title: Conditioned reinforcing and discriminative effects of brief stimuli in different temporal relationships to primary reinforcement

abstract:
The effects of brief stimuli intermittently paired with primary reinforcement were compared to the effects of brief stimuli never paired with reinforcement. Water-deprived rats were given water reinforcement under schedules consisting of two successive fixed-interval (FI) components, A lever-press following completion of the first-component time interval began the second-component time interval, after which a press on the same lever produced 5-sec. access to water. Component intervals were units of 1-min., 2-min., or 3-min., presented in combinations of two which totalled 4-min.: (FI1,FI3), (FI2,FI2), (FI3,FI1). These three schedules were each presented under three further procedures: no brief stimuli, paired brief stimuli, and non-paired brief stimuli. In the paired conditions, a brief tone-and-light combination occurred contingent on the response completing each component, thus accompanying water after the second component. In the non-paired conditions, this stimulus followed only the first component. In addition, in paired and non-paired conditions, after a measure of stable behavior had been obtained, the brief stimulus following the first component was occasionally omitted.
Under the non-paired procedure, two subjects showed a clear post-stimulus pause and within-component patterning in the (FI2,FI2) condition. There was less indication of these effects in other non-paired conditions and in other subjects. In at least two of the paired conditions, all subjects showed an occasional surge in responding immediately following the stimulus after the first component. There was little indication of enhancement of either first-component or overall response rate in the paired conditions. In some cases under each brief stimulus procedure, responding was strongest and patterning most marked under the (FI2,FI2) schedule. The association of the non-paired stimulus vrith a period of non-reinforcement is thought to be responsible for the non-paired stimulus effects. The paired stimulus effects are somewhat inconsistent with some earlier studies of conditioned reinforcement, but demonstrate the ability of the pairing operation to modify the properties of a stimulus. When component schedules are homogeneous, as they were here in the (FI2,FI2) conditions, the increased resemblance of the two components may increase within-component patterning under both paired and nonpaired procedures.


title: Strategies of silence : Acadian images in the New Brunswick press

abstract:
This is a study in community perception, an examination into the manner in which Acadians and anglophones regarded each other as seen in the daily press of New Brunswick during the 1960's.
An examination of the newspapers L'Evangeline, the Moncton Daily Times and the Saint John Telegraph-Journal revealed fundamentally different ways in which the English-speaking New Brunswickers viewed Acadians and the way in which Acadians viewed themselves. The gradual emergence of Acadian coverage in the anglophone press was a function of events occurring outside New Brunswick itself, events such as movements toward greater autonomy and possible independence for Quebec and the establishment of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, a federal response to challenges posed by Quebec.
The minimal nature of Acadian coverage may also be attributed to journalistic mediocrity and a strategy of silence undertaken by the English language press in order to maintain a climate of economic stability which would benefit financial interests in the province. This strategy failed because the press never appreciated the nature of Acadian cultural aspireations and historical development.


title: An optical C.C.D. convolver

abstract: This thesis studies a new method of implementing a charge-coupled device (CCD) transversal filter using optical input. The basic principle involves shining light from a signal-modulated light-emitting diode (LED) onto an optical mask which controls the amount of light reaching the various CCD electrodes. Some experimental results and practical considerations are described. It is shown that a compact lens-free optical signal processor is possible, using standard imaging structures. The relative advantages of using this approach as a means of obtaining fixed tap-weight transversal filters are discussed in comparison with the split electrode filter.


title: Mycoflora of the genus Rosa

abstract:
A total of thirty-five species of fungi assigned to twenty-eight genera has been isolated from various parts of plants of genus Rosa in the Ottawa area.
Common saprophytic fungi recovered were species of Alternaria, Botrytis, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Pullularia, Penicillium and Aspergillus. Parasitic fungi, known to cause important diseases of rose, were also found including Seimatosporium lichenicola (Cda) Shoemaker and E. Muller (die back), Coniothyrium rosarum Cke. and Harkn. (Canker), Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Lind. (leaf spot), Sphaerotheca sp. (powdery mildew). Species not previously reported as parasites on Rosa have been recovered from this host, namely; Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, Microascus schumacheri (Hans.) Curzi, Gonatobotrys simplex Cda, and Pseudozythia pusilla Hoehn. Other noteworthy fungi isolated from various plant parts were species of Chaetomium, Curvularia, Cytospora, Glomerella, Haplosporella and Ulocladium.
Investigation of numerous foreign seeds from the same latitude as Ottawa (about 45 N) yielded no additional records and a limited variety of very common saprophytic species were obtained.


title: Sex differences in the asymmetry of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine system : relationship to spatial ability in the rat

abstract:
The present study investigated the relationship between the asymmetry of the nigrostriatal dopamine system, amphetamine-induced rotation and spatial ability. In addition, the influence of the gonadal hormones on this relationship was investigated. Half of the 40 female and of the 40 male Wistar rats were gonadectomized while the remaining underwent a sham operation. The rats were tested on two consecutive weeks for their rotational behavior following administration of amphetamine (1.2 mg/kg). Spatial ability was measured on a modified Lashley III maze for half of the animals. The remaining animals were tested on the Morris Water maze. Following
completion of the tests of spatial ability, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and their brains (right and left striata and right and left frontal cortices) were dissected, and later assayed for their contents of DA and NE by the fluorometric method. Gonadectomy was found to increase striatal DA levels, and to influence performance of male rats on the Lashley III maze. The relationship between spatial ability and the asymmetry of the DA system was task-specific since a correlation was found only with performance on the Lashley III maze and not on the Morris Water maze. The results also showed that the relationship between rotation and spatial ability was influenced by the sex and the treatment of the animals.


title: An immigrant-journalist's view of Canada

abstract:
This work presents an image of Canada by an immigrant-journalist. My impressions, along with research done for this paper, reveal significant differences between some of the widely accepted images of Canadian society and those subjective views which have emerged from my experience, both journalistic and personal, in Canada.
The most salient features of the 26-year period covered in this thesis have been the emergence of culture in Canada, and an increasing propensity, on the part of many Canadians, to question both the performance of government and the capitalistic system of private enterprise. Above all, the current economic crisis points to the need for a long-overdue democratic, people-oriented reform of government and business in Canada.


title: Trance logic, duality, and hidden observer responding in hypnotic, imagination control and simulating subjects

abstract: According to Orne (1951; 1959) reaI-simuIator differences in trance logic and duality reflect a trance state in hypnotics. The differential demands hypothesis, on the other hand, argues that real-simulator differences reflect the differential demands to which hypnotic and simulating subjects are exposed. Specifically, the differential demands hypothesis suggests that implicit demands for experiencing suggested effects and honest reporting to which hypnotics are exposed, lead these subjects to exhibit incomplete responses to suggestions. In contrast, simulators, who are not under demands to experience suggested effects or report honestly, simply follow their instructions by consistently enacting complete responses to even the most difficult suggestions. To test the hypothesis that reaI-simulator differences reflect incomplete responding to suggestions by hypnotics, groups of susceptible non-simulating hypnotic and imagination controls and groups of low and high-susceptibIe simulators were administered items tapping trance logic, incomplete responding, duality, and two hidden observer suggestions. Results were consistent with the differential demands hypothesis: Non-simulators reliably gave more incomplete responses than simulators. Trance logic items were found to discriminate between simulators and non-simulators only when these indicators also happened to tap incomplete responding. Furthermore, the two hidden observer effects failed to interecorrelate with one another or with the duality and trance logic items.


title: Hypnotic and nonhypnotic suggestion and smoking reduction

abstract: This study was designed to assess the effect of hypnotic and nonhypnotic suggestion for smoking cessation or reduction in smoking. In addition, the study assessed whether hypnotizability, motivation to stop smoking and locus of control orientation were predictive of outcome. Research concerned with stop smoking programs, locus of control studies and the debate concerning the nature of hypnosis was reviewed. Eighty-four subjects were assigned to five conditions. These conditions allowed comparison of an hypnotic induction procedure against a suggestion/no hypnosis procedure. These procedures were presented in both the active and passive voice. Saliva thiocyanate was used as a biochemical measure of smoking behavior. No significant difference in smoking reduction was found between treatments using an induction procedure and those using suggestion/no induction or between active and passive instructions. In addition, there was no significant difference in the success rate between the four treatment conditions combined and a no treatment control group. Subjects in all groups, including the controls, showed a substantial reduction in smoking. Subjects with an internal locus of control orientation were no more successful than those with an external orientation at reducing smoking. Hypnotizability also failed to predict treatment outcome. How much subjects liked to smoke was the best predictor of failure to reduce smoking.


title: The projection of the self as imago Dei

abstract: The phenomenon of projection, Jung's concept of the self, and the place held by the imago Dei are explored with the aim of showing how these basic concepts of Jung's psychology can be used to explain both the origin of religious experience in the individual and the religious fervour with which leaders and ideologies are followed by invidivuals and society. The thesis shows how Jung's view of the collective unconscious expands the conception of projection to include mythico-religio-politico configurations. It was Jung's opinion that, at the present time, the State and technology are common objects of the projection of the self as imago Dei in the image of a saviour. It is the contention of the thesis that the awareness and withdrawal of these projections is a necessary step towards world peace. The result of the withdrawal of the projection is that one becomes aware of the self as an intrapsychic resource moving the individual to personal wholeness and to expanded empathies toward the whole. The thesis argues this is currently a more desirable religious consciousness.


title: The Implementation of security mechanisms in the ADD system

abstract: The need for database security has increased as a result of social and corporate demands for more information privacy. Distributed databases have added a further dimension to the complexity of this task. This dissertation addresses security in the context of the ADD System under development at Carleton University. Security issues are defined in terms of three security measures; Organizational, Physical and Technical. In turn, these are provided through a set of five security mechanisms consisting of Identification, Access Management and Control, Isolation, Integrity and Surveillance. Isolation and Access Management and Control are proposed as structurally internal to ADD and are assessed as having minimal impact on system operation and performance if implemented during conceptual development. Identification, Isolation, Integrity and Surveillance are proposed as add-on modules and assessed, through illustrative example, as degrading system capacity, performance and reliability. Final recommendations include adoption of the proposed implementations in ADD and further research to ensure optimum application.


title: An Investigation of methods to realize helicopter haul down and landing

abstract:
Methods to realize the haul down and landing of a helicopter on the flight deck of a destroyer escort are investigated. The investigations proceed under the assumption that the helicopter is to be hauled to the ship's deck by means of a cable attached to the helicopter from a winch located on the ship.
During the haul down, disturbances to the helicopter have two main sources, namely, ship motion, which is transmitted to the aircraft through the haul down cable, and external forces such as wind buffeting, acting directly on the helicopter. These disturbances are to be minimized. At touch down the objective is to execute a smooth landing while the ship's deck is pitching and heaving under the influence of wave motion. The problem is further complicated by the nature of wave motion. Under severe sea conditions, wave motion is almost periodic in time but the wave peaks are randomly distributed in space. A haul down system must then make some provision for the random component of ship motion.
A peak landing system is developed which will haul down and land the helicopter causing small disturbance to the aircraft and pilot. This system is successful except under extreme sea conditions. The difficulty arises through the failure of the system to accurately predict the height of the ship above the datum when the helicopter is to be landed. A series of recommendations are then made, aimed at improving the system.
A controlled tension system is considered, but rejected on the grounds that the hauling and landing-processes are manually controlled and rely to a great extent on the judgement of the operator. An automatic system is also considered in which the helicopter is raade to reproduce ship motion as it approaches the ship's deck. This method is rejected since it leads to prohibitively high cable tensions.


title: From social movement to professional midwifery project : are we throwing the baby out with the bathwater?

abstract: The social movement(s) with which the midwives and their clients in Ontario have been connected since the late 1970's has tended to take an increasingly subordinate focus to that of licensing of midwifery as a profession. This thesis defines and characterizes both social movements and professions and draws a comparison of the two to reveal large differences in their goals, strategies, ethics, and participants. Using this comparison as a framework for discussion, it argues the midwives most eligible for integration into the health care system at time of legislation of the profession in Ontario were rooted in a sense of family and social movement ethics. The legislation project has created internal conflict and a growing need to distinguish between the Movement and the Professionalization/Legislation Project. The analysis is based on the popular and professional newsletters of the midwives, their clients, and the government legislation programs, video clips of workshops and news reports, and answers to a 35-page questionnaire sent to the midwives who had practised just before or just after the 1993 Bill to enact the midwifery legislation. Interviews or answers to the questionnaire were obtained from 41 of 89 midwives approached. A case is made for maintaining both the Movement and the Professionalization/Legislation Project. This would allow midwives to mainstream their services while remaining disengaged from the illusory elitism of professions, an elitism the midwives' and clients' Movement originally sought to avoid.


title: The Numerical solution of the radial-equilibrium equation for swirling flow in arbitrarily shaped ducts

abstract: The radial-equilibrium equation is discussed with regard to turbomachinery. The complete equation is derived for nonviscous flow and the simplifications are indicated. Five different techniques for the solution of three-dimensional compressible flow in a duct are examined in detail. A comparison with M. Vavra's results (11) is given for an accelerating bend with axisymmetric flow. The inlet to an annular wind tunnel is examined for different swirl velocities. Listings of the programs and printed output are included.


title: Negotiating social space through fair trade coffee consumption

abstract: This thesis attempts to engage fair trade discourse at the level of practice; a complexity of motivations and invisibilities, that revolve around the cultural and symbolic associations tied to fair trade coffee consumption in the social space of local coffee house. Space is also negotiated through labour practices. The theories discussed unpack labour spaces negotiated through coffee consumption. This thesis revealed the complexity of social interactions and labour relationships that connect fair trade coffee within a of topography social practices. Fair trade coffee practices attract a certain social class of consumer who understands and values coffee's symbolic position in their daily lives. A double-shot of espresso is extracted for a medium latte but its consumption, social capital, and geographical orientations are combined with ethical considerations and symbolic capital to give it cultural value. This analysis of fair trade coffee, and its symbolic position among customers, revealed a series of deliberately unrecognized social practices and positions required to support specialty coffee consumption in a Canadian city.


title: An adjustment model to account for the effect of luggage laden pedestrians on airport terminal arrivals corridor traffic

abstract:
A walkway should be designed or assessed with reference to the pedestrian mix using the facility. This is of particular importance in situations where there is a significant atypical pedestrian presence.
An adjustment model is developed to standardize pedestrian traffic flows in the arrivals corridors of airport terminals for use in walkway capacity analyses. The reduction in standard pedestrian flow potential is evaluated through the assessment of relative space requirements for basic user classes. Classes include standard unencumbered pedestrians, pedestrians carrying one piece of luggage, pedestrians carrying two pieces of luggage and pedestrians using luggage carts. Space requirements are defined using headway from the appropriate speed-time headway regression model, and lane width requirements based on the lateral displacement of the pedestrian classes. An illustrative design example is presented.
The use of the adjustment model enables a more realistic assessment of user traffic. Consequently, a walkway designed on this basis will allow pedestrians to maintain acceptable levels of service within mixed platoon flow traffic.


title: The shear strength of one third scale grouted reinforced masonry beams

abstract:
The grouted reinforced masonry beam (GRM beam), being a composite of a reinforced concrete (RC) and a reinforced masonry (RM) beam, has been shown to have a shear capacity between that of a RC and a RM beam. It is believed that as the grout width to beam width (bg/b) ratio increases, the shear resistance of the GRM beam will increase proportionally. A review of published evidence provided no systematic data on the influence of the bg/b ratio on shear strength, vu. Hence an experimental study involving a total of sixteen beams was undertaken to investigate the bg/b effect. Of the sixteen beams, fourteen were built at one third scale. A review of literature provided no information on the effect of scaling GRM beams. Therefore, this study also investigated the size effect.
GRM beam results indicate an overall increase in vu (compared to vu of RM beams) due to the bg/b effect. Results also indicate that the size effect has a minor effect on vu, and hence it appears that third scale GRM beam studies are feasible alternatives to full scale studies.


title: Tillich's approach to art

abstract: This thesis examines Tillich's views on the meaning or import of the fine arts. These are understood against the background of his life experiences and especially his theology. His pronouncements on art, frequently unconnected, are scattered throughout his works. The thesis draws especially from two publications and a lecture devoted to this subject. The thesis shows that Tillich was not primarily interested in the aesthetic aspects of art but in the depth dimension of artistic creations. His views were grounded in his theological and ontological orientation, which sought to correlate the revelatory possibilities expressed in selected works of art with both man's existential condition and search for ultimate reality. The thesis concludes that, while very interesting, Tillich's conception of meaning remains highly subjective.


title: Analysis and design of a broadband adaptive delta modulation system

abstract:
This thesis is concerned with the analysis and design of an adaptive delta modulator suitable for encoding broadband signals.
A detailed mathematical analysis of the proposed modulator is presented and a closed form relation for the signal-to-noise ratio is derived. The analysis assumes a Gaussian input signal having a flat spectrum.
Finally, the implementation of the proposed delta modulation system is described and experimental results are presented. The circuits were implemented using emitter coupled logic components (E.C.L.).


title: Le Conseil National de Securite des Etats-Unis : son role, son influence et son utilisation dans l'elaboration de la politique exterieure et de defense americaine (1969-1976)

abstract: This thesis concerns US decision-making and policy-making in foreign and defense affairs, at the presidential level. It raises the question of the extent to which formal governmental advisory organizations improve the quality of decision- and policy-making. For this purpose, it analyses and assesses the performance of the National Security Council as an interdepartmental mechanism shaping policies and counselling the President. It also examines the conditions and factors that hinder the activities of the Council, and explains some of its malfunctions. The "bureaucratic" and "presidential" interpretations of policy-making help support this analysis and the enquiry into the performance of the NSC during Nixon and Ford years (1969-1976). The hypotheses are verified through surveys of the literature and several case-studies. The conclusion highlights many complexities of real decision-making in the White House, that supplements some of the explanations offered by both the "bureaucratic" and the "presidential" perspectives.


title: Manipulation of the boundary layer transition to enhance the aerodynamic performance of athletes

abstract:
Every second counts. For an athlete racing against the clock, even hundredths of a second can make the difference between a podium and a top 10 finish. For a speed skater, more than 80% of the resistance to motion comes from the aerodynamic drag on the body.
The speed at which the skater is racing, the fluid density and the characteristic dimensions of the human body, which can be approximated as a combination of multiple circular cylinders, define Reynolds numbers that can be in the critical range. The critical Reynolds number range is characterized by an important reduction of the drag coefficient due to the transition of the flow from laminar to turbulent in the boundary layer. Depending on the body shape and proportion, the velocity, the wind turbulence and the surface roughness of the fabric covering the athlete, the drag area coefficient can be reduced to a minimum value.
This experimental research was performed in a wind tunnel. Measurement of drag and manipulation of the state of the flow were carried out around life-size mannequins for three different positions of a speed skater: sidepush, gliding and cross-over leg. Innovative technology using surface pressure measurement through fabrics with a variety of surface roughness allowed a comprehensive study of the flow to capture the state of the boundary layer in the critical Reynolds number range at the surface of the model. Local measurements indicated the contribution of each part of the body to the total drag and the parts that were Reynolds number dependent.
The experimental results have shown that it was possible to reduce the drag of a speed skater by 15% using appropriate surface roughness for the fabrics but moreover they indicated clearly the importance of correctly simulating parameters that affect drag reduction. The development of the flow around non-circular cross-sectional shape and the flow interaction between different parts of the body dominated the location of the transition, corresponding to a different position than for a single bidimensional circular cylinder. Manipulation of drag reduction in laminar flow led to an error of 5 to 30% in the targeted range of speeds compared to the results obtained with a representative wind turbulent flow.


title: The pattern of self-reflectiveness in dream reports

abstract:
A previous study by Purcell (1987) found that subjects exposed to training designed to increase attending to dream processes exhibited increased overall maximum dream self-reflectiveness (SR) levels, including an increased frequency of lucidity. The training group was compared to an Attention Control and a Baseline condition. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the training and the increases in dream SR on the pattern of changes in dream SR levels throughout the course of the dream report. In the present study the dreams from the Purcell study were broken down into textual information units (lUs) and each lU was assigned a separate SR score. The temporal sequence of the lUs was maintained and the resulting sequence of SR scores were analyzed in Chi squared analyses. A number of measures were investigated including the length of the dream reports, the length of the lU, the maximum SR score for all lUs, the average SR score for the dream report, the relative frequency of the SR levels, and patterns of changes in SR scores between sequential lUs. Conventional tests of significance were not used in light of the large sample size, which resulted in statistically significant chi squared values for empirically unimportant group distributional differences.
Results indicated that the training and the successful induction of lucidity had little effect on most measures of SR cores in the dream reports. What was striking in the group distributions was the similarities of the group patterns of SR in dream reports, particularly at the first five SR levels. Lucidity and SR enhancement training are concluded to have little effect on patterns of SR within dream reports. The limited effect of the training on SR is discussed in opposition to claims that lucidity may disrupt dream processes.


title: Microscopic analysis of hematopoietic differentiation in the early chick embryo

abstract:
Differentiation of the hematopoietic tissue of the yolk sac membrane of chick embryos during the first 6 days of development was observed by light and electron microscopy. Specific cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations were observed in primitive line erythroid maturation stages from presumptive precursor cells to mature erythrocytes. Particularly significant was the increasing aggregation of condensed chromatin and its organization within the nucleus during erythropoiesis. Electron microscope observations at 2 to 5 days of incubation suggested that the intravascular erythroblast population is heterogeneous, 2 or more maturation stages coexisting within the embryonic circulation on any particular day.
Definitive line erythroid cells were not present in the embryonic circulation until approximately 5 days of incubation, but presumed definitive line precursor cells were present as sequestered populations possibly as early as 2 days of incubation.
Chromatin condensation was observed to be an early event during erythroid cell maturation and is possibly a preprogrammed part of differentiation of this cell type. During maturation of primitive line erythroid cells, there was no marked change in the volume of condensed chromatin (on a per genome basis). Decreasing nuclear volume and increasing aggregation of condensed chromatin masses during differentiation combine to produce the illusion of increasing chromatin condensation observed in nuclear profiles in cytological preparations. There was no change in the density of fibril packing in condensed chromatin at different maturation stages.
Cultures of two cell populations prepared by density-gradient centrifugation of dissociated early chick embryos, yielded discrete islands of erythroid cells within a large mass of endodermal cells. One population contained erythroid precursor cells with a greater potential for multidirectional differentiation than the second population, though both types of precursor cell were capable of differentiating into maturing erythroblasts resembling  comparable maturation stages noted in ovo.


title: Frequency domain characterization of coaxial cables utilizing a time domain reflectometer

abstract:
This thesis is concerned with both the theoretical and experimental analysis of the time domain response of Co-axial cables.
The physical processes causing high frequency loss are discussed. Expressions are developed that include the planar skin effect loss and the dielectric loss. An analytical expression is derived for the line shunt admittance by considering the polymer dielectric to exhibit a distribution of relaxation times. A unique attenuation function is also derived.
A description is given of an analog-digital conversion system using a PDP-15 computer. In this system the experimental observations of time domain response are analyzed using a Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm to obtain the frequency domain response of the time sampled data. Finally a least square minimization curve fit is applied to obtain the coefficients of the attenuation function.
Experimental observations of time domain response show an excellent agreement with the theory.


title: Interactive computer-aided design of single span and continuous prestressed concrete beams

abstract:
A comprehensive program that runs on IBM and compatible microcomputers was developed to demonstrate modern programming techniques in engineering analysis and design. As a vehicle for this demonstration, a program was developed to perform the analysis and design of simply supported and continuous prestressed concrete beams. While there are programs which perform this task, the program described here presents the engineer with an intuitive and humanistic working enviroment and permits a high degree of control over program operations. The menu-driven nature of the program together with its graphics capabilities makes the program very interactive, easy to use, and stimulating.
The program can be used to design or analyze members for flexure, under service and ultimate conditions, as well as for shear and torsion. Prestress losses can be calculated using a time-step method and their effect on deformations and stress redistribution can be determined. All design aspects are governed by the current Canadian code of practice and applies to fully prestressed, noncracked pretensioned and post-tensioned members. Liberal use of graphics provides not only a visually stimulating environment but also serves as a powerful and effective means for conveying information. Design hints and code limits are also provided at various design stages to aid in the input of data and the analysis of results. The program can be used to design both building and bridge structures


title: From confrontation towards compromise: assessing Ukraine-Russia gas trade relations 1992-2002

abstract: This thesis examines Ukraine's tenuous relations with Russia over natural gas trade and transit from 1992 to 2002. With the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine not only inherited a large gas dependence on Russia, but also  ownership of vital pipelines transiting gas to Europe. Throughout the 1990s, the two countries were engaged in a dispute over establishing mutually agreeable gas terms of trade. Complicating the dispute was Ukraine's failure to pay higher gas prices to Russia for imports. This resulted in debt accumulation, and ultimately, an escalation of the dispute culminating in drastic gas supply cutoffs and siphoning incidents. Despite repeated recommendations from international organisations to privatise and liberalise the energy sector, Ukraine persisted in following a 'nationalist transition' course that curtailed foreign direct investment in state-controlled energy assets and continued to heavily subsidise domestic natural gas use. Furthermore, the transit leverage Ukraine inherited was compromised by rent-seeking business elite closely linked to the government. The thesis shows   that Ukraine's turbulent relations with Russia over gas trade and transit issues can be understood via two strands of international relations theory (realism and neo-liberalism). Ukraine's failure to implement energy reform was perpetuated by fears of Russian encroachment on its sovereignty on the one hand, and a lack of trust in the successful outcome of Western-recommended reforms on the other. The institutional and economic inefficiencies that Ukraine inherited from the former Soviet system, the political and economic turmoil experienced by Ukraine during the 1990s, and Ukraine's nationalist policies, complicated its efforts to move from a confrontational  towards a more cooperative energy trade relationship with Russia.


title: The Determination of mass attenuation coefficients for some of the elements of the first row of the transition series and some of the elements of the lanthanide series over the energy range 26.3 to 2.3 kev

abstract:
Mass attenuation coefficients have been determined for titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, and copper over an energy range 17.5 to 2.3 kev and for praseodymium, gadolinium and erbium over the range 26.3 to 4.5 kev. Agreement within experimental error with recent measurements on the transition metals was obtained. There appears to be no published experimental data in the pertinent energy range for comparison with the coefficients determined for the rare earth elements. The precision of the measurements as determined by the relative standard deviation varied from 0.5 per cent to 2.4 per cent. The variation in the precision can be accounted for by non-uniform absorbing foils. The accuracy of the measurements was judged to be in the range two to four per cent of the coefficients reported.
The thesis contains a brief description of the theoretical aspects of the phenomena of absorption and describes the X-ray and ancillary instrumentation used for the investigation, the assessment of error in the measurement techniques and the results of the project.


title: Wind gust pressures on buildings

abstract:
Design wind loads for building structures are usually based on the simplified concept of a steady wind, and the model tests used to determine design pressure coefficients are made in low-turbulence, constant velocity wind tunnels.
A statistical approach is required for a more realistic analysis of the loads caused by the gusty wind actually encountered in Nature. Model tests should be made in a boundary layer type wind tunnel in which the rate of increase of velocity with height above ground and the turbulence level (ratio of standard deviation to mean velocity) of real wind are properly simulated.
Full-scale measurements have been made on a 34-storey building in the centre of a large city to assist in the development and verification of modelling techniques to be used for simulating real wind conditions.
Full-scale results and measurements in a boundary layer wind tunnel are compared. Empirical expressions for the statistical properties of strong winds are examined. Size reduction factors and gust factors are discussed with reference to the measurements obtained and the static-dynamic design approach suggested by Davenport.


title: Analysis of interneurons of the rat piriform cortex : morphology, innervation, calcium binding protein expression and co-expression

abstract:
Piriform cortex (PC) receives sensory input from olfactory areas, passes this onto cortical/subcortical structures and is integrated with behavioural modalities. Little is known about functional/anatomical connections of the PC. Sensory/behavioural olfactory pathways and altered interneuron wiring may facilitate the region's seizurogenic tendencies. Innervation-pattern description of the various interneurons was the objective.
Distinct interneurons express differing calcium binding proteins (CBPs). Antibodies against these were used to characterise interneuron anatomical/morphological/innervation patterns. Parameters investigated for each interneuron subtype were: laminar  distribution; CBP expression overlap; dendritic arborization patterns; and post-synaptic targets of nerve terminals (NTs). These were quantified to establish a baseline, and combined to identify subtypes within the CBP-expressing groups.
Only PV and CB were co-expressed in interneurons. For each subtype specific laminar distribution of somata/dendritic processes/NTs; specific dendritic arborization patterns and post-synaptic morphological targeting was found. Findings were examined within context of olfactory processing, seizurogenesis and existing olfactory cortex connectivity models.


title: A method for evaluating packet voice reconstruction protocols

abstract: This thesis describes the design, construction, and operation of a device for the simulation of digital voice communication over a packet-switched data network. The Packet Voice Simulator (PVS) system allows two-way interactive voice communication using standard telephone handsets over a simulated packet network. Three packet voice reconstruction protocols designed to reduce the effects of random packet transport delay through the packet network are described and are implemented on the system. Initial test results using these reconstruction protocols with geometrically distributed packet network delay distributions are presented.


title: Effects of electromagnetic fields, heat transfer and viscous boundary layer on gaseous detonation waves

abstract:
The gaseous detonation wave is studied in two parts : an analysis based on a one-dimensional quasi-steady model for the wave front and a one-dimensional nonsteady model for the flow field.
The theoretical investigation of the effects of electromagnetic fields , heat transfer and viscous boundary layers on the properties such as velocity , pressure and temperature are presented both for the wave front and for each point in the flow field.
Results of numerical solutions , using heat transfer and viscous boundary layer effects proposed by Gooderum (1) and Fay (2) together with electric fields and current distributions obtained from experimental measurements by Plett (3) , for cases with electric fields only and for electric fields plus both positive and negative Lorentz forces are presented.


title: La Poetica de Nicolas Guillen : analisis estilistica integral de la "elegia a Jesus Menendez"

abstract: El proposito de esta tesis es un intento de determinar el valor poetico de Nicolas Guillen, buscando un metodo de aproximacion al fenomeno de la poesia y del poeta mismo, comunicante de ella, apoyandonos principalmente en las obras valiosas de Raul H. Castagnino: El analisis literario, 5a. ed. aumentada y actualizada (Buenos Aires, 1967) y Carlos Bousono: Teoria de la expresion poetica, 2 tomos, 5a. ed. muy aumentada (Madrid, 1970) que van bastante lejos en la misma direccion en que queremos ir nosotros: hacia un analisis estilistico integral de la poesia donde se tienen en cuenta tanto los elementos intrinsecos como extrinsecos que sirven para darle al lector u oyente la maxima satisfaccion humana posible de alcanzar de una obra poetica cualquiera. Y habiendo conseguido de nuestra investigacion un metodo para examinar la obra poetica de Nicolas Guillen, nos vamos a cenir a su "Elegia a Jesus Menendez" que aparece en La paloma de vuelo popular, Elegias (Buenos Aires, 1968) para hacer un analisis estilistico integral de ella.


title: Bandwidth compression for digital transmission of hand drawn graphics

abstract: Transmission of handwriting and sketches as a minimal bandwidth extension of conventional telephony has been employed for several years. Although these analog systems are useful, it is digital transmission which shows most promise in resistance to noise and distortion, and in compatibility with computer-generated graphics and PCM telephony. The bandwidth required by digital transmission must be reduced before such systems are  viable. In this thesis, the development of several bandwidth reduction schemes based on predictive encoding are discussed. The prediction model coefficients were obtained from experimental picture and handwriting data and this data was used to simulate the encoding algorithms. The compression ratios and the complexity of the various schemes are described.


title: Absorption Spectrum of HD and D 2 in the 840 A to 1100 A region

abstract:
The Vacuum Ultraviolet spectrum of HD and D2 has been studied under high resolution and is compared to that of H2. Three band systems, B1Σ+u - X1Σ+g, C1Πu -X1Σ+g and B'1Σ+u - X1Σ+g were observed up to the dissociation limit. In HD the forbidden transitions EF1Σ+g - X1Σ+g, G1Σ+g - X1Σ+g, and I1Πg - X1Σ+g were also observed for the first time.
The analysis of these band systems gave accurate rotational and vibrational constants for the excited states. A comparison of these constants is made with those derived from ab initio calculations and the deviations are discussed. An electronic isotope shift was observed in the B1Σ+u and C1Πu states, and the adiabatic corrections at the equilibrium position were calculated. The nature of the forbidden transitions and the correlation of the six excited states (B, C, B', EF, G, and I) to the two dissociation limits in HD is discussed.


title: Parting of the ways : the manufacturers, the liberals, and the 1911 election

abstract:
The Liberal election victory of 1908 left Canadian manufacturers, particularly those in the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, confident that industrial development would continue under the system of high protective tariffs. Immediately after the election the Association started to lobby for a permanent tariff commission, which they hoped would enshrine high tariffs as a non-partisan national ideal, and to encourage the government to give greater state aid to manufacturing industry in Canada. Their goal was to place Canada at the forefront of the world's industrial nations. However, this "manufacturing strategy" was virtually ignored by the Liberal government which  instead seemed to be moving towards the lower tariff policies advocated by the well organized and vociferous farmer movements of western Canada. When, in April 1910, the government announced that trade talks would be held with the United States administration with the object of negotiating lower tariffs between the two countries, the manufacturers were unable to present their opposing viewpoint to either the government or the public.  Instead they remained quiet, afraid that any moves they made would increase the popularity of the farmers' policies.
By early 1911, when the proposed reciprocity agreement with the United States was announced, prominent members of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association had decided that they must inaugurate a public  educational campaign to promote the necessity of protective tariffs and continued industrial development. A new organization, the Canadian Home Market Association was set up to ensure that there would be no public connection made with the Canadian Manufacturers' Association. By March 1911 this new organization was engaged in a propaganda campaign against the reciprocity agreement, the Liberal government and lower tariffs. Although the  campaign was directed specifically against the reciprocity agreement, the real aim of the manufacturers was to defeat a government that no longer followed high tariff policies but seemed in fact to be edging towards free  trade. This propaganda campaign of the manufacturers had a great influence in the electoral defeat of the Liberals in 1911.


title: Development of the Upper Canadian philosophy of education, 1791-1841

abstract:
Upper Canadian history displays an amazing zeal in the field of education. Indeed before the colony was a decade old there were nearly a score of identifiable schools established, some with more longevity than others.  These schools were varied: some were run by ministers of the Church of England, by loyalists, by Presbyterians, by Baptists, by Moravians and by men who had failed at other employment, and by 1804 the Catholics were demanding their own. There was a classical school, a school for Mohawks and a school for orphans. These schools, however varied, strove for a basic goal. It was their intent to promote loyalty, morality and Christianity in the colony. This striving for morality was in the old Puritan sense. They were not to give the people charity, alms, but to promote man himself. The man was to be made aware of his usefulness and this would prevent sloth and excess. Poverty and idleness led to crime, freethinking and disloyality.
Common purpose would not necessarily guarantee success however, as the English example shows. Guidance was needed. The first to provide guidance for Upper Canada was John Strachan. Strachan adapted the philosophy of traditional philosophy of Plato, Luther and other educators to the Upper Canadian needs. He worked without the help of the Church of England, and his employer the S.P.G., but with the men elected to the popular Assembly and with the appointed members of the Legislative Council. Education was taken from the realm of the philanthropic, as in England, and made dependent on the government and the people, and they  responded.
Strachan the teacher was a great innovator, a true educational liberal. He practised multidenominationalism in his Cornwall school, he urged class participation and guided his students to self-development. His proposed university of 1828 was more liberal than any English unversity, yet he did not want an English university as he did not feel it would meet the needs of Upper Canada. That is perhaps the most telling point; Strachan adapted and developed methods to fit the Upper Canadian situation, whether it be for school funding, the course of study in schools, or the understanding and aid of the colony's Indians.
Popular myth equates Strachan with the Family Compact and usually concerns itself with the bitter fight concerning the position of the Church of England and the university for Upper Canada. Strachan certainly wanted the  Church established but he did not draw the cloak of dogmatic Anglicanism until he had experienced the humiliations of the 1830's. His withdrawal was not, however, to prevent his ideas from being adapted, from being used to counter and compromise the educational ideas of those who followed him to pre-eminence.
What follows is an examination of the development of this philosophy to its real implementation—Ryerson's act of 1846. The concentration is on the philosophy of lower education, common and grammar schools. Others  have examined Strachan's educational policies and have detailed them. Unfortunately in the literature there is usually much more concern paid to Strachan and the establishment of an Upper Canadian university. Strachan did have policies concerning common and grammar schools, both when he was a teacher and when he was president of the General Board of Education. The examination of these policies is approached here through Strachan's philosophy of education. It was his philosophy which produced results and his philosophy was not that which one would usually associate with a Tory and a minister of the Church of England.


title: A table driven tree interpreter for Pascal and SP/K

abstract:
This thesis presents the design and implementation of a tree driven interpreter. Tree charts, a diagrammatic approach to the programming of the interpreter and the corresponding table generator are also discussed.
The interpreter described operates on a tree representation of PASCAL and/or SP/k programs. The tree charts written in a Tree Chart Language, are the basic design technique used to design the tables that drive the interpreter. The tables are generated by a tree chart translator specially designed for the task.


title: A history of Euboian Chalkis (to the end of the Roman republic)

abstract: Overshadowed by Athens and lacking an extant contemporary history of its own, the Greek city-state of Chalkis seldom receives adequate individual recognition. A collation of all available evidence — literary, epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic — permits at least a partial reconstruction of Chalkidian history. First settled in the Neolithic period, Chalkis was a leader in the colonization of the West. A land dispute between Chalkis and neighbouring Eretria was escalated into the greatest Greek war of the Archaic period. Defeated by the Athenians in about 506 B.C., Chalkis remained an unwilling dependency of Athens through most of the fifth century. In  411, Chalkis joined the Euboian League and in the 340's became its leading member, organizing Hellenic opposition to Philip of Makedonia. Throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Chalkis was a strategically vital garrison and a major commercial centre.


title: Development of a four function counter circuit for fabrication on a digital L.S.I. process

abstract:
The present need for an inexpensive electronic counter has prompted an effort by the semiconductor manufacturers to develop such a circuit using Large Scale Integration (LSI) techniques. Their efforts to incorporate all the necessary circuitry on a single LSI device have only met with partial success as approximately half of the required circuitry has been omitted.
This thesis presents a circuit design which contains all of the circuitry necessary to produce such an electronic counter and is compatible with available digital LSI processes. A working model of the proposed circuit has been constructed and successfully tested.


title: Evaluation and change in a literacy program

abstract: This case study examines implications of a completed evaluation at an experimental adult basic education project. While the literature of evaluation usage shows a high proportion of reports moving from evaluator to shelf having had little effect, there were, in this case, many changes congruent with recommendations in the report. This study examines change in one element - a shift from one-on-one delivery to group delivery of instruction -  and isolates factors which made this change possible. It finds that the evaluation was intimately involved in the change, and that there were essential conditions beyond evaluation quality which were essential to bringing the change about - including compatibility of educational philosophy between evaluators and users of the evaluation and the existence of a corporate 'learning culture'. It finds that different users legitimately require different types  and presentations of information, and recommends targeting reports to meet those requirements.


title: The railway tradition and Canadian architecture

abstract: Canadian architecture has wrongly been categorized as demure and is thus underrepresented internationally. According to Kenneth Frampton's concept of critical regionalism, Canadian architecture can be described as resistant to the universal nature of modemism. As such Canadian architecture is highly specific and regional. This regionalism can be partially attributed to the railway tradition and the chateau style of the grand railway hotels. This thesis proposes locating individual Units that encompass a holistic National Railway Interpretive Centre along the nation's railway line that interpret specific regional features including climate, light, topography and tectonics. The National Railway Interpretive Centre is an attempt to create a national architecture while remaining regional, thereby clearly exposing Canada as a sum of parts in a universal culture increasingly interested in spectacle over substance.


title: An investigation of the continuity hypothesis : indices of structure, descriptive elaboration and organization from mentation reports across states

abstract: This study investigated a view of dreaming known as the Continuity Hypothesis. The continuity hypothesis postulates a relationship - a continuity between nocturnal dreaming and day dreaming as a continuous fantasy process. The continuity hypothesis is constrained by  individual differences in reports of experience and by the fantasy situation. The continuity hypothesis can be examined through various measures. The specific measures used were structure, descriptive elaboration and organization. To test the hypothesis male and female low and high frequency dream recallers gave verbal reports of experience from a variety of daytime fantasy tasks and two different types of dream reports. Results were unexpected and favoured the high frequency dream recallers as being more continuous across state than the low frequency dream recallers. Few sex differences were found.


title: Musical life in present day Niagara-on-the-Lake in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

abstract: As the first United Empire Loyalist settlement in Upper Canada, Niagara-on-the-Lake has had a long and varied history which clearly reflects life in this country during its early years. Of its musical life the same may be said, as seen through an examination of the prevailing modes of music education, local performers and ensembles and the kinds of concerts they gave, travelling troupes and artists and influences received from the days of John   Graves Simcoe to the end of the nineteenth century.


title: Kant and rational agency : the third antinomical conflict within the framework of transcendental idealism

creator: Cruickshank, Gloria (Gloria Helen), 1952-

abstract:
Recently, there have been attempts to interpret Kant's philosophical insights into the problem of free will in light of contemporary compatibilist theory. Such attempts typically underplay the importance of Kant's  transcendental idealism. This thesis argues that the fundamental tenets of transcendental idealism are integral to a proper interpretation of the problem of free will, as Kant saw it, and to the manner in which Kant achieves a resolution to the problem. Of particular relevance, is Kant's contention that natural causation and freedom cannot both be possible without appealing to the transcendental distinction between appearances and things in
themselves. Since this distinction is the defining feature of transcendental idealism, I argue that the free will discussion of the third antinomy cannot be properly rendered unless it is interpreted from within the framework of transcendental idealism. Thus, this thesis offers an interpretation of transcendental idealism, an account of the interconnectedness of transcendental idealism and the third antinomy, and demonstrates the failure by  contemporary compatibilist theory to capture the essence of Kant's thought regarding the issue of free will.


title: Formation of glycine by irradiation of octacyanomolybdate- formaldehyde-ammonium chloride solutions under possible prebiotic conditions

abstract:
Glycine was formed in 12.0% yield when a solution containing octacyanomolybdate, ammonium chloride, and formaldehyde was irradiated by visible light for 48 hours. The yield of glycine formation was increased to 23.2% when near-ultraviolet light was allowed to irradiate a similar mixture. However, the radiochemical yield of glycine from carbon-14 labelled octacyanomolybdate, ammoniumchloride, and unlabelled formaldehyde was found to be only 0.3%. The dichotomy was resolved on the basis that spectroscopic evidence did not show the presence of glycine but did show the presence of other unidentified compounds.
Amino acid analyses were performed. The low yield of glycine was thus confirmed. Serine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were also found but in yet lesser yields. A hydrolysis experiment indicated the possible presence of α-amino nitriles as precursors to α-amino
acids.
The absence of oxygen in the irradiated mixture was shown to increase the yield of amino acids produced. The presence of titanium dioxide, as a catalyst, was also shown to increase the yield of amino acids.


title: Colonization potential of seven arctic plant species as determined under controlled environmental conditions

abstract:
Revegetation of disturbed arctic tundra areas has been considered essential for maintenance of soil stability, aesthetic quality and preservation of a natural system for dependant species. Seven species associated with early stages of tundra succession were studied to determine their qualities as potential colonizers of man disturbed sites.
Chemical and non-chemical methods for detection of seed viability in the field were suggested. Seed viability was found to be dependant on locality and collection data. Germination capacity varied with soil type, planting depth, intermittent soil freezing and the moisture regime. The threshold emergence temperature and range were interpreted under constant and alternating temperatures. Germination did not occur until a 11 day induction period at 8°C /5 C had been given. Eriophorum angustifolium and Arctophila fulva only emerged under higher temperatures.
Linear and biomass measurements of above and below ground production were determined after a cool growth season simulation. A leaf area index (L.A.I.) to standing crop for quantitative intraspecies measurements or  relative interspecies measurements was suggested for rapid field computation. Under similar growth conditions, Eriophorum angustifolium produced the greatest L.A.I, of the sedges (31,399 mm2 per 100 plants); and Calamagrostis canadensis, the greatest L.A.I, of the grasses, (24,858 mm2 per 100 plants). Rhizome patterns were mathematically analyzed. Comparative species growth rates are presented for the simulated growth season.
Potential frost hardiness levels were determined for four seedling growth stages. Frost resistance was found to vary according to the developmental stage and the individual plant part. Rhizomes were considered the  determinant of total plant survival for grasses, sedges and Epilobium angustifolium. Senecio congestus, withstanding -2 3°C , produced hardier foliage and exhibited greater total plant freeze survival than rhizomatous species. Extended conditioning at a constant 2°C promoted greater hardiness in all species. The hardiness threshold was found to be interspecific with some degree of hardening occurring under a diurnal alternation of 14°C /6°C for Epilobium angustifolium, Arctophila fulva, Calamagrostis canadensis and Carex aquatilis. A basic or 'spontaneous' hardiness level was considered to be interspecific and independent of conditioning. Increased  resistance resulting from conditioning was superimposed on the 'spontaneous' level of hardiness so that the potential level could be approximated. Extended freeze duration was found to increase injury in similarly  conditioned seedlings. All species were found capable of hardening under continuous illumination.
A scale was designed to predict species potential hardiness in C° throughout a seedlings initial growth season. Examples of meteorological data for disturbed sites of the Inuvik region, N.W.T. were provided for  comparison with the scale to determine if species hardiness levels were adequate for recolonization of exposed areas. A colonizing potential scale from 1 to 10 was compiled by assessing a species ability to respond to a disturbed area with respect to germination, establishment, production and frost hardiness. Senecio congestus attained a rating of 8 which predicted a high performance and suitability for the colonizing of sub-arctic tundra areas.


title: Exploring Shamanic paths of traditional native healing : an ethnographic approach to health and healing

abstract: This thesis explores a traditional Native model of healing. This holistic approach to healing is based on Native philosophy which integrates the physical, the emotional, the mental and the spiritual aspects of being for the person to be healthy, balanced and in harmony. The healing process incorporates an experiential approach based on shamanic techniques of healing including breath work or controlled breathing, drumming, rattling, nature music and shamanic journey's during altered levels of consciousness where individuals can meet spirits, guides, animals and shamans to help them in their healing. Also illustrated is how patients and healers view Western medicine and Native healing as becoming a more integrated process. The fieldwork used a combination of participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and a transpersonal approach using experiential methods. The sample population included Native healers from different cultural groups across Canada, as well as patients/clients, both Native and non-Native, participating in traditional Native healing ways. The sampling method was non-random and does not intend to be representative of all healers or patients of traditional Native healing. Ethnographic information on healing ceremonies, the healing circle, pipe ceremony, sweatlodge ceremony and feast for the dead were gained through transpersonal participant observation. This method of data gathering is inherently qualitatively oriented, as opposed to quantitative. The therapeutic process involved in traditional Native healing, which produces a transformational healing experience for the patient, both physiologically and psychologically, is outlined. A n understanding of the healing process is provided through the biogenetic structural approach to consciousness, as well, the theoretical framework of analytic psychology as outlined in the personal and collective unconscious by Jung, and Gellhorn and Kiely's theory of the ergotropic-trophotropic process. In addition to the academic focus represented by the theoretical framework, an attempt has been made to present the healing process from the perspective of the Native worldview.


title: Canada's righteous : a history of the Canadian National Committee on Refugees and Victims of Political Persecution

abstract:
By 1938 a small group of Canadians were aware that Germany's Nazi regime was following a policy of expelling Jews. In the years leading up to the Second World War the League of Nations Society in Canada sought to aid  these refugees. In late 1938 they realized they could no longer assist refugees and fulfill their other humanitarian obligations. In October 1938 the League of Nations Society in Canada executive voted to create a Canadian National Committee on Refugees and Victims of Political Persecution (CNCR).
This thesis is a study of their work and an examination of the ideas which motivated their members to action. It will outline the activities of the CNCR which included lobbying the Government to admit refugees, publishing literature on the refugee question and assistance of refugees upon arrival in Canada. It demonstrates that most members were motivated to this service by a belief in internationalism or in the social nature of Christianity.


title: An investigation of the multimolecular forms of [alpha]-galactosidase from Cucurbita pepo

abstract:
The intracellular location and multimolecular forms of α-galactosidase from leaves of Cucurbita pepo were studied. Leaf discs hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactoside to approximately 60% of total in vitro activity. Less than 6% of total activity was released by treatment with 0.5 or 1.0 M NaCl. Protoplasts contained less than 0.1% of total activity.
α-Galactosidase was isolated and purified by pH fractionation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography. A 9,700 fold purification was obtained with 55% recovery. The multimolecular forms were  investigated by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The multiple forms were composed of 30,000 dalton subunits. The aggregation of subunits was influenced by pH, buffer cation and ionic strength. A 60,000 dalton form occurred in 50 mM NaPi buffer, a 30,000 dalton form in 100 mM NaPi buffer. K+ ions in the buffer produced a 90,000 dalton form with increased activity.
There was no detectable transgalactosylation activity.


The Australians in Canada


title: Adaptive strategies for optimum adjustment of a P.A.M. communications receiver

abstract:
When amplitude-modulated pulses are transmitted through a channel, time dispersion may occur which can cause an increase in error rate due to intersymbol interference. If additive white noise is present, the situation is worse. An optimum linear receiver for this situation consists of a Matched Filter followed by a Sampled Data Filter. The Sampled Data Filter consists of a sampler followed by a tapped delay line, the outputs of which are
weighted and summed to get the receiver output. The optimum weights or gains of the tap outputs can be calculated if the received pulse shape, signalling rate, and signal to noise level are all known and fixed.
As an improvement to initial calculation, several adaptive strategies have been proposed in the literature to optimise the tap gains on a continuous basis. This is done by measuring the receiver performance, using actual transmitted data, and adjusting the gains as required.
This thesis compares several promising adaptive schemes on the basis of: (a) speed of convergence, and (b) accuracy of convergence. The speed criterion used was: the total number of data samples from the start of adaptation that are required to adjust the tap weights to optimum values, with the tap gains initially set to zero. The accuracy criterion used was: the error rate of the system after sufficient samples had elapsed from
the start of adaptation for the error rate to stabilize at an approximately constant value.
The conclusion is that an iterative strategy developed by Dr. R.W. Lucky, of Bell Telephone laboratories, has superior performance and is also the easiest to implement.


title: Urban ghosts and the architectural detail : a dialogue between mental construing and physical construction

abstract:
The city exists in two forms: the tangible and the intangible. The tangible city is the physical form of the built environment and the intangible city is the perception of that same physical space. These two forms interact in a continuous dialogue of corporeal experience and mental understanding.
The Industrial Revolution undermined the art of crafting in North America and, as a result, city design disengaged the imagination and grew to scales beyond corporeal perception. The thesis reacts to these developments by choreographing the dialogue in order to enhance a user's interaction with the city and synchronize physical manipulation with psychological understanding.
Critical to the analysis is the role of the corporeal unit as the vessel of cognitive and spatial understanding. Using Marco Frascari's depiction of the detail as the means through which the interplay of construction (tangible) and construing (intangible) is made manifest, along with Kevin Lynch's analysis of urban images, the thesis will choreograph the conversation between these two forms of the city. The thesis aims to invigorate the intangible essence of the city and understand the mental mind frame as a key factor in urban involvement. Through mapping the chosen site is evaluated and the intangible made manifest. The phenomena of ghosts and the  imagination, which perpetuate mental imagery and create internal landscapes of physical associations, will guide the project of architecture in examining the role of the dialogue as a means of assimilating the dweller to the  project and the project to the city.


title: A study of the Birch reduction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid

abstract: A series of Birch reductions on 4-methoxybenzoic acid is described. The results obtained were from an extensive variation in the reaction parameters including reaction times, quantities and types of reagents; e.g. the use of different alkali metals (sodium, lithium), the use of methyl iodide in place of the normal proton source (ethanol). The examination of the products was pursued with particular interest in the fate of the 4-methoxyl group which was found to be cleaved completely in each reaction. The preliminary results obtained indicate that this cleavage occurs very early in the reduction sequence. The work on the examination of the products obtained is also described.


title: A study of the electret properties of Carnauba Wax

abstract:
Carnauba wax electrets were made by electrification with high fields below the melting point of the wax. Measurements were made of the discharge current of an electret and the torque on an electret in an electric field. A torsion balance was constructed to measure the torque. Experiments were conducted both with natural wax and with wax that had been treated to remove impurities.
It was found that for an electret of natural wax the discharge current fell off with time after removal of the forming field; the magnitude of the current being approximately inversely proportional to the time since the field was removed.
The torque on such an electret rises from zero with time, the magnitude being given by T = c(1 - i/t) where c is a constant and t is the time since the forming field was removed. Removal of occluded water changes the functions for the decay of discharge current and rise in torque to exponentials. Thorough filtering and an attempt at removal of ionic impurities increased the final value of the torque.
The results are in agreement with the theory proposed by B. Gross.


Social change and the military : the stabilization of commitment


title: The development of a technique to determine insect species from stomach contents and feces of some bats

abstract: This thesis is an investigation of the practicality of a method to identify insect species from fragments which survive mastication and digestion by bats. The investigation makes use of optical and scanning electron  microscopes in conjunction with a reference collection of insects. Twelve species of Coleoptera were fed to four captive Eptesicus fuscus and a key made using species specific "tags" which survived ingestion and digestion.  The parts of an insect culled by bats in relation to the size and sclerotized nature of that insect and the size of the stool produced by the bat relative to the size of the insect were found to be related. Stomachs of 12 Myotis lucifugus obtained during swarming were examined to test the difference between stomach analysis and feces analysis, and to test the practical value of the above method. Analysis of feces is superior to analysis of  stomach contents as a means of determining the diet of insectivorous bats.


title: The Dynamic operation of magnetic reed relays

abstract:
This thesis deals in a "pragmatic" way with the problem of finding the actual behavior of magnetic reed relays and the factors which influence this operation.
In chapter II a thermodynamical approach to this problem has been outlined. Chapter III treats the magnetization process in the reed, using two different concepts, whereas in chapter IV a mechanical equation for the reeds has been derived.
The experimental methods are explained in chapter V. Chapter VI contains a discussion of the experimental results in comparison with the predictions of theory. Finally in chapter VII all these results have been combined into a set of differential equations which describe the behavior of the reeds.
Throughout this thesis more importance has been attached to finding the influence factors which are important for design than to finding exactly the operation of the reeds as they are now. It has been shown that the classical approach using an effective area, as outlined in chapter I, is not suitable for this problem, and that the flux pattern is really the most innortant influence factor. Also it has become clear that saturation is reached before the reeds actually start moving so that knowledge of the static forces may be sufficient to predict the operation of the reeds.


title: Activity measure as a frame rate control in improved television channel utilization

abstract: The activity of a television image can be used to control the rate at which television frames are transmitted resulting in improved usage of a television channel. The frames are transmitted at a reduced rate but are presented at the viewing end at the normal rate of thirty frames per second. The improved channel utilization comes about by combining several reduced rate television signals and transmitting them over a single television channel. This report investigates possible measures of activity and the use of the measure to control the frame renewal rate and examines the success of a simulation of a communication system in which the frame renewal rate is controlled by image activity. It is demonstrated that image activity can be successfully used to control a communication system which transmits still or slowly varying, i.e. low activity, pictures.


title: Fabrication and characterization of silicon P+-N-N+ trapatt diodes

abstract:
The objectives of the program reported in this thesis were to (a) develop and compare the characteristics of both planar and mesa silicon p+-n-n+ TRAPATT diodes, (b) confirm the validity of Clorfeine's design triangle and (c) examine Chudobiak's technique of pre-selecting diodes capable of stable TRAPATT operation by means of low frequency capacitance measurements. Process development was carried out and both planar and mesa diodes were fabricated. D.C. and low frequency electrical measurements indicated that the fabricated diodes had the characteristics necessary for TRAPATT operation.
Initial microwave measurements indicated that both the planar and mesa diodes produced stable TRAPATT oscillations. However, the diodes did not operate at the designed point within Clorfeine's design triangle and the efficiencies were low. Insufficient characterization was carried out to determine the cause of the low efficiencies. The devices were not hermetically sealed and some aging mechanisms appeared to have set in before detailed characterization could be completed, preventing stable oscillations from being achieved. Consequently, detailed comparison of planar and mesa diodes could not be carried out, nor could the design triangle be confirmed.


title: Investigation of the effect of ionizing radiation on M.O.S. devices with plasma anodic SiO2 as the insulator

abstract:
The anodization of silicon in an oxygen plasma produces silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulators that are inherently better than thermal oxides because
a) they are grown in a clean environment, and
b) their crystal structure is more ordered.
Metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors (MOSTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCs) are fabricated in two plasma anodization systems in an effort to produce a high quality plasma SiO2. The
devices with the best SiO2 layers are used in radiation tests. For comparison purposes, MOSTs and MDSCs with thermal SiO2 and thermal HCl are used.
Radiation tests performed on the devices indicated that plasma anodic SiO2 holds promise of being more radiation resistant than thermal SiO2. This is only a tentative conclusion, however, since the plasma oxide results were not consistently better than the results for all the thermal oxides. This may, at least in part, be due to the usually high degree of sodium contamination present in the plasma SiO2 introduced during the MOST fabrication procedure after the growth of the plasma SiO2.


title: Liquid electrofluiddynamic high voltage generator

abstract:
An eleotrofluiddynamic high voltage generator has been built using a liquid dielectric fluid. The device, often referred to as a fluid Van de Graaff generator, has a high internal impedance and produces a maximum voltage of between 50 and 60 KV at a current of 1.5x10-6 amps.
The effect on the device output of varying several of the system parameters was examined, and it was found that varying the ionizer supply voltage was the best method for controlling the output current. Two factors, in particular, limited the output of the device, the fluid flow rate and the ionizer design. The problems of fluid contamination and fluid leakage caused the greatest experimental difficulties.


title: Wittgenstein and Hegel

abstract:
In this research paper, it is suggested that the parallels and connections which some commentators have argued to exist between some of the arguments and views of Hegel and the later Wittgenstein may not be purely  coincidental. There is good cause to believe that Wittgenstein had some contact with the general philosophic tradition of which Hegel is an integral part. There is also some cause to suspect that some of Wittgenstein's  most important personal influences may have introduced him to ideas with Hegelian affinities.
After briefly discussing some of the inherent difficulties in drawing parallels between Hegel and Wittgenstein, a survey is attempted of the works of some of the key commentators who have made comparisons between some elements of Hegel's and Wittgenstein's philosophies. Then, a survey is attempted of those influences on Wittgenstein who may have - often indirectly - lead him to hold loosely Hegelian positions or use Hegelian arguments.  Finally, noting that Wittgenstein consciously opted for Hegel's dialectical approach to philosophy, Wittgenstein's and Hegel's general philosophic methods are compared.
This paper in no way suggests that Wittgenstein must be read as a Hegelian. It only argues that there is cause to seriously consider interpretations of Wittgenstein which involve significant parallels to Hegelian thought,  although not Hegelian thought as some of his detractors or early 'followers' understood it.


title: The shattered image : a study of occupational socialization experienced by municipal officers of the Vancouver and Ottawa police departments

abstract:
This study presents the results of an investigation into the process of formal and informal occupational socialization as it has been experienced by the officers of the Vancouver and Ottawa municipal police departments. In order to carry out this investigation a group of 183 police officers who were either about to retire, or had retired, from their occupation were interviewed in order to determine:
1) their personal backgrounds and motivations that prompted them to become police officers;
2) the career management strategies that were developed in order to assist the officers in overcoming many of the problems encountered in occupational structure and operations that would hinder the completion of that career;
3) the effects of the preparation for, and enactment of, career termination and retirement upon the behaviour and attitudes of those contained in that process; and
4) the nature and sources of information on occupational expectation and procedure provided by the socialization process found in the work environment, and ascertain how the officers adapt to this knowledge by way of the role they choose to take during their careers.
The purpose of this investigation was to categorize the various types of roles found in the behaviour of the police officers through the models of adjustment suggested in the works of Merton and Rosow, and then determine how a particular role either assisted or hindered an individual's attempts at career management. A further investigation was made to determine the effects of the occupational environment upon the career paths of the officers as well. It was determined from the results of  this study that the majority of officers had entered the occupation in order to gain financial security, and that the more successful strategy for career completion was one in which the officers had developed a personal life which had a different identity to that provided by their occupational role. It was also found that this strategy greatly assisted the officers in their transition into the retirement period by preparing them for new social roles. It was found that their old occupational roles also served a function in terms of providing a transitional role that has not been previously identified in the literature, in order to assist the ex-officers in establishing themselves in their new situation. The conclusions that are drawn from these findings suggest that a re-evaluation be made of some aspects of police behaviour, such as the phenomena of comradery and social insularity that are reported to be present amongst its members, and that attention be given to the differences between the image of policing as it has been presented to us in popular culture, scholarly literature, and various police organizations, with that presented to us through an officer's own experience, in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the police function in Canadian society, as well as the various expectations that have been brought to it by various groups.


title: A revision of the Australian and New Guinea genera of Bolboceratini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

abstract:
The bolboceratine genera are revised for Australia and New Guinea. Five of the seven genera are left unchanged; Blackburnium Boucomont (Howden's sense) is redefined in a more restricted sense, the excluded species being placed in three new genera, Austrobolbus, Bolbolophus, and Bolboleus, and the Australian species of Bolbapium Boucomont are transferred to the new genus Bolbaineus.
All genera are described, and most are illustrated; a key to the genera is given together with a list of included species and their distributions. The literature on the Australian genera is reviewed and listed and discussions on the biology and faunistics of the tribe are provided.


title: Molecular genetic proteomic analysis of AtMEK1 knockout mutants in Arabidopsis

creator:
Conroy, Chad O&#039
Neill.

abstract: Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are crucial regulatory pathways in defense and development in plants. The ability to rapidly activate and deactivate MAPK pathways in response to changing conditions allows plants to adapt to a changing environment. tMEK2 is an important MAPK kinase in tomato plants and based on a high protein sequence similarity of 74.8% it may be closely related to an Arabidopsis thaliana MAPKK AtMEK1. AtMEK1 is a defense response gene that is capable of activating the MAPK proteins AtMPK3, AtMPK4, and AtMPK6. More information about the activity and roles of AtMEK1 is needed and to provide more information several tests were undertaken, examining AtMEK1's response to stresses through the use of knockout mutants of AtMEK1. We found that there was reduced response in AtMEKl knockouts in response to a synthetic auxin, an auxin transport inhibitor, as well as fungal toxin fumonisin B1. AtMEK1 mutant plants showed resistance to salt during both germination and adulthood. There was no visible difference in response to either cold or heat stress between wild type and knockout plants. AtMEK1 knockout Arabidopsis were also capable of bolting under short day conditions, unlike wild type plants. This shows that AtMEKl plays a role in a variety of developmental and stress response pathways.


title: The structure and photolysis of some cyclic N-nitroso amines, oximes and amines

abstract:
High temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study the barrier to N-N bond rotation in seven cyclic N-nitroso amines. Arrhenius activation energies of 20.0±0.5 Kcal. mole-1 and 21.8±0.6 Kcal. mole-1 were calculated for N-nitrosoazacyclopentane and N-nitrosoazacyclohexane,respectively. The free energy of activation of hindered N-N bond rotation was calculated to be 24.5±0.1 Kcal. mole-1 for  N-nitrosocamphidine and >23-3 Kcal. mole-1 for N-nitrosoazacycloheptane, N-nitrosoazacyclooctane and N-nitroso-3-azabicyclo[3,2,2]nonane at the coalescence temperatures.
The solution photolysis of N-nitrosoazacyclononane and N-nitrosocamphidine produced the parent amines and one amidoxime as the only isolated and positively identified photolysis products.
The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of seven cyclic oximes were determined using metastable peaks and accurate mass measurements. Most emphasis was placed on the M-OH fragment formed by a McLafferty-type rearrangement and the M-NO and NO+ ions.
The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the oximes from cycloheptanone to cyclododecanone were found to be similar to the fragmentation patterns for cyclohexanone oxime.
The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of several cyclic and bicyclic amines were found to be similar to the fragmentation patterns reported for azacyclohexane.


title: The flute of the Canadian Amerindian : an analysis of the vertical whistle flute with external block and its music

abstract:
This paper is a study of the vertical whistle flute with external block and its music. This type of flute is found in the Algonkian, Iroquoian, Southeast, Plains, Plateau, Basin and Northwest Coast areas.
The origin and traditional functions of the flute are discussed. Aspects of construction of flutes from museums and private collections are compared with the literary references and with transcriptions of flute melodies from the Algonkian, Plains and Basin areas. The musical analysis identifies similarities and differences of flute melodies from various areas and compares them to their vocal counterparts and the musical style of the region.
The documents on which the study is based are:
1) a compilation of the literature,
2) extensive documentation collected by the author from museums and private collections,
3) transcriptions from early twentieth century recordings and recently recorded material and
4) personal communication with Amerindian flute players and makers.


Health benefits of self-control strategies and emotional expression of stressful events and the moderating effects of gender


title: The effects of catecholamine depletion and acute noradrenaline replacement on amygdala kindling in the rat.

abstract:
Depletion of catecholamines (CAs) with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been repeatedly demonstrated to exert a profound facilatory influence on the rate of amygdala kindling in the rat. Since the  depletion of noradrenaline (NE) effected by this neurotoxin is thought to mediate this acceleration in seizure development, it was hypothesized that acute administration of intraventricular NE prior to kindling stimulations would reverse this effect.
Male Wistar rats were pretreated with either intraventricular 6-OHDA or with the vehicle solution alone (VEH) and implanted with amygdala electrodes bilaterally. Following a minimum recovery period of three weeks, kindling was begun. Prior to each kindling stimulation, 6-OHDA and VEH animals received intraventricular infusions of either NE or the saline-ascorbic vehicle (ASC).
Pretreatment with 6-OHDA was once again found to facilitate the rate of kindling but, contrary to prediction, exogenous NE failed to reverse this effect. NE did however appear to retard kindling in VEH pretreated animals. These results are interpreted as evidence that the well-established seizure suppressive influence of NE is mediated presynaptically, presumably by the inhibitory α2 receptor.


title: Threshold voltage instabilities in M.O.S. silicon-gate transistors.

abstract: Because of the large number of elements integrated, on complex MOS LSI circuits, the evaluation of their reliability at the component level is difficult to assess, hence alternate methods are needed. One method used by manufacturers, is to fabricate test patterns on the MOS LSI slice and to use these test patterns to evaluate and control the reliability of the process and circuits. The stability of MOS devices is largely dependent on the quality of the gate oxide and on the quality of the oxide-silicon interface. Bias-temperature testing can be performed on MOS test transistors to accelerate threshold voltage drift. Observing the direction of this drift,  calculating the activation energy of the drift mechanism and evaluating the magnitude of the drift with respect to time and temperature, the reliability of the process and LSI device can be assessed and the cause of the drift determined. Studies performed on test transistors manufactured on Microsystems International p-and n-channel MOS silicon-gate processes show that little or no contamination was present in the gate oxide and that the drift was caused by slow-trapping of charges in the oxide-silicon interface. The activation energy of the trapping mechanism was 1.18eV for p-channel. N-channel transistors showed stabilities better than p-channel. The threshold voltage drift observed on both p- and n-channel transistors will not affect the long term reliability of circuits operating over normal temperature ranges.


title: Human trafficking in Moldova : a coherent analysis of major "push" factors

abstract: The fall of the Soviet Union has resulted in a long and painful transition period for the former Soviet republics. Whereas initial prognoses were usually optimistic, the reality has proven that the consequences of the transition are bleak. Severe unemployment, underemployment, poverty and desperation are a daily routine for the majority of the population. The mystification of the West as a safe haven usually 'pushes' the desperate people out of their home countries in search of a better future. This essay analyzes the phenomenon of unprecedented wave of human trafficking in the former Soviet republic of Moldova and the main 'push' factors that act as catalysts for illegal migration and subsequently, human trafficking. The essay argues that human trafficking is a direct result of the transition period and the retreat of the Moldovan state from all spheres of life. The main causes of human trafficking in Moldova are the nature of its economic transition, its anomic society, and the return to traditional gender roles.


title: Public key cryptography and the zero-one knapsack problem

abstract: This paper reviews several popular symmetric cryptosystems, monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic. Their susceptibility to cryptanalysis is examined. Asymmetric cryptosystems are introduced through public key  cryptography. The Rivest-Shamir-Adelman cryptosystem is explained. Then the Merkle-Hellman system based on the zero-one knapsack problem is presented. Standard attacks on the zero-one knapsack problem are rejected as too time-consuming. Herlestam's proposed attack is discussed in detail. The results of theoretical examination and computer tests show that it is not quick, as claimed. The recent polynomial time algorithm of A. Shamir solving most instances of the Merkle-Hellman system is studied in detail.


title: A study on experimentation techniques of linear elastic (K1C) and elastic-plastic (J1C) fracture toughness tests

abstract:
A capability of conducting linear elastic (KIC) and elasticplastic (JIC) fracture toughness tests on three point bend specimens is demonstrated. Machine-to-specimen interface grips and fixtures are designed and  fabricated. Provisions are made for easy modification to testing of compact tension (CT) or four point bend specimens.
ASTM E399-72 standard test for plane strain fracture toughness determination; ASTM task group E24.01.09 multiple identical specimens (R-curve) test and energy rate test for elastic-plastic fracture toughness  determination are conducted. A ductile, CSA G.40.8/A-3, steel and a brittle, 4340-800F, steel are employed in the experimental investigation.
Fatigue crack growth rate data is obtained for both steels during fatigue precracking of specimens.
Estimation formulations of Rolfe and Novak and Hahn and Rosenfield are used to obtain KIC estimates. Analytical estimation procedures of Bucci et al and Rice et al are utilized in obtaining JIC estimates.
Fracture toughness values obtained via various testing and estimation methods are compared and success of each method is discussed.


title: Inferential processes in psychophysical judgment : an unfolding view.

abstract:
The structure and processing in two formally equivalent compound tasks are investigated: a judgment of ease task, and a similarity task. The judgment of ease task is a binary comparison task where two successive binary categorizations are performed followed by a comparative judgment of ease or difficulty of the binary component categorizations. In the similarity-dissimilarity task, the subject must perform two successive binary comparisons each requiring the subject to compare the lengths of a horizontal line segment with a vertical line segment. The second comparative judgment is then immediately followed by the judgment of similarity or dissimilarity of the horizontal segments with the vertical standard.
It is determined that the data can be represented in terms of Coombs' unidimensional theory of unfolding (1950, 1964). For example, when subjects are required to indicate which of two successively presented visual extents is easier or harder to categorize as "long" or "short" they execute these categorizations and then measure the distance of the representation of each stimulus from the long-short category boundary; the stimulus nearer the boundary is the more difficult. When they are requested to indicate which is easier to categorize, they select the alternative that is farther from the boundary.
A model based on inferential rules is advanced as a possible basis for the development of parallel processing. Although no clear evidence of parallel processing was obtained, there was some indication of concurrent processing. The inferential model was supported by obtaining presentation order effects when no explicit perceptual comparisons were required of the subjects.


title: Plotinus on the nature and value of emotions

abstract: It has often been remarked upon by Plotinian scholars that despite Plotinus' importance in the history of philosophy, he has not been adequately understood. As Rist comments, "[p]erhaps no philosopher has been accorded more respect and less understanding than Plotinus." This is largely due, I think, to Plotinus' mode of explication. As Blumenthal observes, "[a]t first sight Plotinus' philosophy is full of contradictions." In order to ameliorate this state of affairs somewhat, I attempt to provide a fairly exhaustive survey of problems in Plotinus' doctrines on emotions. As well as pointing out these difficulties, I offer various resolutions that I take to be consonant with the spirit of the Enneads. The implications of these resolutions for our understanding of the philosophy as a whole are also considered. Of particular interest are Plotinus' doctrines on "emotionlessness" (apatheia) and on love in the incorporeal. With regard to the former, I argue that too literal an interpretation of Plotinus' call for the eradication of emotions is misleading and that in actuality emotions play an important role in human existence. With regard to the latter, I explain how the discussions of incorporeal love may be understood as symbolic or indirect communications.


title: Character and fate in four tragic novels of Thomas Hardy

abstract:
Criticism of the novels of Thomas Hardy has tended to examine his art as a propagation of a consistent philosophy of life. The tendency has been to perceive Hardy either as a fatalistic artist advocating the view that man and the universe are directed by an external power or as a deterministic novelist belonging to the school of naturalism. Such criticism tends to overlook and underrate the fact that Hardy was essentially a writer of tragedies. An essential element of the tragic vision is that man determines his own fate. It is this which distinguishes tragedy from pathos.
This study examines the concept that "character is fate" in Hardy's four major tragic novels—The Return of the Native, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure. In all four tragedies, the protagonist-antagonist relationship is similar: the protagonist struggles against antagonistic environmental forces. External forces do not, however, determine the course the protagonist's life takes. Analyses of the characters of Hardy's protagonists and the plots of his tragic novels reveal that, for Hardy, character is  indeed fate.


Gesture and hierarchy : a study of nonverbal features of communication in Tamilnadu, South India


title: Efficient compression of monochrome still images on general purpose hardware

abstract: The developed techniques of coding monochrome still images are reviewed. The most effective coding, in terms of decorrelating the image data, is found in the transform domain but due to the very high computational cost it is considered inappropriate on general purpose hardware. In the spatial domain, two techniques, Micro-Adaptive Picture Sequencing (MAPS) and Block Truncation Coding (BTC), offer the best performance in terms of computational cost and achievable compression. It is concluded that MAPS has a better fidelity performance at a cost of greater complexity. The BTC algorithm is the most efficient, in terms of computational cost, and has the potential for increased performance.