title: Investigation of the Evoked Magnetic Action Flux of Skeletal Muscle

contributor:
Pengelly, L. D.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
The magnetomyogram (MMG) is a magnetic signal that may be measured external to an active skeletal muscle. It is generated by the transmembrane ion currents associated with the propagation of action potentials along the plasma membranes of the muscle fibres. Compared with other biomagnetic signals, such as the magnetocardiogram and the magnetoencephalogram, the MMG has been studied very little.

Presented in this dissertation is the development of a strategy for investigating the potential of the MMG as a research and clinical tool. Investigation of the compound magnetic action flux (MAF), the basic component of the MMG signal, was chosen in favour of direct study of the MMG. The design of a data acquisition system and experimental procedure for investigation of the MAF is also reported. A preliminary set of measurements from an excised frog gastrocnemius under controlled physiological conditions is presented. These measurements were designed to reveal the temporal and spatial characteristics of the MAF and to demonstrate the effect of several physiological variables on these characteristics. Such measurements have never before been reported.

The experimental measurements showed that the MAF from a frog gastrocnemius is a biphasic signal with an amplitude of 30 pT and a duration of 4.2 ms. The MAF was found to occur at the same time as the whole muscle action potential and well before the mechanical response of the muscle (generation of twitch force). The MAF was found to have an azimuthal component and a component that looped from end-to-end of the muscle. For submaximal stimulation, the MAF amplitude was found to increase nonlinearly with the twitch force amplitude. For supramaximal stimulation, the MAF amplitude was found to decrease with increasing muscle length. Finally, it was found that the electrical conductivity of the bath medium strongly affected the amplitude of the MAF signal.

This research has demonstrated the feasibility of performing MAF measurements in a typically "noisy" laboratory with a commercially available SQUID magnetometer. It has also shown that the MAF signal is reproducible and sensitive to some physiological variables. With these results, a greater knowledge and better understanding of the MAF has developed. Further evaluation of the potential of the MMG as a research and diagnostic tool is justified.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Synthesis and Stability Analysis of Self-tuning Controllers

contributor:
Sinha, Naresh K.
Electrical Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Electronics
Electrical and Electronics

abstract:
The problem of self-tuning reference signal tracking is considered for systems represented by autoregressive moving average (ARMA) as well as state-space models. By self-tuning control, it is meant to be a combination of recursive parameter estimation and control algorithm. A new strategy of controller design is proposed, which is pole/zero placement in the 'error transfer function' (ETF) in contrast with the usual closed-loop pole-placement. Sufficient conditions for arbitrary simultaneous assignment of ETF poles and zeros are derived. For ARMA models, a recursive extended least squares type algorithm with a general nonlinear criterion function, which can be defined by the user, is suggested and the strong consistency of the algorithm is proved. Reference signal model identification is introduced for the first time into the context of adaptive control, which provides great flexibility to track any unknown external reference trajectory. The global convergence of the adaptive ETF pole/zero placement is theoretically established for deterministic systems. New stochastic optimal control algorithms are derived for the case where the control objective is reference signal tracking. The novelty of the proposed algorithms is that the performance indices are determined by the prespecified locations of ETF poles as well as zeros. State-space approach to self-tuning control has been studied also. The recursive prediction error method is used for joint state and parameter estimation, of state-space innovations model. Adaptive reference signal tracking control laws are derived for system output as well as an immeasurable physical state.

To demonstrate practical applications, the derived self-tuning algorithms were applied to surface accuracy control in turning and end milling process. The results of simulations indicate considerable improvements in geometric accuracy of finished workpieces over conventional numerical control in the presence of significant tool workpiece deflection.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Sedimentology and Petrology of the Okse Bay Group (Middle and Upper Devonian) on S.W. Ellesmere Island and North Kent Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

contributor:
Middleton, G.V.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract:
The Strathcona Fiord Formation varies from a paralic environment at Stenkul Fiord to a small, highly sinuous, meandering fluvial environment at Muskox Fiord. The remaining formations in the Okse Bay Group are consistent with respect to their depositional setting. The Nordstrand Point Formation constitutes a small, sinuous, meandering fluvial environment. The Fram and Hell Gate Formations represent progressively larger, less sinuous, meandering fluvial systems. The Hecla Bay Formation is the only braided fluvial formation in the Okse Bay Group.

The Okse Bay Group is extremely compositionally homogeneous, both stratigraphically and areally. As a result of burial metamorphism, most of the originally sub-arkosic sandstones are now quartz arenites. Sandstone in the Okse Bay Group is well sorted and very fine grained. The sand size detritus in most of the Okse Bay Group was well lithified during early diagenesis. The sand of the Hecla Bay Formation was not lithified until late diagenetic conditions were attained. Late diagenetic textures suggest that maximum burial depth varied between 3 - 5.5 km depending on the geothermal gradient.

Cathodoluminescence microscopy revealed mainly rounded detrital textures, minor pressure solution of framework grains, confirmed the cement paragenesis and contributed to the source terrane interpretation.

Variations in the volume of sandstone, characteristic grain size, fluvial architecture, and paleochannel scale in the Okse Bay Group are complimentary in suggesting that continuous but variable rates of epeirogenesis of a source terrane occurred throughout Okse Bay Group time.

Regional paleocurrent trends, areal detrital composition trends and spore-based younging trends all indicate an eastern source terrane.

Source terrane constraints imposed by the interpretation of bedrock composition and tectonic behavior, and the directional constraints, are satisfied by the Ellesmere Island - Greenland craton with its Proterozoic intracratonic Thule Basin. Most of the detritus was recycled from the Thule Basin.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: On the Generation of Pipeline Acoustic Resonance

contributor:
Dokainish, M.A.
Weaver, D.S.
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
A flow configuration capable of exciting and interacting with the acoustic plane waves modes of a piping system is examined both experimentally and theoretically. The acoustic source is generated by placing two standard geometry orifice plates in the flow. Strong acoustic pressures exceeding 125 dB inside the pipe are generated with the orifice plate separation distance small (<2%) in comparison to the wavelength of the lowest frequency excited. The acoustic source is shown to excite those modes possessing an acoustic pressure node (acoustic velocity anti-node) at or near the source location. The Strouhal number based on mean orifice velocity and orifice plate separation ranges from 0.5 to 1.0. and is sensitive to cavity diameter. Flow visualization photographs examining the fluid mechanics of the phenomenon are provided. The photographs reveal the presence of an oscillating shear layer near the upstream orifice plate, and subsequent roll up into a large scale vortex and propagation to the downstream orifice plate. The effect of mean turbulence levels at the upstream separation plane on the fluid dynamics and coupled acoustic production is studied.

An acoustic model of the piping system is developed using the 4 pole method. The acoustic model, as well as the modelling procedures, are examined and tested in detail. A theoretical model of the coupled fluid/acoustic oscillator is developed by combining published characteristics of separated inviscid sheared flows with the developed acoustic model. The theoretical model predictions compare favorably, both qualitatively, and quantitatively with the experimental results.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Evolutionary Models of Migratory Systems. A Behavioural Approach with Application on Intraurban Mobility in Toronto CMA, 1966-1976

contributor:
Papageorgiou, Y.Y.
Liaw, K.L.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract:
In this thesis a general and formal conceptualization, within any type of migration can be studied is proposed. This framework results from the merging of two different traditions of research. The first has its roots in statistical mechanics and is expressed by what is known as evolutionary models. In this respect we follow the master equation formulation of Weidlich and Haag(1983).

The second tradition has its roots in probabilistic choice theory and is expressed by the nested logit model. Our particular formulation in this respect follows the derivation of Ben-Akiva and Lerman(1985).

We demonstrate that, as evolutionary, our framework is more general than the existing dynamic frameworks. In addition, due to its connection to choice theory it has behavioural characteristics. The connection between the master equation and the nested logit model is provided by the migration rates or equivalently by the set of probabilities of individuals moving between any two zones of the system. We argue that to a set of observed migration rates and population distribution corresponds, through a set of linear equations derived from the master equation, a unique equilibrium population distribution which indicates the tendency of the system at the moment of observation. Thus, the dynamic equilibrium is dependent on the socioeconomic conditions prevailing in the system through the migration rates.

Due to the level of aggregation of the available intrametropolitan household head migration data for the Toronto CMA and for the two time periods; 1966-71 and 1971-76, only one part of the nested logit model, the destination choice model, can be meaningfully calibrated. The results show that distance, the percentage of houses built before 1946, the number of new houses built during the study period and the density of the population are statistically significant predictor variables. We also undertaken a preliminary analysis of the impact of new house completions in Toronto City in the 1971-76 time period on the tendency of the system expressed by the dynamic equilibrium discussed above.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Relative Numerical Ranges of Elements of Banach and L.M.C.-Algebras

contributor:
Husain, T.
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract:
This study examines what growing old means for the older women's sense of self-identity. Some gerontologists argue that old age constitutes a period of role loss with detrimental impact on identity. A sizable body of data do not support this assumption. The underlying assumption of this study is that identity emerges and is sustained through social interaction. Thus the research focuses on (1) the meaning of 'being old' as defined by older women and (2) the extent to which a positive identity can be retained through social network involvement with family, friends and community leisure activities. Instead of focusing on what is lost, the emphasis was on determining what role relationships are retained and established in old age, and the extent to which these serve to maintain a positive self image.

The research is based on interviews with 142 women over age 65 living in the town of Bridgewater, Nova Scotia. The principle component of this sample comprised 101 women living in their own homes or apartments (i.e. community- dwelling). Most of the analysis is based on this sample. However, where comparative analysis is useful, these data are supplemented with information from interviews with 31 residents of senior citizen apartment complexes and 10 residents of a nursing home. The findings indicate that the elderly women studied here generally do not view themselves as 'elderly' or 'old'. Age identity is found to be largely situational and more relevant to some interactions than others. The majority have managed to retain a positive identity which is deeply embedded within their informal role involvements and social network ties. As a result, the loss of more formal role relationships had only limited impact on identity. The findings also indicate that a relatively stable small community appears to offer advantages for identity management in old age.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Plato On Participation: An Examination Of The Relation Between Forms And Particulars

contributor:
Hitchcock, D.L.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: The undertaking of this thesis is an examination of Plato's notion of "participation", the relation between particulars and Forms. It is, in the main, a close scrutiny of the Platonic idea of metaphysical first principles as causes, as an attempt to find a possible explanation concerning how they relate to the perceptible realm. I have attempted to demonstrate, through this analysis, that Plato's initial view with regard to the connection between Being and Becoming, does not remain the same throughout his works. Rather, upon examining his initial position Plato recognized its shortcomings and consequently altered his claims about metaphysical causality. This alteration manifests itself in the replacing of the concept of "participation" with a different account of how particulars and Forms relate.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Super Precision Adaptive Array Processing and Systolic Array Structures

contributor:
Wong, K.M.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject: Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
Adaptive array processing is considered as a task of bearing estimation and beamforming.

The use of the subspace decomposition in bearing estimation is studied. Operator decomposition approach is used to provide a more basic and unified framework to the spectrum representation. This unified approach is then utilized to study the geometric relationships between the conventional, high resolution, and super resolution spectrum estimation techniques.

Bearing estimation under coherent signal environment is considered. A methodology is developed to estimate the number of incoming signals and the optimum number of subarrays concurrently.

Beamforming is presented in a more general framework. The concept of beamforming as a process of joint bearing estimation and interference cancellation is proposed.

Finally, a restart to the array processing and digital signal processing problems in general, is initiated.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Mirrors of Christian Kings: Ideology, Theology, Role-Playing: The Renaissance King and Shakespeare

contributor:
Morton, R.E.
English

subject:
English Language and Literature
English Language and Literature

abstract:
This thesis presents the results of an extensive investigation into the primary materials which were instrumental in defining the theological basis of the nature of kingship as it was perceived in the Renaissance. Source materials include coronation rituals and records, theoretical writing by such writers as Erasmus and Elyot, sermons and polemical works of various kinds, and poems and treatises. These sources collectively confirm that there was an extensive ideology of the nature of kingship in religious terms, the key feature of which is that the king was regarded as a player of a variety of roles, especially roles which were based on divine attributes. This ideology in turn affects the representation of kings in shakespeare's history plays.

The first four chapters of the thesis are devoted to presenting the background materials which collectively created this ideology, and to showing how in specific ways it informs Shakespeare's presentation of his kings as divine role-players. Each of the four chapters examines a particular facet of the role of kingship as it was understood in Renaissance theocentric politics, and in turn manifested in the theatre. Part two of the thesis devotes five chapters to exploring the ways in which Shakespeare used the theory of the Christology of kinship in the history plays. Henry VI is shown to be a king who was only partially aware of his roles, leaving room in the body politic for the ambitious to attempt the roles he was failing to fulfil. Richard III perverts the ideology by using the roles of king for entirely wicked ends: he is an anti-Christ role-player. In the second Henriad, the ways in which Hal grows into his royal roles is explored, leading to an analysis of how he performs them in Henry I. The most extensive use of the theologicaI ideology is found in Richard II, which really is a play about how the role of king is perceived. New evaluations of the plays can be thus made in light of the primary material presented in the first part of the thesis, and the evidence presented of Shakespeare's familiarity with the ideology of kingship here described.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Meaning of Myriad Good Deeds: A Study of Yung-ming Yen-shou and the Wan-shan t'ung-kuei chi ("Treatise on the Common End of Myriad Good Deeds")

contributor:
Shinohara, Koichi
Religious Studies

subject:
Religion
History of Religions of Eastern Origins

abstract: Yung-ming Yen-shou (904-975) was a Buddhist monk who lived in a period of broad changes in Chinese society and Buddhism. He played a leading role in the restoration of Buddhism in the Wu Yüeh kingdom, and left a large body of writings. One of his best known works, the Wan-shan t'ung-kuei chi, has long been cherished by the tradition for its advocacy of harmony between Ch'an meditation and Pure Land practice. The dissertation questions the association of Yen-shou and his Treatise on the Common End of Myriad Good Deeds with the motives of the Pure land school from two points of view. In the history of the numerous biographies of Yen-shou, the association of his image with the Pure Land movement is relatively late. An investigation of the Wanshan t'ung-kuei chi demonstrates that the synthesis of Ch'an meditation and Pure Land practice is a topic of discussion, but is by no means the central concern of the text from either a theoretical or pracical standpoint. The dissertation contends that Yen-shou's Ch'an-Pure Land synthesis should be understood within the context of the Wan-shan t'ung-kuei chi as a whole. A translation of elect passages of the Wan-shan t'ung-kuei chi are included by way of confirming the reassessment put forward in the dissertation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Ecology of a Subarctic Intertidal Fiat Pangnirtung Fiord, Baffin Island, N.W.T. and the Paleoecology of Quaternary Molluscan Assemblages

contributor:
Risk, Michael J.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract:
Marine terraces and intertidal flats in Pangnirtung Fiord have developed in response to fluctuating Holocene sea level. The presence of subarctic molluscs in the macrofauna of Holocene marine terraces record an amelioration of marine climate associated with the incursion of subarctic waters into Cumberland Sound about 8700 a BP. The present intertidal biota of Pangnirtung Fiord is composed of a distinctly subarctic biota consisting of a bivalve, Macoma balthica, a polychaete, Arenicola marina, a gastropod, Littorina, saxatilis, a barnacle, Balanus balanoides and algae of the genus Fucus that cohabit with panarctic shallow water species such as Mya truncata and Hiatella arctica.

A distinct morphological and faunal zonation occurs on Pangnirtung Fiord intertidal flats. Six sedimentary environments are defined on the basis of sediment texture, primary sedimentary structures and their associated macrofaunas and ichnofaunas: proceeding seaward, beaches, sand bars, mixed flats, Macoma sand-flats, Arenicola sandflats and boulder barricades.

Bioturbation by deposit-feeding macrofauna, in combination with ice turbation, actively modify intertidal sediments. Field experiments have demonstrated that Macoma balthica and Arenicola marina are capable of reworking large volumes of sediment in a short period of time. Sea ice actively erodes and redistributes sediments and their associated biota within and beyond the intertidal zone. Observations at Pangnirtung suggest that bioturbation and ice turbation contribute to the destruction of physical sedimentary structures in intertidal deposits. The low preservation potential of physical sedimentary structures enhances the value of biogenic structures in environmental interpretation of Arctic marginal marine sediments.

Sea ice-related processes influence the population dynamics of the intertidal biota. Intertidal populations of Macoma balthica and Mya truncata from southeastern Baffin Island exhibit low annual growth rates and great longevity. At Pangnirtung, Macoma may live more than 13 years and Mya may attain ages of 15 to 20 years. The short growth season for these bivalves contributes to the slow rate of growth at Pangnirtung.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A History of Vanity Fair: A Modernist Journal in America

abstract:
Vanity Fair, published in New York by Condé Nast from 1913 to 1936, and edited by Frank Crowinshield, defies easy classification. Dedicated to the pursuit of good taste in all realms of activity, the magazine ranged freely among various levels of culture from "high" to "low."

The period of the magazine's publication marked a shift in literary patronage in America from the genteel Four Hundred to a more explorative and stimulation-seeking audience of the newly-rich, characterized at the time as the "Smart Set." Furthermore, the horizons of aesthetic concerns were being expanded by an increase in the reading public, and by new media such as radio and film created through technological developments. This led, in addition to an expansion of cultural possibilities, to a crisis in critical standards. A magazine like Vanity Fair, aiming to be an aribiter of taste, was therefore concerned with the problem of levels of taste.

Vanity Fair was directed at a small audience of taste-makers and was never a commercial success. Its prestige and influence were great, however, and most of the talented writers of the day were staff members or contributors. Among those who started their careers at Vanity Fair were Edmund Wilson, John Peale Bishop, Robert Benchley, and Dorothy Parker, and regular contributors included P.G. Wodehouse, George Jean Nathan, Aldous Huxley, Gilbert Seldes, H.L. Mencken, and Alexander Woollcott.

The range of features covered those concerns, both serious and diverting, which were of interest to exponents of good taste. Among the chief concerns were literature, theatre, and painting. The magazine was noted for its visual style, including reproductions of modern art and high-quality colour photography. Humour and satire were major components, and literary parodies, satirical cartoons and sketches, and humorous articles were frequent.

Literature was an important concern, and regular book review features appeared from 1913 to 1916, 1921 to 1923, under the editorship of Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop [illegible]. In addition fiction, poetry, and numerous literary articles were printed. The literary contents fall into three periods. Until 1919, the taste exhibited was essentially genteel, and all literature written in English was considered to form a single tradition. In the twenties, the orientation was modernist, and new developments in literary technique and concern were presented and discussed: in addition, American letters were seen as a distinct tradition. By the thirties, the emphasis on modernism abated, and literary concerns and judgements became more traditional.

The magazine's significance, apart from its literary and aesthetic concerns and judgements, resides partly in its overall character. Just as modernism consisted in part of the attempt to range through various aspects of life an achieve a new synthesis, so the magazine represented the same expansion of concern and attempt at critical judgement. Unlike other journals of the time, Vanity Fair did not specialise, but regarded all aspects of taste as its domain.

The synthesis of representation and judgement proved short-lived in magazine publishing, and by the thirties those magazines which focussed on one element, such as literature, intellectual inquiry, or humour, proved successful. Various aspects of Vanity Fair were the models for other magazines like The New Yorker, Esquire, and Life; but the synthesis of cultural levels, a peculiarly modern synthesis, did not survive the magazine's demise.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Developmental and Individual Differences in Children's Reading Comprehension

contributor:
Levy, B.A.
Psychology

subject:
Psychiatry and Psychology
Psychiatry and Psychology

abstract:
This thesis research focused on the contributions of word decoding from print and of reliance on story organization to children's story comprehension. Two experiments were conducted, whose findings contribute to our understanding of developmental and individual differences in reading comprehension. In Experiment 1, children in Grades 3 to 6 read silently, read orally, or listened to well-organized and poorly organized stories. Both amount recalled and reliance on text organization increased with grade. Listening, which required no analysis of print, yielded equivalent comprehension to silent reading; demonstrating that differences in reading comprehension cannot be attributed only to differences in word-decoding skills. Furthermore, oral reading which required the decoding of each word in text, improved the comprehension and recall of good stories, especially for the poorest comprehenders. At each grade level a group of poor readers was identified who showed little sensitivity to story organization, in either silent reading or listening.

In the second experiment, the nature of the oral-reading benefit was examined by having Grade 6 poor readers read well-organized and poorly organized stories silently and aloud. The experiment showed that oral reading increased recall for well-organized, but not for poorly organized text. This finding suggests that oral reading served to increase text organization, rather than to direct attention to the word level. The poorest comprehenders also gained from an advance organizer that stressed the problem structure of the stories.

The first experiment identified children in each grade, up to Grade 6, who did not spontaneously rely on story organization in reading and remembering stories. The second experiment showed, however, that when story organization was made available and salient, such children were able to use it to help them read and remember stories. Finally, the results of Experiment 2 demonstrated the importance of specific diagnosis prior to developing treatment programs for poor readers.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Evolution of Canada's Commonwealth Relations: 1945-1968

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to study the role that Canada played in the commonwealth and to assess the impact that this association had on several aspects of Canadian foreign policy from 1945 until 1968 by selected studies of particular issues that have been important to the Commonwealth during these years. The method used for assessing the evolution of Canada's relations with the Commonwealth is historical. In this historical study every aspect of the Commonwealth relationship was not surveyed, but our approach did permit a general assessment of changes in Canada's attitude and behaviour towards the Commonwealth and the impact that the association has had on Canadian foreign policy within the context of selected case studies.

Indian membership in the Commonwealth, first as a Dominion in 1947 and then as a republic in 1949, transformed the association from one which was Anglocentric to one which was multiracial in composition. As a member, Canada was compelled to support principles which were fundamental to the new Commonwealth and embodied the aspirations of the non-white members. It was as a result of Asian membership that Canada became increasingly more tolerant towards admitting non-white immigrants, or at least those from Commonwealth countries, and furnished economic assistance. Indeed, the evidence indicates that the shape and content of our aid program in its early years was clearly influenced by our Commonwealth association.

By 1961 it had become evident that the continued existence of the Commonwealth, serving as a forum to promote closer relations between peoples of different races, was threatened by the presence of a member state which practised a public policy of racial discrimination, and a British territory which continued to be governed by a white minority in sharp contradiction to the principles of this multiracial association. In order to preserve the Commonwealth from dissolution over these racial problems, Canadian prime ministers took a leading part in compelling South Africa to depart and repeatedly played a "lynchpinmanship" role during the Rhodesia issue.

In sum, there was an extraordinary transformation in Canada's attitude and behaviour towards the Commonwealth between the mid-1940s and late-1960s. Moreover, the case studies concluded that successive Canadian governments were subject to direct and indirect influences from various Commonwealth actors and from the institution itself. Yet, while Canadian perspectives were broadened or initiatives apparently taken in the best interests of the Commonwealth, Canada shared similar interests and values with its fellow members, and achieved its own policy objectives by preserving this institution as an instrument of foreign policy. Thus, Canada had broadened its conception of the Canadian "national interest" to embrace the Commonwealth. To this extent, the Commonwealth had an impact on Canadian foreign policy.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Lateral Load Analysis of Multi-Storey Wall-Frame Structures

contributor:
Tso, W. K.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract: This thesis studies the behaviour of multi-storey wall-frame structures subjected to lateral and/or torsional loads. A planar structure with rotational and vertical restraints imposed between the wall and the frame is analysed. Parametric studies of a nominal structure are presented to examine the general effects of such restraints and structure height on wall-frame interaction. In the light of the understanding acquired from this two-dimensional analysis, a more general method of analysis for three-dimensional wall-frame structures is developed. For both methods, the variation of structural properties along the structure height is considered. A more flexible method of analysis for general three-dimensional building structures analogous to the stiffness matrix method is also presented. Applying this method to determine the structure stiffness matrix and using the lumped-mass approach, an attempt is made to study the free-vibration dynamic responses of the Banco de America Building both before and after damage was sustained by the building during the Managua earthquake of December 23, 1972. Lastly, conclusions regrading the behaviour and design of wall-frame structures are drawn, and the applicabilities and limitations of the three-dimensional analytical methods developed in this thesis discussed.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Effect of Deuteron Structure on Hyperfine Splitting of Deuterium

contributor:
Nogami, Y.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: The hyperfine splitting (hfs) of deuterium shows a substantial deviation from the prediction based on Fermi's formula. This reflects the effect of the deuteron structure which was not taken account of in Fermi's formula. Following Bohr's original work on the deuteron structure effect, several calculations were done prior to the 1960's, using nucleon-nucleon (NN) potentials which are from today's standard, rather primitive. In this thesis we reexamine this problem by using several modern realistic NN potentials which reproduce the deuteron properties and the NN scattering data very well. In addition to the correction of the type which was examined by Bohr and Low, we examine a number of other corrections. The Bohr-Low correction, which is the most important one, turns out to be remarkably insensitive to the choice of the potential, and this correction significantly over-estimates the experimentally observed anomaly. However, the correction arising through the angular momentum dependent terms in the NN potential is sensitive to the choice of the potential. When this effect is included the theory and experiment can be reconciled for some of the potentials. In this sense the long standing anomaly of the deuterium hfs can be explained.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Increasing Worker Involvement at the Workplace: A Comparative Case Study of Workplace Democratization Schemes

contributor:
Knight, Graham
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: [Page VIII omitted in Page Numbering]

abstract: Workers' participation in management as a structural expression of an alternative form of industrial management has been mushrooming in both developed and developing countries. The increasing popularity of workers' participation has been accompanied by a proliferation of studies most of which have focused on either the extent to which it is associated with favourable outcomes or the extent to which prescribed participation is associated with actual participation. While this is relevant, it has meant that research whose objective is to investigate the conditions under which the form and content of participation vary in organizations in countries without a legal prescription for participatory forms has been neglected. The study reported here is concerned with: (a) exploring, using a structural contingency framework, why organizations in the same country adopt different participatory structures and (b) the dynamics or employee experience of participation. Empirical research was undertaken in a medium-sized and a small-sized company in Hamilton, Ontario. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire, open-ended interviews, documentary material and on-site observation, including attendance at meetings. The analysis shows that choice of participatory structure is influenced by the interaction of a specified set of variables. Foremost amongst them is the nature of the product and technology. These variables, however, only provide structural opportunities and limitations and the eventual choice is shaped by the strategies choice of management. Analysis of respondents' desired involvement in the local-medium (work-related) decisions indicates that respondents do not have any revolutionary zeal to control work-related decisions. The predominant mode of desired involvement at both research sites is joint-consultation. As expected, employees of the small-sized company, overall, perceived more involvement in the formulation of work-related and organizational level decisions while employees at the medium-sized company, perceived more involvement in such organizational level decisions as wages, dismissals and grievances and working conditions (e.g. fringe benefits). As the latter decisions are formulated through the collective bargaining process, collective bargaining appears to be more effective than other participatory forms in ensuring employee involvement in such decisions. Furthermore, inspite of the fact that at the small-sized company all the distant level decisions are open to participation, both respondent groups did not perceive a market involvement in long term economic decisions like 'Closures and Mergers' and 'Capital Investments.' In the small-sized company, employed are only present at these meetings to discuss these long term economic decisions and obtain information without having the power to block issues they oppose. It is suggested that alternative decision-making structures at the organizational level only provide employees with greater visibility and formality in decision-making and policy formulation. However, the presence of employees at the meetings serves a commitment mechanism function as indicated by their high organizational commitment compared to the respondents at the medium-sized company. The lack of employee involvement at this level, especially in long term economic decisions, is attributed to employee lack of expertise but more importantly, to the power ownership or formal authority confers on management to decide which issues are open to participation and the extent of employee involvement. As a direction for future research the study suggests a closer investigation into the nature of the relationship between participatory work experience and blue-collar status/orientation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Biosorption of Hazardous Organic Pollutants

contributor:
Tsezos, Marios
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering

abstract: A study of the sorption of hazardous organic pollutants by live and dead microbial biomass (biosorption) has been made. Biosorption of lindane, pentachlorophenol, diazinon, 2-chlorobiphenyl, and malathion by Rhizopus arrhizus and activated sludge were investigated. Malathion was found to be removed by a chemical decomposition process when contacted with dead biomass. The other compounds were observed to be sorbed by the biomuss, and the sorption process was found to be reversible. The biosorption isotherms could be represented by the Freundlich equation and were found to be nearly linear over the range of concentrations examined. The biosorptive uptake is positively correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient for the compounds. Heats of sorption were estimated and indicate that the biosorption process involves a physicaI rather than a chemical mechanism. The biosorption phenomenon appears to involve both surface adsorption and absorption into the cell interior. Biosorptive uptake generally appears not to be strongly affected by competition from other sorbing compounds. The kinetics of biosorption of lindane are characterized by a rapid initial uptake followed by a slower accumulation process. In general, live and dead biomass were found to exhibit a different level of biosorptive uptake, however no generalizations could be made concerning the direction or magnitude of the differences. The order of magnitude of removal of non-biodegradable hazardous compounds in biological treatment plants can be predicted from the biosorption isotherms.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Mucosal Vaccination with a Novel Microarticle Delivery System

contributor:
McDermott, Mark R.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Despite recent interest in developing novel microparticle (MP)-based antigen delivery systems for mucosal vaccination, existing MP formulations possess a number of liabilities potentially precluding their widespread use. Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that if immunogenically stable vaccine material can be incorporated into biocompatible/biodegradable MPs and delivered to various mucosal surfaces, this may be an effective way to elicit protective systemic and mucosal immunity. To overcome difficulties associated with existing MP formulations, the present work describes the development of a novel polymergrafted starch MP system which is capable of entrapping a wide variety of soluble antigens under mild conditions and which will elicit efficacious immune responses following intragastric (i.g.) or intranasal (i.n.) administration. The novel MP delivery technology was developed using starch, a well-studied, biologically acceptable and non-toxic material when given orally or parenterally. Antigen-containing starch MP were subsequently grafted with a hydrophobic silicone [3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, TS-PDMS] which, it was hypothesized, would protect microentrapped antigen from the deleterious environment found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, facilitate MP uptake by M cells overlying mucosae-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and/or act as an adjuvant or immunopotentiator. Moreover, following selective transport into mucosal inductive sites, antigen-containing MPs should stimulate the generation of robust antigen-specific disseminating mucosal and circulating humoral immune responses. In the work reported here, it was demonstrated that antigen-containing TS-PDMS-grafted MPs could be fabricated under mild conditions, allowing for the successful entrapment of a variety of protein and peptide antigens without any demonstrable loss in immunogenicity. Furthermore, it demonstrated that under acidic conditions, protein release from MPs was retarded when MPs were grafted with TS-PDMS. Although protein release from TS-PDMS-grafted MPs compared to ungrafted MPs was hindered, microentrapped protein was still released from TS-PDMS-grafted MPs, thus demonstrating that the MP composition allowed for entrapped proteins to readily learn from the MP matrix. Overall, these observations suggested that TS-PDMS-grafted MPs could serve as an efficacious MP-based mucosal vaccine delivery system. To be considered an attractive alternative to current mucosal MP vaccine delivery vehicles, TS-PDMS-grafted MPs should incite both local mucosal and systemic humoral immunity following mucosal administration of low doses of microentrapped antigen. The studies in this report clearly demonstrated that oral immunization with very low doses of TS-PDMS-grafted MPs simulated both systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses. Indeed, the adjuvanticity of TS-PDMS-grafted MPs seems to have arisen via a unique physicochemical relationship occurring between protein antigen and silicone in the starch matrix. This led to a predominantly Th2-type immune response following oral MP administration of relatively small amounts of microentrapped antigen. Furthermore, serum antibody titres were augmented after an oral or systemic boost, suggesting that the initial immunization protocol stimulated serum antibody memory capability, an advantage when developing successful mucosal immunization strategies. Surprisingly, systemic antigen challenge failed to boost antigen-specific sera igA titres following i.g. immunization with microentrapped or soluble antigen. These results suggest Peyer's patch (PP)-stimulated igA lymphocytes migrate to mucosal lymphoid compartments following i.g. MP administration, while antigen-specific PP-stimulated IgC plasmacytes have the propensity to migrate to both mucosal and systemic lymphoid compartments. In addition to stimulating specific serum antibody responses, i.e. immunization with TS-PDMS-grafted or ungrafted MPs resulted in specific sIgA responses in the gut; this is in contrast to soluble antigen which was incapable of inciting specific intestinal immunity following i.g. administration. Thus, compared to soluble antigen, TS-PDMS-grafted MPs have immunopotentiating activity when delivered orally. The studies outlined in this work strongly suggest that i.g. administration of TS-PDMS-grafted MPs stimulated mucosal immunity via PP. Following i.g. immunization with a low dose of antigen-containing MP, but not soluble antigen, specific proliferation of PP cells was observed. Lymphocyte proliferation was subsequently observed in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and splenic tissue. In contrast, antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation was not observed in gut lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes following i.g. immunization with MPs, thus suggesting that MP-induced immunity was incited by MP uptake and processing solely by PP. It was shown also that i.n. immunization with low doses of microentrapped, but not soluble, antigen evoked robust circulating specific IgG responses, indicating that TS-PDMS-grafted MPs could enhance the immunogenicity of an i.n. administered soluble antigen. Indeed, i.n. immunization with microentrapped protein stimulated greater levels of specific sera IgG than was observed after i.g. MP administration with equal amounts of microentrapped antigen. However, unlike i.g. TS-PDMS-grafted MP immunization, antigen specific IgA was not detected in local mucosal secretions or sera following i.n. immunization with microentrapped antigen, thereby suggesting that i.n. immunization expresses unique immune responses compared to those evoked after comparable i.g. immunization protocols. Although that nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) is considered to be the equivalent of Waldeyer's ring in humans, the exact process of generating immune responses when NALT is exposed to antigen is not clear. The present work describes the development of a novel, rapid and precide method for isolating NALT from mice to study its immune function and cell populations. Following the development of this precise NALT isolation technique, the pathway of i.n. administered TS-PDMS-grafted MPs was examined. It was demonstrated that i.n. immunization with low doses of microentrapped, but not soluble protein, evoked robust circulating IgG responses via NALT cell activation. Numerous antigen-specific spot-forming cells (SFCs) were observed in the NALT and later the posterior cervical lymph nodes (pCLN) and spleen (SPL), confirming the selective drainage of NALT cells exclusively to the pCLN following i.n. administration of a particulate antigen. Although B cell activity was observed in the pCLN following i.n. MP administration, no specific IgA was detected in any lymphoid tissue examined or in nasal secretions following i.n. immunization with TS-PDMS-grafted MPs. This suggested that either pCLN in mice are not intermediate in evoking sIgA responses in the nasopharynx or that TS-PDMS-grafted MPs are incapable of stimulating this arm of the murine immune system. However, since it was previously demonstrated that i.g. immunization with comparable doses of TS-PDMS-grafted MPs evoked intestinal IgA responses, the inability to detect antigen-specific IgA in nasal secretions probably reflects differences between murine NALT and PP and not a unique inability of TS-PDMS-grafted MPs to evoke secretory immunity in the nose. Thus, the present work describes the successful development of a novel polymer-grafted starch MP system which is capable of entrapping a wide variety of soluble antigens under mild conditions and which can elicit efficacious immune responses both orally and nasally, via MALT activation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Three Photon Resonance Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of ¹²⁷I₂ and ¹²⁹I₂

contributor:
King, G.W.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
The construction and development of a laser spectrometer designed to generate multiphoton spectra is outlined. This apparatus has been used successfully to record the resonance enhanced three photon absorption spectrum of the isotopic molecules, ¹²⁷I₂ and ¹²⁹I₂.

Multiphoton spectra have been obtained under low (Δν~1.0 cmˉ¹) and high (Δν ~ 0.12 cmˉ¹) resolution, by monitoring the undispersed fluorescence from highly excited states, following dye laser excitation over the green-red portion of the visible spectrum. The high resolution spectra were obtained either through the use of a single tunable dye laser or alternatively with the use of two dye lasers in tandem. In addition, spectra have been obtained for the first time using a dye laser configuration which allowed it to oscillate at two separate frequencies simultaneously, one of which was tunable.

The analysis of the high resolution spectra for both molecules has given evidence for at least five different excited states in the 50000-55000 cmˉ¹ region as being responsible for the observed spectrum. A detailed rotational analysis has been possible for three of these states, all of which are shown to be ion-pair in nature and of 0⁺μ symmetry. No prior rotational analysis has been given for one of these states (the F0⁺μ (³P₀)). The high resolution analysis was facilitated by measuring the polarization dependence of the rotational transitions under linearly and circularly polarized excitation. Isotopic substitution has allowed; the assignment of absolute vibrational numbers.

The results of several investigations by previous workers are also incorporated into the analyses presented in this study. Conclusions are drawn that raise serious doubts about the validity of earlier reports concerning the existence of bound states lying near 35000 cmˉ¹ above the ground state.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Reading and Repetition: Individual Differences in Adult Reading Skill

contributor:
Levy, B. A.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
Within the last decade, the study of individual differences in reading skill has become an active area of investigation. Much of this research has been conducted with children, and has focused on selected processes hypothesized to underlie proficient reading skill. Relatively less attention has been directed toward evaluating the effects of experience in contributing to skill differences.

The experiments reported in the thesis were designed to examine multiple dimensions of reading skill, and to evaluate the effects of repeated experience in two groups of readers selected on the basis of their comprehension skill. The results indicated that differences between skilled and less-skilled readers were apparent on all measures of reading. Despite these overall group differences, the less-skilled readers were at least as able to benefit from repeated experience as were their more skilled peers.

The results of the first experiment indicated that the less-skilled readers were poorer at word-level processing, particularly in processing unfamiliar lexical items. The second experiment examined whether this poorer processing reflected an inability to benefit from experience over repeated trials. The results indicated that the performance of both skilled and less-skilled readers improved with repeated experience. Moreover, similar gains were observed after repetition with text in Experiment 3. The results of Experiment 4 further indicated that, although the less-skilled readers appeared less sensitive to higher-order dimensions of text structure when reading for meaning, their performance across specific transfer conditions indicated that they were able to use higher order information to facilitate comprehension.

The results of these experiments suggest that investigation of the role of repeated experience in contributing to individual differences may clarify factors critical to the acquisition of proficient reading skills. The implications of these findings for models of reading and for future research are discussed.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: POLITICS OF SURVIVAL AND CHANGE IN DOMINICA, 1763-1973: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE POLITICAL LIFE EXPERIENCE OF DOMINICANS IN THE COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL SITUATION

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Maximal Short-Term Power Output of Human Leg Muscles During Isokinetic Cycling Exercise

contributor:
Jones, N. L.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Classical force-velocity studies by A. V. Hill demonstrated that there was an optimal velocity for maximal power output of isolated muscles and human movements. Thus to study muscle performance during maximal dynamic exercise it is important to measure mechanical power output at several constant velocities of movement. At the start of this work no instruments were available to measure maximal power during isokinetic movements over a wide range of velocities. For this reason a cycle ergometer (CVE) was developed which restricted the crank velocities to chosen upper limits, despite maximal efforts by the subject.

Measurements were obtained in male subjects of maximal peak torque generated over 81% of the functional range. There was a consistent inverse linear relationship between peak torque, and crank velocity, and the results were reproducible from day to day. Considerable inter-subject variability in peak torque was accounted for only partly by differences in thigh muscle volume. Maximal peak power occurred at various crank velocities ranging from 120 to 160 rpm; differences in muscle fibre types may have contributed to the variation observed. Maximal power occurred when the force equalled 0.3 to 0.4 of the predicted maximal isometric tension, in agreement with Hill's studies.

Torque, work and power were also measured during 30 s of maximal effort at 60, 100 and 140 rpm. Increases in crank velocity were associated with both a higher initial power, and a greater rate and extent of decline in power, but total work was similar. The greater decline at faster velocities may reflect differences in energy metabolism, or motor unit activation. In addition to defining the effects of velocity on maximal power output in healthy young subjects, the studies showed the CVE to be a sensitive, reliable instrument, with potential applications to the assessment of human muscle function in health and disease.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: From Polis to Province: An Analysis of the Athenian Governing Class from 167/6 B.C. to A.D. 13/4

contributor:
Geagan, D.J.
History

subject: History History

abstract: The magistrates, priests and families attested between 167/6 B.C. and A.D. 13/4 belong to a governing class which may be regarded as a large civic class and several partly overlapping elites: a political elite, comprised of the members of the Areopagus; as well as a religious elite, a liturgical elite, a military (or ephebic elite) and a cultural-educational elite. The political elite is the most exclusive segment of the governing class. The other elites and the civic class form a descending hierarchy of peripheral families. In the course of seven chapters, the following conclusions are presented: (1) the governing class is in a constant state of flux as new families are recruited from below or through the admission of new citizens to Athens; (2) the analysis of the careers (or sequence of offices held by the members of the governing class) shows that certain types of offices are usually held at a particular age or point in an individual's public life, and changes in the number and type of offices available to an individual reflect changes in the nature of political life at Athens during this period; (3) during the generation following the acquisition of Delos in 167/6 B.C., pro-Roman families of the established aristocracy are predominant in the ranks of the governing class at both Athens and on Delos; (4) these families soon decline and the recruitment and composition of the governing class evolve during the transition to the second generation following c. 130 B.C.; (5) the revolution of 88/7 B.C. is an indirect consequence of demographic changes at Athens during the preceding generation; (6) during the Roman civil wars the governing class is found to be divided into competing factions; (7) finally, the emergence of a new and primarily hereditary governing elite may be documented during the reign of Augustus. An appendix tabulates all dated Athenian magistrates (and inscriptions) during this period. Other appendices discuss several chronological difficulties, the ephebic instructors and undated archons.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Cytokime therapy of cancer by gene transfer

contributor:
Gauldie, Jack
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Many tumors express antigens that are capable of being recognized by effector cells of the immune system. However, these tumors persist in immunocompetent hosts. The mechanism by which immune effector cells are rendered unresponsive to these antigens is unknown. Previous data from our laboratory demonstrated the use of adenoviral vectors constructed to express single cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) in mediating regression of tumors in a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma model. The ability of these molecules to enhance the immune response to effectively regress these tumors was hampered by toxicities associated with these factors. To over come this toxicity and enhance the efficacy of IL-2, double recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing the co-stimulatory molecules B7-1 or B7-2 with IL-2 were constructed to allow for the expression of both immuno-modulatory molecules from the same cell. An alternative approach to enhancing the efficacy of these factors involved the use of double recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing combinations of the chemokine lymphotactin with IL-2 and IL-12. Mammary tumor cells from transgenic mice expressing polyoma middle T (PyMT) or an oncogenic form of the proto-oncogene Neu (Neu 8142) were transplated into syngeneic FVB/N recipients to establish the subcutaneous tumor models. Intra-tumoral injection of adenoviral vectors constructed to express murine B7-1 or B7-2 and IL-2 resulted in regression of PyMT or Neu (8142) tumor bearing mice, superior to that observed for the single cytokine or co-stimulatory molecule expressing vectors. Cured mice were shown to have generated systemic immunity to a subsequent challenge with fresh tumor cells and tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity could be detected. Intra-tumoral injection of adenoviral vectors constructed to express lymphotactin IL-2 or IL-12 demonstrated complete regression in a small number of PyMT tumor bearing mice. None of these single cytokine or chemokine expressing vectors was capable of inducing regression of Neu (8142) tumors. In contrast, administration of vectors expressing either a combination of lymphotactin and IL-2 or lymphotactin and IL-12 resulted in an increased incidence of complete regression in both tumor models. All regressed mice demonstrated systemic protection and anti-PyMT CTL. The activity of these vectors in the Neu tumor model is different and suggests some variance in the immunogenicity of the two tumor models. These results demonstrate the ability of double recombinant vectors expressing the co-stimulatory molecules (B7-1 or B7-2) or lymphotactin in combination with IL-2 or IL-12 to enhance the anti-tumor effects of either cytokine alone. These vectors demonstrated no associated toxicities, due to the reduced levels of cytokine that are needed to maximally co-operate with the co-stimulatory or chemokine molecules. Development of this type of vector system will lead to much improved clinical protocols for cancer therapy.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: ANALYTICAL MODELING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM COLUMN CONNECTIONS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

contributor:
Tso, W. K.
Kianoush, M. R.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract: Reinforced concrete beam column joints are critical members in frame structures they can be subjected to high shear forces under earthquake loading. As a consequence, they can experience high shear and bond slip deformations that contribute significantly to the story drift. Moreover, the joint capacity may be exceeded leading to a joint shear failure that can have a major impact on the overall stability of the entire structure. This condition is particularly pronounced in lightly reinforced concrete structures where the beam column joints are typically the weakest link in the lateral load resistant frame. There is a persistent need to develop an analytical model that accounts for their shear and bond slip deformations in order to predict realistically their response and assess their safety. A finite element based analytical model is developed in this thesis for the beam column connection region. The model overcomes the need of using refined meshes of simple elements by using high power elements in the critical regions of the joint panel and the plastic hinge zones in the beams and the columns. The proposed model takes into account the shear and bond slip deformations in the joint panel as well as flexural and shear deformations in the plastic hinge zones in the beams and the columns. Material non-linearities associated with the concrete and steel behaviour are taken into account. Bond slip relationship between the beam reinforcement and concrete in the joint panel is considered. The material models developed in this thesis are verified at the element level before the verification is made to the entire beam column connection model. The predicitions of the model are compared with experimental data for beam column subassemblies experiencing high shear and/or bond slip deformations. The success of the proposed model is demonstrated by the good correlation achieved with the experimental data. The model is then used in the analysis of a three story reinforced concrete frame structure designed without consideration of earthquake loads. The structure is analyzed using different joint detailing schemes using pushover and time history analyses to investigate the effect of the joint detailing on the response of the structure. It is concluded that the proposed beam column connection model can be used successfully for the dynamic analyses of a complete multistory structure.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Dynamic Modelling for Control of High Rate Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Processes

contributor:
MacGregor, John F.
Murphy, Keith L.
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
The overall goal of this research was to develop an improved understanding of the dynamic behavior necessary to define monitoring and control requirements of high rate anaerobic biological wastewater treatment processes. This required generation of an extensive non-steady state data set.

Data were collected during dynamic experiments on a 77 L pilot scale anaerobic fluidized bed, operated at the Wastewater Technology Centre in Burlington, Ontario. Experiments consisted of 12 and 36 hour pulse inputs of substrates specific to the distinct groups of microorganisms present in the process, and ranged from 7 to 21 days in length. The methane and carbon dioxide production rates, biogas hydrogen content, pH, effluent concentrations of volatile acid intermediates and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured using on-line instrumentation or laboratory analysis of discrete samples.

Experimental results demonstrated the relative importance of substrate and product inhibition on various reaction steps in the process, and indicated that he short term dynamic response can change significantly over time. The gas phase hydrogen concentration, previously proposed as an indicator of process stability, was found to have limited utility as a monitoring variable. The loss in potential methane production and the increased chemical requirements for pH control were shown to represent a significant cost during an upset. This suggests that in addition to the environmental incentive, an economic incentive exists to maintain stable operation of the process.

A mechanist, four -bacterial population dynamic model of the process was formulated. Due to lack of suitable mechanistic models for bacterial concentrations, the model was only able to predict the short term dynamic response. An extended Kalman filter was used to combine the four population model with stochastic models for the bacteria concentration states. A sensitivity analysis was required to select a subset of parameters and stochastic states for estimation.

The extended Kalman filter allowed the model to track the measured states, although in some cases this tracking could only be achieved through unrealistic adjustments of the bacterial concentration states. The time-variable behavior of the estimated stochastic states indicated a number of potential model improvements.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Characterization of Optical Fibre Filters

contributor:
Garside, B.K.
Electrical Engineering

abstract:
The major purpose of the work described in this thesis is to characterize the basic properties and evaluate the potential of optical fibre filters. As it turns out, these filters have a spectral bandwidth in reflection which can be varied over a very wide range, from as narrow as 0.01 to several angstroms (A). As a result, they are potentially very important for applications as multiplexers and demultiplexers in Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (WDM) in Optical Communication Systems (OCS) (WDM is a means of increasing the data handling capability of a given fibre system through the use of multiple propagating wavelengths). Up to the present moment, gratings in the form of slabs have invariably been employed as the multiplexers and demultiplexers in WDM which greatly restricts the number of wavelengths which can be used since a large spectral bandwidth separation (>100 Ǻ) is required between adjacent channels is such systems.

The optical fibre filters we report here can have a spectral bandwidth narrower than 1 Ǻ and consequently, employing them as multiplexers and demultiplexers in WDM allows a lot more channels to be transmitted. Other than this particular application, optical fibre filters can equally well function as resonant reflectors in a laser cavity, distributed feedback devices. tunable filters or external wavelength selective reflectors for heterojunction injection laser by end butting them to the latter. Furthermore, they have the potential to be used for equalizing material dispersion in OCS employing single mode fibres. Lastly, they can be tailored to give multifilters, comb filters or in general, filters that perform a variety of specified functions.

The approach to the characterization of optical fibre filters is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the development of a theoretical model that can be used to predict and describe the performance of the optical fibre filters. The second part describes the experiments for the actual fabrication of the filters and subsequent extraction of some of their physical parameters. By comparing the theory with the experimental results, we are able to deduce the range of filters available when using an Argon Iaser as the means of writing filters and subsequently evaluate their full potential in OCS. Also, a very important relationship between the optical writing power applied to a fibre and the resultant index perturbation in the fibre or equivalently, the resultant filter characteristics, is established so that the actual fabrication of filers designed to satisfy specific function can be performed.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Alternative Traditions: Popular Political Theatre in Britain

contributor:
Brennan, Anthony
English

abstract: This thesis examines the different tendencies found in alternative theatre movements in British theatre in the twentieth century, with a particular emphasis on the achievements of the popular political theatre companies in the period after 1968. "Alternative" and "political" are terms most commonly associated with developments in the late sixties and early seventies, but the thesis will demonstrate that there are stronger connections between the prewar and postwar periods of experimentation than are generally recognized. The broad historical framework is designed specifically to reveal the patterns and cycles which characterize the emergence and evolution of alternative theatre movements. It begins with an historical survey of the prewar period, followed by a discussion of the main issues related to the postwar movement, leading ultimately to a detailed case study of a specific theatre company. The thesis relies on historical and sociological approaches to cultural production in order to demonstrate that social, political, and economic factors account to a large extent for the kind of theatre which is produced in any given period. This is intended to redress the inability of more conventionally elitist and text-based dramatic criticism to include rich popular traditions. The study is concerned with reasons why alternative theatre companies defined themselves in opposition to mainstream theater and the form this opposition took in terms of their socialist/democratic politics, non-hierarchical modes of production, performance styles, the redefinition of theatrical venues, and the attempts to reach more broadly-based and culturally dispossessed audiences. The thesis also argues that in these oppositional tendencies can be found some of the most important developments in stage language in this century, and that alternative theatre has provided a constant source of renewal for the mainstream tradition.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Biochanics of the Knee Joint: High Tibial Osteotomy Surgery

contributor:
Newcombe, W.R.
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
Alignment deformities at a knee joint having unicompartmental osteoarthritis increase the stress level of the affected compartment and the progression of the disease. The biomechanical integrity of the knee joint can be restored through osteotomy surgery of the proximal tibia, and is believed to retard the advancement of the disease.

This research attempted to quantify the biomechanics of high tibial osteotomy surgery for correction of a varus knee deformity. Both elements of analytical and experimental modeling were completed. A two dimensional trigonometric model of the lower extremity was formulated that provided a more precise method of analyzing and forecasting the changes to the knee and limb orientations following osteotomy surgery.

The experimental work resulted in two novel and original contributions: 1) the design of a direct measurement system for local dynamic contact pressures in the knee joint and 2) the retrofitting of an existing (non-operative) joint simulator. Measurement of the contact area and pressure patterns of the medial compartment was determined for three different knee alignment configurations (neutral, varus, and post-osteotomy). Alterations to the joint alignment increased loading along the intercondylar eminence, by redirecting the load inward, towards the joint centre.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Decision Criteria for Determining Unidimensionality

subject:
Statistics and Probability
Statistics and Probability

abstract:
One of the fundamental assumptions of measurement theory is that a set of its items forming a test is unidimensional. The purposes of this dissertation were (1) to review various methods for determining unidimensionality and to assess the rationale of those methods; (2) to attempt to clarify the term unidimensionality, and to show how it differs from other terms often used interchangeably; and (3) to assess the effectiveness of various indices proposed to determine unidimensionality.

Indices based on answer patterns, reliability, component and factor analysis, and latent traits were reviewed and it was shown that many of these lacked a rationale, that for many the sampling distributions were not known, and that many were adjustments to an established index to take into account some criticism of it. Altogether 87 indices were reviewed.

It was demonstrated that unidimensionality often is used interchangeably with reliability, internal consistency, and homogeneity. Reliability was defined as the ratio of the true score variance to obsesrved score variance. Internal consistency has been used often as a synonym for unidimensionality, and it also denotes a group of methods that are intended to estimate reliability. Internal consistency methods are based on the variances and covariances of test-items, and depend on only one administration of a test. Homogeneity seems to refer more specifically to the similarity of the item correlations, but the term is often used as a synonym for unidimensionality. Unidimensionality was defined as the existence of one latent trait underlying the data. The usefulness of the terms internal consistency and homogeneity was questioned.

A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to assess the 87 indices under known conditions. A three-parameter, multivariate, logistic latent-trait model was used to generate item responses. Difficulty, guessing, discrimination, and the number of factors underlying the data were varied.

Many of the indices were highly correlated, some resulted in estimates outside their theoretical bounds, and most were particularly sensitive to the intercorrelations between the factors. Indices based on answer patterns, reliability, component analysis, linear factor analysis, and one the one-parameter latent trait model were ineffective. The sums of absolute residuals from a nonlinear factor analysis (specifying one factor with cubic terms) and from two-parameter latent trait models (Christoffersson, 1975; McDonald, 1980; Muthen, 1978) were able to discriminate between cases with one latent trait and cases with more than one latent trait.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Effects of land-based pollution on Indonesian coral reefs: biodiversity, growth rates, bioerosion, and applications to the fossil record

contributor:
Risk, Michael J.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: Land-based pollution has dramatic effects on coral species diversity, live coral cover, morphological composition of the coral fauna, coral growth rates, coral bioerosion intensity, and reef carbonate budgets. Pollution damage is measured in surveys of eight Java Sea reefs and eight reefs in Ambon and Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reefs subject to land-based pollution show are 30-50% less diverse at 3m, nad 40-60% less diverse at 10m depth, than unpolluted reefs in the same region. Polluted reefs are dominated by massive and submassive corals, and have almost no Acropora corals. Unpolluted reefs are dominated by Acropora at 3m, and by branching or foliose corals at 10m. Morphological composition ternary diagrams estimate reef conservation value. Eutrophication has a two-faced effect on corals and coral reefs called the Janus Effect. Coral growth rates on polluted reefs are as high or higher than on unpolluted reefs. Coral growth rates in Java are positively correlated with eutrophication and sedimentation. Live coral cover and coral skeletal density are lower on polluted reefs than on unpolluted reefs, and bioerosion in highest on polluted reefs. The most eutrophic Java Sea reef has a negative carbonate budget, while an unpolluted fringing reef and coral cay both have positive carbonate budgets. Bioeroding organism frequency in branching coral rubble follows trends in massive coral bioerosion on Java Sea reefs, and can be used as non-destructive indicator of eutrophication on reefs. individual sponge boring size accurately reflects total bioerosion in modern corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Sponge borehole size varies with both facies and nutrient level in Puerto Rican fossil reefs, and can be used to estimate paleoproductivity. Geography and oceanography of the Java Sea are similar to the reef-bearing Middle Devonian Onondaga Formation. Java Sea reefs can be used to develop facies models for eperic sea fossil reefs.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Generalized Sensitivity Evaluation of Electrical Power Systems

contributor:
Bandler, John W.
El-Kady, M.A.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
The material presented in this thesis is a logical extension of and addition to previous work on network sensitivities as applied to power system analysis and planning. The continuing tendency of supplementing the existing extra-high voltage a.c. transmission systems with high-voltage d.c.(HVDC) lines has been taken into consideration, and various relevant component models have been investigated using a new hybrid network formulation based on the methedology developed by Bandler and EI-Kady. The load buses, frequently modelled as PQ-buses at which both the real and reactive injected powers are known, and the generator buses characterized by a constant voltage magnitude and constant real injected power, have been dealt with by exploiting a special complex conjugate notation. In addition, the current, voltage and/or power relationships associated with the transmission network branches have been investigated. A hybrid formulation for generalized power system component models has been developed. This novel formulation not only encompasses the work established on the basis of one-port theory, but it is also capable of manipulating multiport, nonreciprocal, a.c. as well as integrated a.c.d.c. bulk transmission networks. The attractive features of adjoint modeling have been retained, and consequently, exact sensitivity formulas associated with various control variabies have been derived, tabulated and verified. Applications of the novel sensitivity formulation to both, the HVDC link and phase-shifting transformer modeling, are presented. In the first application, a two-port model of an HVDC link connecting two a.c. networks has been used. The terminal relations of the converters have been utilized ingeniously to develop an adjoint converter model. Both firing angle and commutation reactance have been considered as the control variables of interest, and their respective sensitivity formulas have been numerically verified on a test power system. In the second application, a cascaded phase-shifting transformer model comprising an ideal transformer in series with a transformer equivalent impedance has been considered. Exact sensitivity formulas for the control variables representing transformer turns ratio magnitude, phase angle, equivalent resistance and reactance have been derived elegantly and compactly.

The theoretical results achieved have been extensively verified using a 2-bus and a 6-bus sample power systems. The functions encountered in steady-state security assessment have been considered, and investigated in applications to two practical IEEE (30-bus and 118-bus) test systems.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The role of glycoproteins gE and gI in herpes simplex virus cell-to-cell spread

contributor:
Johnson, David C.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) infect and spread through the mucosal and submucosal epithelium and can establish a latent infection in the peripheral nervous system. Under appropriate conditions, HSV may reactivate from the latent state, producing secondary disease near the site of the primary infection. A family of HSV encoded glycoproteins found within the virion envelope regulate and promote entry and spread of virus between susceptible cells. I have shown that a complex of the HSV glycoproteins E and I, were required for cell-to-cell spread of HSV across cellular junctions in vivo in vitro, in a manner resistant to anti-HSV antibody neutralization. HSV gE⁻ and gI⁻ mutant viruses spread poorly in the corneal epithelium of mice and rabbits when compared to wild type HSV, and mutant viruses failed to spread to the brain and cause encephalitis. gE and gI were not required for entry of extracellular virus. Both gE⁻ and gI⁻ mutants produced similar yields of HSV compared to wild type HSV following a single round of viral replication, but when forced to spread to neighbouring cells, viral yields were 10-100 fold lower than wild type virus. These data suggest that HSV gE⁻ and gI⁻ mutant unable to efficiently spread from cell-to-cell, and that the gE/gI complex facilitates transfer of HSV across cellular junctions. Since HSV infects neurons and apparently spreads across synaptic junctions, it was of interest to determine whether gE/gI were also important for transneuronal transfer of HSV. gE⁻ and gI⁻ mutant viruses were markedly restricted in their ability to spread within the retina and to the major retinorecipient regions of the brain following injection into the vitreous body of the rat eye. In contrast, wild type virus spread rapidly and infected the majority of the neurons within the retina, and efficiently infected neurons within the brain. Together, these results demonstrated that gE/gI plays a significant role in promoting spread of HSV between cells. To determine the molecular mechanism of how gE/gI facilitates cell-to-cell transmission of HSV, I examined the subcellular distribution of gE/gI in polarized human epithelial cells. Transport of gE to the cell surface required the coexpression of gI. At the surface of polarized cells, gE/gI accumulated along the lateral plasma membrane, with little or no gE/gI on the apical or basal plasma membrane domains. When gE/gI was expressed in subconfluent epithelial monolayers, gE/gI was found only at junctions between cells and not on those lateral surfaces not in contact with another cell. Together, these data support a model in which the gE/gI complex accumulates at cell junctions, perhaps by interacting with junctional components, and in so doing, mediates transfer of HSV across cell junctions.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Mixed Weighted Inequalities For Classes of Operators

contributor:
Heinig, H.P.
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract: This thesis is concerned with the study of weighted inequalities for operators defined on certain function spaces. If T is a linear - or sublinear operator, weakly bounded on some endpoint spaces, then it is shown that T is also hounded on weighted intermediate spaces. Since the weights govern the indices of the spaces, our results yield weighted extensions of known interpolation spaces and consequently weighted norm inequalities for many classical operators over an extended range of indices. Specifically we obtain new weighted estimates for certain generalizations of the Fourier- and Laplace-transforms, namely the Hankel-, K- and ʯ-transforms in Lebesgue and Lorentz spaces.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Roman Domestic Architecture of Northern Italy

contributor:
Dunbabin, K.M.D.
Classics

subject: Classics Classics

abstract:
An examination of the archaeological evidence for the urban domus in Roman northern Italy reveals regional characteristics which distinguish it from the prevailing view of the Roman house. The north Italian house is examined in its various parts-entrance area, open areas (atria, courts, peristyles), reception rooms, service and heated areas. Although no single architectural type emerges, comparison with domestic architecture in Campania, at Ostia and other sites in central Italy allows a clearer view of architectural tendencies. The popularity of the atrium-tablinum house of Republican Campania has long been recognized, but new scholarship shows that a variety of interior arrangements co-existed with the dominant atrium house, and underlines the importance of porticoes, peristyles and courts. The peristyle-reception room dyad which replaces the atrium house is considered in its incipient for in Campania, and more fully developed at imperial Ostia.

This expanded view of the Roman domus proves useful in studying the often piecemeal evidence from Northern Italy. In contrast to the dominance of the atrium at Pompeii, it is shown that the atrium house appears only infrequently in northern Italy, although examples do exist. Instead, it is apparent that courts and peristyles are more common, and that the latter are especially prominent in northeastern Italy. To further contrast with trends in the rest of Italy, the atrium appears in northwestern Italy in the first century A.C. The growing importance of reception rooms which is seen in the rest of the peninsular Italy is also manifested in the north Italian domus, and is demonstrated by the appearance of colonnaded and apsidal reception rooms.

Archaeological evidence for the domus in the other western provinces demonstrates a similar use of the peristyle and portico, and shows that the north Italian house generally follows changes in the provinces more than those seen in the rest of the peninsular Italy. The infrequent use of the atrium and the importance of the peristyle in the north in the early Imperial period at sites such as Aquileia, broaden the definition of the Roman house. Such evidence also recommends a reconsideration of the atrium house as the paradigm of the Roman domus, and demonstrates that in the Imperial period diversity and lack of uniformity are the characteristics of the Roman domestic architecture in both Italy and the western provinces.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Some Aspects of the Strong Coupling Theory of Superconductivity

contributor:
Carbotte, J.P.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract:
The formulation of the strong coupling theory of superconductivity on the imaginary axis has been used to investigate a wide variety of problems. First, Jʀ, the ratio of the jump in the quasiparticle current at the gap voltage, in a superconducting tunneling junction has been calculated for many materials to good accuracy. Correlations of Jʀ with the strong coupling parameters λ-μ and Tc/ωℓn is confirmed, where λ is the electron-phonon mass enhancement factor, μ the Coulomb repulsion pseudopotential, Tc the critical temperature, and ωℓn a frequency characteristic of the electron-phonon spectral density, α²F(Ω). The functional derivative of Jʀ is calculated for a selection of materials using a new faster method.

As well, the effect of the shape of α²F(Ω) on 2Δ₀/KʙTc and certain thermodynamic ratios is investigated. It is found that this ratio is largely determined by the parameters Tc and ωℓn for 2Δ₀/KʙTc and by Tc, ωℓn, and the area. A, under α²F(Ω) for the thermodynamics.

The effects of pressure on α²F(Ω) are investigated using a simple model with a single adjustable parameter fitted to Tc. Model predictions of the behaviour of Δ₀ and the thermodynamics under pressure compare well with experiment.

A simple model of alloying effects on α²F(Ω) with a single free parameter fitted to Tc is investigated. Comparison to Nb-Ta alloys is made with good results.

Three procedures for extracting 2Δ₀/KʙTc from the electronic specific heat are examined for a selection of real and model spectra. One low temperature (T < ≈0.5Tc) method works well, but the other two high temperature (T > 0.5Tc) do not.

A recent tunneling measurement of α²F(Ω) for NbN, displaying an unusually large value of μ*, has been studied. Computed results for thermodynamic and optical properties, using this spectra are consistent with experiment.

Finally, inelastic scattering of electrons of paramagnetic impurities has been incorporated into strong coupling theory. Calculations show that this scattering can have measureable effect if the scattering potential is comparable to that of the host material.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Bloody House of Life: Visible Economies and Shakespearan Discourses of Embodiment

abstract: This dissertation interrogates the relationship between metaphors of social embodiment and the gaze in Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy and King John. The term "visible economy" refers to the plays' negotiation of the performative aspects of identity in which the subject and the monarch, presenting themselves to the gaze, fulfil or disrupt the social roles that define their relation to the body politic. The visible economy is most apparent in scenes of ceremony, such as coronations, state scenes, weddings, and trials--in combat or in court--where the subject's role is enacted before a communal gaze and his or her position with regard to authority is defined. Drawing on the theoretical insights of feminist scholars, such as Patricia Parker, Barbara Freedman and Phyllis Rackin, and on the historical work of J.A. Sharpe, Pieter Spierenburg and Linda Woodbridge, the dissertation challenges the New Historicist model of power, popularized by Stephen Greenblatt, that envisions disruption and resistance as aspected of hegemony's self-consolidation. Focussing on such scenes of ceremony, the dissertation explores the Shakespeare's problematization of attempts by hegemonic power to define the meaning of bodies in relation to he discourses of nationalism, sovereignty, patriarchal hierarchy and martial conflict. Each of these discourses depends in the histories on a paradigm of exposure of the subject to the defining gaze. This paradigm is deeply fraught in contemporary discourse where the science of perspective and illusionistic representation, along with the relativizing nature of capital--epitomized by the theatre--challenged Providential order grounded in the presence of an all-seeing divine gaze. In the early histories, contradiction, irony and parody of standard ceremonial enactments of power disrupt "class" and gender hierarchical by questioning the visual ground of knowledge and by demonstrating that the power of the gaze is natural neither to masculine subject, nor to sovereignty. Once demystified in this way, the power of these hegemonic discourses to define the social body breaks down, and the social body begins to appear chaotic mutilated. This fragmentation of bodies is analogous to the structural fragmentation of dramatic irony, and both form an index of the radical destabilization of systems of knowledge and power in Shakespeare's plays.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Health Status of Mothers and Children

contributor:
Dooley, Martin D.
Feeny, David H.
Lipman, Ellen L.

subject: Economics Economics

abstract: This is an investigation of the relationship between family structure, socioeconomic status and the health status of mothers and children. A population health framework underlies the analysis. The first essay uses three population health surveys to study the differences in the health status of mothers from two-parent families with those from one-parent families. Lone mothers have, on average, lower unconditional health status than married mothers. However, lone mothers are, on average, younger, poorer, less educated, have fewer children and smoke more. Controlling for these factors, a negative relationship between lone motherhood and health status (compared with married mothers) can be rejected. The second and fourth essays investigate the relationship between family structure and socioeconomic status and child health. The second essay uses the Ontario Child Health Survey (OCHS), 1983 and 1987. Health status is measured by the HU12 scores. The results indicate that lone-mother status has a strong negative relationship with child health as does low-permanent income (long term poverty), even after controlling for low birth-weight. However, no consistent relationship with current income is found. The National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) is employed in the fourth essay. The findings are similar to hose obtained from the OCHS study. Lone-mother status has a strong, robust, negative relationship with child health status; current income does not. The third essay presents the development of the algorithm used to map the OCHS responses into the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2) attribute levels used in the second essay. The mapping system is compared to others. While a major difference is seen when applying two different algorithms to the same data, there seems to be little difference when applying the different algorithms to similar populations from different data sets.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Spin and Parity Assignments in ³⁴P Using The Polarized (d,α) AND (d,αϒ) Reactions

contributor:
Kuehner, J.A.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: A measurement of method II (d,αϒ) angular correlations (LF61), using a polarized deuteron beam is a powerful technique for determining spins and parities in light nuclei, since two separate correlations, corresponding to two beam polarization substates, are measured for each transition and in each case the residual nucleus is left in a strongly polarized state. This technique, together with model-independent parity assignments from T₂₀ measurements at zero degrees, has been used to measure the spins and parities of the low-lying excited states in the nucleus ³⁴P. The resulting Jπ assignments for these states are well reproduced by a shell model calculation using Wildenthal's usd interaction (Wi82). The effect of the finite particle detector size and the less than completely polarized beam on the measured correlations has been discussed and the results have been incorporated into the final analysis.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Effects of a Road Closure on Residents' Responses to Traffic Noise

contributor:
Taylor, S.M.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a change in road traffic conditions on individual response to traffic noise. The partial closure of King Street in the summer of 1977 and the subsequent re-routing of traffic provided an excellent opportunity to examine the problem. This analysis uses questionnaire data collected at three sites before and during the closure. Research focuses upon changes in five sets of responses: awareness of traffic noise, annoyance, activity interference, health effects and actions taken with respect to noise. The effects of personal characteristics on change in response are also examined. In general, changes in response were slight. Awareness of traffic noise increased at two of the three sites, and annoyance at only one. There were no significant changes in any of the other responses. Weak relationships were found between two personal characteristics - age and income - and changes in response. Several reasons for the lack of change in response are postulated including the small change in noise levels, the temporary nature of the change and the publicity campaign prior to the road closure.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: A Study of Chinese Hua -Yen Buddhism With Special Reference to the Dharmadhãtu (Fa-Chieh) Doctrine

contributor:
Jan, Yün-hua
Religious Sciences

subject: Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion

abstract: Hua-yen Buddhism is generally considered as the most theoretical and systematic presentation of Buddhist ideas among the various Buddhist schools that appeared in China during the Sui-T'ang period (589-900 A.D.). Furthermore, its philosophico-religious teachings played a significant role in the religious history of East Asia. In spite of such an importance, very little is known about Hua-yen Buddhism in the Western world. This thesis, therefore, attempts to achieve a proper understanding of Hua-yen Buddhism through an extensive investigation of its central doctrine of dharmadhātu(fa-chieh) as it occurs in the writings of the patriarchs of the Hua-yen school. Part One, as a background study, examines first of all the etymological and contextual meaning of the term dharmadhātu. It also surveys the Avatamsaka-sūtra(Hua-yen ching), the canonical scripture from which the Hua-yen school derived the idea of dharmadhātu as the central theme for teaching and meditation. In addition, it discusses the background and development of the Hua-yen school. In Part Two, the main body of the study, the dharmadhātu doctrine of the Hua-yen school is examined in terms of its development. The basic writings of its five patriarchs and their ideas concerning "the dharmadhātu are chronologically and systematically analyzed in detail. It is demonstrated that the dharmadhātu doctrine can be said to have been, by and large, founded by Tu-shun, formulated by Chih-yen, systematized by Fa-tsang, and elucidated by Ch'eng-kuan and Tsung-mi. Part Three, the concluding part, embarks upon an inquiry into the significance of the Hua-yen dharmadhātu doctrine. It is argued that the dharmadhātu doctrine is not "a pointless exposition of empty words," as characterized by some outside critics, but that it contains solid "philosophical," "religious," and "historical" significance within it. First, it is clarified that the dharmadhātu doctrine is meant to lead man toward an insight into the interrelatedness, that is, the "mutual identification" and "interpenetration," of all the dharmas — an insight which liberates him from all kinds of rigid philosophical preconceptions and dogmatism concerning reality. Second, it is also discovered that the dharmadhātu doctrine of mutual identification and interpenetration is relevant to the formulation of the religious conviction of the "instantaneous attainment of Buddhahood" upheld by the Hua-yen school. Finally, it is verified through concrete evidence that the dharmadhātu doctrine exerted a significant influence on the religious thought of China, especially on the Ch'an(Zen) and the T'ien- t'ai traditions, Taoism, and Neo-Confucianism.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)