identifier: Haring, Peter G. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Haring=3APeter_G=2E=3A=3A.html>   (2002) The nature of heavy metal contamination in organic lake sediments near the Buchans massive sulphide base metal mines, Central Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Buchans mine closed in 1984 after 57 years of operation. Several orebodies, including Luck Strike, Oriental, Old Buchans, Rothermere and MacLean, produced 16,196,876 tonnes of ore with an average grade of 14.51% Zn, 7.56% Pb, 1.33% Cu, 126 grams/tonne Ag and 1.37 grams/tonne Au. Copper (chalcopyrite), lead (galena) and Zinc (sphalerite) concentrates were shipped from the port of Botwood The baritic, polymetallic orebodies were Canada’s highest grade volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. -- To determine the impact that mining activities in and around the Buchans community had on the watersheds of the area, six lake sediment cores were collected. Four of these were taken in Red Indian Lake and two were taken in Buchans Lake, also named Sandy Lake. All cores were extracted with a K.B. Gravity lake Sediment Corer and due to the water depth in Red Indian Lake, a Deep Water operating Kit had to be used as an attachment. -- To determine the availability of the heavy metals to the environment that might be caused by subtle changes of pH or Eh, this study utilized a four step sequential extraction procedure. The four discrete operationally defined fractions that were measured were as follows: (I) Exhangeable/Carbonate, (II) Fe/Mn Oxide, (III) Organic/Sulphide, and (IV) Silicate. -- Each core was sectioned into two centimeter intervals and total concentrations were measured on 29 elements, including Cu, Pb and Zn, on all dry sediment intervals by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) using HCl/HF/HClO₄ digestion. Furthermore, select base metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) were analysed on the ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ samples extracted from lake sediment core RIL2B using the four step sequential extraction procedure to determine the degree to which the various metals reported to the different phase fractions. -- The total element analysis on all cores showed significant enhancement in base metals in the upper sediment intervals, particularly in Red Indian Lake, where the concentrations of copper, lead and zinc were reported as high as 4270 ppm, 2993 ppm and 12,576 ppm (dry weight) respectively. The results for all duplicate samples showed excellent correlation demonstrating a high degree of reproducibility. The agreement between the results obtained from the standard reference materials (LKSD 1-4) and the ‘certified’ published results also demonstrated a high degree of reliability. -- The sequential extraction analyses on the ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ sediment intervals from lake sediment core RIL2B showed that a significant amount of copper, lead and zinc reported to the Exchangeable/Carbonate phase with the highest values measured as 715 ppm, 2070 ppm and 2675 ppm respectively. It was also demonstrated that sediment drying appears to have a significant redistribution effect on the amount of metal reporting to the different phases. Drying of the sediment appears to increase the amount of Cu and slightly decreases the amount of Pb and Zn reporting to the Exchangeable/Carbonate phase. The reproducibility and reliability of the sequential extraction procedure was demonstrated from the analyses of the standard reference ore MP-1A. -- In conclusion, the upper lake sediments in Red Indian Lake and Buchans Lake are heavily contaminated with base metals, with the most pronounced effects occurring in Red Indian Lake. Furthermore, as demonstrated from the high concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn that report to the first phase of the four step sequential extraction procedure, a significant amount of the metals in the lake sediments of Red Indian Lake are potentially available for release to the environment with moderate increases in acidity. The sediments have incorporated a considerable burden of pollutants and a significant portion of the lake sediments from Red Indian Lake could be considered as hazardous waste. However, since the mine closure, the lake sediments appear to be showing reduced levels of pollutants, proper site remediation is essential for lake sediment recovery.


identifier: Rawlings, Alana Maxine <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Rawlings=3AAlana_Maxine=3A=3A.html>   (2001) The paleoproterozoic metaplutonic suite of Voisey's Bay, Labrador: a geochemical, tectonic and metallogenic investigation.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

type: Thesis NonPeerReviewed

format: application/pdf application/pdf

abstract: The Paleoproterozoic Torngat Orogen of northern Labrador welds the Nain and Rae Archean cratons. A suite of calc-alkaline metaplutonic rocks has been identified in the Voisey’s Bay area and these rocks are believed to represent a southern extension of similar metaplutonic rocks identified along the some 500 km length of the orogeny. In addition the ore-bearing troctolites of the recently discovered Voisey’s Bay Ni-Co-Cu deposit are located within the metaplutonic suite. -- This study involves detailed geology, geochemistry, isotopic composition and geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic metaplutonic suite in the Voisey’s Bay area. To determine: (1) the petrogenesis of the metaplutonic rocks and constrain the Paleoproterozoic tectonic setting of the region; and (2) the role of the metaplutonic rocks in crustal contamination of the Voisey’s Bay troctolitic intrusion and the genesis of the Ni-Cu-Co deposit. -- The Paleoproterozoic metaplutonic rocks are a relatively undifferentiated, mafic to intermediate calc-alkaline batholith. The rocks have been metamorphosed to upper amphibolite of granulite facies and interleaved with newly discovered sulfide-rich paragneisses, amphibolite and meta-anorthosite. Recent mapping of this thesis shows that the metaplutonic suite covers a sizeable geographic area encompassing most parts of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co ore system. Two samples give ages of 1893 +/-1 Ma and 1890 +/-2 Ma by U-Pb zircon TIMS geochronology. Based on LAM-ICP-MS, one of these samples contained inherited zircon cores, some 50-100 Ma older than the igneous population, but no Archean cores were found in this sample of the two others. Metatonalite rocks of this suite probably form during a slightly younger magmatic event dated 18 1883 +/-5 Ma. All the compositions are enriched in relative amounts of Ba, Sr, Rb, Ar and Hf; and have negative Nb-Ta anomalies. This trace element chemistry of the rocks is distinctive and markedly similar to the Voisey’s Bay deposit, specifically in possessing Th-U and Nb-Ta depletions and exhibits elevated La/Sm ratios (2.92 to 11.01) with a range of Th/Nb ratios (0.004 to 1.065). The sulfur content of the metaplutonic suite reaches levels of 0.1 weight percent. Their REE patterns exhibit fractionation of LREE relative to HREE, with the extent of fractionation increasing with silica content. The εNd(₁₈₉₀ Ma) values for the samples range from +0.13 to -5.3. The Pb isotopic ratios were 15.160-15.834 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and 15.000 to 15.245 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and suggest that the contaminant formed in the lower crust. When calculated to the age of the Voisey’s Bay troctolite intrusion, the Paleoproterozoic metaplutonic rocks define two distinct isotopic groups: an enriched group with εNd(₁₃₂₀ Ma) of -11.1 and -11.2, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(₁₃₂₀ Ma) ratios between 0.7032 and 9.7050 and μ* values of 7.66 to 7.77; and a more depleted group which exhibits εNd(₁₃₂₀ Ma) values between -2.8 to -6.8, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(₁₃₂₀ Ma) ratios between 0.7038 and 0.7041 and μ* values 7.75 to 7.98. -- Meta-gabbro to meta-quartz diorite compositions of this suite defines a magmatic series that probably evolved through fractional crystallization. The meta-tonalites formed during a slightly younger magmatic event and the increasing fractionation of LREE to HREE suggest the meta-tonalities had more residual garnet in their source regions than did other members of the suite. The range in εNd(₁₈₉₀ Ma) suggests interaction between the primary magmas and continental crust. The Pb isotopic values suggest that the contaminant formed in the lower crust. A model for the metaplutonic suite is presented in which the meta-gabbro to meta-quartz diorite series formed by partial melting of the mantle wedge and interacted with crustal contaminant either in the source of lower crust. The meta-tonalites were derived by partial melting of subducting oceanic crust. Crustal genesis by both slab melting and wedge melting in the Paleoproterozoic may mark the transition from Archean to post-Archean processes. -- In terms of the role of the metaplutonic suite in the crustal contamination and genesis of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit. The trace element and isotopic data of the Voisey’s Bay troctolitic intrusion and mineralized conduit rocks can be most readily explained by 5-10 percent contamination of a picritic basalt magma with the enriched group of the metaplutonic rocks. Contamination by the Tasiuyak paragneiss produced more subtle effects on the compositions of the intrusion. This new evidence indicates that the Paleoproterozoic metaplutonic rocks played a key role in the crustal contamination of the Voisey’s Bay intrusion, which may have led to sulfur saturation and precipitation of sulfides. Metaplutonic contamination may be an essential element in the formation of similar deposits in the region and elsewhere.


identifier: Rudolph, Wolfram W. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Rudolph=3AWolfram_W=2E=3A=3A.html>   (2001) The formation of alunite under hydrothermal conditions chemistry, unit-cell parameters and vibrational spectra.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Raman spectra have been measured for aqueous Al₂(SO₄)₃ solutions from 25°C to hydrothermal conditions at 184°C under steam saturation. The Raman spectrum at 184°C contained four polarized bands in the S-O stretching wavenumber range which suggest that a new sulfato complex, where sulfate acts as a bridging ligand, possibly bidentate of tridentate, is formed in solution in addition to a 1:1 aluminium(III) sulfato complex, where sulfate is monodentate, which is the only ion pair identified at room temperature. Under hydrothermal conditions it was possible to observe the hydrolysis of Al(III) aqua-ion by measuring the relative intensity of bands due to SO₄²⁻ and HSO₄⁻ according to the coupled equilibrium reaction [Al(OH₂)₆]³⁻ + SO₄²⁻ - [Al(OH₂)₅OH]²⁻ + HSO₄. The precipitate in equilibrium with the solution at 184°C could be characterized as hydronium alunite, (H₃O)Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆. -- Alunites of the substitution series potassium alunite [KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆]- hydronium alunite [(H₃O)Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ have been synthesized from acidic solutions (pH values 1.5 to 3.0) between 100 to 205°C and between 1 and 18 bars in both sealed quartz and teflon lined bombs. The composition of the starting solutions ranged from 0 to 300% potassium with aluminium fixed at ca. 0.6 M and sulfate ranging from 0.16-0.18 M. -- For reasons of comparison a few end members of the alunite group have been synthesized such as sodium alunite [NaAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆, ammonium alunite [(NH₄)Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆], and rubidium alunite [RbAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆].


identifier: Riveros, Claudia Paz <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Riveros=3AClaudia_Paz=3A=3A.html>   (1998) Strucural geology of the southwestern shore of Conception Bay, eastern Avalon zone, Newfoundland Appalachians.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract:
The Newfoundland Avalon Zone of the eastern Appalachians has, for many years,
been affected by two major tectonic events: the late Proterozoic Avalonian Orogeny. which
occurred prior to the final collision of the Gondwanan and Laurentian continents, and the
mid-Paleozoic Acadian Orogeny. associated with the final accretion of the Gondwanan to
Laurentian continents. Recent geochronological data show, however, that the Avalon Zone was
affected by multiple late Proterozoic thermal events (ca.760 Ma. ca. 680 Ma. ca. 630-600 Ma
and ca. 575-550 Ma) and by the Paleozoic Salinic and Alleghenian-Hercynian orogenies.
Systematic constraints on the structural characteristics of these tectonic events are
lacking in the Avalon Zone. The present study addresses this problem via a detailed
investigation of the structural and stratigraphic relationships observed along the southwestern
shore of the Conception Bay, eastern Avalon Zone. The cross-cutting relationships between a
pervasive regional (S₂) cleavage and structures truncated by the sub-Cambrian unconformity
are used to distinguish between D₁ Proterozoic and D₂ post-Cambrian structures. Distinctive
structural characteristics observed through the study site are used, further, to identify four
distinctive styles and relative ages of deformation: D₁ₐ,  D₁, D₂ₐ and D₂.
D,. and D,b reflect two phases of deformation associated with the Avalonian Orogeny.
Both appear to have occurred in a late period of this prolonged and diachronous orogenic
event. D,. is a block faulting extensional event that produced north-trending block faults.
These have produced the north-trending Brigus and Holyrood horsts. This .. brittle"
deformational event produced few identifiable mesoscale features and no cleavage.
D,b was a north-south shortc:ning event. D,b structures include northwest-trending
dextral kink band sets and northeast-trending sinistral kink band sets, northwest- and
northeast-trending open to isoclinal F, folds, and regional dome and basin and periclinal
structures. Some of the faults that underwent normal displacement during D,. were reactivated
as strike-slip faults during D,b. North- to north-northeast-trending faults (e.g .• Brigus,
Marysvale and Topsail faults) underwent apparent sinistral strike slip and north-northwesttrending
faults (e.g., Bacon Cove, Duffs and Holyrood faults) underwent apparent dextral strike slip during D,b. A cleavage (S1) is commonly developed in discrete zones in tight to
isoclinal F, folds. but is regionally non-penetrative. This restricted development of S, reflects
the semi-brittle deformational regime of 0 11, (moderate to low temperature and mean stress
conditions).
D2a represents a mid-Paleozoic contractional event related to the Acadian and/or
Salinic orogenies. D2a is characterized by a pervasive. generally upright cleavage (SJ that
indicates east-west contraction. Upright. open. north- to north-nonheast-trending folds (FJ
overlie east- and west-directed thrust and reverse faults. Some of these D1a faults are inverted
0 1 structures. Cambrian beds preserved in the core of F2 synclines and in inverted D,. horsts
provide the only direct age constraint (post early Cambrian) on the D1a structures. S2 can
transect the F2 axial traces by up to 15" in plan view. It is inferred that the F1 fold trends are
strongly influenced by the orientation of the associated faults (formed during earlier
deformational events). whereas the S2 cleavage more directly reflects the D1a east-west
shortening.
The bedding of Cambrian rocks and S1 display similar rotations adjacent to some of
the north-trending faults. Cambrian rocks are preserved in D1b down-faulted blocks. These
features are interpreted to indicate post-S2 normal fault separation on reactivated D,. and/or
D1a faults. There is also post-S2 apparent sinistral and dextral strike-slip along minor
northwest-trending faults in Cambrian rocks. Collectively. these fault movements are
interpreted to indicate northwest-southeast oriented extension during D2a. These structures
could be associated with the mid-Devonian to early Permian Alleghenian-Hercynian orogeny
and/or opening of the North Atlantic during the Mesozoic.


identifier: McCausland, Philip John Albert <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/McCausland=3APhilip_John_Albert=3A=3A.html>   (1998) Palaeomagnetism of the Skinner Cove Formation of Western Newfoundland and the birth of the Iapetus Ocean.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The 550 Ma Skinner Cove Formation is a structural unit within the Humber Arm Allochthon of western Newfoundland, occurring as an alkali volcanic suite affected only by zeolite facies metamorphism. At 10 sites from its flows and dykes a magnetite-borne, stable characteristic 'A' remanence direction (tilt-corrected mean D=144°, I=31.5°; α₉₅=10.8°, k=21.1) is recognized and shown to be a primary thermal remanence by an intraformational conglomerate test. The palaeolatitude calculated for the Skinner Cove Formation from its ten 'A' site virtual geomagnetic poles is 18.6°S ±9°. -- An original relation between the Skinner Cove Formation and the Iapetan margin of Laurentia is suggested by several lines of evidence: As a structural slice it occupies a lower, less transported position in the Humber Arm Allochthon, implying an original adjacency to underlying slices of Laurentian margin sediments. The Skinner Cove volcanics have a within plate trace element geochemistry with enriched light rare earth elements (LREE), shared with other alkali volcanics of the northeastern Appalachians Humber Zone. Also, the ~550 Ma Skinner Cove volcanics are of similar age to alkali magmatic activity of Laurentia's Iapetan margin, marked by the ~554 Ma Tibbit Hill metavolcanics of Quebec and the ~555 Ma Lady Slipper Pluton of west Newfoundland. Hence, the 18.6°S palaeolatitude of the Skinner Cove Formation constrains Laurentia to an equatorial position at ~550 Ma. -- Comparison with other palaeomagnetically determined high southerly palaeolatitudes for ~570 Ma implies a large rapid northward drift of ~34 cm/yr for Laurentia during the latest Neoproterozoic. The start of Laurentia's rapid northward movement at ~570 Ma may mark the beginning of Iapetus sea-floor spreading, consistent with Laurentian geological data if thermally-delayed subsidence of the Laurentian margin is assumed. Further well-constrained palaeomagnetic results of ~580 ~550 Ma age from Laurentia and especially its suspected conjugate margins Amazonia and Rio de la Plata are required to test this proposed palaeogeography and to define the birth of the Iapetus Ocean precisely.


identifier: Zhang, Guangping <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Zhang=3AGuangping=3A=3A.html>   (1994) Phonological representation and analyses of fast speech phenomena in English.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: In spoken North American English, forms undergo a series of changes as the speaking rate increases. These changes involve, among others, three processes: vowel syncopation, initial syllable reduction, and consonant syllabification (or metathesis). In this thesis two phonological frameworks, autosegmental phonology and sonority phonology, are utilized to analyze these three processes in a speech rate I call 'Normal Conversational Speech' or 'NCS'.  -- In NCS, the increase in speaking rate results not only in a general decrease in duration, but also often in the deletion of certain unstressed vowels. Word medially this is called 'syncopation'. Word initially it is called 'initial syllable reduction'. The third process involves the syllabification of certain sonorant consonants as well as the deletion of unstressed vowels. The result of this syllabification is the change of a sonorant consonant + vowel sequence into a syllabic sonorant consonant. It is shown that, in a certain sense, metathesis is another expression of syllabification.  -- All three processes are shown to occur under strict conditions involving syllable structure. The conditions for the processes are stated   and   are   represented   in   simple   rules   within   both the frameworks.  Furthermore,   a   phonological   explanation   for   the conditions   is attempted   on the basis of the two phonological frameworks. Finally, the shared characteristics and distinctions of the three processes are represented.  In terms of the analysis in the thesis,  it is evident   that   the   three   processes   share   some characteristics and have some distinctions. The shared characteristics   are   the result of the   nature   of   the   weakening processes of which each of the processes is an example. The distinctions are the result of the difference in position in which the processes occur.  -- Despite the fact that most phonological analyses are based on slow, careful speech, in everyday communication NCS is much more commonly used than slow speech or very rapid speech. NCS is, therefore, the most important form of English to master for general communicative purposes. Since syncopation, initial syllable reduction, and syllabification are salient aspects of NCS, this thesis will, thus, have practical applications in designing speech synthesis programs, and in teaching English as a foreign language.


identifier: Evans-Lamswood, Dawn <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Evans-Lamswood=3ADawn=3A=3A.html>   (1999) Physical and geometric controls on the distribution of magmatic and sulphide bearing phases within the Voisey's Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit, Voisey's Bay, Labrador.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Voisey's Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit occurs within fragment-bearing troctolites and olivine gabbros of the 1.34 Ga. Reid Brook Intrusive Complex, an early member of the predominantly anorthositic Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS). The NPS straddles the 1.85 Ga. Cratonic suture between Archean orthogneiss and the Nain Province to the east and Paleoproterozoic paragneiss of the Churchill Province to the west.  -- The Reid Brook, Discovery Hill, Mini-Ovoid and Ovoid are mineralized zones within a sub-vertical conduit system, the Ovoid dyke. The Reid Brook zone is the most western mineralized zone of the Voisey's Bay deposit, it contains disseminated and massive sulphide hosted within the dyke and veins in the adjacent country rocks. Mineralization of the Discovery Hill zone, unlike the Reid Brook zone to the west, is confined to the dyke and does not penetrate the country rocks. The Mini-Ovoid is west, but is geologically continuous with the Ovoid. Mineralization consists of massive to semi massive and disseminated sulphides. The Ovoid is a cauldron-shaped body of massive to semi massive sulphides with less extensive parcels of disseminated sulphides.  -- Striking east-west, the Ovoid dyke appears to post-date, but physically link two large troctolite intrusions, the Eastern Deeps chamber and the Western Deeps chamber. In the west, the conduit extends from the top of the Western Deeps chamber to the north margin of the Eastern Deeps chamber. Rather than being within the sub-vertical Ovoid dyke, mineralization of the Eastern Deeps zone is located within a sub-horizontal splay from the main conduit where it is connected to the base of the Eastern Deeps chamber.  -- All the mineralized zones in the Voisey's Bay deposit comprise magmatic-textured sulphides within fragment-bearing troctolites and olivine gabbros. Sulphides within the system are preferentially concentrated in physical traps where topographic irregularities and variations in conduit morphology favour the capture, containment and precipitation of sulphides through physiochemical changes in the magma. For example, the Eastern Deeps sulphide zone is associated with the line of entry for a feeder conduit close to a structural low in the base of the Eastern Deeps chamber; the Ovoid mineralized appears to fill a bulge in the conduit, and the Reid Brook zone is located close to an axis of inflection along the strike of the conduit. Sulphide deposition is therefore, is ultimately related to a complex interplay of dyke geometry (i.e. changes in dyke trajectory and thickness) and the fluid dynamics of the fragment-bearing magma in a constantly changing and dynamic magma conduit system.  -- Dyke geometry is a direct reflection of structural controls. Primary emplacement of the Ovoid dyke and gabbro-troctolite chambers was controlled by east-west lineaments which were established during the Torngat orogeny in response to the Nain/Churchill collision. Syn-magmatic crustal uplift exploited these pre-existing structures, producing local extension in a graben-like system. The extensional faults that resulted provided a media for which magma could easily intrude and be constrained. With the tectonomagmatic evolution of the system, a sub-horizontal fracture system developed, providing an alternative passage for magmatic transgression, producing the Eastern Deeps feeder. Post enlacement deformation invoked oblique stresses on the pre-existing east-west lineaments and extensional faults, resulting in sinistral translation and the development of Reidel brittle shears.  -- The Voisey's Bay deposit does not conform to traditional models, where sulphide accumulations are controlled largely by gravitational settling within a magmatic chamber. In contrast, sulphide distribution is controlled by magma emplacement through multiple braids in a dynamic channel-like conduit system.


identifier: Laletsang, Kebabonye <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Laletsang=3AKebabonye=3A=3A.html>   (2001) Seismic exploration for metallic mineral deposits.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis examines the effects of geometry on the seismic response of mineral deposits. Massive mineral deposits have comparable velocities to silicate rocks but are denser. Hence they are characterized by higher acoustic impedances which should cause strong seismic anomalies. However, mineral deposits cause only weak diffractions in seismic data because of their small sizes and complex geometries. Conventional data processing may fail to detect mineral deposits because it attenuates the diffractions.  -- P-wave reflection coefficients for a density-driven acoustic impedance contrast are large near normal incidence. The SV-wave has a stronger reflection coefficient with a reversed phase compared with the P-wave coefficient beyond normal incidence. Hence, large source to receiver offsets cannot record strong P-wave responses if the acoustic impedance contrast is density-driven. This finding is important in that, while deep targets are sought, source to receiver offsets must be small to record a strong P-wave response.  -- 3D seismic data for an egg-shaped model show a seismic response comprising concentric, circular diffraction patterns in time slices. For a cylinder-shaped model with a rugged surface, the data show that the relief and dip impact strongly on the seismic response. Time slices through these data show circular but discontinuous diffraction patterns. 3D data for a disk-shaped model equal in size to the Fresnel zone, show that its surface structure cannot be mapped, but it can still be detected in time slices from the circular diffraction patterns. Using 2D numerical models, this thesis demonstrates that small, dipping targets produce diffraction seismic responses with amplitudes displaced down-dip, with phase reversals at large angles of incidence for different source locations.  -- The modelling results are tested on 2D field data recorded on the Duck Pond deposit (NF), which dips 35-40Ã‚Â° SW and comprises segments with different dips. In this case, little diffraction energy resides in the plane of the seismic section and clearly 3D data are required to obtain a better seismic response.  -- It is concluded that massive mineral deposits can be directly detected or imaged with reflection seismic if the appropriate parameters are used, namely, 3D seismic surveys with small source to receiver offsets and processing tailored to preserve the weak diffractions.


identifier: MacHattie, Trevor George <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/MacHattie=3ATrevor_George=3A=3A.html>   (2001) Petrogenesis of the Wathaman batholith and La Ronge domain plutons in the Reindeer Lake area, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Saskatchewan.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Paleoproterozoic Wathaman Batholith forms a major part of the Trans Hudson Orogen in northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba. On Reindeer Lake in Saskatchewan the batholith is 125 km wide and may continue for 800-900 km along strike. The size is comparable to Phanerozoic batholiths associated with destructive continental margins. The plutonism took place over a relatively short time interval, between 1865 and 1850 Ma. -- The batholith and satellite intrusions have been divided into 3 major zones based on modal, geochemical and Nd isotopic composition, from south to north these are the: La Ronge Domain (LRD); South Central (SCZ); and North East (NEZ). The LRD hosts satellite intrusions that are mainly metaluminous, calc-alkaline tonalites and granodiorites. εNd(t) in this zone ranges from +4.8 to -0.4.  The SCZ is composed of two distinct series, a K-feldspar megacrystic granodiorite and a monzogranite series. The granodioritic series range in εNd(t) from -2.3 to -5.4; whilst the monzogranite series are characterized by εNd(t) +0.2 to -0.4. These rocks are all of high-K calc-alkaline affinity. The NEZ is composed of a K-feldspar megacrystic monzogranite and a monzonitic series, both of shoshonitic affinity. The monzogranites rocks have εNd(t) of -1.4 to -6.9, while the monzonites have εNd(t) of -0.3 to -4. -- The  Wathaman Batholith had been interpreted as the root of a continental arc but was enigmatic in that it lacked co-magmatic mafic phases and was considered too homogeneous, too felsic, and too megacrystic, i.e., more like post-collisional granitoids. This study has resolved many of the uncertainties in the origin of this batholith. There is a greater diversity of rock types than previously described, and good field evidence for mingling of mafic and felsic magmas. Within a series εNd(t) is independent of rock type, and both the SC and NE zones rocks are characterized by high  Sr and Ba. The petrogenesis of the batholith can be explained by mixing between 3 end-members: Archean crust; Proterozoic supra-subduction zone depleted mantle; and a late Archean enriched lithospheric mantle. Relative contributions from end-members change from south to north, with a major role for depleted, subduction zone affected mantle in the LRD; enriched mantle in the SCZ; and enriched mantle + crust in the NEZ. The batholith is interpreted to have formed in a subduction zone setting where mixing was dominantiy occurring in the asthenosphere and at the crust-mantle boundary. Upper level contamination processes can only be clearly seen in the NEZ.


identifier: Burton, Renee <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Burton=3ARenee=3A=3A.html>   (2002) Miocene to recent stratigraphy, structural architecture and tectonic evolution of the Adana Basin, Southern Turkey.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Adana Basin of southeastern Turkey lies above the late Cretaceous-Eocene ophiolithic suture of the Afro-Arabian and Euro-Asian plates. The basin evolved in the Miocene and the sedimentary succession (0-6 km) records a complex tectono-stratigraphic history. Producing oilfields are present within the basin but the stratigraphic, sedimentological and structural controls on the fields have remained ambiguous. Advances in data accessibility and data quality have provided a new opportunity to re-examine the evolution of the basin in a modern context. -- The Miocene to Recent succession is divided into three seismic megasequences by the three seismic unconformities. The unconformities include: B1, a progressively transgressed Type II sequence boundary that spans the Burdigalian-Serravalian interval, B2, a Type I sequence boundary that marks the onset of a basin wide forced regression in the Tortonian and B3 a laterally restricted transgressive sequence boundary that marks the maximum extent of Mediterranean desiccation and evaporite deposition in the basin. -- Rapid lateral variations in sedimentary facies, complex growth stratal architectures and progressively-rotated local syntectonic unconformities are identified near buried thrust culminations within the Miocene succession. Three distinct structural provinces occur within the basin and include: 1) an E-W trending, buried southward-propagating growth fault-bend fold and thrust belt with associated carbonate reef buildups, 2) a prominent NNE-SSW trending basin-bounding culmination wall and local reverse faults that delimit the eastern flank of the basin, and 3) salt structures and an extensional listric fault fan that soles into salt in the southwest. -- The Adana Basin documents a complex tectono-stratigraphic history during the Miocene. This is indicated by the highly variable nature of the Micoene sedimentology, stratigraphy and structural geology in space and time. Previous authors have proposed that the Miocene evolution of the Adana Basin resulted from periods of sea level variation, extensional and/or transtensional tectonism and intermittent periods of quiescence throughout the Miocene. In light of newly identified complex Miocene growth stratal architectures at buried thrust culminations, radical shifts in sedimentation style during the lower to late Miocene appear to have been largely controlled by compressional tectonics. The basin experienced an early to middle Miocene phase of south-directed thrusting, carbonate reef growth and subsequent drowning with continued basinward movement. The structural reorganization that led to the development of a proto-Kozan-Ecemis transtensional fault system during the late Serravalian marks the early docking of Arabia. Continued plate collision led to the development of a contractional culmination wall, associated with uplift of the Misis Mountains, that delimits the eastern basin edge. This uplift, in conjunction with a eustatic sea level fall led to a forced regression that climaxed in the Messinian with the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea, and the precipitation of evaporates in basinal lows. Later, the sea returned to the southern parts of the basin, where delta progradation, delta toe collapse, and salt tectonics dominate the latest Miocene to Recent interval.


identifier: Saunders, Jeffrey Keith <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Saunders=3AJeffrey_Keith=3A=3A.html>   (1997) The petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Riwaka Complex, South Island, New Zealand.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Riwaka Complex is a tholeiitic igneous intrusion (40km long, up to several km wide) located in the northwestern part of the South Island of New Zealand. It intrudes the Takaka Terrane which represents an assemblage of sedimentary rocks that are part of New Zealand's geologic Western Province. The Takaka Terrane is thought to have formed in a fore-arc environment associated with either one or two westward dipping Benioff zones. -- In this subduction zone environment the tholeiitic magma crystallized in a manner similar to that, that form Alaskan - type ultramafic complexes. Its distinctive petrological features include: cumulate olivine and clinopyroxene and interstitial amphibole; absence of orthopyroxene and plagioclase; and little or no Fe - enrichment, but a Ca - enrichment in the clinopyroxenes. The Riwaka Complex's geochemical evolution was dominated by olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation from as many as five pulses of magma, which gave rise to an intrusion made up almost entirely of ultramafic rocks ranging from clinopyroxene - bearing dunites to olivine - hornblende clinopyroxenites. Some minor gabbros and diorites are also present. -- The small amount of gabbro present represents an important part of the Riwaka Complex as these rocks contain significant amounts of primary sulphides which are rich in nickel, copper and platinum group elements. The nickel and copper ratios indicate that the composition of the parental magma was similar to that of a komatiite. This magma evolved to a basaltic type composition which gave rise to the gabbroic rocks. The high temperature platinum group elements (Os, Ir and Ru) are not found in the same abundances within the gabbroic rocks as their lower temperature counterparts (Rh, Pt and Pd) indicating that they have undergone an earlier fractionation, possibly within the early crystallized ultramafic rocks. These rocks may therefore represent an important exploration target.


identifier: Zhu, Jinming <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Zhu=3AJinming=3A=3A.html>   (1997) Practical imaging of complex geological structures using seismic prestack depth migration.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis develops innovative procedures to address problems in imaging multichannel reflection seismic data in regions of complex geology. Conventional common midpoint (CMP) based processing fails to produce adequate Earth images for complex geological structures with both vertical and lateral heterogeneities. This failure is due to the breakdown of assumptions such as common midpoint stacking and exploding reflector models. In these cases, seismic prestack depth migration is necessary since it can produce an accurate subsurface image - provided that a good estimate of the low wavenumber component of the velocity model is available. Two powerful prestack depth migration techniques are developed through the integral and finite-difference solutions of the wave equation. -- I first develop a new, robust, and accurate traveltime calculation method which is essentially a wavefront tracing procedure. This is implemented as a combination of a finite-difference solution of the eikonal equation, an excitation of Huygens' secondary sources, and an application of Fennat's principle. This method is very general and can be directly applied to compute first arrival traveltimes of incident plane waves. These traveltimes are extensively used by the Kirchhoff integral method to determine the integral surface, and also by the reverse-time migration to determine imaging conditions. -- The prestack Kirchhoff integral migration of shot profiles which is developed using the WKBJ approximation to the Green's function is simply a summation of amplitudes of differential traces along an integral surface with amplitudes being modulated by certain geometrical functions. I demonstrate that this summation scheme along a general integral surface is the mathematically more rigorous extension of the summation scheme along diffraction surfaces and of the superposition scheme of aplanatic surfaces. With the utilization of efficient traveltime computations, the integral depth migration is very computationally effective. It can be easily used to perform target-oriented imaging tasks by migrating selective shots and traces. -- In contrast to the Kirchhoff method, reverse-time migration is based on a direct solution of the wave equation by approximating the differential terms of the wave equation with finite differences. It is theoretically more accurate than the Kirchhoff method since it attempts to solve the wave equation without a high frequency approximation. In addition to such attractions as implicit static corrections and coherent noise elimination based on velocity information, I find that there exist self-healing mechanisms of the wavefield due to constructive interference during the reverse-time propagation of the unaliased wavefield. The self-healing ability of waves thus provides the basis of migrating sparsely and irregularly sampled unaliased recordings relative to a fine finite-difference grid without prior interpolation of missing traces. This is particularly valuable in migrating unaliased shot records with a gridded velocity model as fine as common depth point (CDP) bins with no explicit trace interpolation. As in the integral method, I implement the reverse-time migration directly from topography using the actual source and receiver positions. -- Considering the nature of imaging in geologically complex areas, I view the geophysicists' goal of obtaining an accurate Earth image as an iterative interpretive imaging procedure. This procedure consists of an initial velocity model building followed by iterative prestack depth migration, geological interpretation and velocity analysis. I formulate a very general prestack depth migration velocity analysis method with illustrations of both simple and complex examples. The evaluation of the performances of both the integral and the reverse-time migrations, especially through extensive application examples of both methods to geologically complex areas, demonstrates that the Kirchhoff integral scheme should be a better candidate for iterative imaging from the cost effectiveness viewpoint. Nevertheless, reverse-time migration is a valuable complement to Kirchhoff migration, since it can possibly produce a more accurate image of the Earth during the final imaging iterations. In this study, I extensively compare Kirchhoff and reverse-time migration procedures both on model data and an Alberta foothills real data set provided by Husky Oil Inc.


identifier: Chiasson, Wayne B. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Chiasson=3AWayne_B=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1995) Age validation and comparison of growth rates in behaviourally and geographically distinct population of cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The occurrence of annuli on sagittal otoliths of the cunner, Tautogolabrus  adspersus, were validated by injection with oxytetracycline hydrochloride  in a  field study. Otoliths were then used to compare growth rates of behaviourally and geographically distinct populations. Territorial males exhibited significantly slower growth than non-territorial males from the same pair spawning population. Although group spawning males had similar rates of growth as did males from the pair spawning population, they did exhibit a negative  correlation  between  length  at  age  and gonadosomatic index (GSI), suggesting a tradeoff between gonadal investment and somatic growth.  No such relationship existed for males from the pair spawning population.  Females from the two populations grew at similar rates and their growth was not correlated with GSI.  Newfoundland cunner appear to grow as fast as cunner from farther south where they have a longer growing season and higher temperatures. This suggests that some form of growth compensation occurs in Newfoundland cunner.


identifier: Gill, Eric William <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Gill=3AEric_William=3A=3A.html>   (1990) An algorithm for the extraction of ocean wave parameters from wide beam HF radar (CODAR) backscatter.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The remote monitoring of the coastal ocean has been a topic receiving much attention from both the scientific and industrial communities in recent years. Among the many devices which have come to the forefront in providing comprehensive information on ocean surface paramenters is the HF radar operating in the ground wave mode. In particular, a four-element square array known as a CODAR (Coastal Oceans Dynamics Applications Radar) has successfully produced near-shore current maps. The problem addressed in this thesis is that of molding existing theory so as to create an algorithm which would extend the capabilities of this CODAR to include the yielding of directional waveheight spectra from backscattered radiation. -- General expressions for the first- and second-order broad beam radar cross sections of the ocean surface presented by Barrick and Lipa (1979b) are applied to the four-element CODAR. Fourier coefficients of both the first- and second-order portions of the radar spectrum are developed with all but one of the various required integrations being carried out in closed form. The Fourier basis function approach allows the broad beam cross sections to be written as a system of integral equations. The second-order radar return involves a double integral whose integrand contains nonlinear combinations of the unknowns, namely the Fourier coefficients of the ocean wave directional spectrum. The first-order portion of the radar spectrum is used to linearize this integral, thus allowing the system of equations to be formulated in terms of matrices. The matrix system is solved using a singular value decomposition approach. -- The analysis is carried out in its entirety for simulated data only. However, Appendix D outlines the procedure for calculating the four-element square array cross sections from measured data. These may be used in the algorithms developed here to extract directional waveheight information from the backscatter of high frequency radiation from the ocean surface.


identifier: Shea, Robert John <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Shea=3ARobert_John=3A=3A.html>   (1995) An evaluation of the performance appraisal process for paraprofessionals presently utilized in the Department of Student Housing, Memorial University of Newfoundland.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This project examines the process for performance appraisal of resident assistant paraprofessionals employed by the Department of Student Housing and Food Services, Office of Student Affairs and Services, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.  The purpose of this project is to determine if the stated objectives of the performance appraisal process for paraprofessionals are consistent with the current literature examined.  The following aspects of the appraisal system are evaluated: (1) preparation for appraisal; (2) data collection; (3) reporting and follow-up; (4) evaluation of the policy; and (5) impact of the process. -- Through the analysis of information provided by the Residence Life Office of Student Housing and a review of corresponding mission statements and objectives, a number of conclusions were reached.  First, the present performance appraisal system is meeting its stated objective of assisting the administration in its responsibility for ensuring that resident assistants are performing the tasks assigned.  Secondly, it was evidenced by data reviewed that the performance appraisal process presently utilized is effective.  Thirdly, there are indications that personal development is a goal of the evaluation process utilized. -- Overall, the performance appraisal process is meeting its intended objectives. The process may, however, warrant further development with respect to the incorporation of student development objectives.


identifier: Mercer, David John <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Mercer=3ADavid_John=3A=3A.html>   (1996) An examination of the design and appropriate depiction of topographic information on instrument approach charts.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Cartographers create maps to represent the spatial relationships of real world phenomena at a much reduced scale and in a limited amount of space. This restricts the amount of information that the cartographer can portray. One of the main objectives of the cartographer is to present the data in a way that maximizes the communicative properties of the map. -- The cockpit of a modem aircraft is a very complex place. The pilot has to contend with information from many different sources. This volume of information requires a high level of concentration in order to operate the aircraft safely. The same holds true for the navigational charts that are used on a routine basis. The pilot must be able to make quick decisions based on the information presented on the charts. If there is too much, or not enough information, the pilot's ability to make effective decisions may be hindered. Maps must be designed to make the task of extracting navigational information as simple and effective as possible. -- This research investigates the effects of cartographic generalization on the pilot's ability to extract information effectively from instrument approach charts. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets standards for the construction of aeronautical charts, the standard for topography on an instrument approach chart is vague about the amount of information to be included. Twenty pilots were asked to perform two specific map-use tasks. While performing these tasks, subject's eye movements were recorded using the Stoelting Eyetracker/Pupilometer system. The dependent variables of number of fixations and duration of fixations were examined as well as subjective and objective measures of chart complexity. -- Data obtained through eye movement recording showed that topographic representation should be kept to a minimum. Certain tasks, however, utilize both aero-navigational and topographic information, hence, some topographic data is essential. A subjective evaluation of topographic information content also revealed that subjects derived some benefit from the presence of topographic data. These results corroborated the eye movement data by indicating that charts displaying a high level of topographic information contributed to inefficient data extraction and difficulty of use.


identifier: Lewis, Stephanie E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Lewis=3AStephanie_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1995) "Congeries of pleasing horrors" : Fantasmagoriana and the writings of the Diodati Group.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Umberto Eco's statement in his introduction to The Name of the Rose (1983) that "all books speak of other books" is a clear recognition of the fact that numerous discourses find their way into a given text. The fictional works that emanated from the gathering at Diodati during the early summer of 1816 are no exception. While each of them shows patterns and motifs from earlier Gothic fiction, the primary objective here will be to demonstrate the central influence on the fiction of Lord Byron, John Polidori and Mary Shelley of one common text: Fantasmagoriana. The reading of the ghost stories in this collection (several of which are now readily available in the English translation entitled Tales of the Dead ) provided the Diodati group with not only the inspiration to write their own tales but also several narrative patterns and thematic motifs. -- Four pieces of fiction resulted either directly or indirectly from Lord Byron's challenge that " 'We will each write a ghost story'  " (Frankenstein, 1831, ix). The most prominent figure of the group, Lord Byron himself, wrote "A Fragment of a Novel" which he soon discarded. It was left to his physician, John Polidori, to recast it into "The Vampyre," the first literary representation of the vampire in English fiction. Polidori's immediate response to the contest, however, was Ernestus Berchtold; or, The Modern Oedipus, a work that until quite recently has been virtually ignored. The best known and most impressive of the Diodati writing was, of course, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley. -- Much attention has been given (especially in biographical accounts) to Byron's ghost story contest; however, very little has been written about either the collection of tales that initiated the challenge, or the impact that these tales had on the texts that resulted. While there have been brief comments made about the references to Fantasmagoriana and to the tales to which Mary Shelley alludes in her Introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein, there has been no systematic attempt to examine together the tales of Fantasmagoriana and the stories they inspired. This present study undertakes that task.


identifier: Reid, Marilyn <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Reid=3AMarilyn=3A=3A.html>   (1989) Effects of differing proportions of unknown vocabulary of second language reading comprehension.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The study was designed to assess the effects of unknown vocabulary on second language reading comprehension. Sixty-eight Grade 10 core French second language students took multiple choice comprehension tests on three passages, each of which involved differing proportions of unknown vocabulary. In the control condition the passages had no unknown words. In the medium condition one in 10 substance words were substituted with unknown vocabulary and in the difficult condition a substitution rate of one in six substance words was used. It was found that students performed significantly better on the control condition than on the other two (p < .05). No differences were found between the medium and difficult conditions. -- Results confirm the high correlations consistently found between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension and suggest that second language students are linguistically bound to the text. The theoretical implications for current interactive models of reading are discussed and classroom and curricular strategies are suggested for overcoming or circumventing difficulties in reading comprehension caused by vocabulary difficulty.


identifier: O'Brien, Fergus E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/O=27Brien=3AFergus_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1996) Dismissing charges : a study of the reception of Willian Gaddis's A Frolic of his own.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis explores the reception of William Gaddis's latest novel, A Frolic of His Own (1994), and presents a reading of the novel that is more sympathetic than most tendered to date. By examining the reception of this work, I reveal several patterns of negative criticism that have emerged. Gaddis's novel makes use of innovative narrative techniques in his portrait of American postmodern society. The participatory role of the reader is essential here as Gaddis's fiction tends to be both complex and erudite. -- Chapter One briefly explains the theory of reception put forth by Hans Robert Jauss in his essay "Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory." I apply the essential tenets of Jauss's Reception Theory to the many reviews of A Frolic of His Own. The examination of the popular reception of Gaddis's work better enables me to contend with its complexities. -- Chapter Two studies the presence of indeterminacy in the novel. I address the notion of mimesis and the representation of reality in literature in addition to the reader's role in postulating real-world referentiality. My concern here is not to create a more complex text than that suggested by the majority of the novel's reviewers, but merely to demonstrate the utility of ambiguity to the reader of this rich, innovative fiction. -- Chapter Three addresses allusion, a second readerly challenge left virtually unexamined by the reviewers of A Frolic of His Own. By exploring Gaddis's erudite and often obscure references and citations, I develop a strong connection between allusion and humour in the novel. Gaddis's employment of cultural, historical, and literary allusion also adds to the realism of his text. -- This analysis of the novel ultimately reveals both Gaddis's realistic portrayal of late-twentieth-century American society and his reliance upon readerly participation in fiction. Finally, Gaddis's novel calls upon each reader to create a personal fiction. Recognition of gaps left by indeterminacies and allusions can only enhance the myriad hermeneutic possibilities. The insights derived from the reader's collaboration with the text can then be employed in the reader's interactions with his/her own world.


identifier: Tobin, Brenda <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Tobin=3ABrenda=3A=3A.html>   (1996) Getting back to normal : women's recovery after a myocardial infarction : a grounded theory study.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Despite the fact that many women survive a myocardial infarction and are able to resume their roles and responsibilities, with perhaps some modification after their heart attack, little is known about their recovery from this event. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use a grounded theory approach to examine the recovery process for women who experienced an acute myocardial infarction. Interviews conducted with 12 women, who ranged in age from 60 - 80 years and who had experienced a myocardial infarction, provided the major sources of data. The findings of this study indicate that the recovery process is variable and encompasses four stages. In each of these stages the individual focuses on the basic social psychological process of 'getting back to normal'. In the first stage of the process, 'accepting what has happened', the woman attempts to come to terms with the event by confronting mortality and looking for causes. Encountering limitations, accepting limitations, and reducing insecurities are hallmarks of the second stage, 'establishing boundaries'. Throughout the third stage, 'making adjustments', strategies such as testing the waters, monitoring self, and weighing costs and benefits are employed to assist the individual in her attempt to get back to normal. If the first three stages are successfully mastered, the individual progresses to the fourth stage, 're-establishing normality'. This final stage is characterized by the redefining of normal and the resumption of independence. Findings from this investigation may give new insights into developing guidelines for a cardiac rehabilitation regime that is grounded in a sound scientific rationale and is gender sensitive, addressing women's unique experiences and concerns. Included in this study are implications for nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing research.


identifier: Laletsang, Kebabonye <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Laletsang=3AKebabonye=3A=3A.html>   (1995) Groundwater investigations using geophysical techniques at Marophe, the Okavango Delta, Botswana.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Results from a seismic reflection survey at Marophe, the Okavango Delta, are presented. The study aims to locate and characterize potential Karoo aquifers near Maun, as a supplement to the municipal water supply. The groundwater resources for Maun comprise the Upper Kalahari beds and alluvial sand aggregates. The Lower Kalahari formations contain saline groundwater. The shallow aquifers in the Upper Kalahari beds do not meet the present water demand, and are prone to nitrate pollution since they are unconfined  and close to the town. Alternative groundwater resources are  therefore presently being sought in the underlying Karoo strata. A variety of geophysical methods have been used to investigate the Okavango, particularly regarding the existence of Karoo beds. These studies have been inconclusive, in part due to the lack of stratigraphic boreholes required to calibrate potential field data. The present seismic reflection survey is a first attempt to use the seismic reflection method to investigate the Okavango region for hydrogeological purposes. -- The geology of Ngamiland comprises Archean granitoid gneiss, the Damara metamorphic belt, and the Ghanzi-Chobe fold belt. Karoo rocks are inferred to overlie the Archean basement throughout the Okavango Delta. The geological structure was interpreted by re-analysis of the 1978 aeromagnetic data. -- A seismic reflection survey was conducted along an existing cut-line ~ 14.5 km west of Maun. The survey consisted of a symmetric split-spread with 48 recording channels at 9.0 m intervals and recording at 0.5 ms sampling rate. The signal source was a Betsy seismic gun firing 12 gauge shells at the  ground surface. The data set collected during this survey is  discussed in this thesis. -- Refraction statics analysis of the field records reveal the presence of a ~ 15 m unsaturated zone underlain by an impermeable layer. AVO inversion clearly images the base of the Kalahari beds, which manifests itself as a bright spot on the slacked section. Pseudo-acoustic impedance and velocity inversion of  the bright spot show that ~ 377 m of sediment exist south of  the Kunyere fault. These comprise ~ 191 m Kalahari and ~ 186  m Karoo beds. To the north, the stacked time section indicates ~ 570 m of sediment comprising ~ 155 m Okavango beds, ~ 230 m Kalahari, and ~ 185 m of Karoo. The Kunyere fault zone comprises a number of faults with a total NW throw of ~ 155 m. The basement at Marophe comprises a mafic igneous body. -- The seismic survey has established that potential Karoo aquifers exist below Tertiary cover at Marophe but that no confining Karoo basalt occurs above the sediments. This allows direct recharge from the overlying Kalahari beds, but also salt contamination of the aquifer. The survey has also shown that the seismic reflection technique has direct applicability to groundwater investigations in the Okavango area.


identifier: Templeman-Barnes, Arlene L. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Templeman-Barnes=3AArlene_L=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1996) Parental views of supports and services related to their special needs children : transition to kindergarden.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The major purpose of this study was to determine parental needs concerning the supports and services they desired as their special needs children were transitioning to kindergarten. Of specific interest were the supports offered prior to and upon school entry, parental expectations regarding the school setting, teacher attention and parental involvement in their child's education. Parental needs were examined comparatively for rural and urban parents. The support services offered to parents and children were compared according to the time of special needs diagnosis, whether prior to or after, school entry. Parental expectations regarding the school system were examined comparatively, considering whether or not the children attended a preschool. -- A self-designed questionnaire was administered to a group of parents from the geographical locations encompassed within the Bonavista-Trinity-Placentia Integrated School Board, the Gander-Bonavista-Connaigre Roman Catholic School Board and the Avalon Consolidated School Board. -- Analysis of the data indicated that parents from rural and urban areas expressed different needs related to their child's transition to kindergarten. While urban parents were concerned with home to school communication and in-school tutoring programs, rural parents were concerned with the instructional aspects of education, such as the amount of teacher attention offered to their child and the availability of preschool or daycare learning environments. With respect to informal and formal support needs, urban parents stated a greater preference for formal support needs such as school staff, support groups and public health. Both groups of parents indicated equal preference for informal support systems such as family members, other parents and friends. -- The data revealed extensive differences in service offerings to parents whose children were diagnosed with special needs prior to school entry as compared serviced offerings to parents whose children were diagnosed after school entry. The first group of parents and children received more varied services to prepare the children academically and socially for kindergarten. Also, parents in this group held more realistic opinions of the school's expectations for them and their children than did parents in the group whose children were not diagnosed as special needs until after school entry. -- The thesis data also demonstrated differences in parental expectations between parents whose children attended a preschool and parents whose children did not attend a preschool. Parents with a preschool learning experience had more realistic expectations regarding classroom settings, the amount of teacher attention offered to their child and the number of parent/teacher meetings held. However, both groups of parents did expect that Special Education Programming and individualized teacher attention would be offered to their child as was necessary to ensure a successful school experience.


identifier: Fenwick, Peter <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Fenwick=3APeter=3A=3A.html>   (1994) Political influence on the funding of municipal capital works in Newfoundland 1973 to 1988.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Information drawn from the Legislation guaranteeing municipal capital loans in the Province of Newfoundland passed between 1949 and 1988 is used to demonstrate a pronounced bias on the part of the Government to fund two to  three times the dollar value of capital works in districts represented by the governing party as opposed to those represented by Opposition party members. The study concentrates on the 17 year period of Progressive Conservative rule from 1972 to 1989. -- The average amount guaranteed by district is calculated for each year and an index of bias is formulated using the ratio of average loan guarantees in Government districts compared to the Opposition districts. A further analysis is performed on individual districts that changed representation during the study period. In general districts that passed from Government representation to the Opposition received fewer loan guarantees, and districts that switched to the Government side received increased loan guarantees. -- The author argues in conclusion that this persistent bias has perpetuated the long-standing reputation of Newfoundland politics as a system in which "the victor may claim the spoils."


identifier: Manning, Ann <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Manning=3AAnn=3A=3A.html>   (1995) Preventing and managing illness in child care settings : a program evalutaion.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine a strategy designed  to improve the health related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of child care providers and early childhood educators using the PRECEDE model and guided by concepts from Epp's Health Promotion Framework. A one and one half day health workshop and written resource manual, Health Issues in Child Care Settings, were designed and tested to determine the effect on the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of early childhood educators and child care providers. In particular, the study was concerned with how this strategy may improve the child care providers' and early childhood educators' knowledge about protecting the child's health and managing illness in child care centres. Additionally, the researcher was interested in a possible change of individual attitudes and behaviours in centres toward illness prevention and management. -- This quasi experimental evaluation study involved collection of data through a pre and posttest questionnaire administered to an experimental and a control group of randomly selected early childhood educators and child care providers. The questionnaire was completed by both groups two weeks prior to the workshop, which only the experimental group participated in, and again one month following this intervention. -- The 'Health in Child Care Settings Questionnaire' was developed as no existing instrument for this purpose was found. A secondary purpose of the research was to assess the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. -- The posttest knowledge and reported centre  behaviours improved significantly in the experimental group. Within this group posttest attitude scores also improved, although not significantly. There were no significant differences in the pre and posttest scores for the control group. -- The findings of this study indicate that information about protecting children against illness and management of illness provided in a workshop and resource manual are effective in increasing child health knowledge and improving health behaviours of early childhood staff. The intervention was not effective in significantly improving the child health attitudes of participants. -- These findings support the hypothesis that health education aimed at improving the health knowledge and behaviours of those working in early childhood settings is an effective strategy. It appears that this strategy is less effective at  positively influencing the child health attitudes of those working in early childhood settings. Further research is required to determine the effects of such interventions on attitudes and the degree to which attitude ultimately affects behaviour.


identifier: Schwarz, Steven H. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Schwarz=3ASteven_H=2E=3A=3A.html>   (1998) Structural, metamorphic and tectonic studies in Central Gagnon Terrane, Grenville Province.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The Gagnon terrane, comprising the lower deck of the Parauthochthonous belt in northeastern Grenville Province, is a metamorphic fold-thrust and nappe belt consisting of Paleoproterozoic supracrustal rocks (Knob Lake Group) and their reworked Archean basement (Ashuanipi Metamorphic Complex) that is tectonically overlain by the Molson Lake terrane. This thesis comprises a structural-metamorphic-geochronologic study of an area in the central Gagnon terrane in eastern Québec, some 80km south of the Grenville Front. -- The structural component of the study involved the  division of the area into thrust sheets utilizing stratigraphic, younging and fabric criteria, evaluation of the structural architecture, and interpretation of the structural evolution. Ductile thrusts bounding the thrust sheets have steep dips in the northern part of the map area,  whereas those farther south have intermediate dips towards the north and a southerly vergence. This southerly vergence is in contrast to the well-developed northerly (-northwesterly) vergence that has been reported previously in  the northern Gagnon terrane, and is interpreted in terms of backthrusting due to the incorporation of a major wedge of basement rocks into the thrust stack during its construction. -- Overall within the study area, there is evidence for four phases of deformation (D₁-D₄). D₁ involved development of the regional, penetrative foliation (S₁), that is subparallel to relict compositional layering (S₀) in  most outcrops. F₁ folds vary from outcrop- to map-scale; large-scale F₁ folds had approximately E-W trending axes and  are overturned towards the south or recumbent in different thrust sheets. In the northern thrust sheets, D₁ fabrics are  refolded by outcrop- and map-scale F₂ folds with variably penetrative S₂ fabrics and generally SE-plunging axes. F₃ folds, previously unrecognized within Gagnon terrane, are local small-scale recumbent structures that occur in the northern thrust sheets and are interpreted to have developed  as a result of gravitational collapse of the overthickened, thermally-weakened crust. F₄ folds are large-scale upright variably plunging cross-folds best developed in the southern  part of the study area. Overprinting of folds of different generations has led to a wide range of structural interference patterns on all scales within the map area. -- Metamorphic rocks within the study area are composed of amphibolite facies mineral assemblages, and evidence of partial melting in rocks of pelitic and quartzofeldspathic composition is widespread. Field and microstructural relationships indicate that peak metamorphism and porphyroblast growth occurred syn- to post-D₁ and pre- to syn D₂, although there are local variations according to thrust sheet. The Lac Don thrust sheet in the northern part of the map area contains the assemblage Qtz-Ms-Grt-Bt-Pl±Kfs-L, whereas the Lac Gull thrust sheet farther south contains the assemblages Qtz-Kfs-Ky-Bt-Grt-L or Qtz-Ms-Kfs-Ky-Bt-Grt-L. Garnet zoning profiles from the Lac Don thrust sheet exhibit relict growth zoning that was significantly altered by post-peak re-equilibration, suggesting that temperature remained high for a prolonged period of time and  that exhumation was relatively slow in this area. In contrast, garnets in the Lac Gull thrust sheet exhibit well-preserved growth profiles with very narrow retrograde rims, suggesting a hairpin shaped P-T path as a result of rapid, tectonically-driven exhumation. P-T estimates from both samples are in the range of 710-800°C and between 12-15 kbars. -- Thrusts faults are locally intruded by pegmatites,  one of which shows evidence of syntectonic (post-D₁/pre-D₂) intrusion. This pegmatite has been dated by the U/Pb zircon method at 995 ± 2 Ma, thus providing the first direct estimation of the age of peak metamorphism and crustal thickening within this part of Gagnon terrane. -- These structural, metamorphic and geochronologic data are compatible with existing tectonic models for the northeastern part of Gagnon terrane in which NW-directed transport of a thrust wedge (Molson Lake terrane) over its foreland (Gagnon terrane) resulted in the progressive accretion of Gagnon terrane to the base of a thickening thrust wedge. However, the data from this thesis suggest that the tectonic evolution in central Gagnon terrane differed significantly in detail from that farther north. Metamorphic grade (both P and T) is higher, map-scale recumbent fold nappes are present, and northerly vergence and back-thrusting, due to the incorporation of a thick slice of basement rocks into the thrust pile, is important. These features have been incorporated into a revised tectonic model for the evolution of Gagnon terrane.


identifier: Carew, Andrea M. E. <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Carew=3AAndrea_M=2E_E=2E=3A=3A.html>   (2001) Oil pollution and the Newfoundland and Labrador fishery : current and potential threats for the conservation of commercial fisheries resources in Placentia Bay.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: Marine oil pollution and the continuing encroachment on marine habitats from the oil and marine transport industries pose a serious threat for the marine natural resources of Newfoundland and Labrador. The effects of oil pollution on highly visible marine wildlife such as seabirds, which are often dramatically affected by such events, have more recently been the subject of intense study. However, studies of the impacts of marine oil pollution on the commercial fisheries resources of Newfoundland and Labrador have not been as rigorously pursued. This study examines the marine oil pollution problem in Newfoundland and Labrador from both the marine transport industry and the oil industry operations currently underway within the province and their impacts on commercial fishery resources. The focus of the study is Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, where prominent oil handling operations, heavy marine traffic associated with the oil industry, and one of the richest fishery resources within the North Atlantic coexist. Chronic oil pollution is identified as a current and very real threat to fisheries conservation in southeastern Newfoundland and the Placentia Bay area. The threat of an oil tanker accident is also examined, with particular attention given to volume of tanker traffic, volume of oil transported through Placentia Bay, and oil spill response capacity for the Newfoundland and Labrador region. Also examined are the existing initiatives in place to address the issue of current and potential oil pollution threats to the fishery resources of Placentia Bay. Further, the shortcomings of these initiatives are identified and alternative preventative measures are suggested. Based on the number of reported oil pollution incidents and high seabird mortality within the region, the marine oil pollution problem of southeastern Newfoundland and Labrador is one of the worst in the world. However, the challenge of combating oil pollution is not unique to the region. Hence, the information provided for the current report draws upon other global regions and their experiences.


identifier: Wang, Yie <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Wang=3AYie=3A=3A.html>   (1996) Ship manoeuvrability prediction using neural networks.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: This thesis is divided into three parts. The first two parts  deal with two different methods for predicting the manoeuvring characteristics of ships using a neural network technique. The third part deals with the application of the random decrement concept to the coupled sway-yaw motions. --  In the first part of this thesis, a new predictive method is presented for the estimation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a ship performing certain standard manoeuvres. This method uses the static neural network technique to predict the nonlinear hydrodynamic forces of the ship during its motion in the horizontal plane. The neural network model uses a steepest descent search to find the neural network weights. In this thesis, a back propagation algorithm is used to calculate the slope of the sum-of-squared-error curve as a function of the different weights. Data for training the neural network consists of the data from a 35-35 degree zigzag manoeuvre. Surge, sway, yaw velocities and rudder angles are used as input to the predictive model. The target output data are the lumped nonlinear hydrodynamic functions. -- The generalization of the trained neural network model is checked by simulating the manoeuvres of the ship in a situation different from the one used in the training of neural network. A moderate 20-20 degree zigzag manoeuvre, a 25 degree turning (starboard) and a 20 degree Dieudonne spiral manoeuvre are selected to check the validity of the neural network model. -- In the second part of this thesis, another approach to predict ship turning manoeuvres is proposed. This model maps the relationship between sway velocities and yaw rates during the circular manoeuvre using a neural network technique. This method reduces the number of equations to be used in the prediction to a single yaw equation. This new yaw equation can then be used for predicting turning manoeuvres.  -- In the last part of the thesis work, the extension of the random decrement approach to the nonlinear sway-yaw motions is presented. The random waves are simulated based on the ITTC spectrum formula. The linear system and the nonlinear system of sway and yaw motion equations are discussed. The autocorrelation functions of the response of sway and yaw velocities in random waves are obtained. A method for using these functions to identify the hydrodynamic characteristics of the coupled sway-yaw motions is suggested.


identifier: Piercey, Stephen John <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Piercey=3AStephen_John=3A=3A.html>   (1998) An integrated study of magnetism, magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization and metallogeny in the Umiakoviarusek Lake Region, Labrador, Canada.  Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The OKG prospect in the Umiakoviarusek Lake region of Labrador provides an excellent laboratory to study anorthosite-mangeric-charnockite-granite (AMCG) magmatism, pyroxenite-leucotroctolite hosted magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization and metallogeny. This thesis has used a combined field, geochemical and isotopic approach to assess the following problems: 1) what is the geology and nature of  mineralization at the OKG prospect; 2) what are the isotopic  and geochemical attributes of the anorthositic and granitoid  rocks, and do they display any similarities to the Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS); 3) what is the nature and style of magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization; and 4) what are the chemical and isotopic controls on the genesis of the OKG Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization. -- The geology of the OKG prospect consists largely of anorthositic (sensu lato) and granitoid rocks, with lesser Archean gneisses and mineralized pyroxenitic (sensu lato) rocks. The Archean gneisses are predominantly amphibolitic/mafic granulite and subequal metatonalitic to quartzofeldspathic gneisses. The anorthositic and granitoid rocks of the property are predominantly anorthositic and leuconoritic and occur both north and south of Umiakoviarusek Lake and as a northwesterly trending body in the eastern portion of the property. Granitoid rocks are in roughly subequal proportions to the anorthositic rocks and range from mozonite, quartz momzonite, syenite, quartz syenite, alkali feldspar granite and granite. Traditionally these anorthositic and granitoid rocks have been assigned to the Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS)- however, recent work in this region has shown that much of the rocks in this region actually, and likely Paleoproterozoic and exhibit evidence of deformation and metamorphic influence from the ca. 1.86-1.74 Ga Torngat Orogen. These features include: 1) localized  sinistral strike-slip and ductile (mylonitic) faulting and related folding; 2) the presence of foliations within the granitoid rocks that mirror the grain of the Archean gneisses and the Torngat Orogen; 3) prevalent secondary, metamorphic replacement and recrystallization of primary igneous mineralogy with secondary greenschist facies assemblages; and 4) intrusion by metabasic dykes that have widespread replacement of primary igneous mineralogy by secondary greenschist facies assemblages. -- In contrast, the mineralized pyroxenitic-leuctroctolitic rocks of the OKG  prospect do not show the secondary deformation and metamorphic features common in the anorthositic and granitoid rocks. Furthermore, even in proximity to ductile faulting they retain pristine igneous textures without secondary replacement of igneous mineral assemblages. The apparent lack of influence from the Torngat Orogen suggests a likely Mesoproterozoic age for the dykes and related mineralization. The mineralization within the OKG is always spatially, and genetically, associated with these pyroxenitic dykes. Commonly on surface the massive sulphide mineralization is podiform in nature and is localized near the dykes, within the anorthositic rocks. Disseminated mineralization is typically found within the pyroxenitic intrusives occurring as intercumulus disseminations, that locally grade to semi-massive in nature and exhibiting "net textures". In drill core the pyroxenitic intrusives show sharp contacts with the surrounding anorthositic rocks and have gradational assemblages from disseminated (≈5%) near their tops, through to semi-massive (≈30%), to massive sulphide near their basal contacts with the anorthositic rocks. Sulphide assemblages for both the massive and disseminated sulphides have a high temperature assemblage of  magnetite and pyrrhotite, with successively lower temperature exsolved grains of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pentlandite, in this order. -- Geochemically the anorthositic and granitoid rocks have similar attributes to the younger Nain Plutonic Suite. On primitive mantle normalized multi-element plots the anorthositic rocks have variably positive Sr, Eu, and Ti anomalies, and flat to negative Th and Nb anomalies. The granitoid rocks also show relatively flat to negative Th and Nb anomalies, but have higher total REE, in particular LREE, have negative Sr and Ti anomalies, relatively flat to slightly positive Eu anomalies, and very pronounced positive Zr anomalies. Isotopically the anorthositic rocks have ISr (@2050Ma) ranging from 0.7048-0.7082, εNd (@2050Ma) = -4.1 to -11.8,fSm/Nd from -0.30 to -0.68, and TDM ages from 2.54 to 3.64Ma (average 3.16Ga). The granitoids have ISr (@2050Ma) ranging from 0.7036 to 0.7598, εNd (@2050Ma) = -5.1 to -9.7,fSm/Nd from -0.35 to -0.50, and TDM ages from 2.82 to 3.26 Ga (average 3.03 Ga). The presence of negative Th and Nb, coupled with the isotopic data, suggest that the anorthositic and granitoid rocks have significant contribution from a source with negative Th and Nb, coupled with a long crustal residence time. This is consistent with incorporation and influence from Archean source materials, most likely the Nain Province gneiss. Furthermore, although older than the NPS, the similarities in geochemistry and isotope behaviour suggest that these Paleoproterozoic anorthositic and granitoid rocks formed in a manner petrogenetically similar to the NPS. -- An integrated geochemical and isotopic approach to the pyroxenite hosted mineralization has been undertaken using trace and REE geochemistry, PGE geochemistry, sulphur isotopes, and Nd isotopes. Using the trace and REE chemistry there are two distinctive chemical subdivisions of the dykes including those from surface and those from the subsurface. Pyroxenitic rocks from the surface zones of mineralization are characterized by variably depleted LREE relative to the MREE and HREE (LaN/YbN=0.18-0.31, CeN/YbN=0.22-0.36, LaN/SmN=0.28-0.52), and have variably flat to negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.08-0.14). In contrast, the subsurface dykes from one drill hole have marked increases in the LREE relative to the surface dykes (LaN/YbN=1.23-3.33, CeN/YbN=l.16-3.50, LaN/SmN= 1.47-1.99), but retain similar Eu concentrations (Eu/Eu* = 0.04-0.21). The extended plots for the dykes also show varying behaviour with the surface dykes having lesser enrichments in the LFSE and Zr (Zr/Y = 0.6-1.4) relative to the subsurface dykes (Zr/Y = 0.6-2.3); while both groups of dykes show well developed negative Th anomalies. Neodymium isotopes also show the same distribution with the surface samples containing εNd (@1300Ma) = -1.1 to -4.8, and fSm/Nd = +0.39 to +0.75; while  the subsurface dykes have εNd (@1300Ma) = -3.9 to - 13.6, fSm/Nd = -0.30 to -0.47, and TDM ages from 2.39 to 3.40 Ga (average 2.74 Ga). The marked differences in trace, REE, and  Nd isotope geochemistry of the surface and subsurface dykes suggest that the subsurface dykes underwent significant degrees of crustal contamination relative to the surface dykes. -- The PGE patterns for the OKG surface pyroxenites and the massive sulphides show very distinctive patterns. The PGE patterns for the pyroxenitic rocks with disseminated  (2-20%) sulphide show trough shapes with depleted PGE relative to Ni and Cu (Ni/IrMN (average) = 17.47, Cu/PdMN (average) = 14.12). The massive sulphides have a similar trough pattern (Ni/IrMN (average) = 7.85, Cu/PdMN (average) = 4.96) with the exception of total concentration of the PGE, and the development of a negative Pt anomaly; suggesting a common genetic relationship between the pyroxenitic intrusives and sulphide mineralization. However,  all are depleted in PGE relative to Ni and Cu suggest PGE loss due to a prior sulphide removal event. Sulphur isotope data for the OKG sulphides are very restricted and range from δ³⁴S = +1.0 to +1.8‰. The overwhelming homogeneity of the sulphides and location within magmatic sulphur ranges (δ³⁴S = 0±3‰) suggests that magmatic sulphur, rather than external sulphurization was the major source of sulphur in the sulphides. -- The combination of field, geochemical and isotopic geochemistry allows a model for the OKG sulphides to be proposed. The REE chemistry of the surface pyroxenitic  and leucotrocolitic rocks have similarities to compiled values for spinel lherzolites and peridotites from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). It is suggested that the pyroxenitic-leucotroctolitic dykes evolved and equilibrated with source liquids that were Eu and LREE depleted and derived from a depleted mantle (SCLM) source. The presumed Mesoproterozoic age for the pyroxenitic dykes suggests that melting was likely initiated by basaltic underplating associated with plumes associated with NPS magmatism. It is interpreted that early melts, that comprised the subsurface occurrences, rose along preexisting  faults and structures that were both associated with the remnants of the Torngat Orogen, and those accompanying extension and emplacement of the NPS. While rising along these faults the pyroxenitic magmas underwent both fractionation and assimilation of Nain Province crustal material (ca. 35% as deduced from neodymium crustal index (NCI) calculations) resulting in LREE, Ba, Rb, and K enrichments, retention of low Th and Nb, and obtaining low εNd (@1300Ma) signatures. This crustal contamination resulted in an increase in silica to the pyroxenitic magmas inducing sulphide saturation and with continued rising into the crust were emplaced with some degree of turbulence into their anorthositic hosts. Upon emplacement sulphide segregation occurred resulting in the subsurface base-metal sulphide occurrences. -- Surface pyroxenitic rocks also show  Nain Province influence, including negative Th anomalies and  εNd (@1300Ma) signatures. It is likely that crustal contamination (ca. 5% as deduced from NCI calculations), coupled with natural silicate fractionation resulted in sulphur saturation and segregation upon emplacement on surface. The lower degrees of contamination in the surface pulses may be explained if they are actually younger than the subsurface pulses and followed chemically insulated paths that were previously taken by the subsurface pulses.


identifier: Awadallah, Sherif Abdel Monem <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Awadallah=3ASherif_Abdel_Monem=3A=3A.html>   (2002) Architecture and depositional history of the Lower cloridorme formation, Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, Canada.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: The lower Cloridorme Formation (Middle Ordovician) is superbly exposed along the southern shore of the St. Lawrence River. It is dominated by shale and is characterised by four turbidite architectural elements: megaturbidites, lobes, sandstone sheets and siltstone lenses. The lower Cloridorme Formation was deposited in a deep-marine setting akin to modem basin plains and distal submarine fan systems. The deep-marine setting was a foreland basin that developed in front of advancing thrust sheets during the Taconic Orogeny. The depositional environment evolved from a basin-plain setting to a submarine- fan setting, probably due to progradation of the turbidite system from the east. -- The detailed correlation of more than seventy basin-wide megaturbidites and nine K-bentonite horizons permits the division of the lower part of the Cloridorme Formation into seven time-equivalent intervals, called "time-slices", that vary spatially and temporally in their thickness, constituent facies and architectural elements. The main contribution of this thesis is the precise mapping and correlation of architectural elements in the lower Cloridorme Formation using the key beds and ash horizons, leading a better understanding of the depositional history of the lower Cloridorme Formation. -- Megaturbidites are the most common architectural element. Megaturbidites were deposited from large flows initiated by major sediment failures that evolved into turbidity currents. Some of these megaturbidites were deflected and reflected against the basin margins and bathymetric highs. Megaturbidite geometries were controlled by bottom topography and range from tabular to wedge shaped to gently lensing. The megaturbidites were deposited in basin-plain and the lower-fan environments. Megaturbidites are bounded by single event boundaries. -- Lobe elements consist of structureless, mostly amalgamated sandstone beds that form 10-20 m-thick packets surrounded by shale. The sandstone beds were deposited from concentrated flows that did not travel long distances and were strongly controlled by bottom topography. The lobes formed mounds that controlled the flow of subsequent turbidity currents. The lobes have a tabular or a gently lensing geometry over distances of 1-3 km, but taper over longer distances. These lobes were deposited in a lower fan environment during periods of increased supply of coarse sediment to the area. The packets of beds that represent these lobes consist mostly of structureless sand in amalgamated units. These packets are bounded by erosional surfaces in most cases. -- Sandstone sheets are not common. They were deposited on a basin plain as a variety of sandstone facies that range from structureless to well laminated. The sheets also contain laminated siltstone beds. The sheets become more muddy in a downcurrent direction. They have a tabular geometry and probably developed during periods of increased sand and silt supply reaching the area. Many of the beds in these sheets do not form amalgamated units. These sheets are bounded by erosional or non-erosional surfaces. -- Siltstone lenses consist of laminated siltstone beds. They become more muddy and less distinct in a downcurrent direction. Over distances of 1-3 km, these deposits are tabular or have a subdued lens shape. These lenses occur in both the basin plain and lower fan and are bounded by erosional or non-erosional surfaces. -- A suggested depositional history of the lower Cloridorme Formation is provided which shows the influence of bottom topography on the distribution of the different facies and the geometry of beds and architectural elements. Seafloor irregularities were the result of the combined effects of tectonic, depositional and compactional factors. Deposition was influenced or controlled by local (autocyclic) factors such as charmel switching and more regional (allocyclic) factors such as tectonics and sea-level changes. -- The bed-thickness distributions of the turbidite beds of the lower Cloridorme Formation vary from mainly lognormal for the sandstone beds to exponential for the siltstone beds. The observed type of distribution is in many cases the summation of a mixture of subpopulations. Some of the bed-thickness populations approximate power-law distributions with a scaling parameter ranging from 1-2, but this fit to a power-law only applies to a subset of beds that represent a small part of the population. Thinner beds that form a greater part of the population might also follow a power-law distribution but have a much smaller power-law scaling parameter than the associated thicker beds. A comprehensive understanding of the depositional conditions and the factors that control the thicknesses of beds is required before attempting to infer submarine-fan subenvironments and triggering mechanisms for turbidity currents from the bed-thickness distribution.


identifier: Pulchan, K. Jerry <https://research.library.mun.ca/view/creator_az/Pulchan=3AK=2E_Jerry=3A=3A.html>   (2001) Environmental biogeochemistry of the Northwest Arm and the Trinity Bay, Newfoundland : novel molecular and carbon isotopic approaches.  Doctoral (PhD) thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

abstract: In this study, marine sedimentary organic matter of Trinity Bay and the Northwest Arm in spatial and temporal terms) was  analyzed by pyrolysis and tetramethylammonium hydroxide chemolysis - techniques that degrade complex organic materials into moieties that are amenable to analysis. In addition, chemolysates were analyzed for their molecular isotopic signatures. The goal was to interpret the variation  in the pyrolysate and chemolysate compositions in the context of sources and fates of organic matter and the influence of the surrounding communities on the distribution  of terrestrially-derived material in the bay. -- Pyrolysis products of organic matter present in near-shore sediments (Trinity Bay, Newfoundland) were characterized using GC/MS. The major products observed by "on-line" pyrolysis/GC/MS were nonadecene, phenol, methyl phenol, indole, and methylindole giving limited structural information about the  sources of sedimentary organic matter. Spatial variation of the pyrolysates of the sediment were interpreted in the context of sources of organic matter, that were related to the historical economic activities of the study area. -- A "batch-wise" TMAH thermochemolysis (in-situ methylation) technique was developed for the analysis of marine sediments. Standard phenolic aldehyde and acids and fatty acids were quantitatively methylated while triacylglycerol were converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thermochemolysis  of carbohydrates produced 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene as an interesting chemolysate marker. Polyunsaturated fatty acids could be analyzed using the thermochemolysis conditions employed. -- TMAH thermochemolysis products of sediments and  model compounds were characterized using GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. Thermochemolysates of sediments included aromatic  and aliphatic compounds determined as methyl esters and ethers. The dominant aliphatics are fatty acids that ranged from C₁₄ to C₂₈, with a predominance of even carbon numbered species, and are either saturated, mono-unsaturated or branched. The aromatic compounds are phenols of which the most abundant is methylated vanillic acid, an important chemical marker in evaluating the terrestrial contribution to the organic carbon pool. -- The spatial variation of the thermochemolysates indicates very high abundances of fatty acids and phenols in the near-shore sediments of the Northwest Arm rather than in the offshore sediment cores where fatty acids to phenol ratios were lowest for near-shore sediments. ²¹⁰Pb dates of sediments of two near-shore cores enabled calculation of annual preserved fluxes of organic carbon, total fatty acids and phenols. The fluxes of  phenols were very high for one core, H1, and were related to  saw-milling and logging activities of the community of Hickman's Harbour. -- Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) (δ¹³C) of thermochemolysates of standard fatty acids and phenols indicate that was was only minor isotopic fractionation (0.4‰ or better) during high temperature methylation conditions. Also, there appears to be minor isotopic fractionation during base hydrolysis of ester bonds  of a triacylglycerol. Theoretical mass balance calculations on phenols produced by TMAH thermochemolysis of a lignin dimer indicates that one of the phenols may have retained its isotopic signature after synthesis of the dimer. The δ¹³C compositions of chemical markers were calculated after correction for the contribution of the methylating agent (TMAH) to the isotopic signature of individual the chemolysates. The isotopic composition of the phenolic markers, vanillin and vanillic acid show a strong similarity  (depleted δ¹³C) to those same markers generated from adjacent terrestrial soil cover. Such supporting isotopic evidence, along with structural evidence that these TMAH products resemble guiacyl units of lignin, show that the TMAH thermochemolysates, methylated vanillin and vanillic acid are excellent biomarkers for terrestrially-derived carbon in a marine environment. In contrast, methylated coumaric acid shows a wide range in δ¹³C values among locations, and with a more δ¹³C-enriched isotopic composition with a wide range (-28 to -l9‰) originates from terrestrial and marine sources. Finally, the results of δ¹³C  values of fatty acids indicate that they are derived from multiple sources; δ¹³C evidence also indicates that there are more contributors to the fatty acid pool in near-shore than in offshore sediments.