title: COMPARATIVE PULMONARY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN TWO LARGE MAMMALS, THE HORSE AND THE COW

contributor:
Forrest, J.B.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Pulmonary structure and function were compared in healthy adult horses and cows to examine the hypothesis that differences in pulmonary function between two species of similar size were related to differences in pulmonary structure. The functional residual capacity and tidal volume were higher in the horses than in the cows while the respiratory rate was higher in the cows. The pattern of air flow differed between the two species, and flow rates were higher in the cows. The dynamic compliance was higher in the horses while the work of breathing was higher in the cows. Separation of the lower pulmonary system (trachea to pleural cavity) from the total pulmonary system (nares to pleural cavity) indicated that most of the resistance and work of breathing were in the upper airways (nares to trachea), and there were no differences in the mechanical indices of pulmonary function in the lower pulmonary system between the two species. To more adequately characterize the lungs, horses and cows were anaesthetized and pressure-volume manoeuvres were performed to determine the lung capacities and quasistatic compliance. The lung capacities were significantly greater in the horses, but the lung compliance did not differ significantly between the two species. Quantitative and qualitative observations revealed few significant differences between the structure of the lung parenchyma in horses and cows. The obvious structural differences were in the size and shape of the lungs, the branching pattern of the airways, and the amount and distribution of the interlobular septa. During the measurements of pulmonary mechanics in the standing animals there were several anomalous observations and examination of the pressure recordings revealed phase lags between the total and lower pulmonary systems. It would appear that it is invalid to assume that inertia is a negligible factor in pulmonary function in large mammals such as the horse and the cow, due to the large abdomen in these species. The size and shape of the abdomen has probably been a significant factor in the evolution of lung structure in horses and cows, and abdominal movements are important in determining the breathing patterns in these two species.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Discipleship in a world come of age representation in the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer

contributor:
Vallee, Gerard
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: The dominant thesis in this study of the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer is that his conception of discipleship, i.e. "representation", provides the proper basis for the non-religious interpretation of biblical concepts. The first chapter of the study explicates Bonhoeffer's answer to his question "Who is Christ?". The second then interprets, through the vehicle of the forms of Christ, Bonhoeffer's analysis of the world come of age. These two chapters prepare for the third, which specifically details what Bonhoeffer means by "representation" and then relates "representation" to the biblical concepts of the Word and the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper. By comprehending these biblical concepts in light of "representation", the study shows that Bonhoeffer's earlier writings, e.g. the lectures on christology, The Cost of Discipleship, and the Ethics, provide an interpretative key to his enigmatic hypotheses about non-religious Christianity which are found in his Letters and Papers from Prison. This present study of Bonhoeffer's theology furthers the corpus of research on his writings by providing a more complete explanation of the relationship between discipleship and non-religious interpretation than has hitherto been offered. Previous commentators have noted the relationship, and have offered preliminary examinations, but this present study both demonstrates the connection of the rest of Bonhoeffer's though to "representation" and also offers specific examples of biblical concepts interpreted non-religiously on the basis of "representation". The implications of Bonhoeffer's non-religious interpretation on the basis of "representation" are profound are far-ranging, especially in regard to the structure and theology of ecclesiastical relationships, for example, between pastor and parishioner or between church and state. The place of the church in the community would be determined not by desire for a privileged status or even a separate domain, but by a sacrificial discipleship which would advocate the redistribution of church wealth into the hands of the poor. Underlying this very visible change in the church structure would be a theological interpretation of creeds and doctrines which is dominated by the necessity to unite word and deed, which seeks to understand doctrine not as a series of propositions requiring intellectual consent but as a statement of faith that includes a call to discipleship. On the other hand, a church community dominated by Bonhoeffer's non-religious interpretation based on "representation" would not advocate redistribution of its wealth, etc., because of any attempt to allow itself to be conformed by Christ into His forms of Incarnate One, Crucified One, and Resurrected One. By his willingness to allow himself to be conformed to Christ, the Christian will discover that Christ is revealing Himself to man come of age as a hidden, suffering, Lord, and the Christian will learn not to despair at the apparent absence of God in the world come of age. Bonhoeffer's interpretation of biblican concepts on the basis of "representation" will therefore have two primary implications: it will reveal to the modern Christian the presence of Christ in the world and it will direct that Christian toward a conformation with Christ the Crucified One.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Platelet - Plasma Lipid Interaction and Platelet Function

contributor:
Mustard, J.F.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Increased platelet aggregation and Telease of granule contents in response to ADP,. epinephrine, and collagen, increased platelet factor 3-availability induced by ADP or collagen, increased platelet turnover and shortened template bleeding times in patients with type II- and type IV-hyperlipidemia have been reported from several laboratories. Furthermore, studies in experimental animals and in man have indicated that diet-induced elevation of blood Iipid levels may be associated with increased platelet adhesiveness, increased platelet factor 3-availability in response to ADP, and increased platelet turnover. Recently, evidence has been reported that in vitro exposure of pIatelets to increased levels of cholesterol in the medium may be associated with an increase in platelet cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and platelet aggregability. It has also been demonstrated that changes in phospholipid-fatty acid composition of the platelets may occur as a result of diet-induced changes in phospholipid-fatty acid composition of the plasma. Although long chain saturated fatty acids are known to induce or enhance platelet aggregation in vitro, uptake of free fatty acids appears to occur only when the concentration of free fatty acids exceeds the plasma albumin free fatty acid binding capacity. Phospholipids constitute a major proportion of the platelet membranes. Phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides appear to be involved in platelet shape change, aggregation, and the platelet release reaction. Certain phospholipids in platelets, when exposed, are powerful accelerators of blood coagulation reactions in vitro.

The primary aims of this study were to investigate a) the possibility of a direct exchange of phospholipids between plasma and platelets in vitro; and b) the possibility that phospholipid exchange could result in changes in platelet function.

In preliminary studies evidence was obtained to indicate that sodium pentobarbital used as anesthetizing agent in the blood collection procedure in rabbits inhibited platelet adherence to collagen-coated surfaces and the platelet release reaction when the compound was added to platelets in vitro. This effect of SPB appeared not to be related to SPB-induced suppression of platelet energy production but rather due to platelet membrane stabilization. The inhibitory effect of SPB on platelet function was readily reversible and SPB-induced anesthesia in rabbits was not found to cause measurable inhibition of pIatelet function.

A sensitive and practical assay for collagen-induced platelet factor 3-availability; using a modified Stypven-clotting time method, was elaborated. During these methodological studies, new evidence with respect to the mechanism of platelet factor 3-availability was obtained. The findings indicated that with platelets from rabbits, pigs and humans platelet factor 3 did not become available in association with platelet shape change or platelet aggregation, but was rather closely linked to the platelet release reaction. However, a small amount of lysis was consistently observed in association with the platelet release reaction and it could not be clearly differentiated whether increased platelet factor 3 availability was truly a result of fusion of granule membranes with the external plate let membrane during the release reaction or a result of release-associated platelet damage.

When hyperlipidemia was induced in rabbits by feeding them a diet enriched with egg yolk for a minimum period of 16 weeks, platelets isolated from the blood of these rabbits and resuspended in Tyrode-albumin solution showed a significant increase in collagen- or thrombin-induced aggregation and serotonin release, but not in aggregation induced by ADP. Collagen-induced platelet factor 3-availability was also greater with platelets from hyperlipidemic rabbits compared with platelets from control rabbits. There were no significant differences between the diet and control groups in platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, or thrombin or serotonin release induced by collagen or thrombin in citrated platelet rich plasma. With washed platelets, there was no correlation between the percentage increase in aggregation induced by collagen or thrombin and the plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels in hyperIipidemic or control rabbits. When washed normal rabbit platelets were resuspended in citrated plasma from a hyperlipidemic rabbit, their response to aggregating or release-inducing stimuli was not significantly different from that observed when platelets from normal rabbits were resuspended in normal plasma. When washed normal were incubated for 30 minutes in hyperlipidemic plasma at 37°C, isolated from the plasma and resuspended in Tyrode-albumin solution, their response to aggregating or release-inducing stimuli was not significantly different from that observed with normal platelets incubated in normal plasma. These findings, thus, support previous reports that diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits may induce an intrinsic functional alteration of the platelets which cannot be readily reproduced by short-term in vitro exposure of platelets to hyperlipidemic plasma.

The possibility of a direct exchange of preformed phospholipids between pIatelets and plasma was explored by adaptation of a model previously used in the study of phospholipid exchange in erythrocytes. Washed rabbit platelets were resuspended in plasma in which all of the major phospholipids had been isotopically labeled by injection of ³²PO₄ into rabbits. At certain intervals during a 6-hour incubation at 37°C, aliquots were removed from the incubation mixture and the platelets were isolated and subjected to lipid extraction and phosphilipid analysis. A continuous rise in platelet non-lipid-bound and lipid-bound radioactivity was observed-throughout the incubation period. Two platelet phospholipids, lecithin and lysolecithin, were significantly labeled, whereas little or no labeling of the other phospholipids was found. There was no detectable change in total or individual platelet phospholipid content. At 6 hours, 4% of total platelet phospholipids, 43% of platelet lysolecithin, and 7% of platelet lecithin were labeled. Platelets incubated in plasma from rabbits with diet-induced hyperlipidemia took up and incorporated significantly more label into their phospholipids than did platelets in normal plasma but the pattern of labeling (PC + LPC) was similar to that observed normal plasma. Labeling of both platelet lysolecithin and lecithin could be explained by uptake and metabolism of plasma lysolecithin by platelets. However, labeling of platelet lecithin could at least in part be the result of direct exchange of this phospholipid with the plasma. This is the first demonstration that platelets take up and metabolize endogenous plasma lysolecithin and, possibly, directly exchange lecithin and that these processes may be significantly accelerrated in hyperlipidemic plasma. Uptake and incorporation of endogenous plasma lysolecithin by platelets and, possibly, direct exchange of platelet lecithin appear to be important for platelet membrane phospholipid renewal and could be an important mechanism by which plasma lipids could modify platelet membrane phospholipid-fatty acid composition and, possibly, platelet function.

In view of the possibility that lysolecithin might be an important link in the interaction between platelets and plasma lipo-proteins and apparent contradictions in the data reported from other laboratories, the effects of lysolecithin on aggregation, serotonin release, shape and lysis of rabbit, pig, or human platelets in platelet-rich plasma or Tyrode-albumin solution were examined during prolonged incubation. Lysolecithin added to citrated or heparinized PRP from humans or rabbits at a final concentration above 100 μM, caused instantaneous inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine (human PRP only), collagen or thrombin. The inhibitory effect of lysolecithin was found to be partially reversible over a period of 60-90 minutes. Lysolecithin at final concentrations above 30 mM also caused inhibition of ADP-, collagen- and thrombin-induced aggregation and collagen and thrombin-induced release of serotonin in suspensions of rabbit, pig, or human platelets. With washed platelets, the inhibitory effect not only rapidly disappeared, but was followed by transient potentiation of aggregation and serotonin release. This potentiating effect of lysolecithin was most pronounced when thrombin was used as stimulus. Both inhibition and potentiation were observed at concentrations of lysolecithin that did not cause a significant change in platelet shape or loss from platelets of lactic dehydrogenase. Inhibition and potentiation were also observed when plafelets were added to suspending medium containing lysolecithin, although considerably higher concentrations of lysolecithin were required under these conditions. Potentiation was not observed when lysolecithin was added to citrated or heparinized rabbit or human PRP or to washed rabbit platelets suspended in a medium containing 4% bovine serum albumin. It seems Iikely that some or all of the observed effects of lysolecithin on platelet function are due to structural modification of the platelet membrane insufficient to result in gross membrane damage of platelet lysis. In addition, the results of experiments using ¹⁴C-Iysolecithin seemed to indicate that the reversal of inhibition and the potentiating effect of lysolecithin on platelet function may at least in part be related to its rapid uptake and metabolism by the platelets. Whether plasma lysolecithin plays a role in the regulation of platelet function under normal conditions and/or in hyperlipidemia and whether acute changes in plasma lysolecithin concentration (e.g. in response to heparin administration) can acutely modify platelet function remains speculative.

Lysophosphatatidylethanolamine and Iysophosphatidylserine also caused inhibition of platelet aggregation and serotonin release in suspensions of washed rabbit and human platelets induced by ADP, collagen or thrombin. With washed pig platelets lysophosphatidylethanolamine inhibited platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction whereas lysophosphatidylserine induced platelet aggregation and serotonin release. All of these effects on platelets were observed at concentrations of the lysophospholipids which did not cause gross platelet membrane damage or platelet lysis. The differences in the effects of these lysophospholipids on platelet function could be related to marked differences in their fatty acid composition.

The results of this study contribute to our knowledge of the mechanisms of platelet factor 3-availability, platelet membrane phospholipid renewal and the role of plasma lipids in the modification of platelet phospholipid and phospholipid-fatty acid composition and platelet function.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 Vaccine Vectors Expressing Rhabdoviral Glycoproteins

contributor:
Prevec, Ludvik
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Rabies is an important causative agent of disease resulting in an acute infection of the nervous system and death of the individual. Vaccination of wildlife species, which are vectors of the disease, can reduce the number of non-protected animals so that the virus is not sustained in nature. Vaccines currently distributed to North American wildlife do not effectively immunize all at-risk species. This project pursued the development of recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (hAd5) expressing rabies glycoprotein as an effective vaccine vector against rabies.

Prevec et al. (1990) had previously described AdRG1 expressing the rabies (ERA) glycoprotein gene from the early 3 region. Low levels of rabies glycoprotein were detected in cultured cells although good titres of rabies neutralizing antibodies were measured in mice and skunks (Prevec et al., 1990; Charlton et al., 1992). Using AdRG1 as a guide, I examined conditions required for optimal rabies glycoprotein expression. Vectors AdSVRG1.3, AdRG1.2, AdRG4, AdRG1.3, and AdHCMV13RG, containing variable exogenous promoters and genomic deletions, were constructed and evaluated. Although no formula was derived to predict optimal vector structure, AdRG1.3, containing rabies glycoprotein and SV40 polyadenylation sequences in parallel orientation to the E3 promoter, demonstrated high levels of glycoprotein expression and elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies.

Rabies glycoprotein shares structural and functional properties with the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus, also a rhabdovirus. We predicted that chimaeric glycoprotein molecules would structurally resemble the parental glycoproteins and, thus, be useful as vaccines. Five chimaeric DNA sequences of the two glycoproteins were designed and expressed from hAd5 vectors. The chimaeric proteins were expressed at low levels in infected cultured cells yet no anti-rabies nor anti-VSV neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum from immunized BALB/c mice. A block in the post-translational processing pathway of the chimaeric proteins at the level of oligosaccharide modifications may also be a result of blocked movement of proteins.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Role of Value Elements in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Status

contributor:
Pineo, Peter C.
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: The purpose of this research is to gain some insight into the mechanisms by which social status is transmitted from one generation to the next. The particular focus is on the impact of value elements in this process. The work builds on the research done by M. Kohn and associates on the relationship between class and values. A socialization model is posited, with the cultural transmission of values hypothesized as a key link in the transmission of social status. Data were collected from 400 teenagers and their parents in the Hamilton area. Interviews were conducted with the teens and questionnaires were used to collect information from the parents. Questions focused on factors influencing the teenager's occupational choice, the parents' occupational experience, and the values and attitudes held by the various respondents. An analysis of the data revealed the socialization model to be only partially relevant to status inheritance. The rates of value inheritance varied depending on the values considered. The causal ordering of the variables was ambiguous and there was some indication of the impact of allocation as opposed to socialization factors. There was evidence of feedback from the teen to parent in terms of the value elements considered. This analysis provides a clarification of the role of socialization factors, particularly certain value elements, in status inheritance. It suggests areas in which a socialization model could most fruitfully be supplemented with the inclusion of allocation factors.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Dependence, Underdevelopment, and the Plantation: An Analysis of the Social and Economic Effects of Foreign Investment in the Jamaica Sugar Industry, 1945-1970

contributor:
Cuneo, Carl J.
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: This study examines the nature of the socio-economic changes which were generated in Jamaica as a result of foreign, corporate investment in the Jamaica sugar industry during the period 1945-1970. The main thesis advanced in this work is that such investment played a major role in the underdevelopment of various sectors of Jamaican society. Underdevelopment is conceptualized as a multidimensional, multifaceted phenomenon which unfolded in Jamaica primarily because of the way in which the country was incorporated into the world capitalist structure. The structural dependency approach, which underpins this perspective, posits that development and underdevelopment are dialectically related and are the products of the international class system. The analysis focuses not only on the effects of the external, imperialist relations which existed between Jamaica and various metropolitan countries but also on the distorted, internal class structure which unfolded in Jamaica during the period under review. Multinational corporations, such as Tate and Lyle, and United Fruit Company wielded so much power that they imposed severe constraints on various aspects of the socio-economic development of Jamaica. In the agricultural sector, production relations operated in favour of foreign investors and their allies, and to the detriment of the peasantry and other rural classes. The exploitative class relationship which prevailed between the corporate owners and sugar workers, limited, in varying degrees,the development of the sugar-plantation areas. This work also analyses the social dimensions of underdevelopment as they appear at the level of the plantation and in the wider society. In the case of the former, the extent to which the quality of life of sugar workers was circumscribed by foreign ownership of the sugar industry, is examined. Factors such as the deplorable living and working conditions of sugar-plantation labourers, as well as the unstable patterns of family life in the sugar-plantation villages, are shown to be causally related to the structure and organization of plantation labour. The dissertation argues that many of the incidents of racial discontent, class cleavages, and violent social upheavals which gripped Jamaica in the 1960s and 1970s reflected the deep race-class divisions which permeated the country. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that in order to understand these phenomena, as well as the exclusion of African-Jamaicans from the Jamaican corporate economy, the role of the sugar entrepreneurs and the racial ideology which they espoused, must be examined. The conclusion reached is that the overwhelming predominance of foreign capital in the first major Jamaican capitalist enterprise--the sugar industry--resulted in inequities and distortions in important sectors of Jamaican society. It was against these kinds of structural constraints and obstacles to socio-economic advancement that many Jamaicans struggled.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Growth and structure of nickel oxide scale formed on polycrystalline nickel

contributor:
Smeltzer, W.W.
Metallurgy and Materials Science

subject:
Materials Science and Engineering
Metallurgy
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract:
In this thesis the growth and structure of nickel oxide scales formed on polycrystalline nickel during continuous oxidation and oxidation interrupted by vacuum anneals at 800° and PO₂ = 400 Torr were studied. The morphological development of nickel oxide formed commencing with early stages of oxidation to scale growth at very long times was studied by thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements.

The results demonstrate the influence of the metal structure on the anisotropy of oxidation, the influence of the defect structure of the oxide set up by the growth process itself on the transport mechanism of the reactants, and the preferential growth of oxide grains.

The nickel oxide scales exhibited initially a bilayer structure or a simple equiaxed structure; these structures could be transformed into a monolayer structure of columnar oxide grains by different methods. The early stage cellular structure of nickel oxide developed into inner equiaxed and outer columnar oxide layers by a combined transport of nickel, through the oxide lattice and through boundaries of the oxide grains. The structural development of the nickel oxide scale was correlated with the nonparabolic oxidation behaviour of nickel.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Toward an understanding of the ontology of bliss in the context of modernity

contributor:
Sivaraman, K.
Arapura, J. G.
Grant, G. P.
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: The thesis begins with the question of modernity and its implications for the Western world. An attempt is made to show that modernity pertains to the mechanised West, rather than to India which, as yet, is only trying to imitate the progress-oriented culture of the West believing that she can be technisized with no loss to her tradition of Vedanta philosophy which speaks only in terms of Freedom as Self-realization. Contemporary orientation in India in re-interpreting the Vedanta philosophy in the light of the demands of 'modernity' are studied in some detail with a view to establishing the thesis that the crucial teachings of the tradition have been glossed over, with the result that a discontinuity with it must be accepted together with the process of Westernization. To demonstrate this alienation, an interpretative analysis of a major text is given which brings out the fact that the trans-natural concerns of the tradition, is integral to it, and any philosophical understanding which makes it irrelevant to the issue of our way of being in the world, falls far short of contemplating the heart of the matter.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Water Balance of a Small High Arctic Basin

contributor:
Woo, M.K.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract: A small drainage basin (area 33 km²) near Resolute Bay, N.W.T., and three sub-basins with areas of 21, 10 and 0.65 km² were studied during the summer of 1976. All components of the water balance were measured or calculated, including basin snow storage, rainfall, streamflow and evaporation. A snow survey indicated that Atmospheric Environment Service data underestimated basin snow storage by 50% but weather station rainfall was representative of the study basin. Water balance studies showed that for the three larger basins, streamflow consistently accounted for 80% of the total incoming precipitation and evaporation 20%. The smallest basin was found to discharge only 67% of precipitation, leaving 33% available for evaporation. This difference was attributed to larger percentage of wet areas in the small basin. The spatial variability of the water balance components was also demonstrated by calculating the values of all components for individual terrain units. It was found that the percentage of total precipitation which was discharged as streamflow varied from 53% for crests to 98% for gullies. Findings from this study agree with other studies in a similar environment. In general, streamflow as a component of the water balance is more important in the high Arctic than in the sub-Arctic regions.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Abortive Replication of Vaccinia Virus in Activated Rabbit Macrophages

contributor:
Rawls, W.E.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Macrophages obtained from animals infected with intracellular parasites are activated with respect to their ability to inhibit the replication of the parasite. While normal rabbit macrophages support the replication of vaccinia virus at levels of 2 to 3 logs, macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity of rabbits infected 9 to 12 days earlier with vaccinia virus are activated and will not support virus replication. The fate of vaccinia virus in activated rabbit macrophages was studied in order to characterize the abortive infection of the virus within the activated macrophage. Vaccinia virus adsorption was measured using radioactively labelled virus and was similar with both normal and activated macrophages but was lower than, the amount of virus which adsorbed to Vero cells. Maximum adsorption took place during the first 10 minutes of incubation. A significant amount of the vaccinia virus which had adsorbed to the cells eluted from the cells during further incubation. However, the virus elution curves for activated and normal macrophages were similar. Virus uncoating was measured by infecting with ³H thymidine labelled vaccinia virus and then detecting DNase sensitive, TCA soluble counts. Vaccinia virus was able to uncoat to a similar degree in both activated and normal macrophages. Maximum virus uncoating took place one to four hours after adsorption and was approximately 55% of the virus which was adsorbed to the cells. DNA synthesis in vaccinia virus infected cells was detected by pulse labelling with ³H thymidine. A burst of DNA synthesis at 3 to 6 hours after infection took place in both activated and normal macrophages infected with vaccinia virus as well as infected Vero cells. The pattern of vaccinia virus antigen production in activated and normal macrophages was identical as detected by immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion. Autoradiographs of SDS-PAGE gels of lysates of infected cells pulsed with ³H amino acids demonstrated that most of the polypeptides formed within the infected macrophages were identical. However, at least three polypeptides present in the activated macrophages infected with vaccinia virus were absent in the infected normal macrophages and at least one polypeptide present in the virus infected normal macrophages was absent in the virus infected activated macrophages. Pulse chase experiments failed to demonstrate that the differences in polypeptide synthesis in activated and normal macrophages infected with vaccinia virus were due to differences in posttranslational cleavage. Lack of virus particle production in activated rabbit macrophages infected with vaccinia virus was the major detectable defect in the viral replicative cycle. Virus particles were defected by centrifuging on a continuous sucrose gradient cell lysates of virus infected cells labelled with radioactive thymidine or amino acids. No virus particles with the size and density of vaccinia virions were detected in lysates of activated macrophages infected with vaccinia virus. Virus particles were present in normal macrophages and Vero cells after vaccinia virus infection.

It appears that the inhibition of production of infectious virus in activated macrophages is mediated by mechanisms other than those induced by interferon. Vaccinia virus DNA and protein were synthesized in activated macrophages. This is in contrast to numerous previous studies which have shown that no vaccinia viral DNA or protein is synthesized in interferon treated cells. Retreatment of normal rabbit macrophages with tissue culture interferon (type I) did not block the replication of vaccinia virus. Pretreatment of normal macrophages with serum from a poly (I)-poly (C) injected rabbit reduced the replication of vaccinia virus but the characteristics of the abortive infection appeared different than in activated macrophages. Therefore, it appears that interferon is not involved in the inhibition of viral replication by activated macrophages.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Internal Migration in Canada

contributor:
Liaw, K.L.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract: Using the micro data of China's 1987 National Population Survey, this thesis is one of the first comprehensive studies of internal migration in China. Migration is still under government control in China, despite its growing importance in the nation's development. An understanding of China's migration process and its relationship with development is strongly needed. The thesis has four main parts, integrated in such a way that the migration process in China can be viewed from various important aspects. The first part is the characterization and interpretation of the migrations in the three strata (city, town and rural county) of China's urban/rural settlement system. Migration in China has several distinct characteristics, including very low migration level, large sex differential, unusual age patterns, and very high migration efficiency. The second part is the explanation of the migration behaviors of Chinese young adults aged 17-29 by personal factors and ecological variables. A multivariate framework (nested logit model) has been extended so that the highly selective migration behaviors can be explained in a broad context of urbanization and interregional population redistribution. The major finding is that despite government migration control, the migration behaviors of Chinese young adults in the mid-1980s were clearly responsive to market forces in a sensible way. The third part focuses on the education selectivity in the migrations of the Chinese young adults and its effects. The better educated Chinese young adults were more prone to migrate and this selectivity has decreased the quality of the human capital of rural areas, but has not improved the human capital of cities. The last part turns to the problem of spousal residence separations in China. The surprisingly high incidence of such separation among the married Chinese young adults was a result of the government migration control and other factors.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A Study of the Growth and Development of the Human Fetal Hip Joint

contributor: Medical Sciences (Growth and Development)

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
Congenital hip disease (CHD), a condition in which the head of femur may be partially or completely separated from the acetabulum, is detected in one to 4 infants per 1,000 live births. At birth the hip joint is cartilaginous and underdeveloped. In cases of CHD the acetabulum is shallow, the femoral head is small and aspherical, ligament of the head of femur (LHF) is elongated, and the femoral angles are abnormal. These are measureable characteristics. However, no previous studies have given quantitative data for several dimensions of this joint in a sample of fetuses, at regular intervals of age, throughout the fetal period.

The pattern of normal growth and development was studied in 280 hip joints from 140 fetuses between 12 weeks and term. Measurements were taken of acetabular depth, diameter, femoral head diameter, the length and width of the LHF, and the femoral torsion and neckshaft angles. Histological studies of ossification and labrum structure were undertaken on a number of acetabula at intervals throughout the fetal period.

Acetabular depth was shown to be the slowest growing variable at the hip joint. The study confirmed previous reports that the acetabulum tends to become shallower towards term but suggested that the greatest amount of change in shape may occur early in the fetal period. In a sample of femoral heads a tendency for the head to become less spherical with age was revealed. With the exception of the neckshaft angle all variables demonstrated a moderate to high positive correlation with age. Variables were best fitted by a regression model which included a polynomial on age. Only for left LHF length and right LHF width was growth a simple interest function. The velocity of growth for ail dimensions, except the neck-shaft angle, was highest between 12 and 18 weeks. After this period a deceleration in the growth rate was noted, most noticeable in acetabular depth.

No significant differences were detected between males and females, or between the right and left sides. This indicates that the higher incidence of CHD in females, and the greater involvement of the left hip must be explained by factors other than the growth of cartilage and bone.

The LHF was shown to be variable in shape throughout the fetal period. It was not a distinctly linear structure in normal or abnormal hip joints. A strong correlation with acetabular dimensions was not evident.

Booth femoral angles demonstrated variability throughout the fetal period and values reported are lower than those currently accepted for the newborn. Since the angles demonstrated poor to moderate correlation with the other hip dimensions, neither angle alone appears to provide a useful indicator of normal development. A change in the orientation of the lesser trochanter with age, correlated with the increase in torsion was observed. This is considered pertinent to the reading of femoral angles on radiographs.

In 65 hip joints from 46 fetuses variation from descriptions of normal hip joint morphology was detected. Measurements of these joints did not differ significantly from those of normal hip joints. It is suggested that a number of these variants are microforms of CHD. An unexpected number of variants and abnormal socket features were localized to the anterosuperior quadrant and anterior socket wall.

Comparison of data from abnormal joints (18) with data from the normal growth study permitted a more precise evaluation of the abnormality. From this comparison underdevelopment of apparently "normal" joints was detected.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: God, Man, and Evil: The Question of Theodicy in the Neoclassical Metaphysics of Charles Hartshorne

contributor:
John C. Robertson, Jr.
Religious Sciences

subject: Religion Religion

abstract:
The dissertation is a study and critical assessment of certain fundamental issues which are involved in Hartshorne's theodicy. Such a study is important due to the dire lack of serious critical attention not only to "process theodicy" in general but to Hartshorne's "process theodiey" in particular. (Hartshorne's metaphysics has not been distinguished -- until most recently from Whitehead's, and his theodicy has not yet been appreciated for its uniqueness).

Hartshorne's approach to theodicy generally is understood to involve his revised conception of Anselm's ontological proof for God's existence, and the subsequent claim that if God can be shown to exist necessarily, then no empirical fact (e.g., evil) can count as evidence against that existence. This may, perhaps, be granted -- provided the ontological proof is valid; yet, Hartshorne's theodicy involves more than this thesis, and it is this "more" with which the dissertation is concerned. Specifically, Hartshorne's theodicy may be considered as an attempt to show how God as omnibeneficent (all-powerful and all-good) may be reconciled with the fact of evil, and with creaturely freedom and moral responsibility. Hartshorne's revised, "neoclassical" theism conceives God as "dipolar" (i.e., as having both necessary and contingent aspects), and such that He does not seem solely responsible for creaturely agency (as Hartshorne believes the classical Christian conception of God implies).

It is Hartshorne's contention, furthermore, that God functions in the world by (i) presenting ideal aims to creatures and persuading creatures to accept those possibilities, and by (ii) experiencing and eternally valuing the actualizations achieved by creatures. The dissertation suggests that the former relates especially (though not exclusively) to divine power and, as such, the issue which arises concerns the viability of Hartshorne's attempt to show how this divine power is reconciled with creaturely freedom. The latter relates especially (though, again, not exclusively) to divine benevolence and, as such, the issue here concerns Hartshorne's attempt to show how this divine benevolence is reconciled with the fact of evil: its source, nature, function, and overcoming. It is argued that Hartshorne's theodicy may be reconstructed and critically assessed by considering these two basic issues.

With respect to the first issue, Hartshorne's contention is that creatures have a certain undeniable freedom (based on a defence of psychicalism and a doctrine of "relative determinism", whereby materialistic dualism and pure determinism or indeterminism, respectively, are attacked), and that this freedom is coherent with a divine power which acts solely persuasively. The dissertation argues, however, that Hartshorne has not fully explicated the nature of the divine persuasive influence, and that a full analysis of this divine agency reveals a varying range of its effectiveness, some of which approaches a coerciveness. This thesis is vital to Hartshorne's theodicy since only by acknowledging it can he hold (as he wishes) that divine power, as causal agency in the world, permits creaturely freedom only to the extent that creatures do not use that freedom to create an overabundance of evil and disorder: divine power must ensure that freedom is kept within suitable limits, and this implies an aspect of coerciveness.

Hartshorne's understanding of how divine benevolence is reconciled with evil -- the second basic issue -- reaches much the same conclusion; that is, while God is not solely responsible for evil (since all beings have some range freedom or spontaneity), He overcomes evil to the extent that it never predominates over the good and the order in the world. Evil, furthermore, is understood as an aesthetic principle, with certain positive functions, and explained as unavoidable privation and loss.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The fidelity of in vitro protein synthesis and its implications for the aging of human cells

contributor:
Goldstein, Samuel
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: To test the error catastrophe theory of cell senescence, we have developed a cell-free protein synthetic system from human diploid fibroblasts capable of translating both the synthetic mRNA, poly (u), and endogenous cellular mRNA in vitro. We have measured the fidelity of poly(U)-directed protein synthesis in extracts from a variety of cells. The results contradict the error catastrophe in several ways: - cells from subjects suffering maladies of premature aging, progeria and Werner Syndrome, exhibited error frequencies within the normal range. - cells from an old donor did not have elevated error frequency of protein synthesis. - early-passage (young) normal cells had error frequencies higher than those of late-passage (old) cells. The error frequency in one normal strain of fibroblasts declined throughout its tissue culture lifespan. Cells maintained in the post-mitotic (terminal) state, in which there was no cell selection, exhibited a constant error frequency over 16 weeks. In a series of experiments using clonal populations of cells, it became evident that the decline in error frequency as a function of passage was dependent on the clonal heterogeneity of the mass culture. In no experiment, however, could any correlation between the error frequency of protein synthesis and cellular growth parameters be made. Overall, the senescence characteristic of human diploid fibroblasts was independent of the measured fidelity of protein synthesis in vitro.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: CARBONYL YLIDES AND CARBENES FROM DELTA(3)-1,3,4-OXADIAZOLINES

contributor:
Warkentin, John
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract: A series of new, substituted (DELTA)('3)-1,3,4-oxadiazolines weresynthesized by oxidation of the corresponding hydrazones, eitherelectrochemically or with lead tetraacetate. 2-Methoxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-(DELTA)('3)-1,3,4-oxadiazoline 1 (R=R'=R''=CH(,3)), whenthermolyzed in CD(,3)OD, gave products of trapping of a R'' N=N OR R'' O R' A carbonyl ylide. In CCl(,4) or C(,6)H(,6), which are not efficient trapping solvents the ylide underwent fragmentation into carbenes and carbonyl compounds. As a check that the same intermediate was involved in both solvents 2-methoxy-2-(p-substituted)phenyl-5,5-dimethyl-(DELTA)('3)-1,3,4-oxadiazolines were thermolyzed in CCl(,4) and in CD(,3)OD. A Hammett correlation with (sigma)('-) was observed in both solvents, with similar slopes. Furthermore, changes in substituents at C(,5) also affected the rate of thermolysis of the oxadiazolines. These results led us to conclude that, oxadiazolines of type A thermolyze with concerted loss of nitrogen to give rise to carbonyl ylide intermediates. Attempts to trap the intermediates (ylide and carbenes) from the thermolysis of the oxadiazolines were successful. Some olefins and carbonyl compounds can trap both intermediates. The reaction of a carbene with a carbonyl compound to form a carbonyl ylide is the reverse of the ylide fragmentation mentioned above. Such reversibility was proved for one of the carbenes when it was found that thermolysis of 1 (R=R'=R''=CH(,3)) in acetone-d(,6) gave propene-d(,6) as one of the products. Thermolysis of 2-methoxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-(DELTA)('3)-1,3,4-oxadiazoline in CCl(,4) gave acetone and methoxymethyl carbene (43%) as well as methyl acetate and dimethyl carbene (54%). The 5,5-dicyclopropyl analogue thermolyzed in benzene to a carbonyl ylide which fragmented nearly cleanly to methyl acetate and dicyclopropyl carbene (> 90%). In CCl(,4) chlorinated products, derived from the reaction of dicyclopropylcarbene with CCl(,4), were obtained. Finally, thermolysis of 2-acetoxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-(DELTA)('3)-1,3,4-oxadiazoline in CCl(,4) afforded 1-acetoxyethyl-2-propenyl-ether(> 90%) derived from a 1,4-hydrogen shift in the ylide. The 5,5-dicyclopropyl analogue gave only 20% of the analogous 1,4-shift product and the major pathway involved a fragmentation of the ylide to give a rare acyloxycarbene, CH(,3)(')COAc.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: AUSTENITE GROWTH IN THE INTERCRITICAL ANNEALING OF TERNARY AND QUATERNARY DUAL-PHASE STEELS

contributor:
Purdy, G.R.
Embury, J.D.
Metallurgy and Materials Science

subject:
Metallurgy
Other Materials Science and Engineering
Metallurgy

abstract: Austenite growth in the intercritical annealing of ternary (Fe-C-Mn) and quaternary (Fe-C-Mn-Si) dual phase steels is studied. The growth process is modelled assuming local equilibrium at austenite/ferrite interfaces and diffusion control. An isothermal anneal starting with a ferrite-pearlite mixture is examined. Growth proceeds in four stages: (1) austenite nucleation from pearlite (which is not examined); (2) attainment of uniform carbon activity within each austenite particle; (3) attainment of uniform carbon activity over large distances in the material (e.g., 100 (mu)m); and (4) austenite growth controlled by diffusion of alloying element(s) in ferrite. The last stage is the only stage where significant alloying element partitioning occurs. This leads to the centre of each austenite particle retaining its initial alloying element concentration while the rim is enriched or depleted in alloying element depending on the value of the alloying element diffusion coefficient. This non-uniform concentration profile is associated with the end of austenite growth and results in a volume fraction greater than the equilibrium volume fraction. Full equilibration of the austenite does not occur in practical time periods. The preceding description applies to all cases treated. Material initially homogeneous with respect to alloying elements was examined: (1) for a planar geometry; (2) for a spherical geometry; and (3) with different size particles. A material initially non-uniform with respect to alloy element (e.g., having an initial sinusoidal fluctuation of alloying element) was examined for the case of: (1) a wavelength comparable with spacing between austenite particles; and (2) longer wavelengths. The assumption that local equilibrium established in short times (100 s) was verified with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) observations. STEM and microprobe analysis data also qualitatively verified predicted Mn concentration profiles for long (50 h) anneals. Volume fractions predicted were in reasonable agreement with observed and published volume fraction data.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: NORMAL AND DISORDERED FUNCTION IN A MAMMALIAN TOUCH RECEPTOR

contributor:
McComas, A.J.
Neuroscience

subject:
Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Neuroscience and Neurobiology

abstract: Mechanosensory transduction changes both during development and after the application of vincristine, a neurotoxic agent. Specifically, cutaneous sensitivity mediated by Type I slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors (touch domes) changes over the course of development in two ways. The first is a reduction in the density of touch domes in the skin from birth to adulthood. The second mechanism involves an increase in threshold to mechanical stimulation from birth to old age. In control adult animals, administration of the neurotoxic drug vincristine increased mechanosensory threshold within 24 hours after treatment. This raised threshold was maintained for two weeks but there was a return to control values by three weeks post-treatment. Measurements of response latency indicated that the rise in receptor threshold could occur without impulse propagation being impaired in the axon. Both the morphological and physiological state of the axon twenty-four hours after vincristine treatment indicated that vincristine modified sensory transduction at the level of the touch domes or of the fine nerve terminals abutting it. Vincristine may have produced the temporary high threshold state of the receptor by direct action on the receptor or indirectly by interfering with axoplasmic flow. If the latter is the case, this observation provides indirect evidence for the existence of a functional connection between the flow of trophic factors in the nerve fibres supplying touch domes and the mechanosensory transduction process in the receptor. Possible mechanisms for the changes observed in receptor properties during ageing and drug treatment are presented. It is proposed that during ageing a functional deafferentation occurs; the implications of this proposed process on the ageing nervous system are discussed. It is suggested that similar mechanisms may underlie threshold changes seen during ageing and after the administration of vincristine.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Sulfidation Properties of Ni-Al Alloys in H₂S-H₂ Atmospheres

abstract:
The Sulfidation kinetics of Ni-Al Alloys containing up to 13 a/o Al exposed in H₂S-H₂ atmospheres were investigated using a thermogravimetric technique. The scale morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy and eptical microscopy. The scales were analyzed using electron phone microanalyses, λ-ray and differential thermal analyses.

It was observed that the sulfidation kinetics of these alloys are linear, that the rates decrease with increasing amounts of Al at constant PS₂ in the atmosphere and at a given alloy composition the rates increase with increasing PS₂. The scale consists of three regions. The outer scale consists of NiS when PS₂ is greater than 10ˉ⁴ atm and it consists of Ni₃S₂ otherwise. The external scale subscale boundary corresponds to the original alloy-gas interface. The subscale grows by inward diffusion of S whereas the external scale grows outward diffusion of Ni. The subscale consists of two layers having different morphologies, and compositions. The layer next to the external scale contains alternate dark and bright lamellae. The bright lamellae consist of Ni₃-S₂ whereas the dark lamellae consist of an Al rich sulfide phase, presumably Al₂S₃. The second layer of the subscale is liquid at the reaction temperature of 700°C, which contains Ni, Al and S.

A model is advanced to account for the linear kinetics, assuming that a reaction at the outer scale-gas interface can be used to describe the sulfidation properties. In order to explain the formation mechanism of the Lamellar morphology of the subscale isothermally at the reaction temperature, a model is advanced based upon concepts of eutectic decomposition. A ternary Ni-Al-S phase diagram is constructed which is consistent with the mechanism and the observations on the Ni Al-S system reported in the literature and in the present work. The functional relationship between the growth velocity of the Lamellar front and the resulting Lamellar spacing is derived and verified. According to this model, segregation at the Lamellar front is not the rate controlling proceeds because the linear rate constant would be proportional to the sulfur partial pre-pressure in the atmosphere, which contradicts the observation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A Model of the Canadian Beef and Dairy Cattle Industry Based on Markov Chain Techniques

contributor:
Spencer, B.G.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract:
Like any livestock supply, the supply of Canadian beef and dairy cattle is characterized by a cyclical pattern in terms of the number of cattle on farm, the number of cattle slaughtered, the price of cattle, and the income of the beef and dairy cattle producers. In this study, we try to investigate the causes of such cyclical movements. To achieve this objective, semi-annual flow matrices are constructed for both Western and Eastern Canada for the period 1958 to 1972. The flow matrices are constructed according to the biological sequences of beef and dairy cattle. (Due to the limitation of the available data series, beef and dairy cattle are, in some instances, treated as homogeneous. Distinctions between the two types of cattle are made within the flow matrices whenever possible.) The flow matrices allow us to trace the movement of cattle from one age category to another. The age categories are not published according to the actual ages of the cattle, but rather under the categories of calves (under 1 year of age), yearling heifers (female cattle 1 year and older, but which have not given birth to calves), steers (castrated males), cows (female cattle that have already given birth to calves), and bulls (male cattle 1 year old or older).

Using the flow matrices, transition matrices are formed. The transition probability matrices are constructed by dividing each row element in the matrix by its corresponding row total. These probabilities are treated as dependent variables to be explained by a set of relevant economic variables.

Consistent with the evidence, fertility rates of cows in both regions are assumed constant, and based on these rates the number of calves born in each region is projected. Import functions of beef and dairy cattle are estimated. The introduction of the new-born calves and the estimated importation of cattle make the entire matrix endogenous. This enables us to predict the behaviour of the beef and dairy cattle industry in the long run.

Finally, simulations are carried out using the transition probability matrices. In particular, attempts are made to simulate the consequences of changes in some of the important exogenous variables, for instance, the price of choice steers and personal disposable income.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Potential Cartelization in a Monopsonistic Market Structure: A Model of the World Tea Market With Special Reference to Sri Lanka

contributor:
Butterfield, D.W.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract:
This study has had two major objectives. The first was to construct an econometric model of the world tea market, paying particular attention to its noncompetitive market structure. The second was to apply the model to examine whether there might be potential gains for the producing countries from cartelization of the supply of estate tea. The estate tea market was found to be monopsonistic, and the econometric model was developed wtihin this market structure. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first econometric model of a world commodity market derived within a theoretical framework of quantity and price determination in a monopsonistic market structure.

Within the model, a distinction was drawn between estate tea (or input or producer tea) and consumer tea (or output or retail tea). Estate tea is the tea which is produced as a finished product ready, except for blending, for consumption, but this estate tea does not usually reach the consumer directly. It is generally bought from the producers by an intermediary who blends, packages, brands and distributes it to the final consumers through retailers. This is the tea which is designated as consumer tea.

To examine whether cartelization is worthwhile and to estimate the potential gains from cartelization, a theoretical formulation was developed explicitly within the framework of quantity and price determination in a monopsonistic market structure. The relation between this formulation and the relevant formulation in the case of perfect competition is also shown. The econometric model was specifically designed to allow the estimates of potential gains from cartelization under alternative versions of a tea producers cartel to be calculated. The model allows one to estimate potential gains in the short-run as well as in the long-run.

Alternative versions of the econometric model were estimated by two stage least squares (2SLS) and constrained nonlinear least squares (CNLS). In the CNLS method, estimates of the structural parameters were obtained via simultaneous estimation of constrained reduced form equations. Further, a sub-model of tea acreage response equations for Sri Lanka, India, African countries, and the Rest Of the World was also estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS).

Two alternative cartels were considered: 1) Sri Lanka acts alone as a cartel, and 2) Sri Lanka and India together form a cartel. Potential gains seem to exist only in the short-run in the former case while there seems to be substantial gains in both the short-run and long-run in the latter case.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Microstructural Aspects of the Fracture Parameters of Controlled Rolled HSLA-steels

contributor:
Embury, J.D.
Metallurgy and Materials Science

abstract:
A combination of high strength and good fracture resistance is obtained in high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels by the use of controlled rolling and addition of micro alloying elements to refine the scale of the microstructure. In these fine grained materials traditional property-structure relationships do not adequately describe the fracture behaviour.

This thesis is concerned with the fracture properties of HSLA-steels at various temperatures and stress states. Three modes of failure are commonly observed. At low temperatures cleavage is the predominant fracture mode, whereas ductile failure by nucleation and growth of voids occurs at higher temperatures. In the intermediate temperature range delamination fracture on planes parallel to the rolling plane is observed. The various fracture mechanisms are discussed in terms of the detailed microstructure of the materials which has been characterized by the use of standard optical and electron metallography. In addition failure criteria for the most common fracture modes have been developed.

It is found that the condition for cleavage failure is adequately described in terms of a Griffith equation where the crack length is determined by an effective grain size of the order of twice the ferrite grain size. Further it is argued that the low temperature fracture toughness can be expressed by the cleavage stress and the size of the process lone. For fine grained materials the process zone size is found to be independent of the scale of the microstructure.

The resistance to ductile fracture has been characterized in terms of a critical crack opening displacement (COD). It is argued that the COD value is determined by the size of the process zone which is independent of the scale of plasticity. The process zone size is related to the inclusion spacing.

Delamination is found to occur mainly by a grain boundary tearing mechanism. However, the presence of inclusion aggregates may reduce the fracture stress substantially. Delamination by the grain boundary tearing mechanism occurs at a critical value of the maximum shear stress indicating that crack nucleation is the critical event.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Continuity and Change among Canadian Mennonite Brethren, 1925-1975: A Study of Sacralization and Secularization in Sectarianism

contributor:
Mol, Hans
Religious Sciences

subject: Religion Religion

abstract:
The dissertation serves the twofold purpose of contributing theoretically to the sociology of religion, by examining the utility of the identity theory of religion, and analysing the dynamics of a specific religious movement, a task sometimes distinguished as "religious sociology". To achieve both ends the study hypothesizes the viability of sectarianism and examines the components of continuity and change of the Canadian Mennonite Brethren from 1925 to 1975. Ernst Troeltsch's well-worn church-sect typology is found to be aptly applicable to Mennonite Brethren, and Hans Mol's integration/differentiation dialectic, religiously defined in terms of sacralization and secularization, is another heuristic device which suitably explains the dynamic interaction of these components. For its empirical findings, the thesis relies heavily upon a secondary analysis of the Mennonite Brethren data of a 1972 survey retrieved from the larger Church Member Profile of Mennonite and Brethren in Christ churches. To interpret the empirical evidence, the thesis further examines the denominational periodicals, official documents, and theological writings of Canadian Mennonite Brethren to discover how its own spokesmen think.

After exploring sectarian research; particularly the church-sect critique, and establishing the theoretical framework in which sacralization is explained as the stabilizing quality of religion and secularization as religious decline and/or conformity to the world, the thesis traces the emergence of the believers church from the parish church setting, together with the subsequent struggle to retain a separatist stance, both in the Anabaptist-Mennonite movement from 1525 to 1860, and more specifically of the Mennonite Brethren church from 1860 to 1925.

A major part of the thesis analyses the sacralizing components of Mennonite Brethren religiosity. Its system of beliefs and ethics are shown to provide its cognitive and normative boundaries. Its family solidarity and ethnic seclusion enhance the cohesion of the movement. Its emphasis upon conversion and its charismatic leadership consolidate its identities on a personal and group level, respectively. The weekly workship and nurture activities and the formal instruction through parochial schools facilitate integration. So also the structural networks and service agencies are religiously legitimated as they help to retain old members and recruit new ones. Despite the countervailing forces within each component, the overall impact is generally integrating and explains Mennonite Brethren continuity from 1925 to 1975.

Another major part examines the components of change which tend to fragment the movement and gradually bring about its accommodation to the host society. There is ample evidence that education produces relativizing effects, that urbanization has its own fragility hazards, that occupational change demands reorientation, that economic ascendancy results in vertical mobility, and that assimilation leads to identity crisis. Together these forces of change have a decidedly secularizing effect upon the movement, yet its continued viability can be explained in the dialectic of these countervailing forces of sacralization and secularization, the one guarding against excessive adaptability and the other against overly restrictive rigidity. Thus some 450 years after the birth of Anabaptism, some 115 years after the renewal which spawned the Mennonite Brethren church, and some fifty years after a major immigration of the core group in Canada today, Mennonite Brethren show signs of vitality despite outward conformity to society. The thesis supports the hypothesis that sectarianism is viable in today's society. The viability is explained in the dialectic between the synthetic forces of sacralization or integration and the adaptive forces of secularization or differentiation.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Reduction of Intrinsic Sinoatrial Frequency and Chronotropic Responsiveness in the Exercised Rat

contributor:
Jones, N.L.
Sutton, J.R.
Fitzgerald, J.D.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
The changes in the physiological properties of the sinoatrial node which follow a programme of exercise training have been examined in the rat. The influence on the intrinsic sinoatrial frequency (ISF) of altered levels of autonomic nervous activity accompanying the physical training has been studied in two series of experiments combining daily pharmacological agents with ten weeks of treadmill exercise. The first series (Study I) examined the influence on the ISF of the increased parasympathetic activity reported in the trained state by blocking with atropine or stimulating with carbachol the receptors of the parasympathetic system in the heart. The second series (Study 2) examined the influence on the ISF of the increased sympathetic activity which occurs during exercise by stimulating with noradrenaline or isoprenaline, or blocking with propranolol the receptors of the sympathetic system in the heart. The content of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) in the plasma and myocardium were measured in all animals at the completion of the ten week period, and an estimate of electrophysiological changes was derived from the plasma to myocardial K⁺ ratio (K⁺o/K⁺i). In addition, the chronotropic response of the sinoatrial node to acetylcholine and noradrenaline was examined in vitro for all animals in Studies 1 and 2. The chronotropic responses of the sinoatrial node to exercise and noradrenaline were further explored in the in vivo experiments of Study 3.

In Study 1, ISF was reduced with training. Blockade of the parasympathetic receptors with atropine also reduced ISF, and the effects of exercise and atropine appeared to be additive. Stimulation of the parasympathetic receptors with carbachol had little effect on ISF. In Study 2, stimulation of the sympathetic receptors with either noradrenaline or isoprenaline caused a reduction in ISF, but when combined with exercise, no reduction occurred. Sympathetic receptor blockade with propranolol reduced ISF, and propranolol plus exercise also reduced ISF. It appears that the exercise-induced reduction of ISF was not a consequence of increased parasympathetic activity in the trained state, or of increased sympathetic activity during exercise. The K⁺o/K⁺i was reduced with training. This was consistent with a more negative maximum diastolic repolarization, and a reduced ISF. The K⁺o/K⁺i of the drug treated groups indicated that ISF was probably reduced through factors other than a more negative maximum diastolic repolarization. No difference was found in the sensitivity of the atria of any group to acetylcholine in vitro. Increased chronotropic sensitivity to noradrenaline was found in vitro in the two chronically noradrenaline treated groups. The maximum response to noradrenaline was reduced in vitro. The maximum cardiac frequency in response to either exercise or noradrenaline infusion in vivo was also reduced. This reduction of maximum frequency in both the atria and the intact heart was observed to be positively correlated with the ISF, thus those hearts with a low ISF obtained a low maximum frequency. This observation led to the proposal that electrophysiological properties of the sinoatrial node which establish the ISF are also involved in imposing a limit on the maximum sinoatrial frequency.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Multi-h-phase coding

contributor:
Taylor, D.P.
Electrical Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Electronics
Electrical and Electronics

abstract:
The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the spectral properties of Multi-h phase coding and to consider the trade-offs between error performance and bandwidth occupancy for this modulation method.

There are multi-h phase codes which allow for a wide range of trade-offs. For example, there is a bandwidth efficient code which occupies 23% less bandwidth than Fast Frequency Shift Keying (Fast FSK) but required 2.4 dB more power to give the same noise immunity. There is also a code that needs 40% more bandwidth than Fast FSK but yields the same transmission quality with a 3.7 dB savings is power.

The power spectrum of a multi-h code is line-free and the tail of the spectrum rolls off as 1/f⁴ as in Fast FSK.

Three different methods for spectral analysis are presented and compared. We have found that approaches based upon the Wiener-Khinchin Theorem are to be preferred.

Pelchat's analysis of binary FSK with continuous phase is extended to the general multi-index case.

A multi-h code can be modelled as Markov chain and the auto-correlation function can be calculated using the theory for such processes. We have devised a simple procedure for identifying the states of the Markov chain.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: The Effect of Nonstoichiometry on the Initial Sintering Kinetics of MnO₁₊ᵪ

contributor:
Nicholson, P.S.
Smeltzer, W.W.
Metallurgy and Materials Science

abstract:
A study has been made of the initial stage sintering kinetics of nonstoichiometric MnO as a function of the oxygen partial pressure. The shrinkage and neck growth were measured for pairs of oxide spheres in the temperature range 900-1100°C and pressure range 10ˉ¹⁴

The shrinkage was analyzed using both the classical single mechanism control approach and the more recent simultaneous mechanism approach. It was found that the sintering behavior as a function of oxygen pressure, hence the concentration of Mn vacancies, does not follow a simple relationship has been suggested. The kinetics indicate grain boundary diffusIon control at oxygen pressures less than 10ˉ¹² atm. and greater than 10ˉ⁹ atm. and volume diffusion control at pressures in between.

Using the simultaneous mechanism approach, the predominance of grain boundary control at low and high oxygen pressures was verified; however, a substantial contribution from volume diffusion was present. The volume diffusion contribution reached a maximum at 1 x 10ˉ¹⁰ atm., the same pressure at which the maximum shrinkage and shrinkage rate was found.

Diffusion coefficients calculated from both methods of analysis agree well with published values and with the published defect structure for MnO.

The surface topography of the spheres was studied. It was found to influence the sintering behavior substantially and to be dependent on the atmosphere composition. A qualitative model for the effect of surface topography is presented.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Thermal and photochemical cis/trans isomerizations of some alpha,beta-unsaturated iminium salts

contributor:
Childs, R.F.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract: This thesis presents some investigations of the ground and excited state properties and reactions of some α,β-unsaturated iminium salts. These studies were instigated primarily by the vast number of reports on the photoreceptor pigments, rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin. Both of these natural systems are believed to contain iminium salt chromophores which undergo efficient cis/trans isomerizations in their ground and/or excited states. A series of aliphatic and aromatic substituted α,β-unsaturated iminium salts were prepared and characterized by ¹H nmr spectroscopy. The ground state structure and charge distribution were investigated by MIND0/3 calculations, an analysis of solution and solid state ¹³C nmr chemical shift data and x-ray crystal structure determinations. It was concluded that the positive charge of these systems resides principally in the iminium moiety and that the s-trans conformation is predominant in solution. The photochemical reactions of the iminium salts in strong acid media (FSO₃H, H₂SO₄ and TFA) were examined. All of the systems formed a photostationary state mixture among some or all of the possible geometric isomers. The unambiguous identification of a photon-induced cis/trans isomerization about the C=N⁺ bond was particularly significant as this was the first report of such an occurrence. The quantum yields for some of these isomerization processes were determined in the above solvents. The substituent and viscosity dependence of these yields were used in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of isomerization and the charge distribution of the excited state. It was concluded that on going from the ground to the excited state there was a shift of the positive charge from the iminium moiety onto the carbon framework. This was completely in accord with the sudden polarization effect proposed by Salem and Bruckmann. A mechanism involving the rotation about one of the multiple bonds per quantum absorbed was consistent with these data. A quantitative investigation of the ground state cis to trans isomerizations about the C=C bonds in a series of para-substituted aromatic iminium salts was undertaken. The results were indicative of a change in mechanisms with a variation in the electron demand of the substituent. Salts with electron-withdrawing substituents were concluded to isomerize by the Michael addition of a nucleophile whereas, a pathway involving protonation at the iminium nitrogen was proposed for the salts with electron-donating substituents.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Investigations of the Expression of Carcinoembryonic Antigen at the Surface of Cultured Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
A number of cellular products present during fetal development, but absent from normal adult tissues, have been shown to be re-expressed in cancer cells. One example of these oncofetal substances is carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Studies were undertaken to examine the expression of CEA at the surface of human colon carcinoma cells grown in vitro and to develop a radioimmunoassay for quantitation of CEA and antibodies to CEA in the serum of cancer patients.

Antibodies specific for CEA were prepared in goats and these antibodies were found to induce polar redistribution or capping of the antigen. As with other systems in which polar redistribution of surface molecules have been studied, the capping was temperature-dependent and required an intact microfilament system. Fluorescent-labeled antibodies were utilized to demonstrate that while CEA would undergo capping, blood group antigen A did not, hence these antigens exist as separate molecules at the cell surface. The capping process was further characterized using ¹²⁵I-labeled antibodies and it was demonstrated that upon capping the majority of cell surface CEA underwent endocytosis. The ability to specifically remove CEA from the cell surface with antibody was used to demonstrate a rapid reappearance of CEA on the tumor cell surface, and this reappearance appeared to require protein synthesis.

A precise quantitative radioimmunoassay for CEA was developed and used to determine the amount of CEA expressed on cell surfaces. Various strains of cells were established in vitro which differed in the amount of CEA they produced. Two strains which differed in the amount of CEA expressed at their cell surfaces were shown to be equally tumorigenic in nude mice, which suggested a lack of correlation between CEA production and tumorigenicity.

The radioimmunoassay was also used to study the control of genetic expression of CEA. There was a direct correlation between the amount of cell surface CEA and the amount of CEA secreted into the culture medium. Control over the level of CEA expressed by various strains appeared genetically stable. Yet, a number of lines of evidence suggested that the parental population from which the strains were derived was heterogeneous with respect to CEA synthesis.

The effects of various inducing agents on CEA expression by various cell strains was examined. One strain (HCT-8 Nu2), a very low CEA producing strain, could be induced to express high levels of CEA by inclusion of theophylline in the culture medium. This effect appeared after three days of incubation and reached a maximum after five days. Enhanced expression was dosedependent and time-dependent, requiring continual presence of the drug. The effect also appeared to require continual protein synthesis and did not cause marked alteration of cell morphology or growth. It was demonstrated that the effect was not density-dependent and did not appear to be due to selective proliferation of a high expressor population. Further, the effect could not be mimicked with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Similarly, another strain (HCT-8R) could be induced to produce higher levels of CEA with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). This effect was not as dramatic as the theophylline effect and only appeared transiently. The response to BrdU was dose-dependent.

The specific inhibition of binding of ¹²⁵I-Iabeled anti-CEA antibodies by unlabeled anti-CEA antibodies, was used to demonstrate that no antibodies to CEA could be detected in control or cancer patient sera. The radioimmunoassay was also examined to determine its ability to quantitate the amount of CEA in serum from cancer patients and controls. It was determined that this test could measure comparable ranges of standard reference CEA, obtained from international or marketed sources. The results obtained from tests of patient sera closely correlated with results obtained using a marketed assay kit. A limited number of sera from patients was examined for CEA using the assay. Comparable percentages of patients with CEA-related cancers were found positive by my assay as reported in studies using standard assays. However, my assay appeared to have greater specificity than standard assays in that a lesser percent of patients without CEA-related cancers were positive.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Anodic films on single phase Ni-Mo alloys in acid solution

contributor:
Ives, M.B.
Materials Science

abstract: The anodic oxide films of single phase Ni-Mo alloys (5-15 wt % Mo) formed in 0.15 N Na₂SO₄ (pH 2.8) have been investigated using electrochemical techniques, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The anodic oxide film of Ni formed under the same condition has been used as a reference in order to study the effect of molybdenum addition on the nature of the passive film of nickel. The electrochemical studies have indicated a negative effect of molybdenum addition to stability of the passive film and a different mechanism of the film growth on the alloys with respect to that on nickel. Dissolution of nickel and molybdenum during the film formation has been found to proceed in proportions other than their ratio in the alloy and which was also time dependent. Selective dissolution of molybdenum has been found during the initial stages of anodization and its enrichment in the film at longer anodization times. Chronoamperometric measurements combined with dissolution analysis suggested an increase of the film thickness with anodization time. Auger electron spectroscopy with ion sputtering confirmed the anodization time dependence of the film thickness and an enrichment of the film-solution interface in molybdenum. The thickness of the passive film of nickel has not been found to change significantly with adonization time. Characterization of nickel and molybdenum species in the film has been based on the findings of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which combined with the evidence offered by structure analysis (RHEED), suggested the passive film to be a two-phase oxide film containing defective or hydrated NiO and probably amorphous MoO₃. A model which explains the growth of two-phase oxide coverage on Ni-Mo alloys has been proposed.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: God and World in Schleiermacher's Dialektik and Glaubenslehre

contributor:
Vallée, Gérard
Religion

subject: Religion Religion

abstract:
The relationship between philosophy and theology in Schleiermacher's thought has been the subject of controversy ever since the incipience of scholarship devoted to the criticism of the nineteenth century theologian's work. This thesis attempts to contribute to an understanding of this issue through an examination of the relationship between God and World in Schleiermacher's seminal philosophical and theological works, respectively, the Dialektik and the Glaubenslehre.

The posthumously published lectures on Dialektik portray Schleiermacher's mature endeavors in philosophical reflection. Schleiermacher's point of departure in this work is specifically epistemological in nature, the nineteenth century theologian envisioning the task of the Dialektik as the ascertainment at both the principles and the laws for the proper conduct of contested thinking to the certainty of knowing. The former constitutes the task of the Transcendental Part of the Dialektik; the latter the task of the Formal Part. The interest of our study lies in the Transcendental Part of the Dialektik for it is here that Schleiernlacher considers the God-World relationship.

A fundamental aspect of the Transcendental Part of the Dialektik involves the definition of the nature of thinking which knowing presupposes as its foundation. According to Schleiermacher, only real thinking (wirkliches Denken), which unites intellection and sensibility, may provide such a groundwork. Real thinking occurs in the coalescence of the activity of reason (Vernunftthätigkeit) and the faculty of organization (Organisation). The former provides ideal, the latter real determination to the process of thinking. This necessary conjunction of the Ideal and the Real for the proper constitution of real thinking is expressed by Schleiermacher at the conclusion of the transcendental Part of the Dialektik in terms of the God-World relationship. In Schleiermacher's view, the regulative principle Die Welt (Real) nicht ohne Gott (Ideal), Gott nicht ohne die Welt governs the proper expression of the God-World relationship which respects the requisite conjunction of the Ideal and the Real in human thinking. As such, Schleiermacher's delineation of the God-World relationship is noetic in intent and summarizes the purport of his entire epistemology.

The Glaubenslehre is Schleiermacher's magnum opus and has been acclaimed as the most influential Protestant dogmatics since Calvin's Institutes. In Schleiermacher's view, the task of dogmatics lies in describing the Christian determination of pious feeling or immediate self-consciousness shared by particular Church at a given time. According to Schleiermacher, the substance or content of valid Christian doctrine must be derived solely from the pious experience of the Church; the philosophical, i.e., the logical or dialectical, interest may only play a formal role in dogmatics. The logical or dialectical interest may only contribute to the scientific construction of language and aid in the systematic interconnection of individual doctrinal propositions. The interest of our study in Schleiermacher's dogmatics lies in the First Part of the System of Doctrine, which is devoted to the exposition of those Christian doctrines which express the general relationship between God and World: the doctrines of Creation and Preservation; the doctrine of the divine attributes of eternity, omnipotence, omniscience and omnipresence; and the doctrines of the original perfection of man and World.

It is the contention of our study that Schleiermacher's philosophical formulation of the God-World relationship in the Dialektik served as a principle with respect to which his exposition of Christian doctrine in the First Part of the Glaubenslehre was critically developed. We maintain that the noetic correlation of God and World in the Dialektik, which expresses the proper constitution of real thinking, shapes and determines those doctrines in the First Part of the Glaubenslehre expressing the general relationship between God and World. In our view, this influence of the Dialektik upon the Glaubenslehre may not merely be regarded as formalistic, but rather as substantive in nature. It was against this influence of the logical or dialectical interest upon the content of Christian doctrine that Schleiermacher argued throughout his career as a dogmatic theologian. As a result, we conclude that Schleiermacher failed to maintain the exclusion of the influence of the philosophical interest upon the content of doctrine demanded by his own view on the methodology of dogmatics.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Synthesis in vitro of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Messenger RNA and Proteins

contributor:
Ghosh, H.P.
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract:
The purpose of this research was to study in vitro the biochemical mechanisms involved in the regulation of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA and protein synthesis.

Cell-free extracts from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infected cells synthesized all five VSV specific structural proteins L, G, NS, N and M in vitro. Separation of the free and membrane bound polysomes from these extracts and analysis of the proteins synthesized in vitro showed that only the membrane-bound polysomes could synthesize the viral membrane glycoprotein G. The other four VSV proteins, including the unglycosylated membrane protein M, were synthesized by both free and membrane-bound polysomes. These results suggest that the VS viral proteins are synthesized at different cytoplasmic sites in infected cells.

The viral mRNA species from free and membrane-bound polysomes were isolated and translated in cell-free extracts from wheat embryo and ascites cells. The VSV specific mRNA species contained four classes of polyadenylated mRNA sedimenting at 28S, 19S, 17S and 12S. Partial fractionation and translation of the mRNA species showed that only the mRNA species which was isolated from membrane-bound polysomes and which sedimented in the 16 to 195 region of the sucrose gradient directed the synthesis of the G protein in vitro. The in vitro synthesized G protein, however, had a lower molecular weight (63,000D) than virion G (mw 69,000D).

Ribonucleoprotein particles found in the cytoplasm of VSV-infected cells have been suggested to function in the synthesis of VSV mRNA species in vivo. In order to investigate this possibility, ribonucleoprotein particles were isolated from extracts of VSV-infected L cells and the RNA species synthesized in vitro were characterized. Four classes of RNA sedimenting at 28S, 19S, 17S and 12S were synthesized in vitro. All four classes of RNA were polyadenylated, however, polyadenylation appeared to be less efficient in vitro than in vivo. Methyl groups donated by S-adenosyl methionine were incorporated into all the RNA species synthesized in vitro. The presence of S-adenosyl methionine or of the methylation inhibitor S-adenosyl homocysteine however, did not affect the rate of RNA synthesis nor the nature of the RNA species synthesized in vitro.

The mRNAs synthesized in vitro were translated in the homologous ascites and heterologous wheat embryo cell-free extracts. In both extracts, the products were shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by immunoprecipitation to contain the viral proteins G, NS, N and M and possibly the L protein. Characterization of the G protein synthesized in vitro showed that it contained the same tryptic peptides as virion G. However, as was observed on translation of the polysomal VSV mRNA species, the G protein synthesized in response to in vitro synthesized mRNA had a molecular weight of only 63,000D. These results suggest that the G protein synthesized in vitro may be incompletely glycosylated.

Methylated VSV mRNA was found to be more active in protein synthesis than unmethylated mRNA in both the ascites and wheat embryo systems. S-adenosyl homocysteine further inhibited the translation of unmethylated mRNA but did not affect methylated mRNA translation. Addition of S-adenosyl methionine stimulated the translation of unmethylated mRNA in the wheat embryo extract suggesting the presence of mRNA methylating activity in the protein synthesizing system. The mRNA methylating activity present in the wheat embryo S-30 extract as recovered in the ribosome-free supernatant fraction and was insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor pactamycin.

In order to further study the regulation of transcription and translation of viral mRNA species, a system which could both synthesize and translate V5V mRNAs into viral proteins was developed. The system contained purified ribonucleoprotein particles from VSV-infected L cells and ribosomal extracts obtained from unifected HeLa cells. Analysis of the optimal conditions for transcription and translation showed that Mg²⁺, K⁺ and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates were required. The coupled transcription-translation system synthesized four classes of V5V specific mRNAs sedimenting at 28S, 19S, 17S and 12S. Translation of the synthesized mRNA in the coupled system resulted in the synthesis of the viral proteins L, G, NS, N and M.

Two forms of the G protein were synthesized in the coupled system, G₁ (mw 63,000D) and G₂ (mw 67,000D). Analysis of the tryptic peptides showed that G₁, G2 and virion G had identical peptide sequences. The synthesis of G₂ required the presence of membranes and only G₁ was synthesized in the absence of membranes. Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A sepharose columns showed that G₂ but not G₁ was a glycoprotein. Removal of sialic acid residues from G by neuraminidase resulted in a product with an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of G₂. Digestion of G₂ or G with a mixture of neuraminidase, β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase however, produced a protein of molecular weight 65,000D. These data suggest that G₂ is the desialated G and is formed by the glycosylation of polypeptide G₁ in the presence of membranes.

Addition of stripped crude microsomal membranes to a translation system containing free ribosomes resulted in the formation of membrane-bound polysomes and in the conversion of G₁ to the glycosylated protein G₂. The G₂ protein synthesized by the reconstructed membrane-bound polysomes was segregated into the microsomal vesicles and was, therefore, protected against proteolytic digestion. Stripped membranes were required at an early stage of protein synthesis for the synthesized protein to be inserted into membranes and glycosylated. The G₂ protein, however, was not completely protected from proteolytic digestion showing that a portion of the peptide chain presumably the carboxyterminal was present on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane vesicle. These results suggest that membrane glycoprotein may be synthesized and transported across membranes in a manner analogous to secretory proteins except that the membrane glycoproteins are not completely discharged across the membrane.

In conclusion, the results obtained have confirmed and extended previous studies on the nature and biosynthesis of the VSV specific mRNA species. In addition, the studies of in vitro protein synthesis have provided new insights into the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis, glycosylation and insertion into membranes of membrane glycoproteins. This research has led to the following publications:

1. Ghosh, H.P., Toneguzzo, F and Wells, S. (1973) Synthesis in vitro of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus proteins in cytoplasmic extracts of L cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 54, 228.

2. Toneguzzo, F and Ghosh, H.P. (1975) Cell-free synthesis of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus proteins: Translation of membrane-bound polyribosomal mRNAs. FEBS Letters, 50, 369.

3. Ghosh, H.P. and Toneguzzo, F. (1975) Synthesis in vitro of mRNA by RNA polymerase induced in VSV-infected L cells and translation of the mRNA species into viral proteins. pp.259-269 in A.L. Haenni and G. Beaud (ed.) INSERM Colloque; In vitro transcription and translation of viral genomes. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris.

4. Toneguzzo, F. and Ghosh, H.P. (1976) Characterization and Translation of Methylated and Unmethylated Vesicular Stomatitis Virus mRNA synthesized in vitro by ribonucleoprotein particles from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus infected L cells. J. Virol., 17, 477.

5. Toneguzzo, F. and Ghosh, H.P. (1977) Synthesis and Glycosylation in vitro of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus glycoprotein G in a coupled transcription-translation system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 74, 1516.

6. Toneguzzo, F. and Ghosh, H.P. Insertion into membranes and glycosylation of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus membrane glycoprotein G. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press).

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Reduction of Composite Iron Ore-Coal Pellets to Liquid Iron

contributor:
Kay, D.A.R.
Metallurgy

subject: Metallurgy Metallurgy

abstract:
An ironmaking process has been proposed in which composite iron ore-coal pellets are smelted to produce liquid iron. Studies have determined the manner in which individual composite pellets react, their compositional limitations and the chemical compositions of the resultant slag and iron.

Laboratory reduction experiments were performed on various composite pellets bonded with bentonite, cement or calcium carbonate. Ore-coal pellets bonded with bentonite reacted to form a fayalite-type slag high in iron oxide content and an iron melt low in carbon (2%) but high in sulphur (0.3%) contents. Ore-coal pellets which were made self-fluxing by being bonded with cement or calcium carbonate produced a basic slag low in iron oxide content and an iron melt containing over 3% carbon and below 0.05% sulphur. The off-gas from reaction of ore-coal pellets was profound to be mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen which in combustion with oxygen is to supply the heat required by the process.

A computer model of the process was constructed using heat and mass balance equations which illustrated the effects of changes in process variables on input material requirements. Indications from a process analysis are considered to be positive for an ironmaking process based on composite pellet smelting. However, the ultimate success of the process will depend on whether sufficient heat can be retained within the reaction vessel where it is needed. To this end, hot-model "pilot plant" experimental trials are recommended.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Lifetime of Thermal Phonons in α-Quartz

contributor:
Walton, D.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: The attenuation of thermal phonons and acoustically generated phonons at different power levels are compared in α-quartz. The average attenuation at 1.67 GHz at room temperature was 27.3 db/cm ± 2.7% and at a frequency of 1.856 GHz, it was 32.5 db/cm ± 2.1%. Woodruff and Ehrenreich's theory was used to calculate the lifetime of thermal phonons from acoustic attenuation data. The relaxation time for thermal phonons at 300ºK was found to be 8.34x10‾¹² sec.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The Royal Easter Ritual and Political Actions in Swaziland

contributor:
Badone, Ellen E.F.
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract:
This work focuses on the meaning and role of the royal Easter ritual in post-colonial Swaziland (1968-1992). I pay special attention to the relationship between the royal Easter ritual and political actions undertaken by many Swazi urban commoners who oppose the current absolute rule of the monarchy in modern Swazi society.

The thesis of this study is two-fold. First, I interpret the royal Easter ritual as an invented tradition which reinforces the continuing conflict between the monarchy and many urban commoners in post-colonial Swaziland. The second contention is that this new royal tradition has been consistently resisted by most mission Christians through symbolic, covert social actions which include non-participation in the ceremony, and polemical discourses. I argue that this covert contestation of the new royal tradition by most mission Christians is concurrent with other subtle as well as overt political actions pursued by many urban commoners who are opposed to the absolute rule of the monarchy in post-colonial Swaziland.

This work makes a significant contribution to scholarship on the role of religion and royal rituals in Swazi society. In contrast to existing works on the royal Easter ritual which over-emphasize the integrative role of the ritual, this study demonstrates the inadvertent, dysfunctional role of this ritual in exacerbating the polarization between the monarchy and many urban commoners in contemporary Swazi society.

In addition, this work constitutes a peculiar, yet familiar case study which reflects the key themes in current anthropological and interdisciplinary studies of ritual and religion, namely: divine kingship, the global process of the invention of tradition, resistance to political domination through religious symbols, and the politics of mission churches.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)