title: Upper-Class Women: Power, Class and Sex Caste in New York City, 1880-1920

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract:
This thesis focuses on the impact of social class and sex caste influences on upper-class women. Preceding analysts have tended to suggest either that upper-class women are as women, essentially powerless and irrelevant to the broader socia-historical context or that they are, as members of upper-class, powerful and, on occasion, important historical actors. This research addresses these issues in a more systematic and comprehensive fashion than previous attempts.

Specifically, the thesis of this dissertation considers three questions: 1. Do active upper-class women exercise power? 2. Is this exercise of power socio-historically significant? and 3. Through this exercise of power do active upper-class women seek to advance their social class or their sex caste? In order to pursue this inquiry, 'power' must be conceptualized as a broad range of activities through which individuals directly or indirectly exercise their will or serve their own interests. This expanded understanding of power is receptive to woman's experience of social reality.

The particular 'strategic' research population selected for this investigation is upper-class women who were active in New York City between 1880 and 1920. The socio-historical milieu in which these women lived was a vortex of powerful social class and sex caste Forces - the role of women was in the midst of sweeping reformulations and the class system was embroiled in crucial struggles. Active upper-class women's activities in this context are investigated by means of cumulated biographies. Using standard biographical sources, biographical dossiers (detailing family background, organizational affiliations and so on) are assembled for 412 subjects. This information is then analysed, first, in terms of the general characteristics of the research population (for example, their distinguishing social traits) and, secondly, in terms of their involvement in three key fields - social welfare, ideological domination and the status of women.

The results from this analysis suggest, first, that upper-class women did wield power (they held important executive offices, were influential figures or were founders, leaders or benefactors of movements, organizations or institutions). Secondly, their exercise of power was of socia-historical significance (many of the organizations, institutions and movements in which they exercised power played an important role in social and historical events.) Finally, although substantial evidence indicates that many research subjects aided on-going projects of the upper-class, worked with class colleagues and defended the interests of the upper class, sex caste affiliation was also an important consideration. Many of the research populations activities were undertaken through woman-only organizations or were directed specifically to women. In a few significant instances concern with the sex caste issues led some active upper-class women into conflict with traditional upper-class values.

The research indicates that upper-class women's social activities and historical role cannot be viewed simply as expressions of either class or caste influences. Rather, analyses must recognize an interplay between the two factors. Further, the inquiry suggests that the family (with Female as well as male components considered) must in a real sense be conceptualized as the foundation of the upper class.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Playing Mas': The Construction and Deconstruction of National Identity in the Trinidad Carnival

contributor:
Rodman, William
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: Annually, between the Christian seasons of Christmas and Lent, Trinidadians devote themselves to island-wide Carnival activities. A season in itself, the Carnival period culminates in a two-day street celebration marked by music, dancing and masquerade performances. For many Trinidadians, Carnival is the quintessential expression of Trinidadian-ness. On one level, this thesis is an ethnographic "enactment" of one particular Carnival celebration in the circumscribed space and time of Port of Spain 1992. On another, this study explores the historical, systemic, political and hermeneutical linkages between Trinidad's "national" identity, its culture and its annual Carnival. I argue that Trinidad's Carnival is more properly understood, not as a rite of reversal, but as a performance which constitutes and expresses the Trinidadian Self. For many Trinidadians, Carnival time is not the-world-turned-upside-down, but the-world-turned-right-side-up. An embedded argument in my thesis is a critique of discourses of identity which assume the oppositional categories of a unified Self over and against a distinctive Other. This distinction is found not only in the specific case of Trinidad's Carnival, but in all analyses of cultural identity, and in the anthropological endeavour itself. I show how the modern Carnival, as the dominant "national" icon of Trinidadian identity, subverts the very ideal of a "national" identity it is meant to create and reinforce. Based on fourteen months of fieldwork in Trinidad, I present multiple views and experiences of the Trinidad Carnival. These representations are situated within the theoretical frameworks provided by both academic Euro-American anthropology and the multiple discourses honed in Trinidadian rumshops, yards, homes, media depictions and academia. Carnival is examined in order to open up new spaces for the re-articulation of identity and a reconstituted politics of difference.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Metabolic Differentiation of Human Skeletal Muscle During Foetal and Postnatal Development

contributor: Medical Sciences (Blood and Cardiovascular)

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Human muscles are composed of different percentages of two major fibre types which have specific metabolic and physiological properties. Previous studies the metabolic differentiation of these fibres during foetal development did not agree as to when differentiation occurred. They did however agree that differentiation was completed at full term based on criteria which had not been validated.

Developmental studies in a number of different mammalian species have shown that both metabolic and physiological properties change postnatally. Preliminary studies by this author suggested that postnatal differentiation may also occur in human muscles.

A detailed study of how and when fibre type differentiation occurs during development should contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms controlling differentiation. In addition, the results of normal development are essential for determining the involvement of neuromuscular disorders in foetal and postnatal muscle.

The objective of this thesis was to study the metabolic differentiation of fibres during foetal and postnatal development.

Five limb muscles, the soleus, triceps, biceps, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and in some cases the diaphragm were excised at autopsy from 21 foetuses ranging in age from 25-43 weeks gestation. The same limb muscles were examined in five infants between one and 20 months, three children between 6-8 years and four adults aged 18-28 years. Multiple sites were taken from each muscle, mounted cross-sectionally and frozen rapidly in isopentane at -160°C. Serial sections were cut at 10 μm and the following reactions run, m-ATPase pH 10.3, 10.0, 4.58, 4.28, NADH-TR, SDH, α-GPD, Rna-Dna, gomori trichrome and H&E. One longitudinal sample was taken from the motor end plate zone of each foetal muscle for examination of motor nerves and end plates by an acetylcholinesterase reaction. Fibre type distributions were determined in three areas per site, from 35 mm. colour slides of the m-ATPase pH 10.3 reaction.

In order to determine the number of sites it was necessary to sample per muscle, the between site variability of fibre type distributions was studied in four different muscles from four adults. Fifteen sites were sampled and a mean of 15,000 fibres counted per muscle. Distributions between and within sites showed greater variation (p<0.01) than could be expected from a homogeneously distributed muscle. Between site standard deviations ranged from 6.63% to 8.12% type II fibres in the different muscles. At least two and up to five sites need to be sampled to reliably estimate the fibre type distribution of adult muscle.

The results of the developmental study suggest that the process of metabolic differentiation can be described in four stages. During stage 1, i.e. 6-20 weeks, all muscle fibres were shown by previous studies to have the same histochemical properties. During stage 2, i.e. 20-30 weeks, the m-ATPase pH 10.3, 4.3 and NADH-TR reactions could classify all fibres as either type I or type II. Most muscles had approximately 7% type I distributions and weak α-GPD and SDH reactions between 25-30 weeks. During stage 3, i.e. 30-43 weeks, a type IIC fibre could also be distinguished. At full term, type I fibres had increased to approximately 35%, type II fibres decreased to 51% from 93%, and 15% were type IIC. The activities of the metabolic enzymes had also greatly increased. On this evidence the increase in type I fibres is thought to be due to a conversion of type II to type I fibres, with type IIC fibres being in a transitional stage of conversion.

Based on postnatal increases in the percentage of type I fibres in different muscles and decreases in type IIC fibres; differentiation was not completed at full term. The soleus had the greatest postnatal increase in type I fibres from 30% at term up to 70-80% in the children and adults. The results suggested that differentiation may be completed by the end of the first year of life.

This study has led to a better understanding of the normal process of differentiation, the results of which are helpful in the clinical investigation of neonates and infants thought to have neuromuscular disorders.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Offset-Saturation NMR Experiment for Measuring Spin Relaxation Times and Application to Chemical Exchange

contributor:
Bain, Alex D.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
NMR spin relaxation times T$\sb1$ and T$\sb2$ provide useful information regarding molecular motions and dynamics. The spin-spin relaxation time T$\sb2$ in particular is important for measuring rates of chemical exchange, but has proven difficult to measure. A facile offset-saturation experiment for the simultaneous measurement of T$\sb1$ and T$\sb2$ NMR spin relaxation times is presented in this thesis. Errors determined as the 95% confidence limits for the relaxation times measured by offset-saturation experiments are on the order of 5%, provided that the saturating field B$\sb2$ is well calibrated, and the sampling points are judiciously chosen. The relaxation times for acidified distilled water determined by a non-linear least-squares fit to offset-saturation data are in good agreement with the results obtained by inversion-recovery and CPMG techniques. A qualitative guideline for the optimal choice of sampling points for offset-saturation experiments is illustrated.

The offset-saturation experiment is shown to be a viable method for the study of fast chemical exchange processes. Applications to the chair-chair interconversion of cyclohexane, and the hindered C-N bond rotation in N-acetylpyrrole, show that the offset-saturation method can be used to obtain rate constants on the order of 10$\sp5$ s$\sp{-1}.$ Exchange rates can be determined over several orders of magnitude when the offset-saturation method is used in combination with other dynamic NMR methods for the fast and slow exchange regimes.

The single-spin double resonance experiment is shown to be a simple and precise method for the calibration of the saturating field B$\sb2$ used for offset-saturation experiments. The use of pulsed homodecoupling radiofrequency sources to provide the saturating rf field has entailed a theoretical study regarding the equivalence of pulsed and continuous-wave radiofrequency radiation. An analytical expression for the z magnetization as a function of irradiation resonance offset for a series of repeated soft pulses is obtained, which in the limit of small duty cycles and pulse flip angles is equivalent to the Bloch equations.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Atmospheric Pollution Measurements with Tunable Lasers Employing Resonance Absorption

contributor:
Campbell, C.K.
Shewchun, J.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
Theoretical and experimental techniques, which are useful in molecular spectroscopic studies and in the development of Laser Absorption Spectrometers (LAS), are described. Both fixed-frequency and tunable lasers have been employed. All the measurements reported are based on either direct or second harmonic absorption techniques.

A commercial CO/CO₂ line-tunable laser has been used to obtain useful criteria for air pollution monitoring via the direct absorption scheme. CO₂ laser absorption measurements on ozone at reduced pressures are reported. Measurements on seventeen NO absorption lines with a CO laser are described. For these, the absolute absorption as a function of pressure has been determined. As a result we have been able to establish accurate values for the absorption of NO at the pertinent CO laser wavelengths. From the best fit between experimental measurements and theoretical calculations we have deduced the separation between the appropriate NO and CO wavelengths, the NO/N₂ pressure broadening, the NO band strength, and the individual NO line strengths.

Using a tunable lead-salt semiconductor diode laser, and employing the direct absorption technique, we have developed a simple method for accurate frequency, measurements of ozone absorption lines. This technique is based on employing a tunable semiconductor diode laser, an etalon, and a White cell. We report accurate frequency meaaurements of over 100 absorption lines of ozone in the ν₃ band, which are near the CO₂ laser transitions. Despite the relative simplicity of the technique, we achieved an accuracy of better than 10 MHz in our measurements. This accuracy compares well with that achieved by the more complicated heterodyne techniques of high-resolution spectroscopy. However, these are the first measurements over an entire absorption band using the full resolution of a tunable diode laser.

A LAS, which combines the sensitivity of the acousto-optical methods with the convenience of direct, long-path optical detection, is described. The diode laser is wavelength modulated and the second harmonic detection technique is applied. This technique enables us to detect atmospheric pollutant gases with extremely high sensitivity (3 ppb of a weak absorbing pollutant such as SO₂ in its ν₁ band or 3 x 10ˉ³ ppb of a strongly absorbing molecule such as CO). This sensitivity is achieved using a frequency-locking technique for the diode. We report on the detection of O₃, SO₂, NH₃, and N₂O pollutants at their ambient, levels in air. A very high specificity and virtual elimination of interference effects are obtained by sampling the atmospheric air at reduced pressures.

A remote LAS station, which is considered to be adjunct to the above LAS, has been built. A remote retroreflector and an off-axis telescope near the laser have been employed to achieve a total pathlength of 1.2 km in the atmosphere. We report theoretical and experimental investigations of SO₂, H₂O, NH₃ and H₂O absorption in the region 1100 - 1200ˉ¹ cm at atmospheric pressure. This enabled us to develop a technique, based on the second harmonic detection scheme, to detect SO₂ in the atmosphere with a sensitivity of 50 ppb employing a diode laser emitting in the ν₁ band of SO₂. We report also on spectroscopic studies and absorption measurements for SO₂ and H₂O in the region 1300 - 1400 cmˉ¹. These studies indicate that it is possible to detect SO₂ with ambient levels in the atmosphere by employing a diode laser radiating in the ν₃ band of SO₂, near 1331.5 cmˉ¹.

In all the above mentioned techniques, theoretical calculations of laser transmission through the atmosphere must be predicted prior to applying such techniques. For this reason, a computer package has been developed and tested. This package generates the absorption line parameters of any molecule, even asymmetric-top molecules, in the vibration-rotation infrared region. The absorption (transmission) can be calculated at any pressure.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia

contributor:
Walker, R.G.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract:
The Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Queen Charlotte Islands (QCI) was studied on the outcrop scale in order to reconstruct the Late Mesozoic depositional history of the Queen Charlotte Basin. The newly defined Late Oxfordian to Tithonian White Point Formation consists of three gravelly fan delta successions up to 180 m thick. Each was deposited within a small fault bounded basin during a period of regional block faulting. The overlying Late Valanginian to Early Turonian Longarm, Haida, and Skidegate Formations were deposited within an expanded northwest-southeast trending, southwest-deepening basin. Eight depositional sequences 150 to 600 m thick and 1 to 17 Ma in duration are recognized within the three formations. The sequences consist of shallow shoreface, muddy offshore, slope and submarine fan deposits. Each sequence was deposited during a period of sea level fall and rise, and all progressively onlapped the northeastern margin of the basin over time.

The Late Turonian to Coniacian Honna Formation consists of up to 2500 m of gravelly submarine deposits. Two distinct submarine systems are recognized: a longitudinal northwest - southeast trending braided channel complex, and transverse radial fans sourced from an uplifted and dissected magmatic arc to the east. Turbidity currents and debris flows within the channel complex flowed primarily from southeast to northwest, and were probably derived from the radial fans, one of which is preserved in the Skidegate Inlet region. The Honna is overlain by unnamed Late Coniacian to Maastrichtian volcanic and mudstone strata deposited within subaerial and muddy shelf environments respectively.

The Late Mesozoic succession exposed on the QCI accumulated within a continental forearc basin setting situated between an active magmatic arc to the northeast and a subduction zone to the southwest. Different tectonic mechanisms controlled deposition on both the small and large scale. Deposition of both the fan delta successions within the White Point Formation and the progradational shoreface successions within the Longarm and Haida Formations was influenced by local block faulting. The northwest-southeast paleocoastline trend also reflects an underlying structural control. The progressive eastward onlap of Late Oxfordian to Early Turonian strata exposed on the QCI tracked the progressive eastward migration of active magmatism within the Coast Plutonic Complex. Deposition of the Honna Formation was influenced by crustal thickening along the northeast margin of the basin during a period of Late Cretaceous compression.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Conditioning and Perception: The McCollough Effect and the Indirect McCollough Effect

contributor:
Allan, Lorraine G.
Siegel, Shepard
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: According to a conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent colour aftereffect (McCollough effect, ME), orientation stimuli (grids) become associated with colour. Challenges to this interpretation include the suggestion that specific patterned stimuli are required to elicit the effect, that the effect is not influenced by manipulations of the grid-colour correlation, and that some colour aftereffects appear to be elicited by stimuli that are never paired with colour (i.e. the indirect ME). The present results indicate: (a) nonpatterned stimuli--the lightness of a frame surrounding a coloured area--can contingently elicit colour aftereffects; (b) this frame lightness contingent-colour aftereffect can be used to demonstrate that correlational manipulations affect the ME; and (c) that the indirect ME is elicited by form and frame stimuli that have been previously paired with colour. Thus the present results support a conditioning analysis of both the ME and the indirect ME.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Oligarchy and Democracy: A Study of the Political Life of a Local Union

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: The theory still used to explain the political life of democratically structured organizations stems primarily from Robert Michels "iron law of oligarchy" which holds that all organizations must inevitably be controlled by small well organized groups. Lipset, Trow and Coleman have modified this theory by showing that some voluntary groups develop a system of competing slates or parties because of certain organizational features, but they admit this is a rarity. Despite widespread acceptance of this theory of oligarchy there has accumulated much evidence to show that in many large trade union locals a system of slates or parties which compete for political power is the rule rather than the exception. This study of Local 1005 of the Steelworkers, located in Hamilton Ontario, an organization which has had slates for many years, is an attempt to explore once again the social forces which shape the political life of a democratically structured organization in order that we may more adequately understand these issues of oligarchy and democracy. In our view part of the problem with this body of literature is that previous studies have been flawed by a limited understanding of democracy, and a focus on organizational features, but they admit this is a rarity. Despite widespread acceptance of this theory of oligarchy there has accumulated much evidence to show that in many large trade union locals a system of slates or parties which compete for political power is the rule rather than the exception. This study of Local 1005 of the Steelworkers, located in Hamilton Ontario, an organization which has had slates for many years, is an attempt to explore once again the social forces which shape the political life of a democractically structured organization in order that we may more adequately understand these issues of oligarchy and democracy. In our view part of the problem with this body of literature is that previous studies have been flawed by a limited understanding of democracy, and a focus on organizations in one point of time. Our approach broadens the definition of democracy to include both the existence of opposition and evidence of high levels of participation. It also adopts a political economy approach which emphasises the importance of understanding historically the economic and political forces that shape the local and focuses on internal organizational features. Perhaps the most important contribution of the study, therefore, is its unique focus on factors that are both external and internal to the organization. The findings of the study show that the influence of societal economic and political factors on the life of the local have been quite important. The level of militancy of the membership is determined primarily by broad economic conditions, and it in turn creates either demands for political change or feelings of complacency in the local. The industrial relations system is a constant influence on 1005's political life because there are serious frustrations built into the system that cannot be resolved. External political influences are also important because members of similar political persuasion have grouped together, and because ideologies originating in society influence the political activists. The study also found that certain internal features of the local shape its political life by sustaining the system of slates. One of the most important is the division of this large steel mill into different departments. As a result a type of delegates system has emerged where prominent leaders are able to deliver the votes of their department to the slates they support. The system also depends on the constant elections at membership meetings because they force the slates to stay active. Finally the social characteristics of leaders has played a role in grouping people of similar backgrounds into slates. Oligarchy in voluntary organizations is, therefore, by no means inevitable, but there are both democratic and oligarchic elements to all groups. This study shows that Local 1005 has had highly organized slates competing for political power for much of its history thus satisfying one element of the definition of democracy, but high levels of apathy continue, and, therefore, the local is still oligarchical when judged by its level of participation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Studies on Mechanisms of Genetic Resistance to a Lethal Virus Infection

contributor:
Rawls, William E.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Pichinde virus, a member of the arenaviridiae, causes a fatal disease when injected intraperitoneally into the inbred MHA strain of hamsters, but not in other strains. The fatal infection is associated with an inability to limit virus replication, and death appears to be a consequence of the virus-induced cytopathic effect within the reticuloen-dothelial system. The purpose of the current studies was to determine whether susceptibility to the lethal Pichinde virus infection was genetically acquired, and to obtain an understanding of the basis for this susceptibility.

Studies on survival and the ability to limit viremia following Pichinde virus infection in F₁ and back-cross progeny gave the results expected if a single autosomal dominant gene or linked genes were responsible for each of these phenotypes.

Initial Studies on the basis for the susceptibility of MHA hamsters to fatal Pichinde virus infections were designed to test the hypothesis that this strain was unable to mount a cell-mediated immune response against the virus. However, MHA hamsters were able to limit Pichinde virus replication and they survived the infection when the virus was inoculated by the footpad route. Furthermore, footpad-immunized MHA hamsters survived a normally lethal intraperitoneal challenge of Pichinde virus. These observations suggested that susceptible MHA hamsters were able to produce a protective immune response when the virus was given by this route.

Since cells of the reticuloendothelial system appeared to be a major target for Pichinde virus replications in vivo, a search for a target cell difference within the spleens of susceptible and resistant hamsters were undertaken. No difference in the ability of various spleen cell fractions from susceptible or resistant hamsters to support Pichinde virus growth in vitro could be demonstrated. However, the spleens of MHA hamsters which had been infected with Pichinde virus in vivo contained 10-fold more virus-producing cells at three days after infection than did spleens of resistant hamsters. The majority of the virus-producing cells in MHA hamster spleens were associated with the non-adherent fraction which sedimented at a rate typical of lymphocytes. In contrast, spleen cells from the resistant LSH strain of hamsters appeared to be deficient in this population. These observations support the hypothesis that the susceptible strain of hamsters had a spleen target cells for Pichinde virus replication which the resistant strain lacked.

Interestingly, the putative target cell was observed to co-purify with a cell population which mediated in vitro cytotoxicity against syngenetic or allogeneic tumour target cells. The cytotoxic effector cell was shown to be a non-adherent, non-phagocytic, small- to medium-sized cell which lacked detectable surface immunoglobulin. The cytotoxic activity was labile at 37°C, but was not abrogated by pretreatment with amonium chloride. Thus, this hamster effector cells resembled the natural killer (NK) lymphocyte which has been described in several species. Susceptible MHA hamsters exhibited high levels of endogenous NK activity, and this cytotoxicity was further augmented by Pichinde virus infection. In contrast, the resistant LSH strain showed lower levels of endogenous cytotoxicity, and Pichinde virus infection did not induce the same magnitude of increase in activity. These results support the hypothesis that susceptible MHA hamsters have an additional splenic target cell for Pichinde virus replication which the resistant strain lacks, and are consistant with the possibility that his target cells is in fact the NK cell.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of sodalite and cancrinite groups of minerals

contributor:
Grundy, H. D.
Geochemistry

subject: Geochemistry Geochemistry

abstract: The crystal structures of three cancrinites, four sodalites, six helvites and tugtupite have been refined using x-ray diffraction data. The nature of the crystal structure and crystal chemistry of the cancrinites and sodalites have been elucidated, with emphasis on 1) the significance of the superstructures, 2) the space group problem, 3) the order-disorder, 4) the structural variation, and 5) the stoichiometry. Also, a geometrical structural model for sodalite ha been developed and it has the following uses: a) Allows the accurate prediction of the structures of all members of the sodalite group of minerals. b) The prediction of the chemical limits of structural stability of all materials based on the sodalite structural type. c) Permits the published thermal expansion data for sodalites to be rationalized in terms of rotation of the Al/Si-0₄ tetrahedra.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Role of Histamine, Leukotriene D₄ and Inhibitory Prostaglandins in Exercise Bronchoconstriction and Refractoriness in Asthmatic Subjects

contributor:
O`Byrne, Paul M
Physiology and Pharmacology

subject: Pharmacology Physiology Pharmacology

abstract:
Exercise has long been recognized to be an important natural stimulus causing bronchoconstriction in most patients with symptomatic asthma, particularly in children and young adults. In the laboratory, bronchoconstriction caused by exercise is documented by examining a reduction in airway calibre after exercise which is measured as a fall in the forced expired volume in one second (FEV₁). Exercise bronchoconstriction is generally short lived, wearing off within 60 minutes.

More than 50% of asthmatic subjects, experience progressively less and less airway narrowing with repeated exercise challenges on the same day. This progressive decrease in exercise bronchoconstriction is considered to be a potentially important airway inhibitory protective effect and is termed exercise refractoriness. O'Byrne and Jones (O'Byrne and Jones, 1986), first demonstrated the likely involvement of inhibitory prostaglandins in exercise refractoriness, when they demonstrated that indomethacin inhibited the effect in asthmatic subjects.

The precise mechanism underlying exercise bronchoconstriction is unclear. However, the initiating stimulus may involve either alterations in osmolarity of the epithelial-lining fluid or changes in airway temperature resulting from the inhalation of inadequately conditioned air during exercise or both. These changes cause the release of bronchoconstrictor mediators and the development of bronchoconstriction. The work described in this thesis was undertaken to establish the role of leukotriene (LT) D₄ in the pathogenesis of exercise bronchoconstriction and of histamine-, and LTD₄ induced, inhibitory prostaglandin release in causing exercise refractoriness. The body of research described in this thesis details new findings in relation to LTD₄ and exercise responses in asthmatic subjects. It shows that tachyphylaxis, a potential airway protective mechanism, occurs to repeated challenges with LTD₄ inhalations in asthmatic subjects and that flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, blocks this effect implicating inhibitory prostaglandin release in the mechanism. Using a specific LTD₄ receptor antagonist, it shows for the first time, that LTD₄, an important mediator in asthma, is involved in exercise bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. In addition, it demonstrates also that complete cross refractoriness/tachyphylaxis occurs following exercise and LTD₄ stimulation an effect which is also inhibited by flurbiprofen. However, complete cross refractoriness/tachyphylaxis does not occur following exercise and histamine.

The conclusion from the work in this thesis is that LTD₄, rather than histamine, plays the more important role in exercise bronchoconstriction and that LTD₄ induced inhibitory prostaglandin release is the cause of exercise refractoriness in asthmatic subjects.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Optimal Research, Induced Innovation, and Agricultural Devlopment: An Application to Bangladesh

contributor:
Kubursi, A.A.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract:
The literature of development economics is marked with an interesting rhythm. In the fifties it regarded agricultural growth as the main source of economic development. Attention gradually shifted, and industrialization was prescribed as the panacea for the developing economies. The trend reversed once more, and agricultural sector has risen into prominence in recent years. Another remarkable recent development is the revival of interest in the analysis of the source and effects of technical change. These topics of current interest constitute the basic theme of the present study which aims at integrating the question of agricultural growth with that of induced technical change, placing special emphasis on the distributional aspects of such change. It opens up with the appalling observation that there exists a huge gap in agricultural productivity among different countries which cannot be explained by variations in soil fertility alone. Proceeding further, the study finds that investments in agricultural research and extension programmes contributed significantly in raising the farm productivity of different countries. The essential features of agricultural development are analysed next as a means to increasing our power of interpreting the process. The resulting analytical framework is used to examine the nature of agricultural transformation in Bangladesh. It is found that despite favourable influences of some forces, lack of proper and pragmatic public· sector policies stood in the way of agricultural development of the country. This leads to the natural extension of the study to a vitally important but hitherto neglected area in which a formal model is developed to help the public sector find out the optimal allocation of its research and extension funds among various alternative farm activities. The model deals with a finite number of such activities and determines the efficient allocation in each crop subject to explicit physical and financial constraints. In addition, it also throws some light on the distributional effects of postulated technical change. The model is empirically implemented in the context of four major production activities in Bangladesh involving jute rice, sugarcane, and tea. In order to achieve this, different parameters of the model are estimated through econometric and other techniques. The results of the analysis reveal certain interesting facts. Rice is found to dominate other crops by virtue of its massive share in total agricultural output of the country. However, the conditions of final demand and the costs of the programme turn out to be important variables in the allocation of funds to the remaining crops. Among them sugarcane dominates the rest, followed by jute and tea. It is also found that technical change in rice production will be detrimental to its producers. This finding is important in several respects, but most important, it suggests that the public sector should take deliberate steps to offset the loss accruing to the rice growers to induce them to adopt the new technology.

Studies related to the allocation of resources to agricultural research and extension programmes are very few. Given that the agricultural sector is highly important in the economies of most of the developing countries, and that its performance has been quite disappointing in all but a few of them; the agricultural development strategies of many countries need to be re-examined and reformulated. The present study can be of some help in attaining this objective. However, this is one of the first studies in this area and these issues cannot be resolved on the basis of a single investigation. Repeated studies encompassing aspects of the problem that we were unable to incorporate will lead to the gradual accumulation of knowledge, permit a better understanding of the phenomenon, and help evolve a more effective way to deal with the entire issue.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: THE EFFECT OF SPECIFICITY OF ENCODING ON HUMAN MEMORY

contributor:
Begg, Ian M.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: The thesis examines the effect that specificity of encoding has on human memory. Specificity of encoding is defined as the precision and detail of stimulus analysis required to fulfill the purpose of the encoding task. The memory trace is characterized as the description of the analysis used to interpret the stimulus event. Greater specificity of encoding influences the quality of the memory trace by requiring a more complete and specific description of the stimulus to differentiate the stimulus in the task environment. The resulting memory trace is more distinctive and generally is more accessible and more discriminable from alternative traces. The experiments presented demonstrate that specificity of encoding in itself is not sufficient to ensure increased memory performance. Experiment 1 demonstrates that specificity of encoding enhances cued recall and recognition, and the cohesion of the memory trace, when the increased specificity stresses semantic, but not structural, aspects of the stimulus. The differential effect of specificity is attributable to the specificity of encoding and not to the cognitive effort expended during encoding. Experiment 2 demonstrates that specificity of encoding may occur without an accompanying completeness of encoding, resulting in a relatively inaccessible (free recall), but cohesive, memory trace. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrate that the potential distinctiveness of specific encoding may be masked by incongruity of encoding. Specificity of encoding results in a cohesive, retrievable memory trace. Despite the fact that incongruity interferes with specificity, such specificity may still result in higher recall than does a more general encoding for meaning. Experiment 5 demonstrates that the potential effects of specificity of encoding are severely undermined when incongruity leads to a superficial semantic encoding. Experiment 6 establishes that specificity of encoding is critical to the formation of a distinctive memory trace, but that the accessibility and discriminability of the trace may be hampered by a loss of specificity or completeness in the retrieval context. However, the cohesion of the memory trace is determined by the encoding and is not influenced by a change in context at the time of the memory test.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Microstructure and Growth of Al₂O₃ on Ni-Al Alloys

contributor:
Smeltzer, W.W.
Metallurgy and Materials Science

subject:
Materials Science and Engineering
Metallurgy
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract:
The oxidation properties of Ni-2, Ni-6 and Ni-32wt.%Al alloys were investigated in one atm oxygen at the temperature range 1273 to 1573 K. The reaction kinetics were determined thermogravimetrically and by layer thickness measurements. The reacted specimens were analyzed using light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray topography and electron metallographic techniques (TEM, SEM, EPMA and AES). Particular interest was given to the growth of Al₂O₃ on these alloys.

Ni-2wt.%Al alloy oxidizes parabolically, at a rate one order of magnitude larger than pure Ni, giving rise to a scale consisting of an outer AI-doped NiO layer, an inner NiO-NiAl₂O₄ layer and an Al₂O₃-alloy internal precipitation zone. The growth of the Al₂O₃ rodlike precipitates, which is interpreted by a NiO/Al(alloy) solid state displacement reaction, is controlled by oxygen diffusion through the Al-depleted alloy in the precipitation zone. The increase in the reaction rate is attributed to the doping effect of dissolved Al on NiO and the high affinity of Al for oxygen resulting in internal precipitation.

The oxidation kinetics of Ni-6wt.%Al alloy are irreproducible due to the formation of an imperfect Al₂O₃ scale containing NiO nodules, localized at alloy grain boundaries, beneath which Al₂O₃ is precipitated internally. The transition from internal precipitation to continuous Al₂O₃ formation is interpreted by a model involving the impingement of favorably oriented rodlike precipitates and lateral diffusion of Al from the impingement sites to neighboring regions of the precipitation front. The steady oxidation stage is controlled by thickening of the Al₂O₃ film.

The initial sub-microcrystalline film, which is formed on Ni-32wt.%Al alloy, "recrytallizes" subsequently to α-Al₂O₃ giving rise to a well oriented film containing regions of disarrayed polycrystalline oxide. Inert marker measurements indicated that the initial film grows by inward oxygen diffusion. The metallographic observations on the growth of the recrystallized α-Al₂O₃ scale are consistent with counter-current Al and oxygen boundary diffusion in the disarrayed oxide and outward Al lattice diffusion in the oriented film. Accordingly, the growth of this scale was interpreted by a short-circuit diffusion model involving simultaneous reactants lattice and boundary diffusion.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Homoaromaticity in homotropylium cations

contributor:
Childs, R.F.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Investigations on the structure and the stability of homotropylium cations are presented in this thesis. These studies were necessitated by the lack of direct experimental evidence for homoaromatic delocalization and stabilization. The more commonly used NMR method has been shown to be inadequate. The structure of 2-hydroxyhomotropylium was determined. Inspite of the crystallographic disorder encountered, the cyclopropane bond lengths could be obtained. The internal cyclopropane bond (1.626(8) Å) was found to be longer than the other two cyclopropane bonds (1.488(7) Å). The structure of this cation was found to be in very good agreement with that calculated by Haddon for the parent homotropylium cation using MIND0/3. On the basis of the close similarity of the solid state and solution ¹³C NMR spectra of the 2-hydroxyhomotropylium cation, it was concluded that this cation has the same structure in both solution and the solid state. Structural studies on other model compounds fully confirm that the homotropylium cation is homoaromatic. A calorimetric approach was used to gauge the energetic importance of homoaromaticity. Heats of protonation of several alicyclic ketones were measured. The heat of protonation of 2,3-homotropone was found to be more exothermic than that of cyclohepta-2,4-dienone by 2.9 kcal/mole. It was concluded that homoaromatic delocalization results in a significant stabilization of the homotropylium cation. The chemistry of the homotropylium cations was examined. The acid catalyzed rearrangements of 8,8-dimethyl-2,3-homotropone and the circumambulatory rearrangements in homotropylium cations were studied in detail. Site preference for the methyl and hydroxy substituents in the seven-membered ring was probed by estimating the relative energies of the four possible positional isomers. It was found that these substituents prefer positions 2 and 4. The protonation of homotroponeirontricarbonyl complexes was carried out in different acid media to contrast the properties of the classical cations generated with those of the homotropylium cations. A new approach, based on the experimental determination of the structure and energy of the homoaromatic system under consideration, has been proposed in order to define homoaromaticity.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Torsional Coupling in Seismic Response of Reactor Systems

contributor: Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

subject:
Civil Engineering
Engineering Mechanics
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The design of a nuclear power station to resist the effects of a strong motion earthquake represents one of the most significant considerations confronting, the electric power generating industry today. The prevailing view in the nuclear industry is that structures are designed to remain essentially elastic and functionally-important equipment to remain fully functional during and/or after an earthquake.

In seismic analysis of reactor buildings it is usual to consider planar models along each of the two principal axes, and to independently analyse the response of each model to the in-plane horizontal component of ground motion. Analysis on this basis is strictly valid only for structures with coincident centers of mass and rigidity. The lateral and torsional motions of the structure are coupled if the centers of mass and rigidity do not coincide.

It is the purpose of this thesis to consider the torsional effect in the seismic analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Reactor Systems and to illustrate the effect of the lateral-torsional coupling on the equipment response. The equipment response is represented by floor response spectra. It is usually impractical to include such equipment in the dynamic model representing the building structure because of the large difference between the mass of the equipment and that of the building. Therefore, the equipment and the building are treated separately and the building response are used as inputs for the equipment analysis.

A torsionally coupled reactor model is developed considering the effect of eccentricities between the center of mass and the center of rigidity for each floor level of the corresponding uncoupled model, and a detailed coupled analysis is investigated. To consider the effect of torsion, lateral floor spectra are developed for more than one location on each floor level. Uncoupled and coupled lateral floor spectra are presented for excitation due to several different earthquakes with the objective of evaluating the effect of torsional coupling and its influence on the equipment response.

The second object of this study is to develop a simple procedure to compute floor response spectra of the torsionally coupled reactor building without a time-history analysis. And finally, the effect of torsional ground motion is investigated, in which, a rotational time-history ground motion is generated in addition to the recorded lateral component and these two time-history excitations are used as input motions applied at the base of the torsionally reactor building. The floor response spectra are determined and analysed with the objective of evaluating the influence of the estimated torsional ground motion on the response parameters.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: OptimaI Utilization of Oil Revenues in Economic Development: An Application to Dynamic Multi-Sectoral Planning for Nigeria

subject: Economics Economics

abstract:
Since the oil crisis of 1973-74, the problem faced by the typical oil-producing country has been that of developing a production structure with which the excess supplies of financial capital, available to it could be transformed into human and physical capital over time. Because the inflows of oil funds were unanticipated, the initial attempt at the utilization of such funds resulted in the haphazard piling up of imports at rates which did not correspond to the absorptive capacity of a non-industrial oil-producing economy, thereby limiting thy contribution of these oil revenues to development. This study suggests a framework within which the inflow of oil-funds can be reasonably anticipated and the rate of oil production in each OPEC member-country geared towards its absorptive capacity. The model is applied within the context of dynamic multi-sectoral planning for Nigeria over the period 1974 to 2001.

This study has a distinct two-tier approach to the optimal determination of oil-production and oil-revenue utilization for OPEC as a whole and for Nigeria in particular. First, a dynamic programming model of the world oil market with OPEC as a monopolistic organization trying to maximize the discounted stream of net revenues accruing to its members is developed and solved. Then, the optimal rate of oil extraction determined is allocated to individual OPEC members on the basis of historical market shares, In the second part of the study, the results of the oil sub-model were integrated with a dynamic multi-sectoral planning model with the anticipated revenues as maximum levels of uncompensated transfers of funds from the oil sector for financing the plan. In this way, Nigeria's capacity to absorb oil revenues can be determined in an optimal way. This procedure was applied to long term planning for Nigeria over nine planning periods from 1974 to 2001 by use of large-scale linear programming techniques. Simulation experiments were also conducted with the planning model in order to determine the effects of changes in the model's basic parameter on the economy's absorptive capacity and the major macroeconomic variables.

Our results indicate that Nigeria's capacity to absorb oil revenues far exceeds the revenue-inflows that could derive from current allocations to it by OPEC. Thus, Nigeria can be expected to agitate for increases in the market share allocated to it by OPEC or to seek further increases in oil price while keeping within OPEC production norms. This would be particularly profitable for Nigeria up to 1986 after which it would probably reach the limit of its absorption capacity. Our computational experience with the planning model also indicates that Nigeria's future prospects will depend on several goals embodied in the model as constraints, the most important of which are - the rate of growth of imports that is permitted by explicit government policy, the savings rate that is set as a target, and the manner in which the export earnings from the oil sector are made available to the domestic economy.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Studies on the Mechanism of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

contributor:
Sweeney, George D.
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract:
The mechanism leading to porphyria cutanea tarda has been investigated using experimental porphyria caused by chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons as a model. This lesion closely ressembles porphyria cutanea tarda in man and was useful in determining the biochemical lesion directly responsible for the defect in heme biosynthesis.

Methodology was developed for rapid and accurate measurement of urinary porphyrins by use of derivative spectroscopy. Based upon this technique, an extraction procedure and assay for urinary porphyrinogens was developed.

The above methodology made possible a detailed examination of excreted intermediates in rats during the development of porphyria caused by hexachlorobenzene. It was found that increased excretion of both porphyrinogens and porphyrins occurred, which disproved the theory that porphyria resulted from accelerated oxidation of porphyrinogens. Detailed analysis of urinary and fecal porphyrins supported the hypothesis that decreased activity of uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase was the direct cause of the porphyria.

Examination of the susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to porphyria caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin established a relationship between inheritance of responsiveness to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and susceptibility to porphyria. This was confirmed using a back-crossed strain which had been phenotyped for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase responsiveness. It was found that susceptibility to porphyria was inherited with the gene controlling aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase responsiveness.

The requirement for non-heme tissue iron in the development of experimental porphyria was examined by depleting mice of stored iron prior to treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. It was found that iron deficiency protected against morphologic liver damage, depression of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, and skin lesions caused by the dioxin.

It was concluded that the development of porphyria caused by chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons is attributable to decreased uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity which is brought about by a process in the liver which requires both iron and susceptibility to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Experimental Hyperphenylalaninemia in the Pregnant and Nonpregnant Guinea Pig

contributor: Medical Sciences (Growth and Development)

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism in which the conversion of L-phenylalanine (Phe) to L-tyrosine (Tyr) is greatly diminished. This metabolic block results in high blood Phe levels with low to normal Tyr levels and is usually accompanied by mental retardation unless the disease is treated by dietary restriction of Phe early in life. In recent years it has become apparent that many of the non-PKU offspring of PKU women are damaged in utero by their mother's disease. Approximately 90% of the non-PKU children of PKU mothers are mentally retarded, over 50% are microcephalic and suffer intrauterine growth retardation, while nearly 40% have some congenital malformation. The risk to the offspring of women with hyperphenylalaninemia (hyperphe) probably decreases as the maternal Phe level decreases, althought the "safe" level of maternal hyperphe is not yet well defined. It does appear however, that the developing offspring of women with Phe levels of at least 15 mg/100 ml face substantial risk of in utero damage. Attempts to prevent offspring damage by treatment of pregnant hyperphe women with dietary restriction of Phe have had only limited success. There are still many unanswered questions regarding the management of maternal hyperphe and these will become even more pressing as increasing numbers of PKU women who were success fully treated as children reach reproductive age. Since clinical data are limited attempts have been made to establish experimental animal models of maternal hyperphe.

Early animal studies produced maternal hyperphe by administering large doses of Phe to pregnant animals. Although some of these studies suggested associations between maternal hyperphe and behavioral and biochemical abnormalities found in the offspring, most were confounded by maternal hypertyrosinemia, an abnormality never found in PKU. More recent approaches have utilized the Phe hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) in order to prevent Tyr elevation following Phe administration. Experiments using both Phe and pCPA administration have more closely mimicked the biochemical characteristics of PKU, however methodological problems have limited the interpretation of many of these studies. In addition, the work with combined Phe and pCPA treatment has been restricted to the rat, a species in which significant differences from human prenatal development exist. The prenatal development of the guinea pig is more similar to man, especially with respect to the brain, and a study was therefore undertaken to determine the suitability of the guinea pig as a possible model of maternal hyperphe. Initially guinea pigs were injected with various regimens of Phe and pCPA. Blood Phe was transiently elevated to levels comparable to those found in PKU patients, however even following very high doses of both Phe and pCPA, Phe fell to near-normal levels within 10 hours of the Phe injection. The blood Phe response of the animals injected with pCPA suggested that the Phehydroxylase inhibition induced by pCPA in guinea pigs is of a much shorter duration than has been reported in rats. Since Phe does not fall to normal levels at any time in untreated PKU, other methods of administering pCPA and Phe were evaluated. Studies were undertaken in which both Phe and pCPA were incorporated into test diets and then fed to guinea pigs. This approach resulted in hyperphe comparable to that associated with significant risk to the human fetus which could be maintained for many weeks in both pregnant and nonpregnant animals. The optimum dietary pCPA supplement was determined by maximizing hepatic Phe hydroxylase inhibition and plasma Phe concentration. The amount of pCPA required to maximally decrease Phe hydroxylase activity in guinea pigs is considerably more than is needed in the rat. Indirect evidence was obtained which suggests that this species difference may be due, at least in part, to rapid excretion of pCPA as p-chlorophenylpyruvic acid by the guinea pig. The appropriate dietary Phe supplement was determined by monitoring plasma Phe and Tyr levels as well as food intake and weight gain in animals fed test diets supplemented with pCPA and various amounts of Phe. Additional work demonstrated that plasma Phe levels remained elevated for at least a 12 hour period during a single day and that ascorbic acid is needed for guinea pigs to efficiently metabolize Tyr.

When stable maternal hyperphe was induced by feeding pregnant guinea pigs appropriate test diets, abortion occurred and was found to be related to pCPA, even in the absence of substantial hyperphe. Further study of the effects of pCPA and hyperphe during early pregnancy was undertaken by feeding guinea pigs test diets from day 1 of pregnancy and collecting embryos on gestation day 17. Only7. Only pCPA was associated with embryonic death, however malformed embryos were significantly associated with maternal hyperphe, even in the absence of pCPA administration. The relationship between maternal hyperphe and malformed embryos had not been previously demonstrated in animals and it may have relevance to the high frequency of congenital defects found in offspring of PKU women. Evidence of embryonic developmental retardation was also found and hyperphe may be causally related to this abnormality as well. Both Phe and Tyr were found to be actively transported to the early embryo and this transport of Phe might be related to its teratogenicity. The embryo toxicity of pCPA limits the utility of the current approach. Use of newer Phe hydroxylase inhibitors in pregnant guinea pigs may prove informative.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Effect of Internal Stresses and Interfacial Properties on Toughening of Brittle Matrices

contributor:
Nicholson, P.S.
Metallurgy

subject: Metallurgy Metallurgy

abstract:
The role of elastic, thermal and interfacial properties in the toughening of brittle particulate composites was studied. Three different systems were designed for these studies: 1) glass - partly oxidized Ni, where the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass is lower, equal to and higher than that of Ni; 2) glass - partly oxidized Al, in which both thermal expansion coefficients and elastic moduli are equal; and 3) the LiF-MgF₂ system, where the thermal expansion coefficient of LiF is 3.4 x that of MgF₂, and the elastic moduli of the two phases is similar. The first two systems were fabricated by mixing and hot-pressing the powders. In the LiF-MgF₂ system, second-phase particles were produced via a precipitation reaction.

It was found that when the thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus of the second phase particles are higher than that of the glass matrix, a crack has a tendency to bypass the particles, propagating consistently in the matrix material. When the thermal and elastic stresses are eliminated and satisfactory bonding is achieved, a toughness increase up to 60 x that of the matrix results.

In the LiF-MgF₂ composite, a 15 - 20 x toughness increase was achieved and is attributed to the precipitation of incoherent rod-shaped MgF₂ precipitates.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Effects of prenatal haloperidol on brain dopamine development

contributor:
Rathbone, Michel P.
Medical Sciences, Neurosciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Little is known about the potential toxicity of neuroleptics administered during pregnancy, although they are known to cross the placenta and reach the fetal brain. The neuroleptic, haloperidol, is often the drug of choice for treatment of psychotic and affective disorders and sometimes as an adjunct during labour. Hence it is frequently administered to women of childbearing age and during pregnancy. Haloperidol is a potent antagonist of dopamine (DA) receptors in the brain. The question raised is "Does the administration of haloperidol during the period of DA neuron synaptogenesis (third trimester in the rat) interfere with the normal development of DA neurons and post-synaptic receptors? If so does this alter subsequent brain DA function as reflected in behaviour and hormonal regulation in the offspring?" Haloperidol or vehicle (control) were administered to timed-pregnant rats on gestation days 15 to 21. At birth, all offspring were fostered by untreated lactating dams. The effects of this treatment on three DA systems, (nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and tuberoinfundibular systems) in the brains of offspring were assessed on postnatal day 25 using morphological, pharmacological, biochemical and behavioural analyses. The results indicated that haloperidol treatment during the third trimester produced a deficit in the growth of nigrostriatal DA neurons and decreased postsynaptic DA receptors without affecting the postsynaptic enzyme, adenylate cyclase. Offspring of haloperidol rats showed locomotor hyperactivity even after reaching adulthood. They also showed an abnormal increase in prolactin secretion when challenged with haloperidol on postnatal day 25. There was a significant sex difference in behavioural and hormonal responses to haloperidol, with female offspring showing greater sensitivity. These data demonstrate that treatment with haloperidol for even a short period during pregnancy can produce long term, perhaps even permanent alterations in morphological, pharmacological, behavioural and hormonal development of brain DA neurons, in the absence of overt teratogenic effects. Subtle defects in offspring brain development may pre-dispose them to later difficulties associated with abnormal DA function, especially in situations of stress. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation of the potential toxicity of neuroleptics, especially during prenatal development.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Metabolism of Phospholipids in Platelets in Response to Stimuli

contributor:
Mustard, J.F.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Platelet aggregation plays an important role in both the formation of a hemostatic plug and in the generation of thrombus. The mechanism of platelet aggregation has not been fully elucidated. It is conceivable that changes in the synthesis, breakdown or rate of turnover of some of the constituents of the platelet membrane may be important in the mechanisms of aggregation. Recent experimental evidence in other mammalian tissues has implicated the closed circle conversion between MPI and PA as part of the membrane receptor-effector interaction process, and a possible role permeability toward of TPI-DPI interconversion in the regulation of membrane permeability toward Na⁺ and K⁺. Platelets have been recognized to be a useful model for these studies because of its abundance in phosphoinositides and easiness of obtaining pure platelet suspensions. Previous studies showed that addition of ADP to ³²P-labeled washed platelets caused an increase in radioactivity in PA in 2 sec, DPI in 30 sec and MPI in 2-3 min. TPI-DPI interconversion was suspected but consistent changes in ³²P-radioactivity in TPI was not detected. Similar changes were observed in platelets in response to thrombin stimulation. In none of the studies in other tissues all the metabolic pathways for inositol lipids were studied simultaneously. The aims of the present experiments were to investigate TPI-DPI interconversion and MPI metabolism during platelet aggregation and the release reaction caused by ADP, ionophore A23,187 and thrombin. Since these stimuli are considered to act on platelets by different mechanisms, their effects on the platelet phosphoinositide metabolism were compared. Furthermore, experiments were carried out with unstimulated platelets labeled with ³²PO₄ to find out if there vere differences in the patterns of ³²PO₄ incorporation into the major platelet phospholipids (PC, PE, PS) under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as claimed by former investigators.

Using improved methods for separation of phosphoinositides, it was found that the pattern of ³²P-incorporation into the major phospholipids in platelet suspension was similar to that of in vivo platelets when the incubation was carried out for many hours. Therefore, the phosphate moiety in all phospholipids turn over; but the phosphate in the major phospholipids turn over much more slowly than that in the phosphoinositides.

During ADP-induced platelet aggregation, hydrolysis of TPI to DPI was measurable at 60 sec, with a loss of ³²PO₄, ¹⁴C-arachidonic acid and ³H-inositol from TPI. This hydrolysis was abolished by AMP, an inhibitor of ADP-induced aggregation. Resynthesis of TPI occurred during platelet deaggregation, with the ³²PO₄ radioactivity of this compound being restored to the control level. With A23,187-induced aggregation and release, hydrolysis of TPI did not occur. While there was a significant amount of MPI converted into PA, the majority of MPI appeared to be hydrolysed to fatty acid and lyso MPI. Using platelets labelled with ¹⁴C-arachidonic acid, ³H-glycerol, ³H-inositol, ³²PO₄ and phosphorus assay, it was found that thrombin caused a decrease in TPI (-5.64 ± 1.55%, P < 0.005) as early as 9 sec when platelet shape change was maximal, ³²P-content was also decreased. Resynthesis of TPI was measurable at 60 sec. Most of the MPI was metabolised via the 1,2-diacylglycerol pathway. The the amount of PA was increased. A small amount of the MPI was converted to polyphosphoinositides or lyso MPI and free fatty acid. These experiments have shown a close relationship between changes in phosphoinositide metabolism and platelet aggregation and the release reaction.

These principal changes are: (1) increased TPI- DPI interconversion; (2) increased conversion of MPI to l,2-diacylglycerol PA and MPI; (3) with the release reaction conversion of MPI to lyso MH and free fatty acids.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Forest Threshold: Princes, Sages and Demons in the Hindu Epics

contributor:
Kinsley, David
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract:
More than simply a backdrop, the forest in the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyana is one of three central environments in the Hindu epics, and of the three is easily the setting which most frequently shapes the epic action. By studying the forest, the people who pass through it and their activities there, a new perspective on Hindu epic narrative is gained.

The central thesis of this study is that the tripartite process of transformation, first observed in rites of passage, operates in the forest-related sections of the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyana, the middle or threshold phase of that process centering in the forest. The forest, then, acts as a threshold across which the epic heroes and heroines pass as they move from one life-stage to another or as is more often the case, from one state of existence to another.

For example, in the early adventures of both Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and the Pāṇḍava brothers, the heroes move from the brahmacarya life-stage to the grhastha life-stage. Similarly both Nala and Damayantī reflect this transformative process: Nala as he moves from being a ritually impure, possessed, insane king to a purified, liberated, sane king; Damayantī as she moves from being the wife of a madman to the wife of a just, powerful ruler. Damayantī's transition in more dramatic than first appears for in epic India a woman had very few life options, thus a disastrous marriage meant that she was as good as dead. Both Draupadī and Sītā cross forest thresholds similar to Damayantī's. The Pāṇḍava brothers and Rāma also cross smimilar forest thresholds. Their movement from a state of peace to a state of war occurs primarily during the forest exiles common to both epics. Finally, while they dwell in the forest threshold, the epic religious heroes and heroines par excellence, the tapas-doing ascetics, move from a state of existence in which they are subject to death to a state of immortality. This last process, the movement from mundane, profane sphere to sacred sphere·, provides a pattern useful for further understanding the forest activities of Rāma and the Pāṇḍavas.

In studying these various movements between states of existence, characteristics of the threshold phase of these processes emerge. In the case of the Pāṇḍavas, when the dynamic movement of the threshold is stressed, celibacy, communitas, pilgrimage and the intersection of mythic and heroic planes are the central characteristics. In the case of Rāma, when the more static ideal nature of the threshold is stressed, the dual modality of Nowhere and Source is the central characteristic. These characteristics themselves become tools with which to understand some of the intricacies of epic narrative.

More importantly by focusing on the forest, an essential difference between the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa can be explored. And this is certainly one of the most important contributions of this study. Very few investigations have endeavoured to treat both of the Hindu epics. The reasons for this are complex, but I suspect that to confront the whole of both epics is impossible because of their vastness, while to choose a perspective from which to see both epics simultaneously without trivializing is difficult. The forest in the Mahabharata and RamayaQa provides a substantial perspective and thus a study of it is helpful in understanding the meanings of the Hindu epics.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Discontinuous precipitation in Copper Cobalt Alloys

contributor:
Purdy, G.R.
Metallurgy and Materials Science

abstract: This thesis is concerned with the cooperative growth problem of the discontinuous precipitation reaction of rod-like particles and their subsequent spheroidization into rows. Previous theories are examined, and the details of a model for the transformation, which assumes the existence of local equilibrium between the product phases,are derived. The steady state diffusion equation is solved under the assumption of boundary diffusion controlled growth in the case of rod symmetry. The available kinetic data and auxiliary information are used to test the model. The results are consistent with the premise that a boundary friction term determines the rate of interface migration. The electron microscopy is used to determine the precipitate morphology and their size and distribution. The results are interpreted in the light of existing knowledge and concepts especially developed for the purpose of this investigation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Stability Studies of Short, Imperfect RNA Double Helices

contributor:
Neilson, Thomas
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract:
The stability of short, imperfect RNA double helices was investigated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, since this physical technique can give conformational information of solution species at the individual nucleoside level. The short oligoribonucleotides used in these studies were chemically synthesized by the phosphotriester method of Neilson and associates, which is capable of preparing a wide variety of sequences in the quantities required for NMR spectroscopic experiments. The work reported in this thesis was the first to combine chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotides with pmr spectroscopic techniques to investigate systematically the effect of imperfections on the stability of short RNA duplexes:

1. The mechanism by which a dangling base region stabilizes an adjacent duplex region was studied. The results of this study demonstrated, for the first time, that a dangling base stabilizes a double helix by increasing favourable base stacking interactions without reducing fraying of terminal base pairs.

2. The duplex set AGGA:UCCU was studied as a model of the Shine-Dalgarno mRNA-16 S rRNA binding site. The AGGA:UCCU duplex was more stable than two other duplexes with identical base composition, CAUG fray at the terminal A-U base pairs. This result was the first to demonstrate that fraying is a sequence related phenomenon.

3. The effect of small loops on the stability of short duplexes was investigated by the pentanucleotides CAXUG (X = A,G,C,U). These pentamers did not form double helices with a non-bonded base opposition under conditions where CAUG exists as a stable duplex. This result suggests that short duplex regions separating small loops may be more susceptible to transient opening than other duplex regions in native RNAs.

4. The study of the duplex set CAGUG:CAUUG was the first to investigate the formation of a G-U wobble base pair within-a regular Watson-Crick base paired double helix. The use of pmr spectroscopy allowed the observation that the G-U base pair was less stable than the surrounding Watson-Crick base-pairs.

5. Certain sequences, for example CGCG, are capable of forming both a perfect helix and a staggered helix. The results of a pmr study of CGGC, which can only form a staggered duplex, demonstrated that the staggered duplex formed in solution must have a special conformation different from the conformation of a perfect helix. The pmr study of CGCG was probably complicated by the existence of a complex series of equilibria between random coil, perfect double helix and staggered duplex. Sequences which can only form a perfect duplex should be chosen for study to keep the helix-coil transition under study relatively simple.

Some of the results presented in this thesis have appeared in the literature:

1. P.J. Romaniuk, D.W. Hughes, R.J. Gregoire, T. Neilson and R.A. Bell. "Contribution of a G-U Base Pair to the Stability of a Short RNA Helix." (1979) J. Chemical Soc. Chemical Commun., in press.

2. P.J. Romaniuk, D.W. Hughes, R.J. Gregoire, T. Neilson and R.A. Bell. "Stabilizing Effect of Dangling Bases on a Short RNA Double Helix as Determined by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." (1978) J. American Chemical Soc. 100, 3971.

3. P.J. Romaniuk. T. Neilson. D.W. Hughes and R.A. Bell. "Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies on Short Duplexes. II. The Self- Complementary Oligoribonucleotide CpApUpG." (1978) Can. J. Chem. 56, 2249.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A STUDY OF AIR-OIL TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A HORIZONTAL STRAIGHT PIPE

contributor:
Ching, C.
Shoukri, M.
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Engineering

abstract:
Air-oil flows are found in many industrial applications, including lubrication systems for high-speed machining and jet engines. Understanding the interaction of the two phases, and the effect flow characteristics have on pressure drop, are important to design lubrication systems. Applying pressure drop models without taking flow regime into account has been shown to result in large prediction errors.

The overall objective of this research is to gain a better understanding of air-oil two-phase flow in a 1/2" ID horizontal straight pipe. The two key goals are to correct flow regime identification and pressure drop predictions. A new air-oil two-phase experimental facility was designed and commissioned. The facility can accommodate multiple test section geometries. Pressure drops for a wide range of test conditions were measured. Flow regimes were identified with the aid of a high-speed video camera.

A capacitance sensor was developed to measure instantaneous void fraction and to obtain useful information to identify flow regimes. Three existing flow regime maps used for identification were evaluated using the current air-oil data. Significant errors in the prediction of the transitional boundaries of these maps were found. Corrections to the transitional boundaries to improve the overall prediction accuracy of the maps are suggested. The Mandhane et .al. (1974) flow regime map with suggested corrections was found to most accurately predict the transitional boundaries.

Several existing pressure drop models were evaluated with data from the new test facility. The Chisholm (1973) and Martinelli (1948) models were found to have the highest accuracy with 40% RMSE. A correction factor was applied to the Martinelli model, resulting in 19% RMSE. Recommendations on the appropriate model for each identified flow regime are also made. Particular attention is paid to the prediction of pressure drop in the mist flow regime, due to the industrial applications of the regime.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: AN INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIME TRANSITION IN LARGE DIAMETER PIPES

contributor:
Ching, C.Y.
Shoukri, M.

abstract: The characteristics and flow regime transitions of two-phase (gas/liquid) flow in a vertical large diameter pipe were experimentally investigated. The experiments were performed in a 20cm diameter and 10m long pipe using air and water. The bubble characteristics were measured with a dual-optical probe. Data reduction techniques were developed to estimate the local void fraction, bubble diameter, frequency and velocity. A total of twenty-one flow conditions with superficial air velocity in the range 0.02 to 0.24m/s and superficial water velocity in the range 0.25 to 0.45m/s were investigated. Flow pattern transitions from bubbly to churn flow, without an intermediate slug flow, were observed in the present facility. The bubbly to churn transition occurs at lower superficial air velocities compared to that in small diameter pipes. An empirical transition boundary for bubbly to churn transition is developed for the present experiment. The wall-peak local void fraction and bubble frequency profiles, which are characteristic of bubbly flow in small diameter pipes, were only observed at very low void fraction (〈α〉< 0.04) bubbly flows. The bubbly flow can be classified into undisturbed and agitated bubbly flow according to the bubble motion. The current data is used to evaluate existing drift-flux model correlations for large diameter pipes.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE LOCAL VOID FRACTION MEASUREMENTS IN LARGE-DIAMETER VERTICAL PIPES USING OPTICAL FIBER PROBES

contributor:
Shoukri, M.
Mechanical Engineering

abstract: This thesis contains the details of an experimental study on the local void fraction measurements in large-diameter vertical pipes using optical fiber probes. The experiments were conducted in vertical transparent acrylic pipe of a 20cm diameter. An experimental test facility used for performing of experiments, was designed as a low-pressure air-water loop, which can operate in either a natural circulation mode or a forced circulation mode. Radial void fraction profiles were measured using an optical fiber probe. An average cross-sectional void fraction was calculated by integration of the data obtained by the optical fiber probe. The average void fraction was also calculated using two-phase pressure-drop measurements The results were compared and the resulting good accuracy of the optical fiber probe was determined. The flow regime results were plotted interms of superficial gas and liquid velocities using flow regime maps of several researchers. Absence of the slug flow regime in large-diameter pipes was observed during the experiments. The data were correlated using the drift-flux model. A near unity distribution parameter showed that nearly uniform radial distribution of the void fraction dominates in two-phase flow through large-diameter vertical pipes.


title: TWO-PHASE BUBBLY FLOW STRUCTURE IN LARGE DIAMETER PIPES

abstract:
Two-phase flow structure of an air-water, bubbly, upward, cocurrent flow in a large diameter pipe, 20cm, was investigated experimentally. Local flow parameters such as void fraction, bubble velocity, bubble diameter and inter facial area concentration were measured using a dual fiber optic probe.

A well calibrated air-water testing loop was used to conduct the present experimental work. A computerized data acquisition system was used to analyze the probe output signals and so measuring the different flow parameters.

The local time-averaged bubble diameter was measured using a direct averaging method and Uga's statistical method. The interfacial area concentration was measured using two methods; the bubble diameter-based method and the direct method proposed by Kataoka et al. (1985).

Results of the present tests were compared with available data obtained for flow in small diameter pipes under the same flow conditions. Also, selected existing correlations based on data from small diameter pipe flows were applied to the present data to check their applicability to flows in large diameter pipes.

The results indicated the following under the same flow conditions, the local void fractions were in good agreement with those of Stankovic (1992) obtained using the same experimental setup. The bubble diameter results obtained using the direct average method and Uga's statistical method were in good agreement. The present work showed that the bubble diameter was generally insensitive to changing the flow rate. Unlike the small diameter pipes results, the present work showed an increase in bubble diameter near the wall.

Local Interfacial Area Concentration (IAC) results obtained using the two measuring methods were in good agreement. The IAC values measured in the present work were higher than those obtained in small diameter pipes under the same flow conditions. Also, the existing IAC correlations underestimated the area-averaged values significantly, particularly at low air flow rates.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Complexation of Copper in Natural Waters. Determination of Complexing Capacities and Conditional Stability Constants in Natural Waters by MnO₂, and the Implications for Phytoplankton Toxicity

contributor:
Kramer, James R.
Geochemistry

subject: Geochemistry Geochemistry

abstract:
After a recapitulation of complexation theory, a theory is developed for the determination of copper complexation for mono- and bidentate complexes and for 2:1 complexes (CuL₂) by ion exchange. This theory can be applied in principle to other ion exchange methods that make use of weak ion exchange media with an adsorption behavior of metal ions similar to Langmuir adsorption. From this theory it has been deduced that titration with Cu²⁺ of a single ligand, in presence of a weak ion exchange medium, can be graphically represented by a straight line; slope and intercept with the Y-axis provide information on the conditional stability constant and the ligand concentration. In certain conditions similar data may be obtained for a second ligand, from a single titration of the sample with Cu²⁺ at fixed pH.

An aged dispersion of MnO₂ is used as an ion exchange medium to determine complexing capacities of natural waters and conditional stability constants for complexes with copper ions. The method is sufficiently sensitive to apply to original water samples: no pre-concentration is necessary. Limits of detection are a minimum of 0.15 μM ligands and log conditional stability constants (log K') between 6 and 10 at pH 8, analyses may be performed at any pH between 6 and 9.

For fulvic acid (FA) and for ligands in dystrophic rivers log K' = ~7.8 at pH 7.6, the ligand concentration is 5-30 μM; for ligands in lakes log K' ranges from 7.6 to 8.5 at pH 7.6, the ligand concentration is 0.2-3 μM. Generally only one ligand is dominantly present. From pH 5 to 9 the state of copper in natural waters is regulated by organic complexing ligands.

Literature survey shows that conditional stability constants for complexes of humic acids (HAs) and FAs with Cu²⁺ have a constant relationship with the pH: log K' = pH -0.5, when 5 < pH < 8.5; for the same pH limits, the affinity of HAs and FAs for protons is about 3x larger than for Cu²⁺ ions. K' values for natural ligands analysed with the Mn°2 method also vary with the pH on a 1:1 basis of log K' vs. pH. Apparently a proton is exchanged for each Cu²⁺ ion bound.

Three algal species, Anabaena cylindrica, Navicula pelliculosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda excreted 6.73, 2.86, and 0.66 μM of complexing ligands, respectively, with values for log K' of 7.7, 8.1, and 8.6, respectively, for complexes with copper. A free copper ion concentration of 10ˉ¹⁰˙³ M is calculated for each exudate, while in lakes a concentration of 10ˉ⁹˙⁸ to 10ˉ¹⁰˙² M is found. Algal exudates are similar in complexing ability to some amino acids and to ligands in lakes, and ameliorate toxicity of copper ions to the primary production of Chlorella vulgaris. From model calculation it is apparent that in presence of dissolved organic ligands toxicity or availability of Cu²⁺ to phytoplankton does not depend on pH, for 5.5 < pH < 8 and low Pco₂.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in Skeletal Muscle in Vivo and Perfused Heart

contributor: Medical Sciences (Blood and Cardiovascular)

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
The goal was to determine the physiological significance of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activation in muscle. The PDH activity was measured in small samples of muscle obtained by needle biopsy from normal volunteers. In heart PDH was measured using an isolated perfused rat heart preparation. The PDH activity was measured by determining ¹⁴Co₂ production from pyruvate-1-¹⁴C using whole tissue homogenates.

The total PDH (PDHt) activity in human skeletal muscle was 302 ± 10 nmol/g/min. with about 40 ± 3% in the active form (PDHa). With aerobic exercise (60% VO₂max) more than 88% of PDH was converted to PDHa within 5 min. Aerobic training did not increase the resting muscle PDHt activity (untrained 304 ± 4, trained 309 ± 8 nmol/g/min,) but it increased the PDHa from 124 ± 9 nmol/g/min. to 215 ± 15 nmol/g/min.

Muscle immobilization by arm cast for 6 weeks decreased the PDHa from 112 ± 4 to 28 ± 4 nmol/g/min. but it had no effect on the PDHt activity. Exercise following immobilization decreased the rate and the extent of PDH activation while exercise after weight training increased the extent of PDH activation.

Starvation for 24 and 48 hr. in rat heart decreased PDHa from 2768 ± 73 to 1286 ± 109 and 920 ± 149 nmol/g/min. respectively.

In the perfused heart PDH was fully activated by epinephrine (1.3 μg/ml), insulin (1 mU/ml) and high (>0.2 mM) pyruvate concentration. PDH activation was not mediated by cyclic AMP since insulin activated PDH but did not change the heart cyclic AMP concentration. Propranolol prevented epinephrine from activating PDH. Octanoic acid decreased the proportion of PDH in the active form.

In the heart a detailed study of the relationship between the rate of heart pyruvate oxidation and PDH activation was undertaken. In all experimental conditions where the rate of pyruvate oxidation was changed, parallel changes in the PDHa activity was seen. The correlation between PDH activation and rate of heart pyruvate oxidation was greater than 0.92. These findings suggest that interconversion of PDHa and PDHɨ probably control the rate of heart pyruvate oxidation. A similar correlation was not seen in skeletal muscle during exercise. The calculated rate of muscle pyruvate oxidation was several fold greater than the extent of PDH activation. Although the activation of PDH regulates pyruvate oxidation in both heart and skeletal muscle, in heart this is achieved through the interconversion of active and inactive PDH whereas in skeletal muscle allosteric conversion of the active form of PDH plays a greater part.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Labor and the Development of Industrial Capitalism in Eastern Kentucky, 1870-1930

contributor:
Cuneo, Carl
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: The development of industrial capitalism requires the emergence of a class of propertyless wage laborers and a class of capital investors. My goal in this dissertation has been to provide a concrete historical examination of various factors which helped give impetus and shape to this class relation in selected eastern Kentucky counties from 1870-1930. After a theoretical chapter which outlines a framework for class analysis, the study is divided into two parts.The first part considers several factors which helped give impetus to the development of a capitalist mode of production. Attention centers upon 1) the policies of Kentucky politicians toward the issues of labor scarcity and how to best attract capital for economic improvement and 2) a concrete examination of patterns of capital investments in several counties. The main thrust in this section is that activities carried out by agents of capital and the state combined to play a fundamental role in the spring of class relations in the area. This section concludes with a statistical analysis of the growth of a working class. The second part of the dissertation offers a more detailed look at the formation of class relations in the region's dominant industry -- coal. Attention focuses upon 1) conflicting interpretations of living and working conditions by agents of capital and labor and 2) the institutional and ideological supports to class reproduction and capitaIist hegemony. Special attention is given to the role of the state, monopolistic patterns of resource ownership, company towns, and single-industry labor markets as key factors which helped shape the class structure in Eastern Kentucky. The data in the study suggest several conclusions. First, the importance of transcending individual-level explanations of the "Appalachian situation" is underscored. While undoubtedly important the ideas and conclusions of cultural theorists need to be placed in a structural context; that is, the links between, the structure of class and the problems of everyday living in Central Appalachia need to be adequately understood. Second, modernization and other theories which assume the efficacy of a free market cannot provide a realistic explanation because they cannot focus upon the repressive character that labor relations often manifest. Third, analysis of the coal industry underlines,the importance of studying class development from a regional standpoint but within a national context. Finally, the data suggest that the researcher beware of interpretations of Central Appalachia which emphasize it as a 'unique' region. There may be some basis for examining the area as a special case of rural industrial development as even today Eastern Kentucky is perhaps the most densely populated industrial rural area in the United States. But, Eastern Kentucky in general and the coal counties in particular emerged in the context of national capitalist developments.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Proof of God's Existence in the Work of Joseph Maréchal

contributor:
Vallée, Gérard
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract:
In the work of Joseph Maréchal, S.J. (1878-1944) there are several approaches to a proof of the existence of God. These approaches occur in the course of Maréchal's carrying out of a larger philosophical task, to vindicate the possibility of a realist metaphysics on the grounds of speculative reason, and to show a "critical" justification of this metaphysics, against those who deny its possibility or label it "dogmatic''. Here and there in the execution of this larger task, in Le point de départ de la métaphysique and in several shorter writings, Maréchal's approaches to God-proof appear in bits and pieces, with an occasional fuller development. The first purpose of this dissertation is to connect these bits and pieces, which requires an interpretation of Maréchal's thought on the subject. The interpretation is based on an investigation of two approaches to God-proof which are largely original to Maréchal, namely an approach through intellectual finality and an approach through the first principle of speculative thought of identity or non-contradiction). We examine also Maréchal's interpretation of the "five ways" of St. Thomas Aquinas, which according to Maréchal represent the type of all valid demonstration of God's existence. From this investigation it is found that a common core of argumentation links all of the "ways" of St. Thomas and is found in Maréchal approaches from intellectual finality and the first principle as well. This common core comprises two elements: the discernment, in a finite reality, of an imperfect intrinsic intelligibility; and the application to this reality of a requirement of perfect intelligibility, which Maréchal considers the most basic requirement of objective thought as such. Maréchal equates imperfect intrinsic intelligibility with what is usually called "contingency"; thus the common core of argumentation is called a "proof from contingency". We agree with Maréchal that this "proof from contingency" is the logical core of all of St. Thomas' "ways", and we find it to be also the core of the original ways presented by Maréchal. In addition, we find those ways -- intellectual finality and the first principle -- to be tacitly operative in the "ways" of St. Thomas.

A second purpose of this study is to demonstrate the capacity of Maréchal's analysis of God-proof, an analysis we regard as particularly penetrating, to illuminate the meaning of other attempted God-proofs, to assist in the task of interpreting and evaluating them. For this purpose we apply Maréchal's analysis, such as we have interpreted it, to some other proofs. Two proofs, Kant's Beweisgrund proof of I763 and St. Anselm's proof in the Proslogion, are selected. We argue that Kant's proof shared some crucial points with Maréchal but ultimately failed because, unlike Maréchal's, it rested on a "static" rather than a "dynamic" and "finalistic" conception of speculative knowledge. We argue that St. Anselm's proof is not the "ontological argument" according to the principal meaning of that phrase in modern philosophy. We find that it shares with Maréchal's argument the most important features: a dynamic and finalistic quality and a purely discursive (non-intuitive) starting point and procedure, centering upon the mind's need to affirm an infinitely intelligible being in order to satisfy its internal finality. Although in Maréchal the crucial points of the argument are more explicit, there is between Anselm and Maréchal a radical unity of intention.

We judge Maréchal approaches to God-proof, his pivotal insights and the use he makes of them, to be adequate to the demands of philosophical reason and harmonious with the further demands of a properly "religious" conception of God.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Multiple Migration and the Social Participation of Married Women

contributor:
Jones, Frank E.
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to explore whether and in what ways the frequency of migration may affect the extra-family social participation of married women. Prior sociological analysis has not addressed the issue although demographic data indicate that multiple migration has become a prevalent phenomenon among the population of urban Canada. The thesis focuses upon three aspects of married women's social participation: married women as labor force participants, as members of voluntary organizations and as participants in an informal network of friends, kin and neighbors. The design of the research is that of a cross-sectional survey of migrants who had recently migrated to the Hamilton-Burlington area of Ontario, Canada. The sample consists of one-hundred-one married women who were interviewed approximately nine to twelve months after their most recent migration. The analysis indicates that rate of geographic mobility is a factor affecting several aspects of social participation, although for the most part the evidence is not strong. The most common finding is that multiple migration, regardless of the number of multiple moves, has different consequences for social participation than one-time migration.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)