identifier: Van Everdingen, David Allard <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Van_Everdingen=3ADavid_Allard=3A=3A.html>   (1993) Geological development of and nature of fractures in the sleeted Dyke complex of the Spilia-Politiko area, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: implications for permeablity in oceanic crust.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The presence of hydrothermal vents on the seafloor at present-day spreading centres, and the lower than expected conductive heat flow values at ridge crests requires the convective circulation of fluids in oceanic crust. The fractured nature of oceanic crustal rocks further suggests that fractures rather than the rock matrix control the fluid circulation and hydrothermal alteration. Study of the nature and role of these fractures in the sub-surface below the modem seafloor is at present done only through one-dimensional boreholes and seismic refraction studies. These fracture networks are better described through analogues such as the ancient obducted oceanic crust of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, which provide a three-dimensional, well-exposed cross-section through the oceanic crust. -- The Spilia-Politiko area, Cyprus, was chosen to investigate the characteristics of fractures in the sheeted dyke complex of the Troodos ophiolite. Sheeted dykes in the study area  were intruded along a fast spreading, ridge in the Tethys  Sea approximately 90 Ma. A jump of the spreading axis from the Solea graben to the Spilia-Politiko area, a second ridge jump further to the east, and movement along  the South Troodos Transform Fault have contributed to the  formation of five, partly fault-bounded, dyke domains which are defined by their strike orientations. The chemistry of the dykes and the distribution of hydrothermal alteration zones are indicative of multiple,  small, transient magma chambers. A later phase of amagmatic extension, post-dating hydrothermal alteration,  resulted in the formation of the Mitsero graben structure  through a roughly 12% extension of the crust. -- Fracture  characteristic data for roughly 3200 fractures were systematically collected at 41 locations in the different  dyke domains and throughout a vertical section of the Troodos crust, using a scanline mapping method. The mapped characteristics included fracture type, orientation, aperture, length, termination mode, and mineral filling. Fractures within the sheeted dyke complex of the Spilia-Politiko area are sub-divided into two distinct sets: (1) fractures parallel to dyke margins; and (2) those related to columnar jointing. The dyke-parallel fractures tend to exhibit longer trace lengths and larger apertures than those related to columnar jointing. In addition, the dyke-parallel fractures tend to contain epidote whereas the columnar joints were filled by calcite which formed at a later time. Both fracture types formed as the result of contraction during cooling of the dykes, such that fracture orientations are related to the paleo-orientation of the dykes. Other fracture characteristics,  such as trace length, aperture, and mineral filling, are generally consistent across the different dyke domains suggesting that the tectonic and hydrothermal processes during the period immediately following dyke emplacement were homogeneous. Fracture aperture and trace length decrease with paleo-depth through the sheeted dyke complex, whereas the occurrence of hydrothermal minerals increases with depth. -- Paleo-permeability of the sheeted dyke complex, numerically modelled on the basis of fracture radius, aperture, orientation, and density data from the study area, ranges from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻¹²m². An  observed decrease in the calculated paleo-permeability with depth corroborates studies of modern ocean crustal permeability as reported from Deep Sea Drilling Project borehole packer tests. Areas of intense hydrothermal alteration are more fractured than unaltered dykes, therefore their calculated permeabilities are higher, but  only by 6%. The intensely altered zones are 50-100 metres  wide and contain fluid inclusion and mineralogical evidence for the passage of hot, circa 350ﾟC, seawater-salinity fluids. They are considered to be the up-flow portions of hydrothermal circulation cells which resulted  in the formation of epidosite bodies. Preferential fracturing along the dyke margins favours vertical permeability, which facilitates vertical hydrothermal convection driven by heat from the small magma chambers. In the study area, the distribution of epidosite bodies suggests that the hydrothermal cells have a mean cross-strike spacing of 5.3 kilometres. Restriction of hydrothermal alteration to well defined zones higher in the sheeted dyke section and an increase in the occurrence of hydrothermal mineral precipitation with depth implies focussing of hydrothermal up-flow higher in  the section. Because the amount of fracturing in the diabase does not vary significantly from that of well-defined epidosite zones it is concluded that the location  of hydrothermal circulation cells is controlled by the position of the heat source. -- Study of the variation in  dyke orientations provides a useful basis for establishing a tectonic framework for sheeted dyke complexes. The study of fractures, alteration and permeability in ophiolites within such a tectonic framework provides valuable information about the fracture characteristics and permeability structure of the upper oceanic crust. The permeabilities calculated for the study area give an indication of the magnitude of  permeability in oceanic crust at a spreading axis during hydrothermal circulation, whereas sub-sea boreholes (e.g. DSDP hole 504B), with present technology, can only provide information on permeability at off-axis locations  and may not be as useful for estimating permeabilities in  active hydrothermal systems.


identifier: Mills, Jean Louise <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Mills=3AJean_Louise=3A=3A.html>   (1992) The provenance of Lower Tertiary sands from the Labrador Shelf.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

type: Thesis NonPeerReviewed

format: application/pdf application/pdf

abstract: The Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary sequence under the Labrador continental shelf is a sand-shale sequence that records the evolution of the Labrador Sea from the rift stage, through the active sea floor spreading stage to the deep-ocean circulation stage.  The sediment prism is thick, ranging from 10,000 to 15,000m and contains several sand units that have been targets for petroleum exploration. -- Seven of the 31 wells drilled in the Labrador Sea were chosen for this study.  Samples of the Paleocene-age Gudrid sand of the Cartwright Formation and Eocene-age Leif sand of the Kenamu Formation were examined. -- Study of 37 light fraction grain mounts indicates that the sands are subarkoses and arkoses with middle- to upper-rank metamorphic rocks as dominant sediment sources. Heavy mineral analysis of 55 samples reveals a dominance of those minerals associated with metamorphosed acid plutonic rocks. -- Correspondence analysis of the heavy mineral data set generated in this study demonstrates some profound differences in the sands. The Paleocene-age sands are defined by four factors:  (1) Amphibole factor, (2) Kyanite factor, (3) Zircon-Rutile factor, and (4) Epidote factor. The Eocene-age sands are defined by the Staurolite-Garnet-Tourmaline factor.  The differences between the groupings of samples is thought to be suggestive of differences in sediment source.  The variability in the Paleocene samples likely represents sediment derived from local areas proximal to the site of deposition, while the similarities between the Eocene samples indicate sediment mixing and homogenization. -- The principal source rocks for the Tertiary sands from the Labrador Shelf were amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks (particularly kyanite-, garnet-, and hornblende-rich schists and/or gneisses) and acid plutonics (particularly granites and/or granitic gneisses).  Basic intrusive rocks were minor contributors.  Pre-existing sedimentary rocks and/or paragneisses were present as local sources.


identifier: Abid, Iftikhar A. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Abid=3AIftikhar_A=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1996) Mixed-layer illite/smectite diagenesis in the rift and post-rift sediments of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland, Canada.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) clays were analyzed from 22 deep exploration wells from the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, where large commercial hydrocarbon reserves have been discovered. This basin has been subdivided into 4 areas (Southern, Trans-Basin Fault, Northern, and Outer Ridge Complex) based on general geology and characteristics of I/S-depth profiles. -- The mineralogy of fine-grain clays (<0.1μm) consists of mainly mixed-layer I/S with minor amounts of kaolinite, illite, and chlorite. Smectite and/or smectite-rich I/S clays were supplied to the Jeanne d'Arc Basin during Upper Jurassic to Tertiary time. At present smectite-rich I/S clays occur only in shallow samples irrespective of their geologic age. The proportion of illite-layers, as well as  their ordering in I/S, increase with depth and temperature. The random to R1-ordered I/S transition occurs between depth intervals of 1940m to 3720m and crosses several stratigraphic boundaries. The R1 to R3-ordered I/S transition is generally observed below 4000m depth. Basin-wide I/S data indicate that smectite-rich I/S clays have been illitized in both rift and post-rift sediments of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin due to diagenesis. -- The majority of I/S clays in samples with vitrinite reflectance (R₀) values less than 0.5% are highly expandable and randomly interstratified. However, for R₀ values greater than 0.66% only illite-rich ordered I/S is  observed. The random to R1-ordered I/S transition generally occurs within the upper "oil window" level of organic maturity (0.50-0.66%R₀). The relationships observed in this study should be expected in other wells of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin and may provide useful information to investigate the thermal maturity of sediments. -- The δ¹⁸O values of I/S clays range from 17.9‰ to 25.8‰ (SMOW), and calculated pore-fluid compositions vary from 1.5‰ to 11.6‰. In the Trans-Basin Fault area, high δ¹⁸O pore-fluid values are present at shallower depths and coincide with a narrow transition from random to R1-ordered I/S and reflect vertical migration of deep-basinal fluids along the fault zones. These fluids appear to be responsible for the rapid I/S-depth transition observed. In contrast pore-fluid δ¹⁸O in  the Northern area increases progressively with depth, suggesting there was no significant vertical migration of  deep basinal fluids in this area. -- In the regional context I/S-depth profiles reflect the influence of such factors as temperature, fluid migration, basin structure,  lithology, and salt diapirism. These observations illustrate that I/S-depth profiles should be expected to vary within the same sedimentary basin due to a variety of geological factors. A single well cannot always be considered representative of a particular basin.


identifier: Burton, Andrew Joseph <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Burton=3AAndrew_Joseph=3A=3A.html>   (1998) Seismic imaging methods applied to Devonian carbonate reef enviroments of Western Canada.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: A surface seismic profiling (SSP) reflection survey from south-central Alberta in Western Canada is reprocessed with the intent of differentiating between on-reef reservoir and off-reef non-reservoir rocks of the Devonian Nisku Formation. The associated seismic resolution is fundamentally low due to large seismic wavelength, thin reservoir formation, and large target depth. The reservoir response is also weak relative to strong impedance contrasts associated with the overlying clastic-carbonate-evaporitic stratigraphy. Hence, the reservoir identification component of seismic interpretation is based largely on subtle changes in the data character and event timing. For such an evaporation play, where geology is conformable to the method, conventional common midpoint (CMP) processing objectives include obtaining the maximum frequency bandwidth and true relative amplitude (TRA) in a surface consistent manner. However, since the primary indicators can be distorted by near-coincident multiple reflections generated by mechanisms that may vary laterally in timing and magnitude, it is necessary to distinguish between primary and multiple arrivals based on a combination of indicators including differential moveout, predictability, comparison with well log synthetics, and evaluation of vertical seismic profiles (VSP). The nature of the multiple determines whether conventional SSP methods can be adapted to multiple suppression, but existing techniques have been less than successful in the identification and/or suppression of significant multiples without compromising Nisku target response. The basis of this thesis research is to review CMP methods as applied to a particular Nisku SSP response, and to determine whether a practical solution to the multiple problem can be reached by integrating log and VSP wellbore data with SSP data. Because constraints on multiple energy are realisable when VSP data are incorporated, and since the available well control coincides closely with the SSP data, VSP analysis and multiple reflectivity inversion are considered as design criteria for an adaptive approach to multiple identification and suppression.  -- The methodology employed in this analysis of Nisku reflectivity involves application of basic rime-sequence analysis tools and standard seismic processing tools as related to seismic wave propagation within a layered earth. It will be shown that multiple energy can be identified in SSP data using hyperbolic semblance velocity analysis, range-limited stacks, and trace autocorrelations. Further, it will be shown that VSP data can be used to identify the same multiple energy and also to identify the mechanism responsible for the multiple reflection. For this particular Nisku study, the conventional methods of multiple suppression by prediction and moveout discrimination are evaluated along with an adaptation of a least squares inversion method. All methods face limited success due to the nature of the multiple contamination, but the overall analysis complements Nisku interpretation and thereby improves likelihood of drilling success.


identifier: Amoah, Nelson <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Amoah=3ANelson=3A=3A.html>   (1997) Experimental and numerical study of solute transport through saturated fractured porous aquifer.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The evaluation of groundwater pollution in different subsurface media has always been a challenging task. The knowledge required for the conceptual basis for analysis is often insufficient. Site specific data are usually not available. In fractured formations further difficulties arise since contaminant migration patterns are influenced in a complex way by the variability of fracture characteristics. In addition many numerical models have been found to be inefficient in handling the equations governing subsurface contaminant transport. This means that the investigator is confronted with several sources of uncertainties arising from both the input data and the numerical model itself. -- This thesis presents a field experiment and numerical study of solute transport through a saturated fractured aquifer located in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. The aquifer at the test site consists of a thin glacial till overlying a fractured bedrock. The investigation comprised two parts. The first part involved several months of groundwater level monitoring, in situ tests for hydraulic conductivity and study of the groundwater chemistry. High spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in the bedrock aquifer was observed. The second part involved two natural gradient tracer tests. Experimental results indicate that there is limited hydraulic communication between the overlying till and the fractured bedrock. Tracer migration patterns in the bedrock suggest a dense network of highly interconnected fractures which cannot be represented on individual scale. Tracer migration in the bedrock showed no evidence of flow channeling. The concentration distribution has been represented by breakthrough curves. -- Knowledge from the field study has been used to develop an efficient numerical model for solute transport based on the advection-dispersion equation. The numerical model was based on the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM). A new approach in the application of this technique to a class of non-linear, nonhomogeneous equations has been proposed. Several numerical experiments to test the accuracy and efficiency of the new model have been performed. Numerical results showed that the new approach improves the accuracy of the DRBEM. Good agreement was obtained between model results and the analytical solutions for several theoretical test problems. The ability of the DRBEM to handle the dual nature of the advection-dispersion equation was also recognized by achieving accurate results at high Peclet numbers. The efficiency of the DRBEM compared with other numerical solution techniques was also observed. -- The DRBEM model was applied to a practical field situation by using the results from a tracer test. Numerically simulated breakthrough curves were compared with the experimental results obtained from the tracer test. Aquifer parameters optimized for a reasonable match between the numerically simulated and the experimental results have been estimated. Simulation results suggest that the advection-dispersion model is highly suitable for solute transport analysis in this aquifer. Sensitivity analysis has been performed by computing sensitivity coefficients for the various aquifer parameters. The field experiment and the numerical study have provided considerable insights into the processes controlling solute transport in this fractured aquifer.


identifier: Nickerson, William A. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Nickerson=3AWilliam_A=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1994) Geophysical constraints on the stratigraphy, structure and tectonic evolution of the late Devonian / Carboniferous Moncton Subbasin, New Brunswick.  PhD thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: A synthesis of public domain seismic reflection, gravity, magnetic, borehole and map data reveals that the Moncton Subbasin evolved as series of linked half-grabens which formed by oblique extension beginning in Late Devonian time. Transpressional wrench faulting resulted in deformation, localized uplift and erosion in the Early Carboniferous (end of Tournaisian); episodes of strike-slip faulting punctuated a broad sag-style subsidence in the Late Carboniferous. Quantitative estimates of net extension and subsidence rates have been derived by balancing interpreted seismic cross- sections and making seismic-unit thickness and map measurements; these suggest that north-south oblique extension on the order of 10 km accommodated subsidence along the Caledonia-Clover Hill Fault zone in the Late Devonian and Tournaisian. The subsidence rate averaged at least 120 mm/10³ yr and was greatest during the late Tournaisian. -- The distribution of Avalon zone basement units beneath the Carboniferous cover is inferred from an analysis of gravity and magnetic data in concert with borehole and map observations. The Brookville terrane is interpreted to lie tectonically emplaced over the younger Caledonia terrane, and to extend beneath Carboniferous cover as far north as the Northumberland Strait. -- Seismic stratigraphic analysis of the terrestrial sediments of the Horton Group in the Elgin/Portage Vale area reveals alluvial fan and fan-delta seismic stratigraphic units in a previously undescribed Late Devonian/Tournaisian depocentre. The Albert Formation oil shale member coincides with a maximum flooding surface and is mappable seismically in the thick lacustrine succession. Seismic isopachs of progressively younger Lower Carboniferous sequences migrate to the southwest in a manner consistent with the oblique extension model of basin evolution. -- Taken as a whole, these observations suggest the pull- apart model of the Maritimes Basin should be re-evaluated. The early, extensional phase of basin evolution is consistent with the gravitational collapse of the Acadian orogen.


identifier: Aydin, Adnan <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Aydin=3AAdnan=3A=3A.html>   (1994) Interpretation of well tests in acute fracture-wellbore systems.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The problem of well test Interpretation in acute systems has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This investigation : a) establishes a basic understanding of the near wellbore flow mechanism in acute systems; b) formalizes the intersection angle-dependent variations in the streamline pattern and hence in pressure distribution and observed response; and c) provides mathematical tools to predict these variations. -- The theoretical component of this study involves: a) the derivation, for acute systems, of the governing differential equation of flow in fractures; b) the introduction of analytical models for constant-flux tests under transient and steady-state conditions; c) the formulation of the streamline-equipotential network created by injection/pumping through acute systems under initially non-uniform heads; and d) the development of a general, semi-analytical model accounting for the roughness, turbulence and intersection effects in interpreting single-well, constant-flux tests. -- The experimental investigation is intended: a) to verify the formation of the idealized streamline pattern and examine the effects of likely interactions at the acute intersections, particularly during injection tests; and b) to quantify the exit/entry loss coefficients as a function of the intersection angle. The experimental set-up designed to carry out this investigation includes three distinct fracture-wellbore system models with 90°, 20° and 10° intersection angles. The laboratory programme involved testing these models for three different apertures under steady, constant-flux, injection and pumping conditions. The overall experimental set-up successfully simulated the conceptual testing environment which the mathematical model is expected to reproduce. -- The pumping pressure distribution observed in the acute system model tests is in good agreement with the predictions whereas the injection pressure distribution at large intersection angles proves to be directionally variable. Although the latter poses a theoretical limitation, the mathematical models, in practice, are equally capable of interpreting single-well. Injection as well as pumping test data, and are valid for the design of the wellbore activities.


identifier: Tombale, Akolang Russia <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Tombale=3AAkolang_Russia=3A=3A.html>   (1992) The geology, geochemistry and metallogeny of the Tati Greenstone Belt, Northeastern Botswana.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Tati Greenstone Belt of Botswana occurs along the southern margin of the Archean Zimbabwe Craton in the northern contact zone of the Limpopo Belt Detailed mapping and structural analysis indicates that the Tati Greenstone Belt consists of three fault-bounded volcano-plutonic sequences intruded by granitoids. The data further suggest that the belt formed  from the accretion of the volcano- plutonic sequences to the Zimbabwe Craton La a manner resembling modem orogenic belts. -- Geochemical data suggest that the Tati Greenstone Belt consists of a komatiite-tholeiite sequence representing a back-arc basin and calc-alkaline volcanic and feldspathic sedimentary rock sequences which overall indicate the existence of an arc environment The geochemical data further indicate the presence of three different magmatic suites within the Lady Mary Group of the Tati Greenstone Belt and these suites have geochemical signatures similar to those of found in modem tectonic environments. The three magmatic suites include LREE-depleted rocks, LREE-enriched rocks and komatiites. The LREE-enriched rocks form the margins of a basinal structure with LREE-depleted and komatiites at the core. The komatiites are postulated to have formed from plume-type magmas generated in deep portions of the Archean mantle. -- Gold mineralization in the Tati Greenstone Belt northeastern Botswana, formed as an integral component of the tectonic evolution of the belt Three main stages of gold mineralization are recognized. The first mineralization stage is related to the late stages of volcanism which formed the volcanic sequences in the belt during this stage hydrothermal fluids circulated through the volcanic structure along fissures, fractures and lithological boundaries, leaching metals and creating extensive carbonate alteration zones. The contact zones between basaltic rocks and synvolcanic gabbroic sills, and inter-pillow areas were the most extensively altered. Metal-bearing fluids, in which the metals were derived during the alteration of the basaltic crust, were discharged along the tops of the volcanic sequences depositing banded iron formations with siliceous, carbonate, oxide and sulphide fades. In particular, sulphide fades banded iron formations in the Tati Greenstone Belt are discontinuous units located at the top of major volcanic sequences, which are either covered by sedimentary rocks including carbonates and minor clastic rocks, or lie directly on the basaltic crust In the waning stages of the hydrothermal activity, lower temperature phases of the hydrothermal fluids precipitated Au, Ag, Sb, As and other related metals in pockets at localized sites. -- The second stage of gold mineralization coincided with the deformation of the belt and the creation of favourable structural sites. During this stage, related to NE to N directed compression and thrusting (D₁), NE to N verging recumbent and overturned folds were formed. Volcanic sequences were thrust onto each other along lithological boundary-parallel faults, which are demarked by banded iron formations and related sedimentary rocks. The second deformation, D₂, was the main foliation-forming deformation event Metamorphic de-watering during this event resulted in large scale foliation-parallel carbonate and quartz-carbonate veining. Carbonate alteration formed during the first stage was extensively replaced by silica during this second stage, creating the silicified alteration zones which accommodated brittle deformation during subsequent deformation events. -- The third stage of gold mineralization was related to D₃ shearing of the volcanic rocks in the belt and major granitoid magmatism. Shearing and faulting created cross stratigraphy faults/shear zones. Banded iron formations and silicified zones formed during the D₂ deformational event accommodated brittle failure during this D₃  shearing event.  Secondary fluids penetrated through the lithologies along numerous structures and were heated by granitoid magmas. These fluids remobilized metals from banded iron formations and massive sulphide horizons, redepositing them into brittle fractures. The brittle structures were localised to areas of lithological heterogeneity, such as at contacts between gabbroic sills and basaltic host rocks and in relatively structurally competent rocks such as banded iron formations. The mineral occurrences formed during this stage were low temperature Au-only deposits. -- Gold was produced from at least 70 small mines scattered across the Tati Greenstone Belt Pre-1800 gold production by local tribesmen was also substantial. The various gold occurrences and their characteristics are summarized in a metallogenic map of the belt. Data presented on the metallogenic map include the main commodity produced, metallic associations, the form in which gold occurs, host rock type, and the nature of the structural control.


identifier: Pokhrel, Jhapendra <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Pokhrel=3AJhapendra=3A=3A.html>   (2002) Regional flood frequency analysis for the island of Newfoundland, Canada using L-Moments.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) for the Island of Newfoundland carried out by the provincial government of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1989 was revisited using the index-flood method based on L-moments. L-moment-based homogeneity tests showed that two of the 1989 regions were possibly redundant. The Water Survey of Canada (WSC) sub regions Y and Z were found to be statistically as well as operationally homogeneous. The conventional goodness-of-fit tests, including the L-moment-based tests were not particularly powerful in discriminating between the fits of generalized extreme value (GEV) and the three-parameter log-normal (LN3) distributions to the regional data from the 1989 regions as well as from the WSC sub regions. However, the robustness evaluation based on Monte Carlo simulation revealed that LN3 was comparatively more robust than the competing GEV distribution. A comparison between the return period flows estimated based on the 1989 regions and those based on the WSC sub regions showed that the estimates based on the WSC sub regions had, in general, equal or better accuracy than the estimates obtained with the 1989 regions. Likewise, the estimates based on the index-flood method using L-moments were found to be more accurate than those based on regression-on-quantile approach of the 1989 study. A similar comparison with the quantile estimates obtained from the more recent RFFA study for the Island of Newfoundland carried out by the provincial government also showed that the index-flood based on L-moment approach produced more accurate estimates than its regression-on-quantile counterpart. The L-moments based LN3 growth factors for the WSC sub regions and nonlinear regional models for index-flood estimation are recommended for carrying out the RFFA on the Island of Newfoundland.


identifier: England, Timothy David John <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/England=3ATimothy_David_John=3A=3A.html>   (1989) Late Cretaceous to Paleogene evolution of the Georgia Basin, Southwestern British Columbia.  PhD thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Georgia Basin is an elongate forearc basin that initially developed in the Late Cretaceous (Turonian - Maastrichtian). Its origin is ascribed to subduction- related lithospheric downwarping of Wrangellian crust trapped within the arc-trench gap during active convergence on the Pacific margin of North America. The sedimentary record of this period of basin development is the siliciclastic Nanaimo Group. The group is composed of distinct, alternating, dominantly coarse grained and fine grained formations, deposited during times of high and low rates of sediment delivery to the basin, respectively. The main control on grain size is believed to be local tectonic activity. Restored thicknesses exceed 5 km. Study of the group in the western part of the basin on eastern Vancouver Island and adjacent islands reveals a broad spectrum of facies associations, including alluvial, fluvial, paralic, and neritic to mid-bathyal marine deposits. A series of regional facies maps are presented for successive stages of development of the basin. Based on new paleontological data and detailed stratigraphic and structural studies, revisions are proposed to the lithostratigraphic nomenclature of the Nanaimo Group. -- Vitrinite reflectance data show that much of the Nanaimo Group is mature for oil and gas generation. Vitrinite reflectance/depth gradients in the basin range from 0.17 to 0.21 log %R₀/km. Thermal history modeling shows that prevailing geothermal gradients during burial were low (heat flux < 58 mW/m²).  Tectonic  subsistence was up to 2.7 km in 22 m.y., occurring at essentially constant rates between 100 and 200 m/m.y.. The eastern part of Georgia Basin lies beneath Georgia Strait and/or Cenozoic deposits. The western part of the basin remained buried until mid- to late Eocene after which it was tectonically shortened and uplifted. -- The southwestern part of Georgia Basin is now preserved as a southwest-verging, linked thrust system involving the Nanaimo Group and its Wrangellian basement, termed the Cowichan fold and thrust belt. The thrust system is interpreted to be a leading imbricate fan. The geometry of the belt from plan and profile perspectives illustrates its thick-skinned structural style. Thrusting was most likely in-sequence, creating an estimated minimum 20-30% shortening at the basement/cover interface. Both fault-propagation and fault-bend folding are evident, the former being more common. Kinematic indicators and the geometry of the belt show no evidence of significant transpressional or transtensional displacement fields. -- The sole fault of the thrust system is interpreted to rise from northwest to southeast on a series of deep lateral to oblique ramps and merge with the eastern extension of the San Juan Fault. This explains the rapid westward thickening of the wedge of thrusted Wrangellian basement. In the east, the sole fault is interpreted to locally have permitted the Nanaimo Group to overthrust the San Juan Terrane. Investigation of the Cowichan fold and thrust belt reveals how shortening during westward-progressing terrane accretion is accommodated in a forearc region that is dominated by a large slab of rigid, semicontinental crust.


identifier: Gool, Jeroen Antonius Maria van <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Gool=3AJeroen_Antonius_Maria_van=3A=3A.html>   (1992) The Grenville Front foreland fold-and-thrust belt in the Southwestern Labrador: mid-crustal structural and metamorphic configuration of a Proterozoic orogenic thrust wedge.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Gagnon terrane in the Parautochthonous Belt of the Grenville Province in southwestern Labrador is a metamorphic foreland fold-and-thrust belt which carried Lower Proterozoic metasediments and their Archean crystalline basement in a north-northwest-directed thrust movement onto the Superior Province foreland. It is separated from the foreland in the northwest by the Grenville Front and overlain by the Parautochthonous Molson Late terrane to the southeast. -- Metasediments in Gagnon terrane are part of the Knob Late Group and were deposited in the Early Proterozoic on the passive continental margin of the Superior Craton. They form the southern extension of the Labrador Trough into the Grenville Province. The basement rocks are predominantly granulite-facies gneisses, migmatites and amphibolites, which form part of the Ashuanipi Metamorphic Complex of the Superior Province. A system of linked extensional faults presumably existed in the basement at the time of sediment donation as a result of crustal thinning.  -- Deformation and metamorphism in Gagnon terrane were a result of the thrust emplacement of Molson Lake terrane over Gagnon terrane along a major ductile shear zone, during the Grenvillian orogeny. Molson Lake terrane formed a thrust wedge which tapered to the northwest and which progressively incorporated thrust sheets of the underlying metasediments of Gagnon terrane. The angle between the Superior continental margin and the front of the advancing Molson Late terrane placed the belt in a transpressive setting, and resulted in an oblique orientation of the structures and the metamorphic zonation in the area, with respect to the trend of the belt in southwestern Labrador. -- Gagnon terrane in the  map area consists of two thrust systems, a lower, basement-dominated system and an upper, metasediment-dominated system. Thrust sheets in the lower system, are separated by steeply east-southeast-dipping, narrow, ductile shear zones, are several kilometers thick and weakly deformed internally. In contrast, the upper, thin-skinned thrust system consists of an imbricate stack of pervasively, ductilely deformed thrust sheets which vary in thickness from about 200 m in the northwest, to several kilometers in the southeast. Thrusting in Gagnon terrane was initiated in the upper thrust system and progressed in a regular sequence towards the foreland. Thrusting in the lower system occurred in a similar foreland-directed sequence, but postdated the thrust activity in the upper system and caused out-of-sequence thrusting in the latter, where basement thrusts breached the metasediments. The thrusts in the basement formed by reactivation under oblique compression of the pre-exising extensional faults. -- A pervasive southeast-dipping simple-shear foliation (S₁) and south-southeast-plunging elongation lineation (L₂) characterize the fabric in the upper thrust system and in the shear zones of the lower thrust system. The thrusts in both systems are formed by southeast-dipping ductile shear zones. D₁ deformation occurred in the footwall of the thrust wedge and during accretion of the rocks into the wedge. During progressive thrusting, D₁ structures inside the thrust wedge were folded into northwest-verging F₂ folds and were affected by northwest-directed out-of-sequence thrusts. D₂ structures reflect changes in the shape of the thrust wedge during the thrust movement. The southeastern part of the map area is dominated by late, kilometer-size F₃ cross-folds that developed as a result of the oblique convergence of the belt. Although the geometry of the stacked thrust sheets resembles that of thrust belts at high crustal levels, all Grenvillian deformation was ductile, typical for rocks of mid-crustal levels.  -- Grenvillian metamorphic grade of the rocks increases towards the structurally higher thrust sheets in the southeast, and also along the strike of the belt towards the southwest.  It ranges from sub-greenschist facies in the north, at the Grenville Front, to upper amphibolite facies (700°C and 11 kbar) in the southeast, near Molson Lake terrane. Thrusting in Gagnon terrane caused a telescoping and inversion of the metamorphic gradient, with discontinuities in the metamorphic field gradient across thrust faults. P-T paths derived from zoned garnets in metapelites have a “hairpin shape” and suggest rapid cooling and decompression of the rocks after attainment of the “peak” metamorphic conditions. Incorporation of thrust sheets into the thrust wedge caused the switch from prograde to retrograde metamorphism and from predominantly mylonitic deformation (S₁), near the base of the thrust wedge, to folding and out-of-sequence thrusting (D₂), in the remainder of the thrust wedge. -- Metasedimentary thrust sheets were incorporated in the thrust wedge by underplating, rather than by accretion at the toe, after they were buried underneath Molson Lake terrane  down to a depth of about 30 km. Underplating as mode of accretion of material to the thrust wedge may be the mechanism that causes inversion of the metamorphic gradient in this and other thrust belts.


identifier: Thompson, Gary M. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Thompson=3AGary_M=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1998) The geochemistry and petrogenesis of Rarotonga, an ocean island in the South Pacific.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Rarotonga is the emergent summit of a Plio-Pliestocene volcanic complex built by effusive and pyroclastic eruptions of mainly mafic magma. Petrographically the mafic rock types are ankaramite and basalt. Phenocryst assemblages provide the basis for recognizing two types of ankaramites and basalt, one with a relatively simple equilibrium assemblage of olivine, titanaugite and magnetite (type I), and one with olivine, diopside-augite and titanaugite in which phenocrysts show dis-equilibrium textures (type II) The final stages of volcanism on Rarotonga witnessed the pyroclastic eruption of phonolites and the effusive eruption of foidal phonolites. -- Chemically the two mafic types are divided on silica content with, the type I rocks generally have lower silica content than the type n rocks. The remaining elements (both major and trace) having similar concentrations in both types. Although some of the mafic rocks have primitive compositions they probably do not represent primary compositions due to the presence of accumulated minerals. Both type J and type II rocks are enriched in incompatible trace elements compared to primitive mantle. On Bowen diagrams the foidal phonolites and phonolites plot as extensions of the trends defined by the mafic rocks. There is, however, a compositional gap between the mafic rocks and the felsic rocks. -- Distribution coefficients determined on mafic rocks from Rarotonga show high concentrations of most of the incompatible trace elements (e.g., Sr, Th, Y, REE etc.) in the pyroxenes relative to the other phases suggesting that fractionation of pyroxenes dominated trace element distributions during crystal fractionation. In such cases, the highly incompatible elements (Kd < 0.001) are the LFSE Ba and Cs, and the HFSE. Elements that could also be classified as strongly incompatible are Nb and Ta (Kd < 0.1). The remaining trace elements have Kd values that range from ~0.1 (La) up to ~0.8 (Yb). Magnetite incorporates higher amounts of Nb and Ta compared to the titanaugites, and any significant fractionation of magnetite will effect the bulk distribution of Nb and Ta. The LREE have lower Kd values than MREE and HREE with the HREE having Kd values close to unity. Consequently, the separation of titanaugite produces an overall enrichment of REE in the residual liquid with an increase in the La/Yb ratio. -- Most of the bulk compositional variation observed in the Rarotonga lavas is due to crystal fractionation processes. Rayleigh fractional crystallization is preferred to equilibrium crystallization on account of the abundance of zoned phenocrysts in many of the Rarotonga rocks. Olivine and clinopyroxene were the two phases controlling crystal fractionation of the mafic rocks. In the type II magmas, the first clinopyroxenes to crystallize had diopside-augite compositions while later clinopyroxenes had titanaugite compositions. As the magma fractionated towards more intermediate compositions kaersutite began to crystallize. Due to slight differences in silica saturation the type I magmas fractionated toward a foidal phonolite end-member forming a low silica suite. The type II magmas fractionated towards phonolite forming a high silica suite. -- Viscosity increased during fractionation of the magma chambers inhibiting eruption of the intermediate compositions. A late stage fluid (probably formed during pneumatolysis) was concentrated in the fractionating magma chambers (Na₂O, Th and Y, etc.). This fluid along with continued increase of alkalis decreased the overall viscosity of the magma to a point where eruptions could start again. The phonolite magmas, which only formed pyroclastic eruptions, were slightly more viscous than the foidal phonolites which erupted as flows. -- Whereas much of the compositional variability observed amongst Rarotonga lavas can be attributed to fractional crystallization, important differences in incompatible element ratios and bulk composition of primitive Rarotonga lavas must have been inherited from processes occurring in their mantle source regions. Quantitative modeling shows that the primary magmas which produced the lavas on Rarotonga were produced by low degrees of partial melting (<5%) of a (garnet-free) spinel lherzolite source. The mantle source also contained either an amphibole or a mica phase and was enriched relative to primitive mantle in the highly incompatible elements. The type I magmas were probably produced slightly deeper in the mantle than the type II magmas.


identifier: Wadden, David <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Wadden=3ADavid=3A=3A.html>   (2002) Rainfall distribution in the city of St.John's: temporal distribution, spatial variation, frequency analysis, and Tropical Storm Gabrielle.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The evaluation of rainfall distribution throughout the City of St. John's, Newfoundland, was performed: to investigate the temporal distribution of rainfall across the City; to compare the spatial variations of concurrent rainfall events at the City's three rain gage stations, to determine the most appropriate probability distribution for the frequency analysis of rainfall; to update the IDF curves for the City of St. John's; and to analyze the extreme rainfall event of September 19,2001, which resulted from Tropical Storm Gabrielle.  -- The temporal distribution of rainfall in the City of St. John's was examined resulting in the determination of a family of probability curves (10% through 90%), which related percent storm rainfall to percent storm duration, for both single station rain gages and the Network Mean. The method utilized was similar to Huff (1967) except that storms were not grouped by the quartile which had the most rainfall accumulation but instead all storms were analyzed as a single group. The analysis indicated that the temporal distribution for the Network Mean was similar to the results obtained for each of the single station rain gages and that it was appropriate to represent the time distribution of rainfall, across the City of St. John's, by a Network Mean distribution that was applicable for all storm durations. The proposed Network Mean distribution was then compared to the AES Mean, Huff, and SCS temporal distributions. It was concluded that the 20% Network Mean distribution was the most appropriate for the City of St. John's in all cases except the 12-hour event where the AES Mean distribution should be used.  -- The spatial variation of rainfall was analyzed using concurrent rainfall events, from the City's Windsor Lake, Ruby Line, and Bladder Avenue rain gage stations. The analyses indicated that the spatial variation of rainfall fluctuated across the City on a storm by storm basis and that, on average, the rainfall depths were greater in the Northeast at Windsor Lake. It was also shown that the data from the AES rain gage at the St. John's Airport could be combined with the data from Windsor Lake to provide an extended database for IDF analysis.  -- The frequency analysis of annual extremes for the combined database of Windsor Lake and St. John's Airport was performed. The results indicated that the previously assumed AES Extreme Value Type 1 (EV1) distribution was no longer appropriate for the frequency analysis of annual rainfall extrema and that the Lognormal (LN) distribution was the best fit. Updated IDF curves were prepared, based on the combined database and the LN distribution, and it was found that the new curves, on average, gave slightly higher rainfall intensities for various return periods and durations.  -- The rainfall event of September 19, 2001, resulting from Tropical Storm Gabrielle, was also examined. The temporal distribution of rainfall across the City for this event was uniform and best represented by the AES 12 hour distribution. The rainfall generated by Tropical Storm Gabrielle varied across the City with a maximum difference of 61.9mm between stations. The frequency analysis of this event indicated that the 2-hour, 6-hour, 12- hour, and 24-hour rainfall maxima all exceeded the 100 year return period.


identifier: Jarvis, Dale Gilbert <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Jarvis=3ADale_Gilbert=3A=3A.html>   (2001) Architectural change and architectural meaning in Moravian Labrador.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis studies change and meaning in the extant Moravian mission architecture of Labrador. It studies the built environment constructed by the Moravian Church between 1752 and the 1990s. It discusses the history of the church and traces the development of architectural styles from Europe to Labrador. It demonstrates how architecture is linked to issues of power, ideology and order, and how the buildings are used as political and social symbols. The thesis concludes by explaining a major shift in the way these architectural symbols were used and created in the twentieth century.


identifier: Chen, Chengsheng <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Chen=3AChengsheng=3A=3A.html>   (1997) Statistical analysis of turbidite cycles in submarine fan successions.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: To statistically test and evaluate the significance of asymmetric upward thickening and thinning trends and other cyclic patterns in turbidite successions, twenty-eight bed-by-bed sections with a wide coverage in geological time, tectonic settings, facies characteristics, and depositional environments were measured and described. First, 286 sandstone packets were selected from the 28 turbidite sections through statistically based segmentation. Then, these packets were examined by three powerful correlation tests (Kendall's, Spearman's, and Pearson's correlation tests) and four tests for randomness. Only 34 (11.9%) of the sandstone packets pass tests designed to identify asymmetry at the 10% significance level. Monte Carlo simulation and the binomial probability analysis indicate that the number of asymmetric sequences identified in the original set of turbidite sandstone packets is indistinguishable from the number which can be produced by random processes.  -- Eighty-six sandstone packets were tested for upward coarsening and fining trends. It was found that as many as 50% of sandstone packets from coarse-grained channel fills fine or coarsen upward. Upward fining sequences dominate, which is interpreted as the result of channel filling or the stacking of onlapping deposits at a channel mouth.  -- The Hurst statistic provides a measure of long-term persistence. Sixteen (84.2%) of 19 turbidite sections show the Hurst phenomenon, i.e., irregular and non-periodic clustering of high and low values of bed-thickness, grain-size, and sandstone percentage. This clustering is related to vertical changes of sedimentary facies caused by lateral shifting of environments on the fan surface. The strength of the clustering, inferred from Hurst K values, might be useful as an index to distinguish submarine fan environments: channel-Ievee complexes tend to have strong clustering; lobe-interlobe deposits tend to display moderate clustering; and basin-floor sheet sand systems tend to have weak clustering.  -- Combining facies characteristics observed in the field with the statistical results provides some criteria for the identification of submarine fan environments, and yields four preliminary fan models. (1) Type 1 sandy fans typically form in forearc basins, are fed by littoral sources or fan deltas, and are characterized by very coarse (pebbly sandy) sediments. Both channel and lobe deposits are well developed. A significant number of upward fining sequences can be found in channel deposits. Channel-interchannel complexes, particularly channel-levee complexes, display strong clustering of bed-thickness, grain-size and other parameters. (2) Type 2 sandy fans mainly form in forearc basins but also in foreland basins, and are fed by littoral sources or small rivers. The basic features of this model are similar to those of model 1, but pebbly sediments are absent or rare, and upward fining sequences lack significance. (3) Type 1 muddy fans tend to form in passive margins, foreland basins or foredeeps, and are fed by a large river delta. They are typically characterized by nested sandy bodies of channel and crevasse-splay-lobe deposits in very well-developed muddy levee deposits, which causes strong clustering of bed-thickness, grain-size and other parameters. Channels might gradually die out without a sandy lobe at the end. (4) Type 2 muddy fans form in the same tectonic settings as model 3, but sediments are mainly derived from failure at the shelf break, resulting in well-developed megaturbidite beds with thick mud caps. The large, muddy turbidity currents responsible for these beds are usually unchannelized and efficiently transport sandy sediments to form wide spread basin-floor sand sheets.


identifier: Elfigih, Omar Bouzid <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Elfigih=3AOmar_Bouzid=3A=3A.html>   (2000) Regional diagenesis and its relation to facies change in the Upper Silurian, Lower Acacus Formation, Hamada (Ghadames) Basin, Northwestern Libya.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Lower Acacus Formation consists of fourteen deltaic packages which change laterally across the Hamada Basin, NW Libya. Southern fluvial-channel sandstones prograded northward into coastal-deltaic sandstones and siltstones, and eventually to offshore-marine sandstones and shales. Each depositional environment in the Lower Acacus Formation produced a characteristic facies with specific compositional characteristics. -- Petrographic and petrophysical properties of selected sandstone units within the Lower Acacus Formation indicate that the sandstones have been altered by the diagenetic processes of compaction, authigenesis, and dissolution. Three diagenetic facies are identified from the southern basin flanks to the northern basin centre respectively: (a) quartz-cemented facies, (b) carbonate-cemented facies, and (c) clay-cemented facies. Each of the diagenetic facies contains a characteristic authigenic mineral suite reflecting a specific sequence of alterations which are (a) quartz-overgrowths and iron oxide, (b) carbonate cementation and dissolution, and (c) clay authigenesis respectively. -- Isotopic study of selected sandstone units reveals a diagenetic history involving meteoric fluids modified by increasing water/rock interactions and saline (connate) water mixing with burial. -- The major types of porosity have a regional distribution related to type of grain framework, matrix and cement in each depositional facies. Dissolution of carbonate cements and unstable grains was the dominant process to create secondary porosity; such porosity being associated with the proximal deltaic facies. Preserved primary porosity is mainly associated with the fluvial-channel facies. Microporosity and some fracture porosity are the dominant porosity types in the distal deltaic and reworked marine- offshore facies. With continued diagenesis, differential cementation and dissolution redistributed porosity and modified primary porosities in the Lower Acacus Formation. -- A multistage model of the leaching of carbonate cements and secondary porosity development is proposed. This includes: (I) a shallow depth (early) diagenetic stage wherein CO₂-charged meteoric waters flushed through channel systems of the fluvial sandstone facies in the southern part of the basin, and (2) a deeper (late) diagenetic stage mainly due to carbonic acid-rich waters expelled from maturing organic-rich Tanezzuft shales into the deltaic sandstone facies in the northern part of the basin. -- Early diagenesis recognized in the different sandstones of the Lower Acacus Formation has major impact on the present-day hydrologic system across the Hamada Basin. Present-day hydrologic zones have a distribution which is spatially expanded relative to the Lower Acacus diagenetic zones and indicates the role of fluid flushing and dilution through time. -- At the basin-wide scale the relationship between sandstone facies and the distribution of diagenetic elements is an important aspect of the Lower Acacus reservoir character heterogeneity. Recognized diagenetic facies heterogeneity includes: (1) iron-oxides and interstitial clay coatings associated with quartz-overgrowths in the quartz- cemented facies of fluvial origin, (2) calcite cement patterns in the carbonate-cemented facies of proximal deltaic origin, (3) ferroan-dolomite cement associated with the fine-grained, micaceous, clay-clast-rich sandstones of proximal deltaic origin, and with the reworked marine sandstone units, and (4) authigenic clay (kaolinite) and its effect on permeability throughout the various depositional facies. -- Integration of the many data sets results in a basin-wide 3-D geological model which includes four phases of major regional diagenetic changes: Phase I and II represent reduction of primary porosity and permeability in fluvial sandstone units. Phase III led to secondary pore formation and to modification of primary porosity in proximal delta front sandstone units. Phase IV represents pore-filling in distal delta front siltstones and reworked marine sandstone units. -- Improved regional basin analysis and computerized basin modelling must consider and apply the variability expected from a multitude of parameters ranging from primary depositional processes to processes of burial and subsequent modification of formation characteristics. Commonly-applied generalizations regarding diagenesis as determined from individual well studies are inadequate and in many instances perhaps invalid for developing productive regional model. Use of regional diagenetic modelling integrated with depositional facies and basin analysis represents an initial step in predicting regions of maximum enhanced and preserved porosity in the subsurface.


identifier: Rutherford, Douglas E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Rutherford=3ADouglas_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1989) The Archaic / Ceramic Period transition in New Brunswick and Maine: an analysis of stemmed biface morphology.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: A study of lithic assemblages from nine Archaic and Ceramic Period sites was conducted in order to determine possible material culture continuity between these time periods in the Maine-Maritimes region. A further aim was to examine and define the Terminal Archaic Period in the region, with the goal of identifying the attributes of that period and clarifying the regional chronology.  -- The study resulted in the recognition of traits from the Moorehead Phase Late Archaic and Susquehanna Tradition continuing into the Early Ceramic Period. Early Ceramic Period narrow stemmed projectile points are strongly similar to Moorehead Phase points. Susquehanna Tradition related points are known from northeastern New Brunswick and the St. Croix drainage, and chipped and ground adzes from the Early Ceramic Period are related to those of the Susquehanna Tradition.  -- This allows for commentary regarding the transitional period between the Archaic and Ceramic Periods, Hypotheses are proposed regarding the postulated decline of the Moorehead Phase, the potential for relationships between Moorehead Phase peoples and those of the Susquehanna Tradition, and possible explanations for the small number of sites which may be attributable to this time period in the Maine-Maritimes region.


identifier: Tong, Shidong <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Tong=3AShidong=3A=3A.html>   (1990) A computerized data acquisition and control system for Fabry-Perot inteferometry.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Fabry-Perot interferometry is one of the most powerful techniques in high resolution spectroscopy, especially in Raman and Brillouin scattering. Proper operation of a Fabry-Perot interferometer presumes the Fabry-Perot plates to be maintained in parallel alignment for a reasonable period of time while the experiment is in progress. Misalignment and laser frequency drift can cause very serious losses of finesse, and therefore of resolving power and contrast.  -- Various methods of stabilizing the interferometer system have been reported previously. May et al. described a data acquisition and stabilization system for the Fabry-Perot interferometer which automatically compensates for all instrumental frequency drifts, maintains interferometer alignment, and permits extended data acquisition time in selected spectral regions of interest. The commercial version of this data acquisition system is known as DAS-1. It was originally produced by Burleigh Instruments, Inc. in 1976 and has been the accepted standard among commercially available instruments. However it has not been available for several years.  -- Hardware and software packages which perform multichannel scaling (MCS) are now commercially available from several sources. The ACE-MCS package as supplied by EG&G-ORTEC and used in the present work consists of an IBM PC plug-in card and an MCS emulation program. This ACE-MCS package is simple and easy to use, but it lacks some essential features required in Fabry-Perot interferometry. The main problem is that it does not permit active feedback control of the interferometer alignment.   In addition, it does not provide for a segmented ramp-voltage output, which is necessary in situations where the scattered light is very weak.  -- In order to adapt this MCS package for Fabry-Perot interferometry, it was consequently necessary to modify and augment the hardware and software to accommodate the following functions: drift stabilization, finesse optimization, segmented ramp scanning.  -- The drift stabilization and finesse optimization functions mainly required software development, while segmented scanning required hardware development in the form of a digital electronic circuit.  -- A prototype system, based on an IBM-XT clone, has been developed at relatively modest cost and has been tested to record Brillouin scattering spectra of fused quartz. The experimental results show that the system is able to maintain Fabry-Perot alignment as well as the original Burleigh DAS-1 system.


identifier: Honarvar, Pauline <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Honarvar=3APauline=3A=3A.html>   (2001) A spatial approach to mineral potential modelling using decision tree and logistic regression analysis.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Logistic regression analysis and classification methods using decision tree analysis were used to generate two quantitative mineral potential maps for the Lake Ambrose area (NTS 12A/10) of central Newfoundland. The response variable consisted of 47 surface mineral occurrences plus 49 randomly selected sites representing nonmineral occurrences. Mineral deposit models and regional exploration methods were used to choose a set of predictors consisting of geology fault proximity, till and lake sediment geochemistry, and surficial geology. A spatial weighting function predictor was developed to account for the clustering of the mineral occurrences. -- The predictors were analyzed and recoded to derive a set useful in developing the quantitative models. The categorical geology predictor was converted into two binary predictors; felsic volcanics and mafic volcanics.  Fault proximity was analyzed by the weights of evidence method to determine the optimal buffer threshold to convert the continuous distance values to a binary measure ‘close to faults’ versus ‘far from faults’. The optimal thresholds were the 400 m and 1000 m buffers. Principal components analysis was applied to the till and lake sediment geochemistry to derive component summary variables. Three component predictors were added to the database: till component 2 (TPC2) representing base metal and gold, lake sediment component 2 (LPC2) representing base metals and lake sediment component 4 (LPC4) representing gold and its pathfinder elements. The till geochemistry predictors (Au, Cu, Pb, Zn and TPC2) were analyzed for spatial autocorrelation and an interpolated surface was derived using kriging techniques. The lake sediment geochemistry predictors (Au, Cu, Pb, residual Zn, LPC2 and LPC4) 2343 converted to a surface by mapping their values on the catchment basins in which they were sampled. -- The decision tree analysis indicated the spatial weighting function, felsic volcanics and the 400 m binary fault proximity predictor were significant predictors of mineral potential. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the spatial weighting function, felsic volcanics, the 1000 m binary fault proximity predictor and copper in till were significant predictors of mineral potential. The agreement, at the 96 sample sites, between these two modelling methods was 84.3%. The decision tree and logistic regression raster mineral potential maps were compared using Yule’s α.  A value of 0.54 indicates good agreement between the maps. Both models correctly classified approximately 79% of the 96 mineral/nonmineral occurrences. Due to the sparseness of the dataset, accuracy could not be measured as there were not enough samples to set aside a test dataset. -- Mineral potential reliability maps were generated using the mutually exclusive and exhaustive regions from the decision tree analysis and the joint probability model from the logistic regression analysis. The mineral potential and reliability maps were combined (multiplied) the form a favourability map. The favourability maps from the decision tree and logistic regression analyses were combined to indicate overall zones of high mineral potential and high reliability. Mineral exploration claims cover much of the study area and only a minor part of the high favourability areas were not claimed as of September 2000.


identifier: Webb, Margaret J. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Webb=3AMargaret_J=2E=3A=3A.html>   (2001) An assessment and review of currently existing databases as a foundation for the monitoring of health status of a population within a defined geographic location.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to first determine the availability of health status monitoring models within the community health arena. An assessment was then made as to the availability, quality and accessibility of existing health and social indicator data sources relevant to Labrador Inuit. To investigate the quality and practicality of the data sources, a conceptual and analytical framework was developed from a review of the concepts of measurement, measurement tools and health status indicator selection. Following this investigative process, a data collection model was proposed that could be used over time within the region of interest, utilizing components of the data and information sources inventory. -- The evidence from this thesis indicates that a great deal of information exists about the population of concern. This information can be used to measure health status. As well, a number of excellent tools have been developed to measure population health; one of these tools can be adapted to fit regional needs at this time. The thesis concludes by making a number of recommendations for supporting the development of a comprehensive health status monitoring instrument for a small population.


identifier: Short, Naomi <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Short=3ANaomi=3A=3A.html>   (1999) Mapping the margin of the Barnes Ice Cap using SAR imagery.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The limit of active ice, accurate to within 49 m, is extracted from SAR imagery of the Barnes Ice Cap, using a sequence of image speckle filtering, image texture analysis, supervised image classification, image segmentation and edge detection. Overall classification accuracies of the ice marginal environment are between 42 and 53%. Despite misclassification of some proglacial landforms it is possible to detect the limit of active ice as these surfaces are separated from the ice cap by supraglacial debris cover, an elevated ice cored debris ridge and perennial snowbeds.  -- Comparisons of opposing look angles reveal that 'downglacier' illumination produces the highest classification accuracies of ice marginal features and debris covered ice surfaces, whereas illumination from an off-ice perspective, looking 'upglacier', is found to produce higher classification accuracies for proglacial surfaces. Comparisons of standard and fine mode imagery conclude that 25 m spatial resolution yields higher classification accuracies than 8 m spatial resolution. Quantitative analysis of surface roughness demonstrates that the dominant grain size of surficial materials is the best method for relating surface cover to radar brightness.  -- Second order texture measures mean, homogeneity and correlation are found to be effective variables for maximum likelihood classification of ice marginal SAR imagery. Texture window size should be as large as the smallest feature to be identified, in this case approximately 85 x 85 m for the mean and homogeneity measures and 185 x 185 m for the correlation measure.


identifier: Nolan, Martin <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Nolan=3AMartin=3A=3A.html>   (1990) Love, Women and Conceits in Donne's Songs and Petrarch's Canzoniere.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: One of the most discussed questions of twentieth century John Donne criticism is the poet's relation to the work of Francis Petrarch and the Petrarchan tradition. One view, epitomised by Herbert Grierson, tends to emphasize Donne's youthful reputation as a cynical and rakish personality. His poetry, reflecting this personality, is viewed as highly original and thoroughly contrary to the idealistic love poetry of Petrarch and his followers. Another critical view, concentrating more on the poetry of Donne and less on his reputation and personality, acknowledges a definite Petrarchan presence in Donne's Songs and Sonnets and believes Donne's originality is in his innovative use of Petrarchan situations, themes and conceits rather than in a rejection of those Petrarchan elements.  -- This thesis does not attempt to label Donne a Petrarchist or an anti-Petrarchist, because such labels are unrepresentative of Donne's relation to Petrarch and limit a full appreciation of both poets. However, part of this thesis can be seen as a study of the development of this critical debate and how it affects the perception and understanding of both Donne's and Petrarch's poetry.  -- Most discussions of Donne's Petrarchism relate his work to the innumerable Petrarchists who followed and imitated Petrarch. Petrarch's reputation has been damaged by association with the often inferior work of his imitators and critical approaches to Donne's Petrarchism that do not take Petrarch himself into account present a distorted view of Donne's use of Petrarchism. This thesis allows the Canzoniere itself to serve as the standard of comparison for assessing Donne's Petrarchism.  -- A comparison between the Canzoniere and Donne's Songs and Sonnets reveals that generalizations usually applied to each poet's work are oversimplified and often unjustified. The identification of Petrarch with unreasonably idealistic love and unfailing adoration ignores the elements of regret, frustration, resentment and anguish that are also expressed in the Canzoniere. Similarly, labelling Donne as a cynical realist who denies any faith in love and women is to overlook tender love poems such as Sweetest Love and The Goodmorrow. Such labelling also ignores the numerous poems, like Twickenham Garden and The Triple Fool, which are Petrarchan in their theme of unrequited love and rely heavily on Petrarchan imagery. Also, the cynicism and distrust of women that are usually seen as elements of Donne's revolt against Petrarchism have precedents in the Canzoniere. A common sense of defeated idealism and unfulfilled love creates elements of misogyny and distrust in the Petrarchan lover and the disgruntled lovers in poems like Go and Catch and Woman's Constancy. As a result of the comparison many of the elements that seemed to separate both poets' work are found to be shared characteristics, thus achieving a greater appreciation and understanding of both poets.


identifier: Wood, Frederick Bruce <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Wood=3AFrederick_Bruce=3A=3A.html>   (1990) School-based financing of education in Newfoundland and Labrador.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This study attempted to address the questions being raised regarding school-based financing of education in Newfoundland and Labrador.  Since activities and amounts of funds raised are generally perceived to be on the increase, people are beginning to question the economics, ethics, safety, and accountability of school fund-raising.  -- Various aspects of this issue were examined: policy guidelines, activities and degree of funding, distribution of funds raised, the educational value of activities, the attitudes of all parties involved in school-based finance, and the organization and accounting of school fund-raising. Emerging trends were identified, as well as comparisons made on the basis of religious denomination, school type, and community size.  -- The questionnaire for this study was distributed to 150 principals.  Frequency distributions and percentages were determined from those questionnaires returned, while One-way Analysis of Variance tested for significant differences among the three criterion groupings. Interviews were conducted to confirm or refute the statistical findings.  In addition, document analysis determined the extent of policy development.  -- Findings revealed limited development of policy guidelines, and inconsistent application of guidelines at the local school level.  Hundreds of activities were used to raise funds-most variations of sales, services, or sponsorships.  These activities raised $5.8 million in 1988-89, or 55.5 per cent of the total school budgets made available to the province's principals.  These funds were expended on student transportation, graduation exercises, school supplies, and athletics.  The need for program support continues to Increase.  -- Support for school-based finance is generally good from all parties, but especially from students, teachers, and parents.  Despite such activity, it was found that a wide variation exists among schools in terms of organization and accounting procedures.  -- Few significant differences were recorded among the criterion groupings.  Only fund-raising totals and board allocations showed a significant difference based on community size.  -- Interviews confirmed the sense of frustration felt by all parties involved over the degree to which fund-raising has grown.  In addition, document analysis confirmed the lack of policy direction being shown by the provincial government, related professional organizations, school boards, and individual schools.  -- It was recommended that the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador promote adequacy and equity in educational funding through the adoption of a true foundation plan approach; that school boards begin immediately to develop written policies regarding school-based finance; and that a study be conducted to investigate directly the attitudes of various publics towards school fund-raising.


identifier: Liu, Jianxiang <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Liu=3AJianxiang=3A=3A.html>   (1991) Continuation and acculturation : a study of foodways of three Chinese immigrant families in St. John's, Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis is a study of the foodways of three Chinese immigrant families in St. John's, Newfoundland. The focus is on two forces, continuation of Old World food habits and acculturation of New World practices, in the current foodways complex of these three families. My findings are that two tendencies, the tendency to acculturate and the tendency to keep separate from the host culture, exist in juxtaposition in the three immigrant Chinese families. Both forces assume their own place in the resultant foodways complex for the Chinese families, specifically, with regard to the procurement of foodstuffs, meals, and food in relation to custom and belief.  However, differences in the degree of foodways acculturation is evident among all three families. A consideration of such factors as the length of time spent in the New World, the age of immigrants upon arrival, the cultural backgrounds of immigrants' spouses, the occupation and social role of the family heads, and the inclination either to acculturate or to keep separate, led to my conclusion that this inclination plays a most important and influential role in determining the degree of acculturation of each family -- also reinforced by the occupation and social role of the family heads. While other factors can play a role in determining the degree of acculturation, they are certainly not as crucial as these last two factors: the occupation and social role of the family heads and their inclination either to acculturate or to keep separate. It is argued that these conclusions are especially applicable to the foodways of immigrant families whose heads have lived in both the Old World and the New.


identifier: Sheppard, Carl Norman <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Sheppard=3ACarl_Norman=3A=3A.html>   (1991) The observation competence of grade six science students.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The primary goal of this study was to examine the ability of grade six students with the science process skill and critical thinking skill of observation.  Twenty-four students were interviewed as they worked through a series of science activities that required them to make and report observations.  Their reports were analyzed using the various conditions of observation competence in a model by Norris (1984).  This model lists various conditions which facilitate good observation.  Factors such as the observer being alert, having theoretical understanding, and using precise methods are the types of conditions that are included. -- The typical grade six student was found to be considerably lacking in observation ability when probed with non-leading questions.  Among the weaknesses, there was a general lack of alertness, theoretical understanding, and poor competence in reporting observations in a record. However, in response to leading questions, there was a much more satisfactory level of competence, except for the area of theoretical understanding which showed no leading probe effect. -- Students' reports were used to produce qualitative descriptions of the typical student, as well as of three individuals who represent an average observer, an above-average observer and a below-average observer.  These individual descriptions detail specifically the level of proficiency each student possesses with each category of observation competence, and provides illustrations of how the students displayed this competence in their responses to questions and in their behaviours while conducting the activities.


identifier: Grandy, Elroy George <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Grandy=3AElroy_George=3A=3A.html>   (1991) The development of a multi-media instructional package designed to supplement the grade five social studies curriculum with respect to St. Pierre and Miquelon.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a unit of study to provide additional resources for the social studies program for Grade five. The material was developed using an instructional development approach. -- The program includes a slide/tape presentation, and a teacher's guide. Included in the teacher's guide are activities to provide content re-inforcement, as well as an evaluation tool. The intended learning outcomes were determined by the Social Studies Curriculum Guide for the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. -- An extensive literature search identified a lack of audio-visual material to help teachers in the part of The Atlantic Edge, (1983) about St. Pierre and Miquelon. The writer consulted with teachers, and social studies co-ordinators and their suggestions were included in the unit. -- The material was field tested in four Grade five classes on the Burin Peninsula. Evaluation results show that the material was suitable for those for whom it was designed, and successful in meeting the specified objectives. -- Two conclusions were drawn from the study. -- (1) This instructional material improved the level of knowledge of those Grade five students who experienced the unit of study. -- (2) The material improved the performance level of students in schools physically close to St. Pierre and Miquelon.  It is suspected that students in schools further removed from the Burin Peninsula would show a more pronounced result.


identifier: Bown, Melvin <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Bown=3AMelvin=3A=3A.html>   (1989) Empowering readers at St. James' Junior High School, Port aux Basques.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this thesis was to explain and analyze critically a project that began four years ago that initially had as its objective the betterment of a very small group of educable mentally handicapped and learning disabled students. -- The intent was to eliminate self-contained classrooms for these students and place them in a resource room environment with more integration with other students in order to maximize their learning potential. -- As the project unfolded, not only were structural changes made, but a curriculum was devised and implemented for these students. These changes paved the way for the two special needs teachers to become remedial teachers for a number of slow learners and a resource for the whole school. -- The project has been a learning experience for all involved. The procedures followed, processes involved, strategies and materials used, may be beneficial to teachers in other schools in the province. Were this researcher to replicate this kind of reportage, he would include samples of pupils' writing out of respect for the continuing concern for the whole language (methodology) currently in vogue in this province. -- Describing a "process" has its difficulties, however in its faithfulness to an interpretive whole that constructs reality in a way that neither raw data nor abstractions can provide, this description becomes a model. This model, although it is fashioned from multiple viewpoints, enabled the emergence of a curriculum from the totality of a collective experience. The disadvantage of a description is that it places considerable demands upon a reader.


identifier: Rennie, Hamish G. (Hamish Gordon) <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Rennie=3AHamish_G=2E_=28Hamish_Gordon=29=3A=3A.html>   (1989) North Labrador and the Torngat Co-op : an exploration of Checkland's soft systems methodology through its application to fisheries development.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Checkland's "soft systems" methodology was developed for analysing institutional problem situations and the extension of its use to geography has been the focus of some debate in the geographical literature. Some geographers have argued that the methodology is not fundamentally different from the traditional hard systems methodologies or, alternatively, that it cannot be applied to the type of problem situations (i.e. regional, open-ended) which are the main focus of geographers' concern. Others disagree and suggest that these views reflect fundamental misunderstandings of the philosophy which underpins the methodology. This debate has taken place within an overall framework of concern over the perceived failure of the systems approach to make the expected progress within geography over the last twenty years. Some have ascribed this failure to the inadequacies of systems' methodologies. -- This thesis explores the potential of Checkland's methodology for use by geographers. It examines the methodology's philosophical base and applies the methodology to a problem situation within the domain of fisheries geography. The situation selected is the North Labrador fishery and the role played by the native peoples' co-operative in its current development. The research consequently develops two main threads: the philosophic, and the applied. -- The philosophic analysis suggests that the methodology would be more soundly based on Husserlian phenomenology than on the mixture of positivist and existentialist philosophies Checkland espouses. The application of the methodology results in a richer expression of the North Labrador fishery than would have been expected from a more traditional approach. A number of conceptual models are generated for both the North Labrador fishery and the Torngat Co-operative, and the capacity of the methodology to produce results that relate well to current theoretical approaches such as modes of production is demonstrated. The implications of the overall analysis of the models are that the North Labrador fishery should be seen as part of a pluralistic economic system and that the role of Torngat is one of operationalising the drive for greater independence by North Labradorians. -- The overall conclusion is that the methodology has the capacity for use in geographical research, but requires additional development before it can be expected to readily attract geographers. It is suggested, however, that geographers should play a role in such developments, particularly through extending the number of applications the methodology receives in supra-institutional research.  -- Key Words: Checkland's methodology; soft-systems methodology; Labrador; fisheries geography; phenomenology; Torngat Co-operative; First Peoples; Native rights; government policy.


identifier: Batterson, Martin J. (Martin Jonathan) <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Batterson=3AMartin_J=2E_=28Martin_Jonathan=29=3A=3A.html>   (1980) Contemporary frontal moraine formation in the Yoho Valley, British Columbia.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The northern terminus of Emerald Glacier (51ﾟ31'N, 116ﾟ32'W) in the Yoho Valley, British Columbia was bordered by a small, actively forming frontal moraine during summer 1979. Stratigraphic and morphological contrasts existed round the ice front, which primarily resulted from a contrast in the distribution of supraglacial debris. -- Sedimentological and geotechnical techniques were utilised to determine the origin of stratigraphic units within the moraine ridge. -- Moraine A, at the margin of heavily debris covered ice, exhibited a complex stratigraphy. At most sites a lens of subglacially derived till was evident, between units of supraglacially derived material. It is proposed that the moraine forming process involved the initial development of an ice-front talus apron, which was subsequently pushed and over-ridden. A plastic subglacial till was squeezed from beneath the supra-morainal ice margin, and overlain by a sorted supraglacial unit during glacier retreat. The moraine was actively advancing during the field season due to the maintenance of glacier-moraine contact resulting from the retardation of ice-melt afforded by the supraglacial debris cover. -- Moraine B is located at the margin of debris-free ice. The stratigraphy is less complex, although an upper unit representing a younger depositional phase was observed. The process of formation involved the melt-out of subglacial deposits during the summer months (July to August), which were bull-dozed into a ridge during winter advance. Successive accretions of till onto the proximal moraine side, perhaps on a annual basis, are suggested. -- Deterioration of climate, resulting in positive mass balances is the main cause of glacier advance. Positive balances have been recorded from nearby glaciers between 1973 and 1976. This suggests that small glaciers are sensitive indicators of periods of climatic deterioration. -- The thesis concludes that more than one moraine forming process may be observed around a single ice margin, one of which may be 'annual' in nature; and that complex moraines may be formed by depositional processes operating at the margin of a temperate glacier. If complexities exist in presently forming moraines, then such a possibility must be considered when examining deposits of past glaciations.


identifier: Batterson, Martin J. (Martin Jonathan) <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Batterson=3AMartin_J=2E_=28Martin_Jonathan=29=3A=3A.html>   (1998) Quaternary history, palaeo-geography and sedimentology of the Humber River Basin and adjacent areas.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Humber River basin in western Newfoundland was completely glaciated during the Quaternary. Glacial erosional features show an early southward ice flow from a source north of the basin that covered the coastal margins in the western part of the basin, including the Harrys River valley. Subsequent regional ice flow was southwestward to northwestward from a dispersal centre on The Topsails. South to southwestward flowing ice from the Long Range Mountains occupied the upper Humber River valley. This flow was confluent with ice from The Topsails flowing northwestward towards Bonne Bay. -- Ice retreated from the inner coast about 13 ka. During retreat, ice occupying the Deer Lake Valley dammed a proglacial lake in the adjacent Grand Lake basin to an elevation up to 85 m above present lake levels, as interpreted from strandlines on the west side and deltas on the east. This lake, named glacial Lake Howley, drained through its western end into the Harrys River valley via a well-defined channel. Drainage followed the modem Harrys River valley, reaching the sea in northern St. George's Bay. The lake was lowered by exposure of the South Brook valley outlet, and finally drained catastrophically through a spillway at Junction Brook. -- Marine incursion accompanied glacial retreat in the Deer Lake valley. Marine limit at the coast was 60 m asl, based on the elevation of a delta in the Hughes Brook valley. Inland deltas found at the head of Deer Lake and fine-grained sediment exposed within the Deer Lake valley show inundation below 45 m modem elevation. Dated marine macro-fossils in the Humber Arm and lower Humber River valley, indicate the deltas at the head of Deer Lake formed about 12.5 ka.


identifier: Twomey, Creina <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Twomey=3ACreina=3A=3A.html>   (1996) The impact of AIDS education on seventh and eigth grade adolescents' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about AIDS.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Adolescents are the fastest growing at-risk group for contracting AIDS because of their developmental characteristics, lifestyle practices, and their youthful sense of invulnerability. In the absence of a cure, prevention has been recognized as the only defense against the disease and education is seen as the key to prevention. Using a questionnaire based on the PRECEDE model and developed by Alteneder et al. (1992) a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was employed to assess  the impact of an AIDS educational program on junior high school students in central St. John's, Newfoundland. One hundred and ninety-four students completed the pretest. The students were then randomized into either the intervention group (N=82) or the control group (N=98). The experimental and control group were not significantly  different on any of the characteristics related to demographics or previous knowledge related to AIDS. The results were analyzed using means, standard deviations and a repeated measures analysis of variance. Findings indicate that there was a significant change in AIDS knowledge in the intervention group (p<.001). However, there was no significant change in attitudes toward people with AIDS, beliefs about AIDS, values, perceptions, enabling and reinforcing factors after the intervention. A one hour intervention is effective in changing adolescents' knowledge of AIDS but does not affect the other concepts associated with the PRECEDE framework. Further assessment of types of interventions, refinement of the PRECEDE questionnaire and research into  and prevention of adolescents' risk taking behaviour is recommended.


identifier: Collins, Patrick G. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Collins=3APatrick_G=2E=3A=3A.html>   (2007) A petrographic and geochemical characterization and the evaluation of the exploration potential for nickel sulfides in several mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes in Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: On the island of Newfoundland a number of mafic- to ultramafic intrusions are exposed; most commonly in the Dunnage Zone. These intrusive suites occur in a variety of tectonic environments, and have variable relationships with their host rocks. Nickel is extracted from intrusive  rocks of similar compositions throughout the world. This thesis evaluates the potential of three intrusive complexes in Newfoundland to host economic Ni-Cu sulphide  and/or platinum group element (PGE) mineralization. -- The Red Cross Lake Intrusive Suite (RCLIS), located in central Newfoundland, is a ca. 431 Ma layered, mafic- to ultramafic intrusion. The Steel Mountain Anorthosite (SMA), located east of Stephenville, in the Southern Long Range Mountains, is a ca. 1275 Ma massive-type anorthosite that hosts abundant Fe-Ti oxides and variable  mafic zones. The Taylor Brook Gabbro Suite (TBGS), located southeast of western White Bay, is a ca. 430 Ma gabbroic suite. -- The RCLIS is divided into an Upper and  Lower Series (US and LS respectively). The LS is comprised of predominantly gabbro and troctolite layers with minor dunite, olivine gabbro and serpentinite. The US had a gabbroic- to leucogabbroic protolith that is variably altered to pyroxene amphibole gabbro. Geochemical data indicate the RCLIS exhibits an intermediate to alkaline and sub-alkaline composition and  is tholeiitic. The RCLIS evolved through fractional crystallization; it exhibits a progressive decrease in MgO and an increase in FeO+Ti0₂ from the LS to the US. Sulfides comprise at most only a few weight percent; the maximum values are from country rock samples. Magmatic sulfides in the LS locally exhibit a high Ni tenor. Plagioclase composition averages An 69 in the LS and An 54 in the US, whereas paragneiss xenolith samples average An 47. Olivine composition averages Fo 83 in the LS and Fo 56 for the US; xenoliths average Fo 36. LS olivine is locally Ni-depleted with respect to its Fo content. δ³⁴S ratios exhibit a range of 5.64‰, from -1.79‰ to +3.85‰. The heaviest ratio is from a country rock sample, whereas igneous samples are closer to 0.00‰, suggesting little country rock contamination. -- The portion of the Steel Mountain Anorthosite (SMA) mapped is predominantly underlain by elongate, diffuse lenses of leuconorite, leucogabbro, norite and norite hosted by massive, recrystallized pink- to lilac coloured anorthosite. Massive Fe-Ti oxides occur locally in noritic units. Gabbroic units are relatively more altered, whereas noritic units more commonly preserve primary textures. Fe-Ti oxides exhibit complex exsolution textures. Lithogeochemistry was effective in separating the majority of samples along an evolutionary trend from Mg-rich melanorites to evolved anorthositic samples. Plagioclase becomes increasingly An-enriched as the rocks  become more mafic. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are consistently Mg-rich throughout the SMA. Locally, oxides display strong solid substitution and exsolution textures, which generally result from hematite exsolution in ilmenite or ulvöspinel exsolution in magnetite. In the  Bishops quarries, hercynite is also common in magnetite. At Sheep Brook, pyrite contains up to 4.7 wt.% Ni in concentric bands. Sperrylite and several other unnamed Pt-Te and Pd-Sb phases were identified. δ³⁴S ratios range  from +7.33%o to -2.41‰; the sulfides from Sheep Brook are  near 1.00 ‰ whereas sulfides in the Bishop quarries massive oxides are negative at -2.41‰. -- The Taylor Brook Gabbro Suite (TBGS) is heterogeneous at all scales. It comprises a concentrically layered pyroxene amphibole gabbro intrusion that is cut by multiple sets of mafic and felsic dikes. In the northern region of the intrusion  a separate, more mafic and coarse-grained zone is recognized. Much of the TBGS has been altered to greenschist assemblages with variable degrees of recrystallization. TBGS samples display well-developed geochemical evolution and are locally Fe-Ti enriched. The TBGS exhibits a sub-alkaline composition and lithogeochemistry suggests that it was emplaced in a within-plate tectono-magmatic environment. δ³⁴S ratios range from +2.22 ‰ to +4.81 ‰, suggesting a magmatic isotopic reservoir. -- The RCLIS has the greatest Ni-Cu-PGE exploration potential because of the presence of olivine-rich ultramafic rocks, evidence for some country rock contamination, locally Ni-depleted olivine and high-Ni tenor sulfides cropping out in mafic and ultramafic rocks. The SMA has the potential for future discoveries of PGE mineralization in the Sheep Brook area; grassroots  exploration based on structural analyses and geological mapping would be most effective at finding similar mineralization in the area. The TBGS has marginal exploration future, primarily because there are few rock types with characteristics to host orthomagmatic sulfide bodies. It is possible that the TBGS is only weakly eroded and that favourable stratigraphic horizons lie at depth.