title: Life Under the Umbrella of Promise: Addressing Pastoral Needs of the Elderly from a Reformed Perspective

contributor:
Horsnell, Malcolm
Divinity College

abstract: The defining question of this thesis is: "What are the spiritual needs of the elderly and how can we best address them pastorally?" The writer has restricted his area of study to addressing the pastoral needs of the elderly from a Reformed perspective. This was done. first of all. because very little resource material is available in that area. In the second place. in his research to date the author came to the preliminary conclusion that pastoral care functions best when it is "religion specific". His governing hypothesis in writing the thesis is that pastoral care to the elderly needs a clearer focus. greater exposure. and more diligent attention. In a holistic approach to the needs of the elderly there has to be a spiritual care dimension. The author took as his starting point that the Bible provides positive directives for this kind of spiritual care to the elderly. At the same time he worked with the conviction that. if his assumption is correct that in Reformed circles pastoral care to the elderly needs a clearer focus. the likelihood exists that the same applies to other denominations. This study provides a clear biblical focus from which other Christians can benefit in their ministry to the elderly. The first part of this study lays a biblical basis for pastoral care of the elderly in the church community. The second part contains a few excursions. one of which deals with the matter of pastoral care to the cognitively impaired elderly. In the third section the reader finds the results of a Needs Assessment Questionnaire in which both the elderly and the pastoral caregivers indicate what they perceive to be the pastoral needs of the elderly. The ultimate goal of this work is to stress that pastoral care to the elderly is an essential part of ministry. In order for the elderly to receive holistic care, the church needs to provide the component of spiritual care. Ministry to the elderly is as important as ministering to youth, and it is imperative that especially in the church community the elderly receive the God-given dignity and respect they deserve. iii

abstract: Doctor of Ministry (DMin)


title: A Survey of the Italian Dressel 2-4 Wine Amphora

contributor:
Haley, E.W.
Classical Studies

subject: Classics Classics

abstract: After more than two centuries of bottling the wines of Italy in amphorae of a standard Roman shape (Chapter One), Italian potters in the first century B.C. turned to the use of a container whose form was inspired by the wine amphora of the Aegean island of Cos. This Coan form offered certain economic and technical advantages over the previous Italian types (Chapter Two). The new Italian container, the Dressel 2-4, was adopted by pottery production centres throughout Italy, and transported Italian wines beyond the bounds of the Mediterranean, from Britain to India (Chapter Three). Its distribution, the greatest of any ancient Mediterranean amphora, inspired provinces like Spain and Gaul to imitate the shape for their own increasing wine exports. However, the emergence of the provinces onto the scene led to a dramatic change in the wine trade: Italy was no longer the dominant supplier of wine to the western Mediterranean; Spanish and Gaulish vineyards could now provide their own vintages (Chapter Four). Wine exports in Dressel 2-4s from these provinces and from Italy were already dropping by the second half of the first century A.C. in favour of increasing self-sufficiency; by the mid-second century, Dressel 2-4 production had declined to very low levels, heralding the end of production of wine amphorae intended for major overseas distribution. Although manufacture of the Dressel 2-4 continued until at least the beginning of the third century, the fiat-based amphora, originating in the provinces in the early first century A.C., took over the transportation of the wines of the central and western Mediterranean, on a much more regional level of distribution (Chapter Five).

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Seeking Shelter. Canadian Delaware Ethnohistory and Migration.

contributor:
Noble, William C.
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: This study deals with the ethnic relations and history of the three groups of Canadian Delaware (Lenape), who came to southern Ontario, circa 1782 - 92. Their migrations are traced from the United States to Canada, and the underlying reasons and motivations behind these migrations are examined. The study carries through to the end of the 19th century. The group known as the "Grand River Delaware", migrated from the United States Niagara-area into Canada in 1783. An offshoot of this group continued westward around 1785, and is believed herein to have later become known as the "Muncey of the Thames", a band whose origin has been uncertain. The "Moravian Delaware" came to the Thames River, Upper Canada, in 1792. Often referred to in the literature as Christian Indians and under the "leadership" of the Moravian mission, this group by no means wholly encompassed Christianity. In the present work, it is shown, that native Delaware beliefs and customs lived on considerably longer than previously assumed, and that decision-making was not limited to the missionaries only. In fact, it is probable that the Native Moravian Delaware made the decision as to the specific location of Moraviantown. Canadian Delaware relations with other contact-agents such as government officials, traders and farmers are also examined, as are relations with other tribes, especially Chippewa and the Iroquois. The British and Canadian authorities attempted to divide the various native tribes and bands inhabiting Upper Canada, according to government needs and perceived ends. These ends and needs changed within relatively short time-periods depending on matters of defence and military-threat from united States. Finally, the post-l830 treaty period saw consolidation of some Delaware reserves in southwestern Ontario.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Theoretical Approaches to Colonial vietnam: A Modified Model of Revolution

contributor:
Stein, Michael
Political Science

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract: The principal focus of this thesis is the examination of revolutionary processes in colonial Vietnam from a theoretical perspective. This involves the critical assessment of the predominant universal or holistic approaches to revolution and the analysis of subtheoretical models of revolution that have been applied to colonial Vietnam. The critique of these conceptual frameworks is examined in the context of the historical development of the Vietnamese revolution. This is followed by an attempt to merge the salient components of two models providing conceptual tools that offer a more convincing explanation of the Vietnamese revolution in its colonial context. This includes three components. First, the world-historical and international dimension of Theda Skocpol's socio-historical approach, which permits a more focused emphasis on the development and nature of the revolutionary movement and the important factors affecting the emergence of revolutionary situations. Second, Charles Tilly's group conflict model adds another important theoretical component by emphasizing the attributes and relationships of revolutionary groups that influence the degree to which revolutionary situations may be exploited. Finally, the concept of ideology and its role in revolutionary process is included in both theoretical frameworks. The combination of the socio-historical and group conflict approaches, with the inclusion of an ideological dimension, is applied to colonial Vietnam and attempts to demonstrate the potential explanatory capacity of this form of syncretic model building.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: PRIVATE AUTHORITY AND GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND ACCESS TO HIV AND AIDS MEDICINES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

contributor:
McBride, Stephen
Porter, Tony
Lavis, John N.
Political Science

subject:
globalization
global health policy
public-private partnerships
global South
access to medicines
private authority
Health Policy
International Relations
Public Policy
Health Policy

abstract: The global HIV/AIDS pandemic has emerged alongside a changing world order marked by the growing power and authority of business, new constraints on public authority and policy autonomy, and new global hierarchies, inequalities, and contradictory tendencies. These conditions have helped midwife new configurations of public and private power, authority, and relations and shaped normative and operating environments for global health governance. In these contexts, public-private partnerships emerged as an institutional experiment, ostensibly to address health governance gaps and failures, including access to HIV and AIDS medicines in the global South. This study investigates the growth and roles of private authority in health governance through the lens of four case studies of public-private partnerships intended to enhance access to HIV and AIDS medicines in the global South. The study reveals that public-private partnerships in health emerged from this history as institutional experiments, yet not convincingly as functionalist responses to governance gaps and failures. The history demonstrates that private business actors opted to engage in partnerships in the contexts of a convergence of social, political, and commercial pressures, and normative and structural transformations in the world order. The case study partnerships emerged as accommodation or trasformismo strategies which offered concessions in an attempt to neutralise and co-opt social contestation around treatment access, without succumbing to demands for deeper structural and legislative reforms. These strategies offer bilateral, narrow, and tactical contributions in a framework of poor design, governance, accountability, and equity considerations and obligations, and are ultimately unconvincing in their commitment or capacity to expand access to HIV and AIDS medicines. Ultimately, public-private partnerships in health present practical, strategic, and normative consequences that necessitate new approaches to reform and/or serious reconsideration of their role and prospects in global health governance.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Modelling and Control of Batch Processes

contributor:
Mhaskar, Prashant
Chemical Engineering

subject:
batch process control
quality control
model predictive control
reverse-time reachability region
data-based modelling
fault-tolerant control
Process Control and Systems
Process Control and Systems

abstract: This thesis considers the problems of modelling and control of batch processes, a class of finite duration chemical processes characterized by their absence of equilibrium conditions and nonlinear, time-varying dynamics over a wide range of operating conditions. In contrast to continuous processes, the control objective in batch processes is to achieve a non-equilibrium desired end-point or product quality by the batch termination time. However, the distinguishing features of batch processes complicate their control problem and call for dedicated modelling and control tools. In the initial phase of this research, a predictive controller based on the novel concept of reverse-time reachability regions (RTRRs) is developed. Defined as the set of states from where the process can be steered inside a desired end-point neighbourhood by batch termination subject to input constraints and model uncertainties, an algorithm is developed to characterize these sets at each sampling instance offline; these characterizations subsequently play an integral role in the control design. A key feature of the resultant controller is that it requires the online computation of only the immediate control action while guaranteeing reachability to the desired end-point neighbourhood, rendering the control problem efficiently solvable even when using the nonlinear process model. Moreover, the use of RTRRs and one-step ahead type control policy embeds important fault-tolerant characteristics into the controller. Next, we address the problem of the unavailability of reliable and computationally manageable first-principles-based process models by developing a new data-based modelling approach. In this approach, local linear models (identified via latent variable regression techniques) are combined with weights (arising from fuzzy c-means clustering) to describe global nonlinear process dynamics. Nonlinearities are captured through the appropriate combination of the different models while the linearity of the individual models prevents against a computationally expensive predictive controller. This modelling approach is also generalized to account for time-varying dynamics by incorporating online learning ability into the model, making it adaptive. This is accomplished by developing a probabilistic recursive least squares (PRLS) algorithm for updating a subset of the model parameters. The data-based modelling approach is first used to generate data-based reverse-time reachability regions (RTRRs), which are subsequently incorporated in a new predictive controller. Next, the modelling approach is applied on a complex nylon-6,6 batch polymerization process in order to design a trajectory tracking predictive controller for the key process outputs. Through simulations, the modelling approach is shown to capture the major process nonlinearities and closed-loop results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed controller over existing options. Through further simulation studies, model adaptation (via the PRLS algorithm) is shown to be crucial for achieving acceptable control performance when encountering large disturbances in the initial conditions. Finally, we consider the problem of direct quality control even when there are limited quality-related measurements available from the process; this situation typically calls for indirectly pursuing the control objective through trajectory tracking control. To address the problem of unavailability of online quality measurements, an inferential quality model, which relates the process conditions over the entire batch duration to the final quality, is required. The accuracy of this type of quality model, however, is sensitive to the prediction of the future batch behaviour until batch termination. This "missing data" problem is handled by integrating the previously developed data-based modelling approach with the inferential model in a predictive control framework. The key feature of this approach is that the causality and nonlinear relationships between the future inputs and outputs are accounted for in predicting the final quality and computing the manipulated input trajectory. The efficacy of the proposed predictive control design is illustrated via simulations of the nylon-6,6 batch polymerization process with a different control objective than considered previously.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR FORMING OF ADVANCED HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

contributor:
Wu, Peidong
Joseph McDermid,  Mateusz Sklad
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Metal forming
FEA
AHSS
Springback
shear fracture
edge crack
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) exhibit significant higher springback and different fracture modes in forming processes and these problems cannot be accurately predicted using conventional simulation methods in many cases. In this thesis, new simulation technologies have been developed to improve the predictability for AHSS forming. The technologies integrated various aspects of simulation techniques, including development of material models and local formability criteria, calibration of the models with experimental data, and simulation method and parameter optimisations. Both laboratory and full scale parts were used to validate the simulation technologies developed. These technologies are originally applied to solve AHSS forming problems.

The springback predictions have been significantly improved using the newly developed simulation technology. The technologies include the implementation of the smooth contact to reduce contact errors, modification of mass scaling to reduce dynamic effect, implementation of isotropic/kinematic hardening model and optimization of simulation parameters. Shear fracture (a stretch bending fracture on a small radius) have been successful predicted using Modified Mohr Coulomb (MMC) fracture criterion. Both laboratory experiments and full scale parts have been used to validate the predictions. Shearing and pre-forming effects on hole expansion and edge stretching have been investigated. A new approach was introduced to evaluate AHSS sheared edge deformation and quality by measuring material flow line angle change on a shearing edge. Shearing processes were simulated using MMC failure criterion and the sheared edge deformation has been integrated to hole expansion simulation to produce a more accurate prediction. The pre-forming effect on edge cracking has been investigated through both experiments and simulations. The limit strains have been measured by experiments. Simulation technology was also developed to predict surface strains of pre-form and subsequent stretching. Formulation of plane stress characteristics considering normal anisotropy have been developed and applied to analyze the flange deformations and optimum blanks for cup drawing. The method of plane strain characteristics has been used to predict earing throughout the entire cup drawing process.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Legal Scholarship as a Source of Law

contributor:
Waluchow, Wilfrid J.
Philosophy

subject:
Legal reasoning
sources of law
content-independent reasons
legal scholarship
formalism
Other Philosophy
Other Philosophy

abstract: This thesis advances a number of claims, some conceptual, some empirical, some normative. The conceptual claims are concentrated in chapters 1 and 2, where a general account of the notion of a source of law is provided. Roughly, sources of law are documents or practices (e.g. statutes, judicial decisions, official customs) from which norms can be derived that function as sources of content-independent reasons for judges to decide legal cases one way or another. The remainder of the thesis is dedicated to discussing whether legal scholarship – or, more precisely, a particular type of legal scholarship that can be described as standard or doctrinal – is used as a source of law (as the concept is defined in chapters 1 and 2) in modern municipal legal systems. The conclusion that legal scholarship is used as a source of law (and thus as a source of content-independent reasons for action) may come as a surprise to those who associate recourse to legal scholarship by judges with judicial activism. It will be argued, however, that legal scholarship can plausibly be used to mitigate discretion. Indeed, it is precisely because it can be used in this way that judges sometimes refer to scholarship deceptively and suggest that it limits discretion in situations in which it in fact does not.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MICROALGAE: MODELING AND IDENTIFICATION FOR OPTIMIZATION AND CONTROL

contributor: Dr. Thomas A. Adams II, Dr. Carlos Filipe

subject:
Anaerobic Digestion
Microalgae
Chlorella Vulgaris
Process Identification
Dynamic Optimization
Dynamic Modelling
Haldane Kinetics
Monod Kinetics
Process Control and Systems
Process Control and Systems

abstract:
Owing to the rise in fossil fuel prices, overall energy security concerns, and the current push towards green engineering; renewable and green fuels have seen an increase in interest in recent years. Two notable technologies in this green movement are the production of biodiesel from microalgae and the production of biogas from anaerobic digestion of waste biomass. Production of biodiesel from microalgae was studied extensively in the 80s through the early 90s and found to be economically infeasible given the technology of the time. However, recent literature has suggested that one possible method to improve the feasability of the process would be to combine it with an anaerobic digestor to provide nutrient and biomass recycling. For such a system, having accurate models of each process would be highly advantageous for optimal design and control. To this end this thesis moves towards this overall goal by examining and modelling the anaerobic digestion of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.

Starting with a set of experimental data (anaerobic digestion of Chlorella vulgaris) provided by LBE-INRA, the minimum number of kinetic equations needed to predict the data are found using principal component style analysis. This number is found to be two to three reactions. Using this as a basis for model development, a mass balance model is developed around both two and three reaction cases. To date there is very little literature on the modelling of anaerobic digestion of microalgae and so kinetic laws are selected from the general anaerobic digestion models ``Anaerobic Digestor Model 1'' (ADM1) and ``Acidogenesis/Methanogenisis Model'' (AM2). Given that the kinetic laws were derived from general literature, model fitting is a must. To faciliate this process a novel systematic parameter identification procedure to locate identifiable parameter subsets within each model is presented. Applying this novel procedure to the provided data is seen to lead to promising identification results. Through these identification trials it is shown that the three reaction model best captures the dynamics of the system. This three reaction model serves as the basis for subsequent steady state optimality and sensitivity analysis. From these efforts it is shown that the predicted optimal curves match literature data very well but uncertainty in certain key parameter estimates lead to highly sensitive model predictions (and therefore low confidence). This leads to the conclusion that the developed model is capable of predicting the kinetics of Chlorella digestion but additional trials are needed to further refine the model fitting results.

Coupling an anaerobic digester to a microalgal culture is currently considered one of the most promising avenues towards the production of renewable bioenergy, either in the form of biodiesel or biogas. Accurate mathematical models are crucial tools to assess the potential of such coupled biotechnological processes and help optimize their design, operation and control. This paper focuses on the compartment of anaerobic digestion of microalgae. Using experimental data for the anaerobic digestion of Chlorella vulgaris, a grey-box model is developed that allows good prediction capabilities and retains low complexity. The proposed methodology proceeds in two steps, namely a structural and a parametric identification steps. The fitted model is then used to conduct preliminary optimization for the production of biogas from Chlorella vulgaris. The results provide some insight into the potential for bioenergy production from the digestion of microalgae and, more generally, the coupled process.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Methodological issues for osteoporosis

contributor:
Thabane, Lehana
Pullenayegum, Eleanor
Goeree, Ron
Health Research Methodology

subject:
osteoporosis
meta-analysis
excess cost
fracture
cost of illness
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Musculoskeletal Diseases

abstract:
Background and Objectives: There are methodological challenges with research in osteoporosis. The first is to predict the lifetime risk of hip fracture incorporating trends in the rates of hip fracture and mortality. The second is to identify optimum pharmacotherapy to reduce fractures in the absence of active-comparator trials. A third is to isolate the costs for incident and prevalent fractures. The objective of this thesis is to investigate these issues.

 Methods:

Project 1: From national administrative data, we estimated the lifetime risk of hip fracture for age 50 years to end of life using life tables.

Project 2: A literature review identified randomized placebo-controlled trials with nine drugs for post-menopausal women to estimate odds ratios between drugs for fractures.

Project 3: From provincial administrative data from Manitoba excess costs relative to matched controls were estimated for incident fractures, prevalent fractures and non-fracture osteoporosis. .

Results and Conclusions:

Project 1: For women and men, the crude lifetime risks of hip fracture was 12.1% and 4.6% respectively, and lower after incorporating trends, 8.9% and 6.7%. The risk is expected to continue to fall for both women and men.

Project 2: Three drugs, zoledronic acid, teriparatide and denosumab, had the highest odds of reducing fractures and the largest effect sizes. Estimates were consistent between Bayesian and classical approaches.

Project 3: All incident fracture types and most prevalent fractures had significant excess costs, and the results were robust to assessment of missing variances. Excluding prevalent fractures underestimates the cost of illness of fractures.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Role of the In Vivo Microenvironment in Human Stem Cell Fate Decisions

contributor:
Bhatia, Mick
Biochemistry

subject:
Stem cells
self-renewal
cancer
leukemia
niche
Cell Biology
Cell Biology

abstract:
Years of research in the field of stem cell biology have resulted in only modest gains in our ability to purify human stem cells and manipulate their function ex vivo, suggesting that stem cell fate decisions are highly dependent upon non-cell-autonomous parameters in their physiologic in vivo setting. A number of non-human model systems have now revealed that stem cell function appears to be regulated by a specific in vivo microenvironment, also known as the niche. Prior to the work undertaken in this thesis, the role of the niche in the function of normal and transformed human stem cells had not been investigated, existing only as a theoretical concept originally proposed by the biologist Raymond Schofield. We therefore hypothesized that the in vivo microenvironment is an essential regulator of human stem cell fate decisions, and that the niche is a determinant of both functional heterogeneity in the human stem cell compartment as well as the process of transformation.

Initially, we postulated that if human stem cell fate decisions are dependent upon an in vivo niche, then we could identify novel molecular regulators of human stem cell fate decisions within the context of the in vivo microenvironment, and show that these regulators function uniquely within this setting. Our findings revealed the Bcl-2 family member MCL-1 as a novel molecular regulator of human hematopoietic stem cell (hHSC) self-renewal in vivo, and showed that the role of MCL-1 is unique to the in vivo setting as opposed to in vitro culture systems.

Subsequently, we sought to characterize the anatomical and molecular parameters that define the human stem cell microenvironment and regulate stem cell function in vivo. We identified a specific in vivo niche in the trabecular bone region of the marrow, which regulates hHSC fate decisions through a Notch/Notch-ligand axis. We further showed that in vivo niche propensity underlies functional heterogeneity in the hHSC compartment, and that this niche propensity could be exploited to prospectively isolate hHSCs that are enhanced for in vivo regenerative function.

Finally, we investigated whether human cancer stem cells (CSCs) are dependent upon the same niches as their normal tissue counterparts in vivo as part of the transformation process. We found that transformed leukemic stem cells (LSCs) dynamically compete with normal human HSCs for niche occupancy in vivo to support their stem cell self-renewal function, and further by replacing a transformed LSC with a normal human HSC in the in vivo niche, we could eradicate self-renewing LSCs and reduce the leukemic burden in vivo.

Overall, this thesis has demonstrated that normal and transformed human stem cell fate decisions are controlled in a non-cell-autonomous manner by their in vivo microenvironment. The insights presented here support the theory originally proposed by Raymond Schofield that stem cells are not independent functional entities, but rather function as fixed tissue cells in vivo. These findings warrant a novel approach in the field to both stem cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine, and to targeting human malignancies at the stem cell level.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: ESSAYS IN HEALTH ECONOMICS AND ROBUST ECONOMETRICS

contributor:
DeCicca, Philip
Jeremiah Hurley and Lonnie Magee
Economics

subject:
Econometrics
Health Economics
Econometrics

abstract: Formal economic analysis of tobacco products dates back to the middle of the 20th century. At the beginning, most of the research was done by the tobacco industry itself. Later, research interests switched to the public health perspective following the publication of British and American reports on smoking and health. Many papers consistently demonstrate that smoking significantly damages health and that the cigarette tax is a popular policy tool to reduce smoking. My first two essays focus on the issue of the cigarette excise tax and smoking. In the first essay, we analyze a possible tax avoidance behaviour measured by pack versus carton purchasing behaviour, since carton purchasing is associated with a substantial quantity discount. We find that smokers who intend to quit switch to packs in response to tax increases, while smokers who do not want to quit smoking systematically switch to cartons when taxes increase. In the second essay, we investigate whether the smoking participation of relatively older smokers is sensitive to cigarette taxes. The consensus in the literature is that older smokers are not price-responsive. Medical research, however, suggests quitting smoking even at an older age can still generate substantial health benefit for the old smokers. Using the most recent large tax increases across US, we find that both the older smokers’ desire to quit and actual smoking participation rate are responsive to tax increases. These results run contrary to most of the literature and may suggest that tax increases generate substantial health benefits for older smokers. In the last essay, we extend the model specification test proposed by Fan et al. (2006) to the extent that we also smooth the discrete dependent variable. We derive the null distribution of the test and also show that the test is consistent even when the null hypothesis fails to hold. Finally, a Monte Carlo simulation study shows that by smoothing the categorical dependent variable, our test enjoys substantial power gains.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Orientalist Feminism and the Politics of Critical Dialogue between Israeli and Palestinian Women

contributor:
Coleman, Daniel
Dean, Amber
Gough, Melinda
English and Cultural Studies

subject:
Anti-colonial feminism
anti-racist feminism
transnational feminism
Orientalism
Dialogue
Discourse
Israel
Palestine
West Bank
Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies
Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies

abstract: In this dissertation I examine the contemporary breakdown of critical feminist dialogues so ubiquitous in the 1990s between Israeli and Palestinian women. Building on interviews with Palestinian women that identify a “top-down approach” in dialogues with Israeli anti-occupation feminist activists, this dissertation examines the role of “power inequities,” Orientalism, and “white feminist authority” (Lâm) in forming the discursive environment for even the most critical feminist dialogues. Conducting various discursive analyses of dialogues between Israeli and Palestinian women, I argue that the mainstream exclusivist Israeli feminist movement as well as “critical,” self-titled anti-racist and “anti-occupation” Israeli feminists continue to function with “white feminist authority.” Palestinian women are often pressured to speak through narrow points of entry that prioritize the paradigms of Western feminism and academic theory, namely, anti-nationalism and unitary womanhood/motherhood. These assumptions constitute a feminist paternalism that is similar to Israeli hegemonic discourses that rationalize “exceptional” but necessary violence against the Palestinians. Palestinian women have initiated a comprehensive boycott of status quo dialogues in an effort to create more dialogue. In this way the “silences” of status quo “humaniz[ing]” feminist dialogues (Lorde) which operate through requests for “colonial mimicry” are troubled by the boycott and may ultimately produce future anti-racist and anti-colonial feminist dialogues. The shortcomings of contemporary Western feminism’s role in the Israeli-Palestinian “peace process” are brought to light in this dissertation while potentials for solidarity-activism across “power inequities” are simultaneously mapped out.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A Study of the Astrophysically Important States of 31S via the 32S(d,t)31S Reaction

contributor:
Chen, Alan A.
Sprung, Donald
Nejat, Reza
Physics and Astronomy

subject:
Nuclear Astrophysics
Reaction Rate
Isotopic Abundance
Classical Nova
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
Astrophysics and Astronomy
Nuclear
Physical Processes
Physics
Astrophysics and Astronomy

abstract: The astrophysical 30P(p,γ)31S reaction rate is a key quantity used in both classical nova and type I X-ray burst models that predict isotopic abundances produced during nucleosynthesis in the outburst. Currently, uncertainties in 31S structure parameters lead to a variation in the reaction rate by a factor of 20 at nova temperatures causing predicted isotopic abundance ratios in the Si-Ar mass region to vary by factors of up to 4. The 30P(p,γ)31S reaction rate can be determined indirectly by measuring transfer reactions populating excited states in 31S. Nuclear structure information for 31S resonant states above the proton threshold of 6131 keV and within the Gamow window that contribute most significantly to the reaction rate can be used to re-evaluate the rate for nova and type I X-ray burst temperatures and reduce current uncertainties. We have performed an experiment in order to study the level structure of 31S via the 32S(d,t)31S single-nucleon transfer reaction using the MP tandem accelerator and Q3D magnetic spectrograph at MLL in Munich, Germany. Excited states of 31S in the 6-7 MeV region were observed and spin-parity constraints have been suggested. In this work we describe the experimental setup, data analysis and results for both experiments and provide recommendations for further investigation of the 30P(p,γ)31S astrophysical reaction rate.

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Exploring the effects of aperture size, aperture variability and matrix properties on biocolloid transport and retention in a single saturated fracture

contributor:
Dickson, Sarah
Civil Engineering

subject:
Escheria Coli
Colloid Transport
Fractured Media
Single Fracture
Fracture Replica
Size Exclusion
Charge Exclusion
Aperature Variability
Differential Transport
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering

abstract:
To increase the understanding of contaminant transport, specifically biocolloid transport in fractured media, a series of experiments were conducted on single saturated fractures. Hydraulic and solute tracer tests were used to characterize three separate fractures: one natural fracture and two synthetic fractures. Zeta potentials are reported showing the high negative electric charge of the synthetic fractures relative to the natural fractures in the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) used during the biocolloid tracer tests.

E. coli RS2-GFP tracer tests were conducted on all three fractures at specific discharges of 5 m/d, 10 m/d and 30 m/d. Lower E. coli recovery was consistently observed in the natural fracture, due to 1) attachment because of the lower negative charge of the natural fracture relative to the synthetic fracture; and 2) the presence of dead end fractures within the fracture matrix. In the synthetic fractures, where surface charges were equal, in the larger, more variable fracture aperture, lower recoveries were found when compared to the smaller, less variable fracture aperture, which was not expected. This indicates that aperture variability plays a larger role than fracture aperture size in the retention of biocolloids in fractures.

Differential transport was consistently observed in all three fractures, but was more prominent in the synthetic fractures. This indicates that charge exclusion plays a more dominant role in the differential transport of colloids than size exclusion, though size exclusion cannot be eliminated as a retention mechanism based on these experiments. Differential transport was also heavily influenced by specific discharge as the difference in arrival times between the bromide and E. coli increased in all three fractures as the specific discharge decreased.

Visualization tests were completed on the synthetic fractures showing the location of multiple preferential flow paths, as well as areas with low flow.


title: Integration of Viral DNA Sequences in Infected and Transformed Mammalian Cells

contributor:
Mak, S.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Adenovirus infects human KB cells leading to cell lysis and production of progeny virus. It also transforms hamster cells which can induce tumors when injected into hamsters. An experimental system, the DNA-DNA reassociation technique was developed to study the integration of viral DNA sequences in infected and transformed cells. This technique detects less than one viral genome per cell.

The quantity of viral genome in tumor, transformed and lytically infected cells was measured. While multiple copies (up to 12) of viral DNA sequences per cell were found, the representation of viral genome was incomplete in transformed and tumor cells with a tendancy for the right hand 45% of the Ad 12 genome being deleted.

The reiteration frequency of KB cellular DNA adjacent to an integrated viral genome was found to be representative of the cellular genome suggesting that in lytic infections, there are no specific sites. It was also found that the number of integrated viral sequences was enhanced by cellular proliferation as well as by blockage of cell DNA repair system with caffeine.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CYTOCHROME C BIOSENSOR

contributor:
Li, Yingfu
Biochemistry

subject:
Cytochrome c
aptazyme
biosensor
in vitro selection
Biochemistry
Laboratory and Basic Science Research
Biochemistry

abstract:
Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is a heme-containing protein that is a component of the electron transport chain as well as the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. It is released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol during apoptosis and is also thought to be a biomarker for cancer and liver disease. Therefore, an efficient Cyt c biosensor would be a very useful tool for studying apoptosis. Here we show the process of development of Cyt c-dependent aptazymes, derived by in vitro selection. These aptazymes consist of 3 components: 1) a substrate with a cleavage site that consists of a single ribonucleotide flanked by a fluorophore and quencher; 2) a DNAzyme (catalytic DNA) motif capable of cleaving the substrate; 3) an aptamer, a short piece of single- stranded DNA that can specifically bind Cyt c. When Cyt c is absent, the aptamer occludes the catalytic core of the DNAzyme and the fluorophore of the intact substrate is quenched. However, when Cyt c is present, the aptamer binds Cyt c, allowing the DNAzyme to cleave the embedded ribonucleotide, separating the fluorophore and quencher, resulting in a fluorescent signal. Simulations of in vitro selection of Cyt c- dependent aptazymes were also performed. The simulations revealed several methods that can improve the success rate of future in vitro selections of aptazymes.

Further analysis of the previously derived DNAzyme DEC22-18 was also performed. A detailed understanding of this DNAzyme will allow it to be developed into a biosensor.

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Development of a Rigid Polyurethane Foam-Reinforced Resilient Masonry Wall System

contributor:
El-Dakhakhni, Wael
Civil Engineering

subject:
unreinforced masonry
polyurethane foam
out of plane
seismic
Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering

abstract:
Unreinforced masonry (URM) constitutes a large part of current building inventory worldwide, and this type of construction also represents a major seismic risk, especially in developing countries where URM is widely used. During an earthquake, URM walls are unable to dissipate seismic forces without experiencing considerable damage or collapse. Due to their lack of ductility, URM walls fail in a brittle manner, which can leads to damaged face shells becoming falling debris and a major source of hazard. The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of using polyurethane foams as an inexpensive reinforcement technique for both retrofitting existing and new URM construction.

Experimental testing of the reinforced masonry walls showed a large increase in the resiliency of the wall, with an increase in the out-of-plane capacity of up to 34 times over the URM specimen, and with the addition of rope reinforcement an increase in the out-of-plane capacity of up to 90 times the URM specimen was achieved. This system allows walls to experience a considerable amount of deflection before ultimate failure is reached. Within certain limits, the polyurethane foam is able to demonstrate elastic characteristics. By developing foam with higher densities, higher compressive, tensile, flexural and shear strengths can be reached. This type of reinforcement allows for less damage during low seismic events, and through the greater resiliency of the system, walls are able to remain stable and exhibit post-peak strength during a stronger seismic event. In its ultimate limit state, the wall will fail, however collapse is typically prevented – reducing the amount of hazardous debris and saving the lives of the buildings occupants.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Militarization, Multiculturalism and Mythology: Canadian National Identity in a New Age of Empire

contributor:
Giroux, Susan Searls
Coleman, Daniel
York, Lorraine
English and Cultural Studies

subject:
Militarization
national identity
support our troops
cultural politics
public discourse
Canada
Other English Language and Literature
Other English Language and Literature

abstract: This dissertation maps the militarization of Canadian culture under the War on Terror. The first section examines the rise of everyday life militarizing cultural practices such as the Yellow Ribbon campaign to Support the Troops, Red Fridays, and the Highway of Heroes. The second section takes up militarizing cultural texts: the most recent wave of Canadian Forces recruiting advertisements, the CBC radio play Afghanada, and Paul Gross’s 2008 film Passchendaele. Across these diverse sites of analysis I argue that it is precisely through the mobilization of the previous national myths of multiculturalism, peacekeeping and tolerance that the contrary cultural politics of the new militarism coheres.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: THE MEANING OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS AT TIMES OF LIFE-TRANSITION: A STUDY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS

contributor:
Donnelly, Peter
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: This research uses the situation of immigration to illustrate the meaning of material possessions at times of life transition. Recent Eastern European immigrants were asked about the objects they brought with them, what they left behind, and the importance of these possessions. The analysis focused on the type and value of the objects, the loss felt from leaving possessions, these objects were a social and and the ways in which cultural resource. The possessions that immigrants selected were important because they represented significant life experiences. The value of these objects were expressed in terms of three categories of experiences: existential, social, and cultural. The predominant type of possession were collections of 'cultural objects'. Immigrants also brought memorabilia emboding memories of past experiences. The objects immigrants brought were a means of re-constructing a self-identity in accordance to their new status as an immigrant in Canada. Possessions were a also social resource, connecting immigrants to significant others in Eastern Europe. The permanence of the material possessions also enabled immigrants to import, maintain, and pass on objects that represented and contained a family or cultural heritage.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Canadian Policy Towards Cuba: A Case Study in US Influence and External Constraints on Canadian Foreign Policy

contributor:
Nossal, Kim Richard
Political Science

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract: This thesis is focused on Canadian policy towards Cuba from 1959 to 1984. The research is developed in such a way as to achieve three major objectives. 1) To explain and account for the controversial Canadian-Cuban relationship as it evolved during the period under study. 2) To examine the detrimental effects of this relationship on Canadian-American relations. 3) To use the Cuban case study to establish whether Canada has been conducting an "independent" foreign policy with Cuba and to see how far Canada can deviate from vital American foreign policy objectives before encountering elements of American displeasure and possible punishing political and economic retaliation. The main underlying argument in the thesis is that Canada, contrary to the premises of the dependency theorists, does have a well-developed capacity to follow a distinctive foreign policy. One which is both independent from America's and conducted exclusively in the better interests of Canada and Canadians. The Cuban case study is used to develop and expand on this theme while remaining conscious of the fact that policies are not created in a vacuum but are subject to changing constraints and limitations. One important constraint in this case was Canada's long-standing relationship with the United States at a time when both nations chose to conduct very different policies in dealing with Cuba's revolutionary regime. This thesis therefore reiterates the geopolitical reality that Canada must often walk a fine line when dealing with countries hostile to America. The task in these cases is to attempt to develop distinctiveness while maintaining the vital "special relationship" forged with Washington over many years. The Cuban case study provides a good illustration of this ongoing balancing act as it describes the various phases the Canada-Cuba relationship experienced during twenty-five years of life in the shadow of the American- Cuban feud.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Modernist Destruction for the Ambitious City Hamilton, Ontario's Experience with Urban Renewal

contributor:
Harris, Richard
History

subject: History History

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: THE IMPACT OF THE JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE ON GANDHI

contributor:
MacQueen, Graeme
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: This thesis examines Gandhi's personal spiritual growth. It focuses on his growing understanding of the relationship between suffering and systemic violence. Personal spirituality is virtually identical with political life for Gandhi, and it is possible to look at the developing socio-political situation in India between the years 1915 and 1921 with an eye to understanding major spiritual changes in Gandhi's personal life. This thesis advances the idea that the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, a crime perpetrated against innocent Indian civilians, had a major impact on Gandhi's understanding of suffering and violence--particularly systemic violence. The Massacre amounted to a spiritual and hence political watershed in Gandhi's life.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: SEX CRIMES IN WESTERN CANADA, 1890-1920

subject: History Philosophy History

abstract: For the majority of Canadian historians, the study of sexual morality, abnormality and deviance in Western Canada during the last decade of the nineteenth and first two decades of the twentieth century is primarily thought of in terms of prostitution. Given that prostitutes and brothels were highly visible commodities in the West during these years, it was and is only natural that contemporaries and historians alike would center their discussions on the impact of prostitution and red light districts on Western Canadian society. However, a study of newspapers, household guides, Mounted Police and Penitentiary reports, the debates of the House of Commons, the Criminal Code of 1892, criminal statistics, published law reports and unpublished court records reveals that Canadians in general, and Western Canadians in particular were greatly concerned with a wide variety of sexual matters. Thus it becomes readily apparent that a visit to a prostitute was not the only sexual activity indulged in by the male population in the West; nor was it the only sexual encounter classified as socially unacceptable and in terms of the written law, criminal intent. The definition of a sex crime in the late Victorian and Edwardian era knew no boundaries. For example, the use, sale and supply of birth control devices, abortion and the solemnization of a marriage were all strictly controlled by specific sections of the Criminal Code of Canada. Concerted efforts were made to prohibit same sex contact between males as homosexual encounters were forbidden by the law of the land. Women were to remain chaste before they married and the law took precautions to ensure that a necessary prerequisite in a conviction for a sex assault against a female was her proven chastity before the assault. All sexual activity was to be confined to the marriage bed, performed in the missionary position and solely for the purpose of procreation. Evidently, this form of traditional sexual morality was to be reinforced through social custom and the written law. Research into the written and unwritten restraints placed upon sexual activity and an examination as to what constituted a so-called sex crime "in Western Canada during the latter part of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century are key components of the society's past. Unfortunately however, the study of sexual morality in general and sex crimes in particular, has been neglected by Canadian historians and as a result, a more comprehensive understanding of Canadian history remains incomplete. For just as the public life of a people is important in the historical analysis of a society, so too is their private life. Perhaps the latter is of even greater importance to the historian.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Pay Equity, Discrimination and Undervaluation

contributor:
Lewis, Thomas
Political Science

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract: Comparable worth legislation is designed to remedy what its proponents perceive to be the systematic and entrenched under-valuation of the labour of those who work in occupations in which women predominate. Comparable worth legislation would mandate equal pay for certain jobs within an establishment judged by some standard as of equivalent value, absent certain sanctioned exceptions. After outlining the major points at issue in the comparable worth debate, this thesis looks at the argument that current practice in labour markets engenders or perpetuates a discriminatory condition harmful to certain groups. It then argues that the conceptual heart of the pay equity advocacy is an attack on the market as a pricing vehicle in the name of a theory of distributive justice heavily reliant on the concept of desert.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: John Locke's Attack on Formalism - A Comparison of Locke and Sergeant

contributor:
Noxon, James
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
In the fourth book of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, particularly in the chapters entitled "Of Maxims" (IV:VII), "Of Trifling Propositions" (IV:VIII), "Of the Improvement of our Knowledge" (IV:XII), and "Of Reason" (IV:XVII), John Locke deals mainly with propositions, maxims, syllogisms, demonstration, and disputation. In the second book of the Essay he discusses mainly Ideas. There seems to be a connection between the manner he characterizes Ideas, the significatory role he assigns to them (IV:XXI), and his discussion of the above mentioned topics in the fourth book. Together they constitute a critique of certain logico-epistemological doctrines and tendencies. These doctrines and tendencies, which are in this dissertation collectively labelled as "Formalism," fall within a context where Logic was considered as providing the method to obtain knowledge. They involve certain senses of "form" in the characterization of the traditional parts of logic, namely, terms, propositions, and discourse, as instruments of knowledge, warranting the use of the label "Formalism". John Sergeant's presentation of the method to knowledge exhibits the employment of senses of "form" in the characterization of the three parts of logic for epistemological purposes. Hence, Sergeant is selected to represent this "Formalism".

John Locke (1632-1704) is well known but John Sergeant (1622-1707) has not been given due recognition. His philosophical enterprise is of significance to Lockean scholarship, not only because his views manifest to a considerable extent the logico-epistemological doctrines which Locke attacks, but also because Locke seems to have responded to Sergeant's critical response. Sergeant's views, though anticipated in his earlier religious works, become pronounced in his subsequent philosophical works, particularly in Solid Philosophy Asserted...(1697), which is a chapter by chapter critical response to Locke's Essay. Locke had in his possession a copy of this book and had made 118 marginal comments in it. This copy is now kept at St. John's College Library, Cambridge, England. Some of the marginal comments anticipate Locke's additions to the fourth edition of the Essay. Certain additions appear to have been made in response to Sergeant's criticisms. An examination of Locke's critical views in the light of Sergeant's doctrines helps one to understand Locke's logico-epistemological views, determine with assurance the target of his attack, appreciate more fully the manner in which he organizes and develops his critique, and sense the motives behind some of the additions to the fourth edition of the Essay. Such an examination reveals the "anti-formalism" entrenched in his logico-epistemological position.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Neonatal Line in Human Deciduous Enamel: A Neonatal Line is a Neonatal Line is a Neonatal Une.

contributor:
saunders, Shelley R.
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: Studies of deciduous enamel have concluded that the birth process and perinatal disorders result in the formation of a widened neonatal line and/or neonatal enamel hypoplasia. A widened neonatal line has been associated with a complicated delivery, neonatal difficulties at birth, maternal complications at birth, infant birthweight and short gestation length. The present study measured the width of the neonatal line in a sample of forty-five primary teeth collected from Canadian children. Birth history information was gathered through in depth interviews with the mothers of children donating teeth. Statistical testing was carried out to determine if significant differences exist in neonatal line width between groups of children with respect to birth trauma, neonatal health, maternal health and term at birth. A preliminary investigation of the effect of birth duration on the width of the neonatal line was undertaken. Line width differences between tooth classes were also considered. The results of the current study were compared to those of earlier clinical studies of the neonatal line and enamel hypoplasia. The present data demonstrates that neonatal line width varies within the tooth crown and between tooth classes; a range of widths also exists within individual specimens. The observed relationships between neonatal line width and birth trauma, neonatal health, maternal health, and term at birth were not consistent with those of earlier dental studies. These associations were dependent on the tooth class examined and the location of the width measurements within the tooth crown. No correlation was found between birth duration and the width of the neonatal line. The most troubling issue to emerge during the present study is the lack of a rigorous methodology in previous investigations of the neonatal line. This lack of procedural rigor may account for the discrepancies between the findings of the present study and those of earlier investigations. At present, the width of the neonatal line does not reflect the severity or the duration of the disturbance that caused it. Its use as a diagnostic tool in physical anthropology and during forensic investigations is not justified.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Developing an Employment Location model for the Hamilton CMA

subject: Geography Geography

abstract: In this Thesis, the spatial distribution of employment is modeled for the Hamilton CMA. A behavioral employment location model is constructed, estimated, implemented and tested. Employment mobility is associated with the redistribution of firms in the region, thus, the spatial distribution of firms is modeled and employment location is inferred from that. Manufacturing, construction, wholesale trade, retail trade and services sectors are modeled. Sectors like the communication, transportation, government services and educational services are given exogenously to the model. Three models form the elements of the employment model. The first is an Input-Output Model, which captures the linkages between the different sectors of the economy and predicts the regional employment in each industry. The second is a destination choice model having in its elements a Multinomial Logit Model that predicts the choice probability of new and relocating firms. The third model is a regression model having in its elements both a spatial regression (SAR model) and non-spatial (classical) regression model. The model predicts the number of lost firms. The last two models predict firms at the census tract level. Estimation results indicate that firms in the different industries show a systematic behavior in choosing a site to locate at. Factors such as the CBD proximity, highway proximity, mall proximity, population size, household density, and agglomeration economies affect the locational decision of the different types of firms. Moreover, the analysis shows that loss of firms is linearly related to the total number of firms at the census tract level. The employment model is implemented using the GAUSS programming language. The model shows a significant goodness-of-fit when comparing the predicted values of employment with the observed with an r-square value of 0.91. Scenario simulation is also achieved using the implemented model. The model shows its capability of simulating certain types of scenarios.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: A Study of a General One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Critical Flow Model

contributor:
Shoukri, M.
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract: Accurate modelling of critical two-phase flow is important for the simulation of Loss-of-Coolant-Accidents in the nuclear industry and for the sizing of emergency relief valve systems in the chemical industry. A large body of experimental and theoretical work including the development of many models has been done over the last twenty-five years but as yet there is no one model which can accurately predict flow over a wide range of conditions which has found general acceptance. The purpose of this work is to examine the existing models, and using a general one-dimensional two-fluid model, investigate the various possible forms of the terms and their effects on the predicted results. The resulting computer model has six conservation equations plus a seventh for bubble growth in bubble flow. It allows for hydrodynamic as well as thermodynamic non-equilibrium and considers three flow regimes; bubble flow, churn flow, and annular flow. The model has improvements in the equations, interfacial terms, and interfacial constitutive relations. The best forms of the equations with some new developments were then used to predict the experimental results from several tests with a variety of inlet conditions and experimental setups. The range of conditions tested were inlet stagnation pressures of .2 to 6.6 MPa slightly subcooled or saturated, with diameters from .00125 to .0127 m. and lengths from .001 to 3.6 m. The length to dIameter ratios varied from .8 to 287. Comparison against pressure profiles shows good agreement and with one exception, the predicted mass fluxes are within -9 to +13 % of the experimental values.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: A Critical Assessment of Wolfhart Pannenberg's Revision of the Classical Conception of the Trinitarian Relations of Origin

contributor:
Widdicombe, Peter
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: Wolfhart Pannenberg has established himself as a leading voice in the renewed discussion of trinitarian doctrine. Little has been written in English, however, to assess critically Pannenberg's doctrine of the Trinity. By examining a key point in Pannenberg's trinitarian theology, this thesis is intended to contribute toward meeting this need. The aim of this thesis is to explain the reasons for, and to assess the coherence of Pannenberg's revision of the traditional understanding of the trinitarian relations of origin. Patristic trinitarian theology regarded God the Father as the fount of divinity, from whom the Son and Spirit receive their existence; the Father eternally begets the Son and breathes the Spirit. Pannenberg rejects this view, declaring it to be logically inconsistent and without biblical basis. He proposes in its place an alternative conception of relations of "reciprocal self-distinction". The source of Pannenberg's revision can be traced back to his views of reason, revelation, and the God-world relation. An examination of the first four books of Augustine's The Trinity strongly suggests that the traditional view is not subject to the weaknesses Pannenberg indicates. As well, the comparison with Augustine reveals significant tensions within Pannenberg's trinitarian doctrine. Specifically, I contend that (1) Pannenberg's assessment of Augustine's trinitarian doctrine is inaccurate; (2) Pannenberg, in his rejection of the biblical basis of the classical view, does not correctly identify the patristic understanding of the biblical basis of relations of origin; (3) Augustine's distinction between what divine revelation signifies concerning God-in-eternity, on the one side, and God's relation to creation, on the other, provides a possible solution to the logical conflict Pannenberg sees in the traditional view; and (4) unresolved tensions in Pannenberg's interpretation of the relation of the immanent Trinity and the economic Trinity undermine the coherence of his critique and revision of the classical model.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Queries Near the Quarry: A Technological Analysis of the Jessup Lithic Workshop Site

contributor:
Ramsden, P.
Anthropology

subject: Anthropology Anthropology

abstract: The prehistory of the Lake Abitibi area has remained largely untold. Ridley's excavations in the 1950's and early 1960's showed that Lake Abititi had been a focal point for prehistoric activities over the last 4,000 - 5,000 years. Since that time, however, few excavations have been conducted and the chronological sequence today contains many gaps. Upon the advice and encouragement of Dr. Wm. Noble of McMaster University, who drew my attention to this area, an archaeological investigation under my direction was carried out in the Lower Bay area of Lake Abitibi, in the summer of 1979. Here the remains of a rich and extensive site called Jessup, had been found three summers previously along the beaches by local amateur archaeologists Marjorie and Justin Jordan. The Jordans' findings strongly indicated that this was a lithic workshop site, inhabited by both Archaic and Laurel peoples. Our survey and excavation in Lower Bay rapidly proved this to be the case. The Jessup site was a workshop and habitation site inhabited by both Shield Archaic and Laurel peoples over a period of approximately 3,000 years. This thesis has examined the lithics, ceramics and faunal material from Jessup. Its major contribution is the in-depth descriptive analysis of the lithic detritus and tools recovered from the site for the purpose of determining the types of raw material reduced at the site, their sources and the strategies used by the respective occupants of the site.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Dynamic Optimization Formulations for Plant Operation under Partial Shutdown Conditions

contributor:
Swartz, Christopher L.E.
Chemical Engineering

subject:
plant operations
optimization
process control
inventory management
modeling
Process Control and Systems
Process Control and Systems

abstract:
Systematic strategies for optimal plant operation under partial shutdowns were developed. Partial shutdowns are circumscribed process unit shutdowns that permit the rest of the plant to continue operating to some degree. These strategies manipulate the degrees-of-freedom in a plant---during and after a shutdown---to restore plant production in a cost-optimal fashion, while meeting safety and operational constraints. This is accomplished through the adjustments of production rates, recycles and buffer levels.

Our multi-tiered dynamic optimization approach allows for the prioritization of multiple objectives and the specification of trade-offs between these objectives. The solution of the optimization problem informs the formulation of inventory management policies. A Model-Predictive-Control (MPC) based partial shutdown algorithm implements these policies under feedback.

Parsimonious discrete modeling formulations were presented for handling model discontinuities such as shutdown thresholds, induced shutdowns and minimum shutdown durations. The problem of minimizing restoration time was considered.

We investigated the use of state/parameter estimation algorithms to moderate the effects of plant-model mismatch. The algorithms are based on novel configurations of the constrained Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). Constraints on the estimates are enforced through a simple projection method. A dynamic feasibility tier ensures that terminal constraints and parameters are feasible for the prediction horizon in the control optimization problem.

A modeling system (MLDO) was created for prototyping dynamic optimization models. It transforms a mathematical description of a model into code in various computer languages for the purposes of optimization, simulation, visualization and analysis of dynamic optimization problems. Facilities for problem reformulation and transformations are included.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: COLOMBIAN REFUGEE MIGRANT EXPERIENCES OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN OTTAWA, CANADA: NAVIGATING LANDSCAPES OF LANGUAGE AND MEMORY

contributor:
Badone, Ellen E.F.
Herring, D. Ann
Pawluch, Dorothy
Anthropology

subject:
Canada
Colombia
Refugee
Health
Social Services
Liberalism
Social and Cultural Anthropology
Social and Cultural Anthropology

abstract: This thesis presents a multi-level and mixed-method analysis of the health-care experiences of predominantly Colombian migrants living in Ottawa, Canada. It incorporates survey, interview, archival and participant-observation data to answer a series of linked questions regarding health and migration under contemporary Canadian liberal governance. Specifically, the thesis elucidates connections between bodily experiences of illness and healing, linguistic and cultural fractures within communities, and the legal positioning of refugee migrants in Canadian law. In doing so it follows the "three bodies" model of medical anthropology proposed by Lock and Scheper-Hughes. The first three chapters of the thesis provide multiple layers of context for the fourth chapter, which contains the bulk of the primary ethnographic evidence. The first chapter analyzes the positioning of the refugee subject in Canadian legislative and policy discourse, highlighting the phenomenon of the immigrant as subaltern nationalist "hero" who is denied a full voice in public affairs but whose passive qualities are considered essential for the cultural reproduction of the nation. The second chapter discusses relevant changes in the governance of health and social services in Canada, pointing out how neoliberal ideology attempts to mobilize "social capital" (that is, networks of unpaid labour) to replace withdrawals of public capital. The third chapter explores the entanglement of Colombian migrants in the language politics of the Canadian state, specifically the politics of iv the Ontario-Quebec border between English- and French-speakers. The fourth chapter presents the stories of Latina/o migrants focusing on their health, illness and perspectives on Canadian state participation. In conclusion, the thesis presents an analytical framework privileging the tie between the linguistic practices of nationalist projects and the linguistic underpinning of healing relationships. In both cases, a struggle for accurate and just recognition, conducted through linguistic practice, is a consequence of the human search for well-being.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: THE CRYO-EM STRUCTURE OF THE ∆RIMM IMMATURE 30S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT: A SNAPSHOT OF THE PROTEIN FACTORY UNDER CONSTRUCTION

contributor:
Ortega, Joaquin
Brown, Eric
Burrows, Lori
Biochemistry

subject:
30S ribosome
ribosome assembly
RimM
assembly factor
cryo-EM
Biochemistry
Structural Biology
Biochemistry

abstract: The ribosome is part of the indispensable machinery of every living cell. This large macromolecule, which decodes messenger RNA to produce proteins, is the subject of intense study as the mediator of an essential process. The prokaryotic ribosome is a major target for antimicrobial therapy, as its structure differs significantly from the eukaryotic ribosome. At present, the in vivo process of translation on the mature bacterial, or 70S, ribosome is well studied and increasingly understood, while the process of assembling the small (30S) and large (50S) subunits of this complex ribonucleoprotein enzyme has mostly been studied in vitro. Consequently, the significance of in vivo events such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation and factor-mediated maturation is incompletely understood. By studying the nature and structure of an in vivo assembled immature 30S subunit, this thesis aims to gain a better understanding of the key events in 30S subunit biogenesis. Deletion of the assembly cofactor Ribosome Maturation Factor M (RimM) results in slow growth, inefficient rRNA processing, and accumulation of nonfunctional, immature 30S subunits. This work presents the first cryo-EM model of the immature 30S purified from a RimM knockout strain of E. coli. The structure reveals distortion of the decoding centre and a disrupted 50S-binding interface, attesting to the importance of rRNA processing in 30S maturation. Additionally, the model suggests consequences for ribosomal protein incorporation and rRNA domain position relative to the mature 30S.

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Energy Optimization Strategy for System-Operational Problems

contributor:
Habibi, Saeid
Mechanical Engineering

subject: Energy Optimization Strategies

subject: Water Distribution Systems

subject: Engineering Optimization

subject: System-operational Problems

subject: Multi-objective Optimization Problems

subject: Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms

subject: Optimal Pump Scheduling

subject: Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls

subject: Energy Systems

subject: Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls

abstract:
Energy Optimization Stategies

Hydraulic Models for Water Distribution Systems

Heuristic Multi-objective Optimization Algorithms

Multi-objective Optimization Problems

System Constraints

Encoding Techniques

Optimal Pumping Operations

Sovling Real-World Optimization Problems

abstract:
The water supply industry is a very important element of a modern economy; it represents a key element of urban infrastructure and is an integral part of our modern civilization. Billions of dollars per annum are spent internationally in pumping operations in rural water distribution systems to treat and reliably transport water from source to consumers.

In this dissertation, a new multi-objective optimization approach referred to as energy optimization strategy is proposed for minimizing electrical energy consumption for pumping, the cost, pumps maintenance cost, and the cost of maximum power peak, while optimizing water quality and operational reliability in rural water distribution systems. Minimizing the energy cost problem considers the electrical energy consumed for regular operation and the cost of maximum power peak. Optimizing operational reliability is based on the ability of the network to provide service in case of abnormal events (e.g., network failure or fire) by considering and managing reservoir levels. Minimizing pumping costs also involves consideration of network and pump maintenance cost that is imputed by the number of pump switches. Water quality optimization is achieved through the consideration of chlorine residual during water transportation.

An Adaptive Parallel Clustering-based Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (APC-MOPSO) algorithm that combines the existing and new concept of Pareto-front, operating-mode specification, selecting-best-efficiency-point technique, searching-for-gaps method, and modified K-Means clustering has been proposed. APC-MOPSO is employed to optimize the above-mentioned set of multiple objectives in operating rural water distribution systems.

Saskatoon West is, a rural water distribution system, owned and operated by Sask-Water (i.e., is a statutory Crown Corporation providing water, wastewater and related services to municipal, industrial, government, and domestic customers in the province of Saskatchewan). It is used to provide water to the city of Saskatoon and surrounding communities. The system has six main components: (1) the pumping stations, namely Queen Elizabeth and Aurora; (2) The raw water pipeline from QE to Agrium area; (3) the treatment plant located within the Village of Vanscoy; (4) the raw water pipeline serving four major consumers, including PCS Cogen, PCS Cory, Corman Park, and Agrium; (5) the treated water pipeline serving a domestic community of Village of Vanscoy; and (6) the large Agrium community storage reservoir.

In this dissertation, the Saskatoon West WDS is chosen to implement the proposed energy optimization strategy. Given the data supplied by Sask-Warer, the scope of this application has resulted in savings of approximately 7 to 14% in energy costs without adversely affecting the infrastructure of the system as well as maintaining the same level of service provided to the Sask-Water’s clients.

The implementation of the energy optimization strategy on the Saskatoon West WDS over 168 hour (i.e., one-week optimization period of time) resulted in savings of approximately 10% in electrical energy cost and 4% in the cost of maximum power peak. Moreover, the results showed that the pumping reliability is improved by 3.5% (i.e., improving its efficiency, head pressure, and flow rate). A case study is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the multi-objective formulations and the solution methodologies, including the formulation of the system-operational optimization problem as five objective functions. Beside the reduction in the energy costs, water quality, network reliability, and pumping characterization are all concurrently enhanced as shown in the collected results. The benefits of using the proposed energy optimization strategy as replacement for many existing optimization methods are also demonstrated.

abstract: Doctor of Science  (PhD)


title: Modelling and Experimental Studies of a Continuous Emulsion Polymerization Reactor

contributor:
Hamielec, A.E.
MacGregor, J.F.
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
In continuous emulsion polymerization that commercially important phenomena of sustained oscillations and large start-up transient conversion overshoots have been observed by several investigators. Experimental studies have shown that the conversion, number of polymer particles and all other related properties often oscillate with time. In other words a steady state is never achieved. These oscillations can lead to emulsifier levels too small to adequately cover polymer particles with the result that excessive agglomeration and reactor fouling can occur. Furthermore, excursions to high polymer concentrations, due to the cycling behavior of conversion can result in excessive branching and poor polymer processability. It is evident that this reactor behaviour is highly undesirable since it results in a continuously varying product quality.

In this thesis, the complex physical and chemical phenomena occurring in a continuous emulsion polymerization reactor are studied both experimentally and mathematically. Dynamic models suitable for prediction and on-line control studies are developed based on particle age distribution. On-line techniques are developed to measure some states of the control model and to monitor the reactor performance. These techniques are based on turbidity measurements and liquid exclusion chromatography. A multivariable stochastic control algorithm is developed to control the pathological behaviour of continuous emulsion polymerization reactors and ensure a high productivity and product quality.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Study of Nano-structures with Applications on Single-mode Lasers

contributor:
Huang, Weiping
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Semiconductor laser diode
quantum dot
rate equation modelling
standing-wave modelling
metal nano-particle
metal grating
Electromagnetics and photonics
Electromagnetics and photonics

abstract:
Semiconductor laser diode has been a popular research topic for longer than half a century and plays a crucial role in optical communication systems. The work in this thesis focuses on the development of the semiconductor laser diode with rapid-evolving nanotechnologies: by incorporating specific semiconductor or metal structures in the nanometer scale into the laser cavity, several key advantages are achieved.

One category of the nano-materials is semiconductor quantum dots (QD). QD laser is a promising product by providing three-dimensional confinement to the injected electrons and holes. However, in order to realize the single-longitudinal-mode operation, which is critical to optical communications in purpose of reducing the dispersion and partition noise, the Fabry-Perot (FP) QD laser still needs further development to suppress the gain-broadening effects; otherwise the mode-selective structure must be adopted, such as the distributed feedback (DFB) cavity. In this thesis, the QD FP laser and QD DFB laser are both researched by advanced modelling techniques and the work is summarized as follows.

1) For the QD FP laser, a comprehensive rate-equation model has been applied for simulation, with the emphasis on describing the interplay of inhomogeneous and homogeneous gain-broadening effects. According to the laser-behaviour simulations, it is found that for each given inhomogeneous broadening, the optimum homogeneous broadening can be obtained for the single longitudinal-mode selectivity. Based on the optimal gain-broadening parameters, the single-mode QD FP laser is designed and analysed. The quantitative conditions for the performance feasibility are examined with respect to the gain-broadening parameters.

2) A one-dimensional (1D) standing wave model is developed for the QD DFB laser. This model can provide more information for the laser operation and better describe the dynamic behaviour compared with the rate-equation model. Based on it, the statistic operation and output spectrum of a typical QD DFB laser are simulated; and then the dynamic properties of the laser are analysed.

The other category is the metal nano-structure, including the metal nano-particle and the metal nano-strip Bragg grating. The related work is summarized as follows.

1) The optical properties of a single metal nano-particle with different size, composition and shape are researched by Mie theory, with respect to the localized surface plasmon polariton (LSPP) effect. It shows that both the resonance wavelength and Q-factor can be tuned in a large scale by proper methods.

2) A novel metal nano-strip distributed Bragg grating (DBR) laser is proposed and investigated theoretically. Firstly the metal nano-strip Bragg grating is simulated by the couple-mode theory and the mode-matching method. It shows that the coupling constant and reflection spectrum can be tuned to meet different requirements when varying the grating parameters. Then for the designed metal-grating DBR laser, the rate-equation simulation results show that it works under the single-mode operation for a broad range of the design parameters.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Hamilton Working Women and 'Protective' Legislation: A Review of Theories on the Gendered Division of Labour

contributor:
Luxton, Meg
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: This work represents an attempt to test the utility of existing theories on the gendered division of labour by applying them to an empirical example of Hamilton, Ontario. Recent theoretical debates locate the period of the early consolidation of industrial capitalism as central to the emergence of a particular family form - the dependent female - breadwinner-male which embodies, enforces and reflects the gendered division of labour. The family wage is central to the notion of this specific family form and has become the focus of ensuing debates. The test of the theories generally indicate a similar pattern occurring in Hamilton as noted by these authors. However, a significant variation of fewer Hamilton married women employed in paid labour points to the emergence of the dependent family form as a slow process contingent upon specific historical elaborations and developments of the separation of the domestic from the industrial unit. A refinement of existing theories is presented by including the role of state labour policies in shaping the form of the family household. The implementation of these policies can be understood as a component of the state fulfilling its function of reproduction. The factory Acts of 1884 distinguished women as a separate occupational group, institutionalized their double day of work, and exacerbated the gendered division of labour. The minimum wage policy for females in 1920, premised on the 'family wage', consolidated the gendered division of labour under capitalism. From these theoretical treatments of historically specific elements in the family wage comes a new question of the relationship between class and gender components in this ideology. It is argued that a theory on the gendered division of labour must include an analysis of the state's contribution to the reproduction of labour power.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: QUASI-STATIC BUBBLE SHAPE ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR ADIABATIC AND DIABATIC GROWTH AND DEPARTURE

contributor:
Cotton, James
Robinson, Anthony
Judd, Ross
Mechanical Engineering

subject: Bubble growth; bubble detachment; boiling; phase change; Sphericity

subject: Energy Systems

subject: Heat Transfer, Combustion

subject: Energy Systems

abstract:
In an effort to better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for pool boiling heat transfer, an analytical model is developed that better describes the changing shape and size of a growing bubble. Indeed, any analysis of thermal transport due to nucleate pool boiling requires bubble frequency predictions which are intimately linked to bubble volume. The model is developed and validated for quasi-static bubble growth due to gas injection and for bubble growth due to vaporization within the heat-transfer controlled growth regime; it highlights the need to include the asymmetric nature of growing bubbles when modeling bubble growth.

In addition, a numerical study of quasi-static bubble shape for both adiabatic bubble growth and vapour bubble growth provides insight into the dependence the bubble shape evolution has on the Bond number. In so doing, bubble profiles generated from a numerical treatment of the Capillary equation are benchmarked to quasi-static gas injected bubble formations and to heat-transfer controlled vapour bubble formations.

The numerical treatment of bubble shape evolution leads to a simplifying bubble geometry for low Bond number applications. The geometric model accounts for bubble shape transformation throughout the bubble growth cycle including the necking phenomenon. An analytical model of quasi-static adiabatic bubble growth is accordingly developed based on the proposed low Bond number geometric model; it is coupled with a geometric detachment relation and a force balance detachment criterion that are dependent on the Bond number. The resulting predicted bubble growth characteristics, such as profile, volume, centre of gravity and aspect ratio, are validated with the benchmarked numerical treatment of the problem.

Furthermore, the low Bond number geometric model is applied to bubble growth due to vaporization. In order to solve the mass-energy balance at the vapour bubble interface, a spherical surface area is commonly assumed. This leads to the need for correction factors and provides little insight into the physical mechanism responsible for bubble shape. In this study, the transitioning shape of a vapour bubble is considered in the integral analysis of the interfacial mass-energy balance. The model predicts the following bubble growth characteristics: profile, volume, centre of gravity, and aspect ratio.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: John Locke and the Constitution Act, 1867

contributor:
Ajzenstat, Janet
Political Science

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract: Historians argue that Confederation was the result of pragmatic and self-interested politics at work in the British North American colonies. Confederation is not considered as having a philosophical dimension. Is it possible that the Canadian founders could have drafted a constitution devoid of any political philosophy? This thesis argues that the Constitution Act, 1867, formerly known as the British North America Act, 1867 is consistent with if not remarkably similar to the liberal political philosophy of John Locke. The thesis argues that the 1867 Constitution Act is compatible with Locke's prescription for government as found in his Second Treatise of Government. The thesis finds consistency between the Act and the Second Treatise in the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government. The thesis finds consistency between the Constitution Act and Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration, as pertains to rights to religious minority education. The Constitution Act protects the Lockean right not to be taxed without representation. The thesis examines the Constitution Act's residual clause, known as the "p.a.G.G. power," and finds compatibility with Locke. The thesis concludes by comparing contemporary Canadian constitutionalism with the Lockean liberalism in the 1867 Constitution Act. The thesis does not argue that the founders were Lockean in their thinking or their intent when they drafted the 1867 Constitution Act. Rather than seek a causal relationship better left to historians of ideas, the thesis restricts its focus to questions of philosophical correlation.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Expansion of Housing Policy in the British West Indies, 1935- 1960

contributor:
Harris, Richard
Geography

subject: Geography

abstract: In the 1930s, governments in the British West Indies began to develop concerns about housing issues. In Britain, unrest throughout the colonies in the 1930s created awareness of inadequate social and economic conditions and eventually caused Parliament to reformulate colonial policy. The new policy was expressed through the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940, which provided funding for social welfare projects, including housing schemes, in the colonies. This research examines the expansion of colonial housing policy in the West Indies between the 1930s and the early 1960s, when the colonies began to gain their independence. There is very little literature on the development of housing policy in the British colonies and most writers have assumed that governments were not active in the housing sphere until independence. The present research demonstrates that, in fact, West Indian governments and the Colonial Office began to take an active interest in housing as early as the 1930s. This interest grew as a reflection of the changes in colonial policy in general that began in 1940. After examining Colonial Office records at the British Public Record Office, the Trinidad Guardian for selected years, and contemporary official publications, I conclude that a fairly comprehensive and consistent housing policy developed in the West Indies in the colonial era. Due to funding limitations, however, housing programs were not always sustained, and they did not succeed in resolving the region's housing problems. As housing policy developed, its initial emphasis on slum clearance and housing policy shifted to an increasing concentration on initiatives designed to strengthen the private sector and to aid self-help initiatives. This was primarily because governments found that public housing was generally too expensive to accommodate the large numbers of people who required improved housing. The approaches to housing that developed in the Caribbean in the 1930s and beyond were significant because they influenced the evolution of housing policy in other British colonies. Furthermore, they enhance our understanding of policies used in the developing world in the post-colonial era.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Identification and Documentation of Environmental Assumptions for the PACEMAKER System

contributor:
Down, Douglas
Wassyng, Alan
Maibaum, Tom
Computing and Software

subject:
pacemaker
medical instrumentation system
software requirement
formal method
environmental assumptions
documentation
software
Other Computer Engineering
Other Computer Engineering

abstract:
An interest has been established in the identification, documentation and classifi- cation of the environmental assumptions that are missing from the original PACE- MAKER System Specification. This thesis addresses the presented challenge and documents the procedure used to identify, classify, and document these missing en- vironmental assumptions.

In summary, this thesis answers the following questions:

What can be done in order to improve the original PACEMAKER System

Specification with respect to environmental assumptions?

Why is it beneficial, in terms of enhancing software quality, to include the doc- umentation of environmental assumptions – which sometimes are (wrongfully) perceived as being collateral and optional – as part of the software requirements document?

How should such environmental assumptions be documented?

More specifically, this thesis • Presents an abstract model for the PACEMAKER system. • Identifies system boundaries and interfaces in the PACEMAKER model. • Identifies environmental assumptions for the PACEMAKER system.

• Presents a classification system for the environmental assumptions identified for the PACEMAKER system based on the proposed model.

• Proposes a process for identifying environmental assumptions.

Furthermore, the research findings presented in this thesis are not limited to the PACEMAKER system. The documentation convention proposed in this thesis is meant to be generalized and can be extended to address similar documentation needs posed by all kinds of software systems. Additionally, the process of environmental assumptions elicitation described in this thesis provides a useful reference for con- ducting similar assumption identification projects. Lastly, the classification system presented in this thesis for the environmental assumptions exhibits one facet of a grander conceptual system – one that incorporates multiple ‘views’ of the same set of assumptions, with each view being distinguished by a unique set of classification criteria.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: MICROGEL BASED ADHESIVES FOR WET PAPER STRENGTH

contributor:
Pelton, Robert H.
Todd Hoare, Kari Dalnoki-Veress
Chemical Engineering

subject:
microgels
polyvinylamine
adhesion
cellulose
peel mechanics
Polymer Science
Polymer Science

abstract: The interactions of microgel based adhesives with cellulose were studied by peel test of cellulose laminates and tensile test of handsheets. The objective of this project was to create design rules for microgel based adhesives so as to improve the wet paper strength. Colloidal microgel based adhesives were formed by coating carboxylated poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels with polyvinylamine (PVAm). The characterization of the microgel base adhesives were performed by electrophoretic mobilities, dynamic light scattering, and potentiometric titration. The microgel based adhesives were pH sensitive and their swelling behaviour was related to the composition of PVAm in the microgels. The maximum amount of PVAm binding to microgels depends on the location of charges in the microgels and the molecular weight of PVAm. The binding process of PVAm to microgels was monitored by quartz crystal microbalance measurements. It is proposed that the binding of PVAm to microgels is controlled by the rate of initial attachment of PVAm and the rate of reconfiguration of PVAm on the microgels. The microgel based adhesives were laminated between oxidized cellulose films and the wet adhesion of microgel based adhesives with cellulose was studied by a 90° peel test. The wet delamination force was measured as a function of PVAm content, PVAm molecular weight, coverage of adhesives on cellulose films, size of adhesives, stiffness of adhesives and the roughness of cellulose films. The wet adhesion of microgel based adhesives with cellulose increased with PVAm content in the microgels, and decreased with microgel stiffness. The molecular weight of PVAm did not influence the performance of adhesives. The effect of microgel size on wet adhesion with cellulose was related to the roughness of cellulose films. Larger microgels did fill the voids between rough cellulose films to create more contact area with these films resulting in higher wet adhesion. By contrast, for smooth cellulose films, the size of microgels didn’t affect the wet adhesion. Finally, this basic research was extended to a practical situation. The microgel based adhesives were added to unbeaten, bleached softwood pulp to prepare handsheets and their ability to enhance wet paper strength was evaluated by tensile test. The wet paper strength increased with PVAm content of the microgels. For linear PVAm, high molecular weight PVAm was more effective as a wet strength adhesive while for PVAm coated microgels, the molecular weight was not significant for wet paper strength. With the aid of PVAm coating, solid carboxylated polystyrene particles improved the wet paper strength. However the wet strength of paper treated with PVAm coated microgels was larger than that treated with PVAm coated polystyrene by a factor of 2.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Population, Evolutionary and Conservation Genetics of the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus)

contributor:
Gibbs, Lisle
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: This thesis assesses two distinct aspects of the genetics of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake ( Sistrurus catenatus catenatus). Firstly, work relating to the population and evolutionary genetics of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake, and the conservation implications of the results are presented. In this study, variation at a portion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and at two nuclear intron DNA loci was examined for snakes from various populations, in order to examine the partitioning of genetic diversity among populations. Seven mtDNA haplotypes were identified, most found in one or two U.S. populations of snakes. Intron variation was low and phylogenetically uniformative. Neither mitochondrial nor nuclear DNA showed any phylogenetic structuring. Results also suggest that eastern massasauga rattlesnakes have undergone a post-Pleistocene population expansion from a glacial refugium. From a conservation perspective, three geographical groupings of populations that showed significant genetic differentiation were identified, suggesting that these groups should be managed independently, in order to conserve within-species variation. Secondly, the concerted evolution of two control-region-like sequences in eastern massasauga mitochondria is discussed. In this study, two entire control-region- like sequences were sequenced in 10 ea tern massasauga rattlesnakes, one found in the cytb-12S rRNA region, and the other in the IQM tRN cluster as well as the tRNA sequences flanking these regions. Also the sequence of the last half of both control regions for 28 individual snakes was compared. Both control regions were found to have a divergence of less than 0.5% within individuals. Among the 28 individuals only three showed different sequences between the two control regions, and these sequences differed at only one nucleotide. The similarity of these separate regions within individuals could be attributed to concerted evolution, potentially due to gene conversion. A minimum gene conversion rate of one conversion per 1.2 million years is estimated for the sequences.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)