to execute is known as a high latency task [7]. Whereas low and ultra low latency tasks are usually linked with Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices that must converge to completion in a very short duration (a few
seconds). An example of such a task includes streaming a live event, as it crucially depends on how low is the end-to-end latency [76]. It is not possible to rely on a cloud data center that is geographically far from the IoT devices for low and ultra-low latency tasks. Unlike the traditional cloud, fog computing and edge computing enable us to bridge the distance between services (virtual machines) and IoT devices, allowing us to handle with tasks that demand faster execution. The emerging fog computing technology is characterized by ultra-low latency tasks that benefit time-sensitive applications and services. Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service. Minimizing energy and time while meeting users’ QoS preferences is critical for cloud service providers to maximize profits while maintaining users’ service level agreements (SLA). Allocating user tasks to appropriate virtual machines is an essential topic that contributes in minimizing the time and energy consumed by virtual machines in the cloud. Thus, this thesis proposes clipped double Q-learning, a deep reinforcement learning algorithm by coupling with LSTM for state-action pair forecasting to allocate tasks to their respective virtual machines. Two other algorithms: LSTM-RNN and Deep Q-network base task scheduling, are also proposed in this research to automate the process of allocating tasks to the virtual machines that enhance the performance of the system. The proposed Clipped Deep Double Q-Learning algorithm achieves the desired results by improving the system’s performance by decreasing average service delay, execution and waiting times and several other metrics detailed in this thesis.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Conservation ecology of Eunectes murinus (Green anaconda) in the Madre de Dios region of Southeastern Peru using remote sensing techniques and machine learning driven geospatial modeling

contributor:
Champagne, Patrick (author)
(Avery, Trevor) (Thesis advisor)
(Herman, Tom) (Thesis advisor)
(Colville, David) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Eunectes murinus is a large species of aquatic snake from the family Boidae that inhabits the Amazon and Orinoco basins. Most of the information on the species’ ecology is based on studies in Venezuela and northern and eastern Brazil. Descriptions from closed canopy rainforest systems are limited mainly to short notes and sparse observations. Between 2012 and 2021 I aggregated positions of E. murinus data from multiple localities in the Madre de Dios region of Peru. Positions were acquired during periods of intensive surveying, opportunistic encounters, radio telemetry tracking, and analysis of data acquired during other faunal  surveys in the region. The information was combined with remotely sensed data products in ArcGIS Pro for spatial analysis and geospatial modelling. In addition to general results pertaining to the ecology of the
species, I address two questions about the predatory habits of E murinus: 1) Is the predation behaviour of E. murinus a critical aspect of its conservation? And 2) Does E. murinus target areas of higher prey density and occurrence frequency? During the study 52 individual E. murinus were recorded and four adults were tagged with radio transponders. Snakes were found throughout the study area occupying rivers, small open canopy streams, Maurtia sp. dominated palm swamps, oxbow lakes and human created habitats such as cattle ponds and mining pools. Permanent presence of water and open canopy were determined as two essential variables associated with E. murinus habitat. Results of habitat preference and hydrology mapping were used to produce minimum, maximum and random forest distribution models in the eastern portion of the region. The results from the home range analysis, and a review of individual positions indicate that E. murinus have defined home ranges, and display site fidelity. The activity patterns of snakes in Mauritia palm systems and the affiliation of riverine and stream snakes with mineral licks and game trails demonstrate that E. murinus target areas of higher prey occurrence and are likely more active as predators in these systems than previously described. Several aspects of the results highlight conservation implications for the species in Southeastern Peru and understanding the predation ecology and diet of E. murinus will be essential for
addressing the conversation of population in the Madre de Dios region.

abstract: Earth & Environmental Sciences


title: Forecasting COVID-19 case counts using deep learning

contributor:
Digamarthi, Rinda (author)
(Silver, Daniel) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Provincial health care systems are in need of forecasting models to combat viral infectious diseases such as COVID-19, which can estimate changes in the number of cases in advance. This information can be used to alert policymakers and health care management to understand the changes in a pandemic and to estimate the future demand for health services. This study uses machine learning and deep learning methods to determine the most important variables responsible for the transmission of the virus and to predict daily or 7-day moving average case counts up to one week in advance.
Data was collected and prepared into daily records containing the number of new COVID case counts, demographic data on those found positive with COVID, outdoor weather variables, indoor environmental variables; and human movement data based on cellular mobility, and public health care restriction data. Inductive Decision Tree (IDT) models were developed and tested to analyze variable importance and to determine the typical manner in which these variables interacted to predict daily case counts. Indoor relative humidity was found to be an important factor not typically considered in such studies.
Predictive models were then developed using two deep neural network approaches: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks. A 5-fold chronological cross-validation approach was used to develop these models. The best LSTM models forecasted tomorrow’s daily COVID case counts with 90.7% accuracy, and the 7-day rolling average COVID case counts with 98.1% accuracy using the test set data. We also developed LSTM models to forecast the next 7 days of daily COVID case counts. The best models were able to predict the Daily case counts of the test set with a mean accuracy
of 90.5% over all days with the lowest accuracy of 91.4% on the first day predict. Models forecasting the 7-day rolling average case counts had a mean accuracy of 92.5%, and 94.3% on first day (D+1) on the same test set.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Olfactory receptor neuron responses of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to female sex pheromones and host volatiles

contributor:
Suresh, Thanusha (author)
(Hillier, Kirk) (Thesis advisor)
(Roscoe, Lucas) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: The  spruce  budworm  (Choristoneura  fumiferana  Clemens),  is  a  major  defoliating  pest  of coniferous trees in North America.  Defoliation of forests was limited to some degree in the early 1960s through the aerial application of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Over time, DDT and  other  broad-spectrum  insecticides  were  replaced  with  insecticides  that  specifically  target lepidopterous  larvae  ((Bacillus  thuringiensis  var.  kurstaki,  Btk)  and  tebufenozide).  Since  the 1950’s,  research  on  more  effective  management  strategies  has  occurred.  In  recent  decades, substantial  advances  in  pheromone-mediated  trapping  and  mating  disruption  technologies  have provided researchers with renewed hope for novel population control strategies of C. fumiferana. While the chemical ecology of spruce budworm is continually being studied, a detailed study of the  antennal  sensilla  in  adults  has  yet  to  be  completed.  In  this  thesis,  we  review  the  state  of knowledge  of  C.  fumiferana  chemical  ecology  and  behavioral  responses  to  chemical  stimuli. Further,  extracellular single sensillum recordings (SSR) were used to determine the response of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the antennal sensilla of male and female  C. fumiferana to host plant volatiles, and female sex pheromones with a range of concentrations. Together, these data will improve knowledge of mechanisms by which adult C. fumiferana respond to pheromone and host plant volatiles and will provide insights that may improve development of IPM strategies based on the chemical ecology of spruce budworm.

abstract: Biology


title: Molecular and neural plasticity in the pheromone response of the corn earworm moth (Helicoverpa zea)

contributor:
Ivey, Victoria (author)
(Hillier, Kirk) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: Sexual communication in the moth Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm) depends on males detecting and orienting to sex pheromone blends released by females. Trichoid sensilla on male antennae contain olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) with olfactory receptors (ORs) which are tuned to specific chemicals in the blends of conspecific and heterospecific females. Pre-exposure of moths to pheromones can cause long-term alterations in OSN sensitivity and mating behaviors, but mechanisms underlying this plasticity are unknown. Some evidence suggests plasticity could be driven by alterations in expression of ORs detecting pheromones, although this claim is debated. My objective was to determine how pre-exposure to sex pheromone components could alter OR gene expression and/or electroantennogram (EAG) sensitivity in H. zea, and if these effects were dependent on exposure time or concentration of stimulus. Isolated, 2-4-day-old moths were exposed to different concentrations of conspecific or heterospecific pheromone components for 1 or 24 hours. Antennae were removed and used for either quantitative PCR to detect differences in OR gene expression or EAGs to measure the sensitivity of OSNs. Alterations in OR gene expression were found in three trials, but patterns of expression were inconsistent. Pre-exposure to 6 mg of Z11-16:Ald in males for 24 hours increased EAG responses to most pheromone components and linalool, while pre-exposure to 6 mg of Z9-16:Ald for 24 hours decreased EAG responses to Z9-16:Ald and linalool in females. No consistent link between OR gene expression and EAG sensitivity was found. This research will provide insight into mechanisms underlying insect olfaction and potentially improve pheromone-based pest control methods.

abstract: Biology


title: Kendall's tau with a blocking variable for time series data

contributor:
Organ, Sarah (author)
(Zhang, Ying) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Kendall’s tau is a well known non-parametric statistic used for measuring the degree of dependency in bivariate data. This method has been well developed for data that is independent and identically distributed. However there is much less known about the case where data is not independently and identically distributed. The purpose of this thesis is to further expand the existing research of a weighted function of Kendall’s tau for data with the addition of a third variable, c, the blocking variable. In this thesis we will build on the existing research for Kendall’s tau with a blocking variable for the case when the bivariate data in the blocks is serially correlated time series data. As this new blocked function of Kendall’s depends on the variance of individual block Kendall’s tau estimates to compute the weighing function we will first focus on deriving a theoretical variance function for the standard Kendall’s tau when the data is AR(1) stationary time series data. With the theoretical variance established we will use bootstrapping techniques to estimate this variance
allowing us to estimate the overall blocked Kendall’s tau measure. To make inference on the blocked Kendall’s tau estimate will use U-Statistics to develop a theorem on the asymptotic normal property of the blocked Kendall’s tau fuction. With this result we will construct confidence intervals using the moving block bootstrap for the true measure of blocked dependency. To evaluate the effectiveness of the weighted funciton we will demonstrate these confidence intervals for both the weighted function and the unweighted function. Finally these methods will be implemented in a case study demonstration with real blocked time series data.

abstract: Mathematics & Statistics


title: Sequential consolidation using multiple task learning, sweep rehearsal and CVAE generated pseudo examples

contributor:
Ngo, Quan (author)
(Silver, Daniel) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: A key component for a Lifelong Learning Agent is the integration or consolidation of new task knowledge with prior task knowledge. Consolidation requires a solution to several problems,most notably, the catastrophic  forgetting problem where the development of representation for a new task reduces the accuracy of prior tasks. This research extends our prior work on consolidation using multiple tasks learning (MTL) networks and a task rehearsal or replay approach. The goal is to maintain functional stability of the MTL network models for prior tasks, while providing representational plasticity to integrate new task knowledge into the same network. Our approach uses (1) a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) to generate accurate pseudo-examples (PEs) of prior tasks, (2) sweep-rehearsal requiring only a small number of PEs for each training iteration, (3) the appropriate weighing of PEs to ensure consolidation of new task knowledge with prior tasks, and (4) a novel network architecture we call MTL with Context inputs (MTLc) which combines the best of standard MTL and context-sensitive MTL (csMTL) architectures. Sequential learning of twenty classification tasks using a combination of MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets shows that our CVAE based approach to generating accurate PEs is promising and that MTLc performs better than either MTL or csMTL with minimal loss of task accuracy over the sequence of tasks.

abstract: Computer Science


title: Storied relationships: a narrative inquiry into trauma, attachment, and the school experience

contributor:
Belgrave, Michael (author)
(Lehr, Ron) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: Young people with histories of trauma and attachment disruption tend to have difficulties at school academically, behaviourally, and socially. Among youth in the foster care system, such difficulties are evident in comparatively fewer graduating from high school as contrasted with other students. Much in the research literature suggests that poorer outcomes for students with trauma and attachment injuries should be unsurprising, considering the effects of complex (or developmental) trauma and attachment injury on brain development and on learning. Using a narrative inquiry methodology, I employed a semi-structured interview to explore the educational experience of three people with backgrounds of trauma and attachment injury who had been taken into care as youth. All had graduated from high school and attended post secondary studies. Each identified emotionally available attachment figures who served to enhance their feeling of security and safety and who also supported their learning and navigation through the school environment. Analysis of the narratives affirms the importance, centrality, and sufficiency of relationship as a therapeutic/supportive focus for counsellors and educators. Implications for entry to practice and counsellor education are noted.

abstract: Education


title: Beyond calories and currency: exploring the impacts of a farmers market coupon program on more-than-food-security

contributor:
Bout, Erika (author)
(Donnelly, Gabrielle) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: This undergraduate thesis explores the impacts of a farmers market coupon program on folks for whom their local market may not otherwise be accessible (such as people with low incomes). The Nourishing Communities Food Coupon Program is a provincially funded program, that, in 2021 reached over 500 households across 27 farmers markets in Nova Scotia, Canada. Through an “anonymous”, reoccurring coupon system, folks can purchase whatever they wish at the farmers market, over a period of at least 6 months (or the length of a market season). Through 61 semi-structured interviews spanning 12 diverse farmers markets, the impacts and experiences of the Nourishing Communities Food Coupon Program were investigated. Findings showed that participants in the program experience it in vastly different ways, albeit mostly positively/constructively. The impacts and experiences of the program in the eyes of participants, extended far beyond a method of food provision, and served to enhance people’s sense of belonging, social/emotional wellbeing, security, citizenship, quality of life, self-efficacy, and awareness of local-global systems; as well as materially nourished connections with people, places, and things that may have otherwise not been made possible. Participants also stated that the program contributed to the social and economic fabric of their communities, which in turn may strengthen community and ecological resilience. In experiencing the farmers market, participants may have also been exposed to new ways of ecological thinking and relational experiencing, which may have the potential to provoke small interruptions to potentially harmful aspects of neoliberal and anthropocentric thinking, knowing, structuring, and experiencing the world. As such, this paper puts forth the notion of more-than-food-security, through which programs such as this can be understood, grappled with, and celebrated.  This paper also provides recommendations and good practices which can inform the development of the current program, as well as motivate a reimagining and proliferation of farmers markets coupon programs (and other food justice/sovereignty and broader community work), elsewhere.

abstract: Community Development


title: An exploration into perceived concussion management practices within a varsity athletic setting

contributor:
Merilainen, Emilie (author)
(King, Colin) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
CHAPTER 2: Manuscript
2.1 Abstract
Previous research has identified concussion stigma, including underreported and undiagnosed concussions as a major issue in sports medicine. Concussion tools and protocols are continuously being updated, but efficacy is impacted by unique perceptions, behaviours, and attitudes towards concussions. Effective concussion management systems should involve internal investigations of multiple stakeholder groups to explore complex socioecological networks, factors, and problematic areas to help implement fundamental change. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate various attitudes, behaviours, and knowledge about concussions in a single varsity athletics setting. 8 collision sport varsity athletes (22±2.14; 4 males, 4 females), 3 collision sport varsity coaches, and 8 student athletic therapists (20.74±0.71; 6 females, 2 males) participated in semi-structured individual interviews which explored the experiences and perceptions of SRC and concussion management within the varsity setting. A grounded theory methodology was employed to code all data and identify emerging themes. Regardless of concussion knowledge, factors within the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and cultural networks of athletes
were found to negatively affect institutional policies and concussion protocols. Psychological factors and the culture of sport (i.e., internal/external pressures, social/academic isolation) were found to negatively affect concussion protocol efficacy. Concussion nondisclosure may be increased due to internalized
values such as commitment to sport, mental/physical toughness, and normality of “getting your bell rung.” Participants advocated for increased social, psychological, and academic support during concussion management. Participants proposed that management strategies should directly address dangerous perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours through improved concussion education and increased conversation within all stakeholder groups to help reinforce positive concussion intentions. These findings could be used by academics and health professionals within the institution to make meaningful changes to current concussion management. Further inquiry into the effectiveness of different intervention strategies should be further explored.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Preliminary comparative analysis of SOX9, KRAS, TP53, APC and SMAD4 gene expression in colorectal patients from the cancer genome atlas -- Firehose legacy study

contributor:
McCarthy, Erin (author)
(Coombs, Melanie) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: The Canadian Cancer Society reports colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second highest cause of cancer mortality in men and the third in women. Genetic mutations play a fundamental role in the  formation  and  development  of  cancer.  Mutation  of  several  proto-oncogenes  and  tumor suppressor  genes  involved  in  key  signal  transduction  pathways  have  proposed  to  play  a  crucial role in the initiation of cancer. In this study, a collection of colorectal cancer patient samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Firehose legacy were analyzed. Clinical and mRNA expression  data  were  attained  from  cBioportal.  Gene  expression  of  five  genes  of  interest  in colorectal  cancer  were  analyzed,  SRY-Box  transcription  factor-9  (SOX9),  Kristen  rat  sarcoma virus  (KRAS),  adenomatous  polyposis  coli  (APC),  tumor  protein  gene  53  (TP53),  and  SMAD family  member 4 (SMAD4). Sample data were divided based on clinical differences in survival status, sex, and progression stage. The gene expression of each gene of interest were compared to identify  any  significant  differences  in  expression  between  different  clinical  groups.  Tumor suppressor APC displayed a significant difference in mRNA expression between male and female colorectal  (CRC)  patient  groups.  Tumor  suppressor  SMAD4  was  significantly  downregulated between  stage  I  and  IV  CRC  patient  samples  and  stage  II  and  IV  CRC  patient  samples. Downregulation  of  APC  in  males  supports  the  high  incidence  of  CRC  in  males.  APC’s involvement in the WNT signaling pathway suggests this pathway is likely disrupted in CRC and play a significant role in the CRC development and progression. SMAD4’s implication in TGF-β suggests a disruption of this cellular signaling pathway. WNT and TGF-β signaling pathways may therefore  be  of  interest  for  future  research  to  better  understand  cancer  at  a  genetic  and  cellular level.  APC  and  SMAD4  may  provide  useful  intracellular  therapeutic  targets,  or  act  as  potential biomarkers for CRC.

abstract: Biology


title: An exploration of the impacts of temperature stress on an agricultural insect pest, the oblique banded Leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana)

contributor:
Freeman, Emma-Jean (author)
(Easy, Russell) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
The oblique banded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) is a species of tortricid moth whose larval stage is an agricultural pest to orchards of fruit trees within the Rosaceae family. Due to its identification as an agricultural pest, OBLR was chosen as the model organism to study the effects of heatwave exposure on larval survival, weight gain and pesticide efficiency. OBLR larvae received either control or pesticide treatments at differing time points and were reared in normal and simulated heatwave conditions. These larvae were sampled at different time points, where mass and mortality were measured. Molecular studies
were performed to optimize primers for genes of interest involved in insect detoxification and immune pathways for use in future gene analysis studies. Primers for GST, GBP and GAPDH were chosen based on previous success in studies on Choristoneura species and run in qPCR assays to assess their specificity and compatibility with the OBLR genome. qPCR standard curves were also created for these primers. Larvae exposed to the heatwave gained more mass than those that remained in the control conditions. In addition, mortality rates decreased and mass increased as the pesticide was applied at later time points relative to heatwave exposure, indicating a potential relationship between heatwave exposure, the timing of pesticide application and pesticide efficiency. Overall, many gaps in knowledge still exist regarding how environmental changes relating to temperature and the length and frequency of heatwaves will impact pesticide efficiency, especially in OBLR. Due to the potential impacts on current pest mitigation strategies and thus on agricultural success, further research in this field is of importance as climatic conditions continue to change as predicted.

abstract: Biology


title: Kaleidoscope

contributor:
Cole, Emma (author)
(Campbell, Wanda) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
This creative writing thesis is a collection of six short stories entitled Kaleidoscope, a title chosen  to  reflect  the  multiplicity  and  fractal  nature  of  the  collection  and  the  genres  represented therein; each story is both a whole and a fragment, reflecting and refracting off one another.  Each of the six stories explores a different kind of contemporary genre-fiction as popularly conceived, namely comedy, romance, horror, mystery, fantasy, and sci-fi.  These six were selected because of their  continued  prevalence  in  genre-fiction  over  the  past  century,  as  well  as  the  overlapping differences and similarities which become apparent when offset against one another.
Though “genre” as a concept is both complex and expansive, this thesis attempts to reveal how and why the formulas of popular genre-fiction endure, despite being perceived as lesser than “literary fiction.” The distinction between high and low art is being blurred with the progress of cultural  and  literary  studies  and  the  hierarchy  of  genres  has  been  overturned.  The  formulas  of conventional  genre-fiction  have  been  and  continue  to  be  endlessly  repeated  and  endlessly appealing with patterns that stand the test of time.  The aim of this collection is not to define genre, or to define the genres of each story, as the concept of genre is so nebulous and contested that this task would be near impossible; rather the aim is to imitate, vary, and innovate upon the starting point of familiar tropes and conventions of each genre to create six unique and compelling stories. Each  story  stands  on  its  own  as  an  imitation  of  a  well-loved  example  of  genre-fiction,  creating variations  upon  these  established  traditions,  and  providing  innovative  elements  to  bolster  the enjoyment and satisfaction of the reader,  thereby creating a dream from which no reader would wish to wake.

abstract: English & Theatre Studies


title: Does bilingualism enable the acquisition of multiple sensorimotor maps for speech?

contributor:
Wheeler, Emma (author)
(Lametti, Daniel) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
This study examined the relationship between languages in the bilingual brain and the physical production of speech. The nature of language representations in the bilingual brain has been a decades-long debate, with some arguing for shared neural representations and others arguing for independent neural representations. The present study aims to provide further insight into this topic by investigating whether bilingualism enables individuals to acquire language-specific sensorimotor maps for speech production. To test this idea, a sensorimotor adaptation paradigm was used in which feedback of speech was altered in real-time to elicit sensorimotor learning. Thirty English-French bilinguals were assigned to one of two groups in a mixed design with Language (English, French) as the within-subjects variable and Group (1, 2) as the between-subjects variable. Following a period of unaltered speech, formants (vowel sound fundamental frequencies) were altered such that the vowel sounds participants heard themselves producing in English were in a different region of the vowel space (area defining different vowels in space based on the frequencies of their first and second formants) compared to the same vowel sounds
produced in French. Speech compensation in response to altered feedback was calculated and aftereffects associated with compensation were examined as the main variables of interest. It was demonstrated that, for the same vowel sounds, bilinguals were able to acquire and maintain two distinct sensorimotor speech patterns of equal magnitude but opposite direction: one in French and one in English. Additionally, significant aftereffects following the removal of manipulation were observed. These results provide evidence for the presence of language-specific and dissociable sensorimotor maps for speech in the bilingual brain.

abstract: Psychology


title: Immune responses of mosquitoes infected with Hepatozoon parasites from the blood of garter snakes

contributor:
Jones, Emma (author)
(Smith, Todd) (Thesis advisor)
(Ferguson, Laura) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an immune response of mosquitoes when they are infected with apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Hepatozoon species. Little is known about the immune response of mosquitoes infected with Hepatozoon species from the blood of snakes, and if immune responses are elevated or suppressed in certain tissues of these insects. The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of the immune response of Culex territans infected with Hepatozoon sipedon of Common Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) and to compare such responses to those observed in mosquitoes infected with closely-related Hepatozoon species from the blood of frogs. Using a peroxide assay, the concentration of peroxide was measured in the midgut, haemocoel, and ovaries of mosquitoes that had taken a blood meal from uninfected and heavily-infected snakes. We found that oxidative activity significantly increased in the haemocoel of C. territans, but not in the midgut or ovaries. Comparison of these data with those of peroxide responses of mosquitoes infected with Hepatozoon species of frogs reveal that production of reactive oxygen species appears to be a generalized immune response in mosquitoes infected with Hepatozoon species, but is elevated in different tissues depending on the location of infection of various species of these parasites. These findings suggest that conserved immune responses are activated in different tissues as a result of the diversity of developmental locations of Hepatozoon species infecting mosquitoes.

abstract: Biology


title: Functionalization of carbon dioxide through the use of amino phosphonates

contributor:
Gallant, Ethan (author)
(Ellis, Bobby) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: The culminating effect of increasing greenhouse gasses on climate change has proven to be a significant scientific concern. Due to its increased concentration and long decay time, carbon dioxide is responsible for nearly half of the greenhouse effect. The main contributor responsible for carbon dioxide emissions comes from fossil fuels, which accounts for 75% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. It would be impractical to halt the use of fossil fuels as they contribute to 86% of the entire world's energy and can be found in nearly every region of the globe. There in lies the urgency to determine a way to capture and/or utilize the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Alkyl and aryl phosphonates were evaluated in multiple fashions with the interest of attaching an amino group to each substituent of the phosphonates. The synthesis of bis(2-aminoethyl) phosphonate was attempted through the heat reaction, HCl method, modified HCl method, acetic acid method, and the base solution method, with partial success only in the acetic acid reaction using diphenyl phosphonate. Control carbamates were tested for carbon capture capabilities by testing a multitude of solvents with 2-aminoethanol at room temperature and 38 °C. Absolute and 95% ethanol solvents both resulted in captured carbon dioxide by 2-aminoethanol.

abstract: Chemistry


title: COVID-19-related stress, coping and substance use: investigating caregiver sensitivity as a moderator of attachment style outcomes

contributor:
McIntosh, Julia (author)
(Bleile, Karmen) (Thesis advisor)
(Price, Lisa) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
To understand how early caregiving relates to adaptability to stressful events, 279 adults completed an online survey regarding retrospective caregiver sensitivity, adult attachment, COVID-19 stress, and substance use. Generally, sensitive caregiving should develop a strong embodied foundation for handling stress, regardless of adult attachment. Low caregiver sensitivity was predicted to contribute to increased pandemic-related stress and substance use to cope. The data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regressions with bootstrapping. Attachment insecurity significantly predicted both dependent variables, but early caregiver
sensitivity did not. A significant two-way interaction between the dimensions of attachment insecurity predicted pandemic-related stress, where dismissively attached individuals were the most vulnerable. The present study suggests that attachment styles play a role in adapting to the unique circumstances of COVID-19.

abstract: Philosophy


title: Caregiver sensitivity, embodied attachment, and their association with psychosocial functioning of adults during a global pandemic

contributor:
Hooper, Sydney (author)
(Price, Lisa) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2021

abstract:
This study explored caregiver sensitivity and embodied attachment and their relation to mental health symptomology, coping, and resiliency during COVID-19. This study involved 279 participants from the USA and Canada who completed an online survey. The present study expanded on the previous research of Dobson (2020) in studying coping and mental health symptomology from an embodied attachment perspective, but in a broader population. The present study also examined resiliency from an embodied attachment perspective, as there has been limited research in this area. The data were analyzed using bootstrapping regressions.
Significant three-way interactions between caregiver sensitivity, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety were found in predicting both depressive symptomology and resilience.  These three-way interactions partially supported the hypotheses and give a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between caregiver sensitivity and adult attachment style as predictors of resilience and depressive symptomology.

abstract: Psychology


title: The legitimate value and use of rhetoric in preaching the resurrection: an analytic study of the Easter Sermons (2010-2019) of the Reverend Dr. Andrew Stirling

contributor:
Phillipson, Constance (author)
(Blythe, Stuart) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: This  thesis  argues  that  rhetoric  has  legitimate  value  and  use  in  the  preaching  of  the resurrection. It begins by advancing the biblical and theological case for the homiletical validity of  rhetoric  and  then  moves  from  the  general  claim  about  the  legitimate  value  of  rhetoric  in preaching  the  resurrection  to  a  particular  focus  on  the  use  of  ethos,  pathos,  and  logos  in  such preaching.  This  discussion  is  then  followed  by  an  analysis  of  ten  Easter  sermons  by  one contemporary,  prominent  Canadian  preacher,  The  Reverend  Dr.  Andrew  Stirling.  The  findings demonstrate the way in which ethos, pathos, and logos, and indeed reverse-ēthos, can be used in practice as a servant of divine truth. The thesis concludes that there is legitimate value and use of rhetoric in preaching, and therefore, that it is appropriate for preachers to use persuasive speech in proclaiming the truth of the resurrection. Some implications of this research for the reading and interpretation of Scripture, preaching the resurrection, the teaching and learning of preaching, and the practice of preaching are discussed, along with areas for possible future research, in the final chapter.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: The Commander of Yahweh’s host (Josh 5:13–15): angels as executors of God’s judgement and war

contributor:
Pass, Benjamin (author)
(Walsh, Matthew) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Yahweh, God of Israel, is the Most High King of gods and peoples. He delegates authority to celestial servants so they can work his will and govern his creation (Deut 32:8–9). Some of those heavenly beings do not do what Yahweh desires: instead, they champion injustice, oppression, and wickedness (Ps 82). As a result, there are times when God’s people face abuse, maltreatment, and war from the nations around them and the patron deities of those groups. The whole earth is thrown off-balance by this wickedness. However, Yahweh of hosts will not permit injustice to remain unchallenged. As the absolute sovereign over creation and God of the gods, he tasks his faithful angelic servants with waging war against rebellious spiritual beings, presumptuous kings, and wayward nations (Dan 4; 10–12; Josh 22:22; 2 Sam 24 // 1 Chr 21, etc.).
In this thesis, I will examine Old Testament depictions of King Yahweh’s angelic warriors, including commanders who lead armies and govern people groups (Josh 5:13–15; Dan 10–12); chariots and horses of fire, piloted by angelic warriors (2 Kgs 6:17–18; Ps 68); destroying angels, pestilence, plague, and even the astral bodies (which represent the gods) who accompany Yahweh in battle. At times, God prevents these celestial warriors and executioners from harming the faithful (Exod 12:23; 2 Sam 24:16–17 // 1 Chr 21:14–16; Hab 3:5–11; Ps 78:49; 91:6; 121:6–7). At other times, the heavenly army wreaks havoc upon humans who oppose Israel while remaining unseen by their enemies (Judg 6:14–16; 7:7–25; 2 Sam 5:22–25; 2 Kgs 7:5–7; 19:35; 2 Chr 32:21).
Whether visible or hidden, the existence of Yahweh’s heavenly army with its officers and loyal warrior angels should inspire the faithful in every trial: no matter what wicked god and systematic oppression is temporarily allowed to exert its influence, Yahweh is still King and no force on earth, in heaven, or beneath the earth can long oppose him. Justice will come, the wicked gods will be overthrown, and Most High God will use his angelic warriors to make it so.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: Familiar, yet new: ethnohermeneutic and andragogical principles derived from a North American Indigenous context and applied to Bible study design and delivery

contributor:
Hancock, Joyce (author)
(Zacharias, H. Daniel) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
The author’s ministry with NorthWind Family Ministries (NFM) involves leading Bible studies with interested participants. Of these, Indigenous people who live in Thunder Bay, but come from a variety of Northwestern Ontario communities, comprise the majority. As this thesis illustrates, Indigenous epistemologies differ considerably from European epistemologies. Indigenous epistemologies  enable  the  author  to  design  and  deliver  Bible  studies  with  familiar  learning principles, increasing the students’ ability to understand, retain, and enjoy the learning experience.
Ethnohermeneutic study, interpreting a biblical text applied to a third horizon, provides a good framework for this quest. The author uses mostly Indigenous-authored cultural, educational, historical, and ministry material to gain a comprehensive picture of North American First Nations worldviews  and  cultures,  applying  it  to  understanding  the  First  Nations  people  in  Northwestern Ontario, and drawing out learning principles for effective teaching. Andragogical concepts align well with Indigenous epistemologies, helping clarify the specific principles.
These  learning  principles,  labeled  content  and  format,  are  delineated  individually  and tested with NFM participants. Their feedback indicates a sense of satisfaction and going back to their roots in learning. They said this way of learning was familiar, yet new at the same time.
The study concludes that understanding is best achieved by using characteristics of each group’s own culture. Involvement in the learning process fits the culture’s epistemology and aids in remembering the learned content. Bible studies, designed and delivered using ethnohermeneutic and  andragogical  concepts,  framed  within  a  North  American  Indigenous  learning  context,  were expressed as meaningful for the life experience of the Ojibwe, Cree, and OjiCree people of NFM.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: Central role of spiritual identity in youth ministry: integrating Henri Nouwen’s “Life of the Beloved.”

contributor:
Lee, Samuel Seung Yeop (author)
(Hernandez, Wil) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore how Henri Nouwen’s understanding of spiritual identity as the “Life of the Beloved” can be helpful in youth ministry. In the research, there were fourteen participants who were youth pastors from the Canadian Baptist of Ontario and Quebec Denomination. This study was conducted at a one-day retreat where Nouwen’s four movements of “becoming the Beloved” were presented over two sessions. After each session, the participants were divided into three focus groups. The focus groups were given open-ended questions to discuss the value of Nouwen’s concepts in youth ministry.
Qualitative results indicated that Nouwen’s “Life of the Beloved” is important and significant in youth ministry. Nouwen’s “Life of the Beloved” has the potential to help in the shift in youth ministry to spiritual formation as it was found to be important in the spiritual identity of youth pastors and their youth. It is valuable as it can help remind them of their spiritual identity as the beloved children of God, which is fundamental to who they are.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: Pentecostalism and the premodern: how tradition could aid Pentecostal hermeneutics

contributor:
Darby, Charity (author)
(Boersma, Spencer) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: While Pentecostal theology has made valuable contributions to the field of hermeneutics, it has not typically been known for its adherence to church tradition. In fact, the early days of the movement  were  marked  by  anti-traditional  attitudes  and  a  disdain  for  creeds  resulting  in ecumenical  difficulties  and  the  Oneness  controversy.  Using  Oneness  as  a  case  study,  the consequences of anti-creedalism will be explored, and a place for tradition within the movement will be proposed. Finding a place for church tradition within Pentecostalism would temper some of  the  movement’s  theological  vices  and  allow  greater  common  ground  in  ecumenical conversation.

abstract: Acadia Divinity College


title: Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) essential oil as a potential repellent and acaracide against ticks (Acari: ixodidae)

contributor:
Pickett, Laura (author)
(Faraone, Nicoletta) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: In North America, the threat of contracting tick-borne illnesses has risen significantly over the past few years. Climate change and rising global temperatures have caused the active tick season to increase substantially and have provided larger suitable habitats for ticks. Species such as the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) are known to vector several pathogens to humans and animals. This has led to an increased need for safe effective repellents that can help prevent tick bites. A potential solution to this issue is the implementation of natural products such as essential oils (EO), as an alternative to synthetic products. Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) has the potential to be an effective option. The essential oils from yarrow are previously reported to be acaricidal and repellent on other acarines, and therefore are expected to be effective on ticks. Yarrow was collected from Wolfville and Port Williams, Nova Scotia. The essential oil was extracted from plants via the hydro-distillation method with a Clevenger type apparatus. Oil collected from the flowers of plants collected along the Harvest Moon Trailway (HMT) in Wolfville produced the highest yield of essential oil (0.32% v/w). Samples were qualitatively analyzed using GC-MS, and components were identified both by using chemical standards and through comparison of mass spectra with NIST database library. Essential oils were tested at different concentrations on both species of ticks for acaricidal and repellent activity, using adult immersion tests and horizontal bioassays, respectively. Yarrow flower EO collected from the Harvest Moon Trail (Wolfville) was an effective repellent and acaracide against I. scapularis. At 30 minutes, 15% v/v yarrow EO repelled 88.0 % of ticks. At 168 hours (1 week), 5% v/v yarrow EO was the lowest concentration to kill 100% of I. scapularis female adults. The determined LD50 was 0.70 % v/v (95% CI 0.69-0.77). Yarrow EO did not exert significant acaricidal and repellent activities against D. variabilis. In order to protect the active ingredient and enhance repellent and acaricidal properties, a nanoemulsion with 5% v/v yarrow EO was prepared. The encapsulation of the oil in a nanoemulsion formulation improved the repellent effect on I. scapularis, compared to 5% v/v yarrow EO alone; however, the formula was not an effective acaracide. The nanoemulsion showed no increase in repellency or acaricidal activity against D. variabilis. Overall yarrow EO alone and yarrow nanoemulsions have the potential to be effective, environmentally friendly, repellents and acaricides against I. scapularis.

abstract: Chemistry


title: Compiling incentivized citizen science data of fishes in Atlantic Canada using a virtual fishing tournament during coronavirus pandemic restrictions

contributor:
Creaser, Leah (author)
(Avery, Trevor) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
The Atlantic Anglers Challenge occurred throughout the Atlantic provinces from 14 May 2020 to 01 November 2020 as a substitution for competitive, in-person fishing tournaments cancelled due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The tournament was held entirely virtually using the Angler’s Atlas website and mobile application MyCatch, allowing recreational anglers to upload their catches to provide information for scientific research. Participant entries logged with Angler’s Atlas and MyCatch included a photo, species identifications, fish total length and angling location. Specific location data was confidential and never revealed; only generalized location data was provided to researchers for analyses. Challenges used as incentives for data targeting were applied over the entire tournament and through mini challenges for more specific data
targets. Eligibility, challenges, and continuous engagement throughout the challenge were used as incentives to minimize biases in fishing data being collected. Throughout the tournament participants logged over 2440 fish entries with single anglers reporting up to 37 species from 56 different waterbodies. Species data from the challenge were compared to distribution data from Fish base, revealing species absent from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Fish base were present. Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) were found present in New Brunswick, despite Department of Fisheries and Oceans reports of the species not being present in the province. Total length data trends between species were compared between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Results showed using a virtual fishing tournament compiled important fisheries data through citizen science and using challenges as incentives enabled focused data collections. Results proved information anglers had been claiming regarding species sightings were true.

abstract: Biology


title: “We must no longer be quiet, modest ladies”: exploring professional development and personal empowerment within the Acadia Home Economics Department

contributor:
Millett, Lauren (author)
(Henderson, Stephen) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Established in 1926, the Acadia Home Economics Club (A.H.E.C.) was an extra-curricular extension of the Acadia School of Home Economics until the discontinuance of Home Economics at the university. From the mid-1960s to the late 1980s, the A.H.E.C. maintained a consistent membership body and demonstrated a commitment to community involvement. Over the course of its existence, the A.H.E.C. regularly facilitated educational and social activities for its members.
This archival thesis project included the processing of the Acadia Home Economics Club fonds and the creation of an accompanying finding aid. The items within the Acadia Home Economics Club fonds had not been processed prior, and thus the organization of documents and creation of files was necessary. The items within the Acadia Home Economics Club fonds have been described within the finding aid and filed according to their original order.
The formal paper examines how the Acadia School of Home Economics, in partnership with the A.H.E.C., facilitated the personal and professional growth of its students and subverted social expectations. From the mid 1960s to the early 1980s, members of the A.H.E.C. participated in annual student conferences, attended extra-curricular educational sessions, and engaged in social activities aimed at the development of camaraderie. Through these events, Home Economics students were able to develop and assert personal agency both during and after their educational career.  The documents related to the annual Association of Canadian Home Economics Students conferences highlight the emphasis placed on the personal and professional development of Home Economics students by both post-secondary institutions and the students
themselves.  Home Economics was, and continues to be, a valuable vessel for women’s empowerment.

abstract: History & Classics


title: Psychological aggression victimization and perceived social support as predictors of mental well-being in same-sex and mixed-sex relationships

contributor:
Cadman, Kim (author)
(Holmberg, Diane) (Thesis advisor)
(Bell, Kathryn) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Research suggests that psychological intimate partner aggression (IPA) victimization and psychological distress are positively associated, and that perceived social support acts as a buffer against adverse mental health outcomes of IPA victimization. However, relatively few studies have parsed out the unique effects of psychological IPA while controlling for the effects of physical and sexual IPA. Furthermore, few studies have examined this relationship across genders and relationship types (same-sex and mixed-sex). The present study addressed these gaps by administering daily diary surveys focusing on unique adverse mental health effects of psychological IPA victimization, and the potential moderating effects of perceived social support, gender identity, and relationship type. Two multi-level model analyses were conducted using two sub-samples from a pre-existing dataset. The first analysis focused on the largest demographic group (cisgender women in mixed-sex relationships), while the second analysis explored possible variations across gender identity and relationship type, by considering six demographic groups (i.e., cisgender women, cisgender men, and gender diverse individuals in same- or mixed-sex relationships). The first analysis indicated a significant positive association between psychological IPA and distress, which was moderated by perceived support. While the second analysis showed the same patterns as the first, the association between distress and
psychological IPA was non-significant and was not moderated by perceived support. The present study highlights the importance of inclusive psychological IPA research for generalizability of findings.

abstract: Psychology


title: Heroism, fortune, and flyting: a comparative study of select classical, Norse, Arthurian medieval texts, and J.R.R. Tolkien

contributor:
Cummings, Kira (author)
(Whetter, Kevin) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: This thesis is a comparative study of myriad Pre-Modern texts, observing attitudes to heroism, Fortune, and flyting in select classical, Old Norse, and general medieval epic-heroic narratives. Each chapter observes contemporary misconceptions regarding heroism, heroic patterns, the fate of heroes, as well as different manipulations of the traditional heroic topoi. Against these misconceptions, I will argue that honour, glory, and prowess (regardless of contemporary conceptions about morality) are the genuine markers of heroic characterizations in epic-heroic literature. Although heroes ultimately die, and although many modern scholars consider such deaths to be indicative of the heroes’ moral failures, the hero’s Fate has nothing to do with condemnation. Rather, it is the heroes' choices and actions in response to what Fortune presents to them that demonstrate their heroic prowess. Moreover, while flyting reflects heroic prowess through verbal sparring, it also serves as a demonstration of heroism and a way of extending heroic prowess beyond a mere exhibition. The importance of these considerations is to show that modern attitudes to epic-heroic literature and epic heroes are either needlessly moralistic or based on misleading assumptions about the nature of this type of literature and its heroes. In contrast, I define heroism on the basis of the hero’s winning of glory and honour through prowess; keeping oaths; and following through with honourable actions despite the potential threat posed by the odds, or the severity of the foe, or even by Fate.

abstract: English & Theatre Studies


title: Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms within the domain of charitable giving

contributor:
Jones, Liam (author)
(Lee, Greg) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: Massive data collection combined with advancements in computing technologies have rapidly progressed the field of predictive analytics. Modelling techniques which previously depended almost entirely on human input are now heavily automated. However, even with this automation, discretion is still often left to the data scientist to determine which techniques best suit a given purpose. Large discrepancies exist between the performance of machine learning algorithms, dependent upon the underlying data and application. One potential application for predictive analytics is in the field of charitable giving. Here, fundraisers must prioritize the allocation of their time and resources based upon the likelihood and significance of prospect donations. Similar methods can also be used to maintain rapports with established donors, by predicting when they might be likely to lapse, or which lapsed donor relationships might be re-established. Thus, a variety of scenarios exist within the field of charitable giving which stand to benefit from predictive analytics. In this thesis, we seek to perform a comparative analysis of an assortment of common machine learning algorithms in the context of charitable giving. These algorithms will be used to predict prospect/donor behaviour across four areas of interest: prospects who are likely to make a donation within six months, donors likely to lapse, previous donors likely to return, and one-time donors likely to make repeat donations.

abstract: Computer Science


title: The duty to accommodate: an exploratory study of where the threshold of undue hardship exists

contributor:
Hordyk, Kelsey (author)
(Dye, Kelly) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: In the employment context, it is understood that employers have a duty to accommodate their employees to the point of undue hardship; however, its extent is difficult to define. This thesis examines 15 accommodation cases to determine where the threshold of an employer’s duty to accommodate exists. Qualitative content analysis was used alongside grounded theory to assess and compare the cases selected for study. Additionally, an intentional coding scheme was used to code and categorize the data found within the cases. This was done based on the language and reasoning that the Justices used in their proceedings. It was found that the previous factors and notions surrounding the duty to accommodate were upheld and reaffirmed by the Justices. The assessment of the cases also revealed additional and novel factors that may need to be considered when accommodating employees. From this research, a greater understanding is afforded to employers in terms of when their duty to accommodate has been discharged and what factors may be assessed as a result.

abstract: Business


title: Differential expression of antifreeze gylcoprotein genes among tissue types in Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod

contributor:
Klum, Josh (author)
(Avery, Trevor) (Thesis advisor)
(Easy, Russell) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod synthesize antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) that protect body tissues from freezing by inhibiting ice crystal growth. Other antifreeze producing fishes exhibit tissue specific differential antifreeze protein production. In this study, the expression of MAK14 and RAB14 genes coding for antifreeze glycoproteins 1-4 was examined among four tissue types, liver, skin, gill, and head kidney in Atlantic tomcod. Nucleic acids were extracted from samples using silica membrane and phenol-chloroform techniques. The Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to amplify target sequence and the resulting amplicons were sequenced. Sequence data was entered into a BLASTn search engine and identified MAK14 and RAB14 gene in Microgadus tomcod as the top match. We used a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to explore expression of MAK14 and RAB14 genes among tissue types.

abstract: Biology


title: Novel synthesis of cyclic tertiary enamides from 2-acetylbenzoic acid

contributor:
Baxter, Katherine (author)
(Jha, Amitabh) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Cyclic tertiary-enamides act as nucleophiles in reactions. This makes tertiary-enamides important in many organic syntheses, especially for compounds with any nitrogen containing functional groups. There is evidence of previous methods to synthesize cyclic tertiary-enamides; however, it is ideal to do so in a manner that is quick and cost-effective.
The purpose of this research is to develop a procedure to synthesize cyclic-tertiary enamides that is simple and efficient. The focus of this research is a method to synthesize cyclic tertiary-enamides from 2-acetylbenzoic acid and aniline in the presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride. By varying substituents on aniline, analogues of 3-methylene-2-arylisoindolin-1-ones, a type of cyclic tertiary-enamide, can be formed as a result. Eight different analogues were synthesized by this method. Each product was characterized using 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and HRMS data.

abstract: Chemistry


title: Short term simulated microgravity models improve executive function

contributor:
Courish, Molly (author)
(Mekary, Said) (Thesis advisor)
(Murphy, René) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine whether executive function is altered due to variations on standard simulated microgravity head down tilt protocols. 28 healthy volunteers (19 females and 7 males; 20.00 ± 1.70 years; 165.60 ± 24.50 cm; 71.14 ± 15.89 kg; mean±SD) took part in two randomly assigned separate simulated microgravity sessions consisting of head down tilt (HDT) sessions. Each testing session lasted approximately 2.5 hours. One session consisted of the broadly used -6° HDT facing up (HDT-FU), while the other consisted of a -6° HDT facing down (HDT-FD),  modification  of  the  standard  method.  For  each  condition,  the  participant  completed  a computerized Stroop Color and Word Test during a thirty-minute horizontal position (0° tilt) prior to the interventions and again prior to the end of the 1.5-hour HDT protocols. The Stroop Color and Word test constituted of 3 tasks (60 trials per task) including a: 1) a Naming task, 2) an Inhibition task, and 3) an Inhibition/Switching task. To minimize the learning effect, both the HDT-FU and HDT-FD sessions were counterbalanced amongst all participants and were separated by a minimum of 48 hours. Our cognitive reaction time results demonstrate a main effect of time (pre HDT 777.60 ± 18.08ms vs post HDT 749.30 ± 19.11ms, p<0.01) and a main effect of Stroop test (Naming < Inhibition < Inhibition/Switching, p<0.01). Additionally, we observed that the 1.5-hour protocol selectively improved the Inhibition/Switching reaction times (the most executive component) for both the HDT-FU (pre HDT-FU 945.68 ± 32.87ms vs post HDT-FU 903.16 ± 33.78ms, p=0.02) and HDT-FD (pre HDT-FD 961.25 ± 38.55ms vs post HDT-FD 868.91 ± 30.40ms, p<0.01). When executive demand is increased under short-term simulated microgravity head down tilt conditions, regardless of the position (face up or face down), cognitive reaction time is decreased, suggesting an improvement in overall cognitive function.

abstract: Kinesiology


title: Lithology and geochemistry of the Nicola Group volcanic and volcaniclastic Host rocks to the Copper Mountain alkaline copper-gold porphyry Deposit, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada.

contributor:
Carter, Nathan (author)
(Stanley, Cliff) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: The upper Triassic Nicola Group is a volcanic and volcaniclastic rock succession hosting the Copper Mountain alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit south of Princeton, British Columbia, Canada. Mineralization occurs where diorite to monzonite Lost Horse Intrusive Complex stocks and dykes intrude the Nicola Group in a WNW-ESE trending belt bounded by the Copper Mountain Stock on the south, and the Smelter Lake and Voigt Stocks, and Lost Horse Intrusive Complex on the north. During 2021 field work, 305 field stations were mapped and sampled proximal to the Copper Mountain Mine, revealing the presence of fragmental rocks, lava flows, volcaniclastic rocks, tuffs, and cut by abundant intrusive dykes. Ninety-five volcanic and volcaniclastic rock samples were lithogeochemically analyzed and evaluated using molar element ratio (MER) techniques. Forty-eight of these samples were cut into thin sections for petrographic examination. Results illustrate that Nicola Group rocks occur in two packages in the Copper Mountain area: green, altered Wolf Creek Formation rocks, and grey, relatively unaltered Kennedy Lake formation rocks. The latter occur west of the Boundary Fault and exhibits minor alteration, amygdales, and limestone breccia fragments suggesting deposition in a shallow sub-aqueous or sub-aerial setting. The former exhibits seafloor alteration to chlorite, epidote, and calcite and lacks shallow water deposition evidence. Within Wolf Creek volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, MER analysis reveals that plagioclase and clinopyroxene fractionation or sorting, and quartz and plagioclase sorting took place, and that significant alteration of plagioclase to chlorite and plagioclase to chlorite+quartz occurred, respectively. These alteration reactions likely took place during low-grade, sub-isochemical seafloor metasomatism in a subaqueous setting. Kennedy Lake formation rocks do not exhibit similar seafloor alteration or this plagioclase to chlorite reaction.

abstract: Earth & Environmental Sciences


title: Universal basic income: a potential solution to financial inequality and poverty in Canada

contributor:
Sloan, Maple (author)
(MacLean, Stephen) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a form of social welfare through which the Government pays its citizens a predetermined amount regardless of their employment status. The purpose of UBI is to reduce financial inequality and poverty by providing recipients with the financial means necessary to support themselves. This report explores the potential of implementing a national UBI program in Canada, the subsequent economic and social impacts, and offers recommendations concerning the framework, funding, and subsequent reporting.  First, it provides an overview of Canadian UBI experiments including the Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project and the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment. Next, it reviews economic analysis including two reports published by the Parliamentary Budget Officer on potential national UBI models, as well as proposed legislation for a national UBI framework. The report also looks at experiments performed in other high-income countries, the results of which are largely consistent with those of the Canadian experiments. The results of these experiments and analysis suggest that the economic impacts of UBI include an insignificant reduction in labour effort, an increase in GDP, job creation and government revenue as well as a reduction in the effects of poverty. Meanwhile, the potential social impacts of UBI include a decrease in crime and violence, improvement in mental and physical health, an increase in quality of education as well as the mitigation of various gender-based issues. Overall, this evidence makes a compelling argument in support of UBI regarding its ability to alleviate financial inequality and poverty. However, if a national UBI program were to come to fruition, it must be accompanied by progressive tax reform to ensure successful wealth redistribution. Additionally, the existing literature lacks insight on the impact of UBI on subgroups based on race and gender. Data collection and reporting requirements outlined by the proposed legislation should incorporate intersectionality in its framework.

abstract: Business


title: Green zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts and encapsulated plant essential oil as tick management tools

contributor:
Zamlynny, Lydia (author)
(Faraone, Nicoletta) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
The incidence of reported tick-borne diseases has been increasing rapidly over recent years due to rising global temperatures.  Because of this it is becoming important to manage tick populations and prevent bites to decrease transmission of these diseases and consequently pressure on public health systems. Recently, there has been a push towards utilizing plant extracts  and  essential  oils  as  pest  management  tools  since  they  are  readily  available, considered  generally  safe,  and  environmentally  friendly. Because  of  their  chemical  nature, plant  extracts  and  essential  oils  have  a  low  environmental  persistency  and  are  easily degradable.  To  protect  their  properties  and  extend  their  longevity,  different  approaches have  been  explored,  such  as  encapsulation  and  protection  of  the  active  ingredients  with coating  materials.  In  this  work  the  mortality  rates  of  nanoparticles  synthesized  with  the plant extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) were evaluated and compared to the mortality rates of encapsulated garlic essential oil particles against  Ixodes  scapularis  ticks.  Zinc  oxide  particles  synthesized  from  both  plant  extracts through the green synthesis approach were found to have no effect on tested ticks. The LD50 of  garlic  essential  oil  was  calculated  to  be  2.26  %  v/v  (95%  CI:  2.31-2.21).  Therefore,  2% (w/w) garlic oil was encapsulated in gum Arabic and maltodextrin with efficiencies ranging
from 38 – 60%. The highest oil retention was observed for the garlic oil encapsulated in gum Arabic which had a mortality rate of 24 ± 8.7% against I. scapularis adult females seven days after exposure. These results indicated that garlic essential oil encapsulated in gum Arabic is a promising tick management tool.

abstract: Chemistry


title: Automated sinkhole delineation using lidar in the Cumberland Basin, Nova Scotia

contributor:
Maracle, Mitchell (author)
(Snyder, Morgan) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract: The province of Nova Scotia is partially underlain by Carboniferous evaporites of the Windsor Group (e.g., anhydrate, gypsum, halite); these are weak, ductile rocks that are fundamental to local and regional geology including halokinesis. The Cumberland Basin, one of many sub-basins that define the larger Maritimes Basin, has significant amounts of Windsor Group evaporites near the surface. The tectonic history, including periods of transtension to transpression associated with movement across the Cobequid-Chedabucto fault system, has promoted planes of weakness and mobility within and adjacent to salt layers. In the more recent geologic past, karstic geomorphological features formed from the dissolution and erosion of weak evaporites near the surface that resulted in evident topographic depressions and surface collapse structures commonly known as sinkholes. Sinkhole formation has negatively impacted infrastructure across the Cumberland Basin, including adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway and on private residences. This study has created an automated sinkhole delineation method to accurately locate sinkholes in the Cumberland Basin using Provincial LiDAR data. A geospatial workflow, utilizing ArcGIS software and ‘ModelBuilder’, has been produced that can locate and predict sinkhole locations. This new model allows us to better decipher the complex geological history of Windsor Group evaporites in the Cumberland Basin and to further define high-risk geohazard zones across the region. This project will improve the resolution of the current Provincial Karst Risk Map and is a first step towards creating an encompassing sinkhole database across Nova Scotia. Ultimately, this project will result in an increased understanding of evaporite-related geohazards by informing the public and professionals of sinkhole formation risk.

abstract: Earth & Environmental Sciences


title: Effects of microplastics on vector-related physiology and infection success of Hepatozoon clamate in its mosquito host, Culex territans

contributor:
Folker, Lindsay (author)
(Smith, Todd) (Thesis advisor)
(Ferguson, Laura) (Thesis advisor)
Acadia University (Degree grantor)

subject: LE3 .A278 2022

abstract:
Mosquito larvae ingest microplastics in their aquatic habitat and can retain them within their Malpighian tubules through metamorphosis into adulthood, where many go on to become vectors of disease that pose a threat to humans and wildlife. Retention of microplastics within the Malpighian tubules is significant, as this is the same developmental location of the anuran blood parasite, Hepatozoon clamatae, within its
mosquito vector, Culex territans. The objectives of this study were to determine if microplastic contamination modifies the infection success of H. clamatae in C. territans and to investigate if this contamination alters aspects of mosquito physiology that contribute to vector success. Measures of physiology that are related to vector success, such as developmental rate, post-eclosion survival, and body size were investigated in C.
territans that were raised in low (20 microplastic beads /mL), high (200 microplastic beads /mL), and control (0 microplastic beads /mL) microplastic treatments. Additionally, to measure parasite success, parasite load in infected mosquitos was quantified using qPCR and compared between treatment groups. Exposure to microplastics did not cause significant differences in the measures of vector physiology examined in this study; however, exposure may have the potential to decrease post-eclosion survival. Further, microplastic contamination did not significantly alter parasite load; however, mosquitoes in the control treatment showed higher amounts of parasite DNA compared to the treatment groups, indicating a higher level of infection, and a wider variety in parasite load. These findings suggest that exposure to microplastics has the potential to effect mosquito physiology, resulting in decreased parasite success and reduced vector competence. Future work should help illuminate these effects further.

abstract: Biology