title: Mitochondrial DNA in Alzheimer's Disease: Examination using In Situ Hybridization

contributor:
Singh, Gurmit
Biochemistry

subject:
mitochondrial DNA
alzheimer's disease
DNA
in situ hybridization

abstract: Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own DNA which encodes some components involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA is very susceptible to mutations. Mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in several disorders of muscle and brain. Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia characterized by the formation of numerous neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. There is evidence suggesting a possible role for mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. The goal of this project was to determine if there were quantitative changes in mitochondrial DNA content in large neurons from Alzheimer's disease patients, compared to age-matched control patients. The relative mitochondrial DNA content per unit area was assessed in brain sections from Alzheimer's disease subjects and age-matched control subjects using in situ hybridization to mitochondrial DNA. The results were not conclusive due to technical concerns with the in situ hybridization technique which are discussed.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Hospital Social Workers and Evidence-Based Practice

contributor:
Sinding, Christina
Social Work

subject: Hospital Social Workers and Evidence-based Practice

abstract:
Abstract
	This study sought to understand the differences and similarities between social work practice and evidence-based practice (EBP).  As evidence-based practice becomes popularized in areas of professional practice, challenges and tensions arise for social workers.
	This qualitative research study asked social workers working in the hospital setting how they define and use evidence-based practice in their work, and about the tensions they experience in using EBP. The study revealed that social workers maintain their scope of practice in areas related to advocacy, the use of systems theory and the importance of the therapeutic relationship with clients in the helping process.  The social workers in the study identified that social workers understood the value of scientific research and indicated that as a profession, social work practice can use research to influence areas for social change.
	The participants in the study described that social work practice and evidence-based practice are distinct. Social work practice is intended to understand and respond to social problems, whereas EBP in mental health settings is designed to resolve more narrowly-defined problems of individual coping. The social workers recognized that the two practices could only really co-exist. However, they did note that social workers’ commitments to reinforce self-determination for clients have potentially important overlap with EBP’s attention to patient values and preferences.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Solvent-Free Extrusion Emulsification Inside a Twin-Screw Extruder

contributor:
Thompson, Michael
Chemical Engineering

subject: Emulsification, Phase-Inversion, Surfactants, Twin-screw Extruder, Nanoparticles, Polyester

abstract:
Solvent-free extrusion emulsification (SFEE) is a novel emulsification technology that operates without solvent to produce sub-micron sized particles (100–200 nm) using a twin-screw extruder (TSE) with high viscosity polymers (up to 600 Pa.s has been tested to date) and only water as the liquid medium. Surfactants have always been known to play a key role in the success of the SFEE process, however very little work has been done to investigate the mechanisms by which they operate, along with isolating the region of the process to which they play the most vital role.
	The first part of this thesis focused on an investigation into how different surface-active properties impacted the mechanism of SFEE. Three ionic (SDBS, Unicid 350, Calfax DB-45) and three non-ionic surfactants (Igepal CO-890, Brij 58, Synperonic F-108), each with differing surface-active properties were tested in solvent emulsification (SE) prior to their evaluation in SFEE. Synperonic F-108 was the only surfactant found unsuccessful in the SE process, and was therefore disregarded prior to SFEE testing. Of the three ionic surfactants, SDBS and Calfax were the only ones found to successfully create a stable emulsion in SFEE; the latter species doing so with 50% reduced molar loading. Igepal and Brij were found to produce very low amounts of emulsified material (5-25% of the total solids mass), requiring molar loadings that greatly exceed those of SDBS and Calfax to do so. Particles generated by both SE and SFEE were tested at extreme operating conditions to compare their relative stabilities, and were found to experience similar stability behaviours. This result reinforces previous findings that the dispersion stage controls the SFEE technique.
	The second part of this thesis continued the investigation on the use of non-ionics in SFEE, with a focus on the impact of their molecular structure on the overall process. Non-ionic surfactants with varying hydrophilic end group chain lengths were tested in SFEE, and it was determined that the optimal hydrophilic chain length was between 10–12 ethoxy units, where shorter chains resulted in coarse particle generation. The structure of the hydrophobic end group was tested as well, and through experimentation it was determined that a branched end group structure was slightly more beneficial than a linear end group to emulsion stabilization. As seen in the first part of this thesis, none of the new selection of non-ionic surfactants were capable of inducing sufficient phase inversion to result in a high percentage of emulsion leaving the extruder. The most promising ionic surfactant, Calfax DB-45, was combined with various promising non-ionic surfactants to create binary surfactant mixtures, and were tested in SFEE. Initial results yielded the most promising blend as Calfax/Igepal CA-630. After manipulation of both molar ratio and total surfactant loading, it was determined that a minimum Calfax loading of 0.06 mmol/g resin was required in the blend to achieve a stable 100 – 200 nm emulsion in both SE and SFEE processes, regardless of non-ionic concentration. The benefits of adding a non-ionic surfactant in the blend were seen with the substantial reduction of Calfax entrapped in the final latex particles, apparent by the distinct decrease in overall particle charge. A mini-study examining the impacts of increasing the viscosity of the water phase by hydrocolloid addition for the dilution stage has shown that positive changes to emulsion properties can be seen by this approach, but further experimentation is required before concrete conclusions can be made.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)

abstract: The creation of nanoparticles has been a growing area of research in recent years, with numerous different means of generation being developed. Extruders have seldom been used for the generation of nanoparticles due to issues related to controlling generated particle characteristics. Previous work has shown that twin-screw extruders are capable of generating 100–200 nm particles, but the process has shown minimal robustness to variations in operating conditions. The aim of this study has been to continue the work of nanoparticle generation within a twin-screw extruder, with a specific focus on the impacts that special soap-like particles (surfactants) have on the process. Surfactants are special particles consisting of both a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) and hydrophobic (“water-hating”) end group that allows multiple substances to combine on a chemical level. Variations in the molecular structure and electronic charge of these surfactants, along with blends of different types of surfactants have been tested to gain a better understanding of their role in the process, and hopefully increase the overall robustness of the process. Overall, it was determined that surfactants with a negative charge were more successful in creating polyester latex particles than ones with a neutral molecular structure. The blending of a charged and neutral surfactant has been shown in this study to not only be successful in generating particles of desired size, but have also shown the ability to reduce the overall charge of the final latex particles.


title: Dosimetry of Electron Sources Near Planar Tissue Interfaces

contributor:
Kwok, C. S.
Physics

subject:
dosimetry
electron source
planar tissue

abstract:
The beta dose distributions in red bone marrow equivalent material due to imbedded continuous sources were measured experimentally with ultra thin LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters near planar interfaces of cortical bone (CB) and red bone marrow (RBM), and RBM and air. It has been also investigated numerically by Cyltran, the Monte Carlo code. In the Monte Carlo approach, the dose enhancement ratio for a planar CB-RBM interface increases with electron energy and reaches a plateau at 0.50 MeV while the dose reduction ratio for a planar vacuum-RBM interface decreases to a steady value from 1.00 MeV onwards.
With a semi-infinite source of 32P, dose enhancement ratios at 0-9, 79-88, and 157-166 mg/cm2 separations from a planar CB-RBM interface were measured to be 1.07±0.01, 1.03+0.03 and 0.99+0.03 respectively. The dose reduction ratios at these separations from a planar AIR-RBM interface were found to be 0.82±0.01, 0.94+0.03 and 0.97+0.03 respectively. Both the dose enhancement ratios and dose reduction ratios agree with the results calculated by the Monte Carlo approach within one standard deviation except for the dose reduction ratio at 0-9 mg/cm2 from the AIR-RBM interface. The experimental result in this case is about three standard deviations less than the Monte Carlo results. Using the same Monte Carlo code, the dose enhancement ratio at 0-20 micron separation from a planar CB-RBM interface due to a point or plane source of 0.50 MeV electrons at the interface reaches saturation at approximately 0.22 times the CSDA range of 0.5 MeV electron in CB for both plane and point source configurations. The saturation dose enhancement ratio for both configurations is 1.06±0.01.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Latently-reactive conjugated polymer-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes

contributor:
Adronov, Alex
Chemistry and Chemical Biology

subject:
Conjugated Polymers
Carbon Nanotubes
Click Chemistry

abstract:
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are intensely investigated nanomaterials that exhibit intriguing physical and optoelectronic properties. Although SWNTs are highly regarded in terms of their potential societal impact, commercialization of SWNT applications has been dampened by the difficulty in SWNT processability and purification. Current commercially viable carbon nanotube syntheses produce complex mixtures of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs, as well as amorphous carbon and metal catalyst particles. Furthermore, the ability to decorate carbon nanotube surfaces to modulate their properties is non-trivial, especially if concurrent preservation of optoelectronic properties is desired. To date, the issues of SWNT solubilization, sorting, and functionalization have been approached in a piecemeal fashion. Conjugated polymers, which are macromolecules that possess extended π-systems, have the potential to address all of these issues simultaneously. In my Thesis, I explore conjugated polymer structures to investigate (i) factors that influence dispersion selectivity, and (ii) the decoration of polymer-SWNT complexes by incorporating reactive moieties into the polymer structure.

The work presented in this Thesis begins by examining the ability of conjugated polymers to sort SWNTs. To date, the selective dispersion of metallic SWNTs is unrealized. In Chapter 2, I examine the effect of the electronic nature of the conjugated backbone on the selective dispersion of SWNTs by preparing SWNT dispersions pre- and post-methylation of a pyridine-containing conjugated polymer. In doing so, I prepare a series of polymers with identical degrees of polymerization and dispersity (to minimize extraneous selectivity factors) and find that electron rich π-systems disperse only semiconducting SWNTs, while electron poor π-systems disperse relatively more metallic SWNTs. In Chapter 3, I challenge the conventional wisdom that complete backbone conjugation is required to selectively disperse semiconducting SWNTs by introducing non-conjugated linkers into the polymer backbone and demonstrating that nanotube sorting is still possible.

I next examine conjugated polymers as tools that can simultaneously sort SWNTs and impart reactivity to the polymer-SWNT complex, while preserving SWNT optoelectronic properties. In Chapter 4, I incorporate azides into polyfluorene side chains and perform solution-phase Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC). I show that the polymer-SWNT complex can be rapidly decorated with strained cyclooctyne derivatives, and that only pre-clicked polymer enables for sorting of semiconducting SWNTs. The sorted SWNT population can then be made water soluble post-SPAAC, enabling for the study of SWNT emission in solvents with very different polarity. In Chapter 5, I examine the reactivity of azide-containing polymer-SWNT thin films and show that thin film properties can be drastically altered. Interfacial chemistry enables for the spatially-resolved patterning of a Janus polymer-SWNT thin film containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. In Chapter 6, I devise a system to perform aqueous solution-phase chemistry on the polymer-SWNT complex. The water soluble polymer-SWNT complex allows for functionalization of the hydrophobic SWNT scaffold with polar and charged molecules. Clicking an acidochromic switch onto the polymer-SWNT surface enables for control over the SWNT emission properties.

Lastly, in Chapter 7 I develop a conjugated polymer whose backbone can be functionalized using visible light. The visible-light mediated photoclick coupling of a conjugated polymer backbone enables for rapid polymer modification and is the first example of spatially-resolved conjugated polymer backbone functionalization.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical shells of carbon that possess fascinating physical, optical, and electrical properties. Commercial syntheses of carbon nanotubes produce complex mixtures of impure material, and raw carbon nanotube samples further suffer from insolubility. A grand challenge preventing commercialization of carbon nanotube applications is  simultaneously solubilizing, sorting, and functionalizing carbon nanotube structures while avoiding damage to the nanotube properties. To date, these issues have been tackled in a piecemeal fashion. In my Thesis, I explore conjugated polymer coatings as a solution to address these problems all at once. I investigate how modifying conjugated polymer structure can (i) influence carbon nanotube purification and (ii) produce latently-reactive polymer-nanotube complexes that can be used to decorate carbon nanotubes without damaging nanotube properties.


title: Characterization and simulation of electron/ion beam damage on soft materials in FIB-SEM microscopes

contributor:
Bassim, Nabil
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract: The versatility and effectiveness of focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) instrumentation has advanced the field of electron microscopy, with such applications as high precision ultrathin site-specific TEM sample preparation, direct-writing lithography in semiconductor field, and FIB tomography for complex biological structures. However, the beam damage, including the beam induced heating, knock-on damage, and radiolysis damage from electron beam fundamentally alters the chemistry and bonding in sample materials. Although experience-based strategies, such as lowering the beam voltage and current or optimized milling strategies, have been developed to mitigate the damage, the lack of fundamental understanding of the underlying damage mechanisms inhibit the development of FIB-SEM strategies for imaging/milling new material systems. Previous work has shown that the main damage mechanisms for soft materials system are beam heating and electron radiolysis damage. In this research, I study the electron beam damage on the EMbed 812 epoxy resin in a systematic way by studying the relationship of the degree of damage and the common beam parameters, including beam voltage, current, and total irradiated electron dose. All the damaged samples were characterized by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) which is a unique and suitable tool for this research. Our results show that the electron damage is a main cause for the chemical alteration in a plasma-FIB lift-out resin sample. Since there is no direct way to assess the beam induced heating problem during the milling process, we developed an effective heat transfer model by COMSOL for predicting the temperature rise during the FIB milling process. In this thesis, I included a detailed study by FIB-SEM, STXM, simulation work of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the Embed812 epoxy resin.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)

abstract: Focused Ion Beam – Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) is a powerful tool for versatile cutting-edge materials characterization and has become more and more popular in recent years. However, the beam damage caused by these microscopes inhibits the further application of this technique, particularly for soft materials. Although researchers have developed some common methods to mitigate the damage, the understanding of underlying physical mechanisms of damage remains elusive. Here, we explored the relationship between the beam parameters and the degree of beam damage with the assistance of advanced characterization techniques. We also build an efficient heat transfer model to simulate the heating event in the system. Together, these results contribute to the fundamental understanding of beam damage mechanisms and pave the way to more state-of-art scientific research for the FIB-SEM system.


title: The Development of High Strength Hot Rolled Steel for Automotive Applications

contributor:
Zurob, Hatem
Materials Science and Engineering

subject:
thermomechanical processing
hole expansion
microalloyed
steel
ferrite
bainite
mechanical properties
vanadium
high strength
precipitation

abstract:
The development of high strength hot rolled steels is an important area for
improving vehicle fuel efficiency. In collaboration with ArcelorMittal, this project
focussed on developing a hot rolled steel with 980 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 800
MPa yield strength and 50% hole expansion ratio. To achieve the target mechanical
properties, four different chemistries were trialled which varied the carbon, niobium and
vanadium contents. Six combinations of finishing, coiling and intermediate temperatures
were trialled for each chemistry.
The effects of thermomechanical processing parameters and alloying contents on
the mechanical properties were determined through tensile and hole expansion testing.
Microstructural analysis was completed to correlate the mechanical properties to the
microstructural characteristics. Microscopy techniques performed included optical
microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atom
probe tomography. The phase transformations which occur during thermomechanical
processing were investigated using dilatometry testing.
Microstructural characterization was used to determine the breakdown of
strengthening contributions from intrinsic, solid solution, grain boundary, precipitation
and dislocation strengthening. Trials varying the processing parameters and steel
chemistry led to an understanding of how thermomechanical processing and alloying
influence the microstructural features and corresponding mechanical properties in hot
rolled microalloyed steels.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: How the Clinical Environment Shapes the Relationship Between Medical Learners and Clinical Teachers

contributor:
Vanstone, Dr. Meredith
Health Science Education

subject:
clinical learning environment
clerkship
hierarchy
trust building
grounded theory
strategies
block rotation
trust by intention
perception
self-awareness

abstract:
Introduction: A trusting relationship between medical learners and clinical teachers is vital for educational and clinical productivity. Perceptions of a trusting relationship are influenced by the learner’s perception of the interpersonal risk (i.e. being humiliated) for engaging in learning behaviours (e.g. asking questions, seeking feedback, learning from mistakes). Perceptions of low interpersonal risk are linked to learners feeling comfortable engaging in learning behaviours. What is less clear is how the clinical environment may influence a medical learner’s perception of trust.
Methods: Using constructivist grounded theory, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 medical clerks and 10 clinical educators affiliated with a single institution. Interviews explored participants’ personal experiences of positive, negative or challenging learner-teacher relationships in the clinical environment.
Results: Through qualitative analysis, we developed a theory of Co-Navigation which describes how teachers and learners have common points of interaction to solidify or diminish trust as they navigate the dynamics of the clinical environment. These points in the relationship that each must co-navigate include: preparing to work together; asking questions; engaging in clinical work; and addressing learner mistakes. Perceptions of whether the opportunity solidified or dissolved trust, arose from learners’ perception of the amount of effort their teacher made to mitigate stress learners experienced in the learning environment.
Limitations: Our interview participants were recruited as individuals; we did not examine their perceptions of their relationships with each other. Co-recruitment of teacher-learner dyads may be a strategy to further refine this theory in future research.
Conclusion: The Co-Navigation theory helps teachers and learners identify key opportunities in the relationship and suggests approaches to solidifying trust at these critical junctures. It highlights the role the clinical environment plays in facilitating and constraining opportunities to establish trust.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Health Sciences (MSc)

abstract: This thesis project aimed to understand how the clinical environment shapes the way medical learners interact and build relationships with their clinical teachers. We interviewed medical students and clinical teachers who worked together during the medical learner’s clerkship year of clinical training in various healthcare specialties. In the interviews, we discussed learner experiences of positive and negative relationships with clinical teachers. We developed a theory which describes four opportunities that medical learners and clinical teachers will encounter that can support the development of a trusting relationship. This thesis project will contribute insight into types of interactions that can be highlighted as strategic points for educational interventions and administrative reform, to support the development of trusting learner-teacher relationships during clerkship.


title: Effect of Multi-Component Excitation on the Sliding Response of Unanchored Components in Nuclear Facilities

title: Sliding Response Under Multi-Component Excitation

contributor:
Tait, Michael
Konstantinidis, Dimitrios
Civil Engineering

subject: Sliding response, bidirectional, vertical excitation, unanchored components, equipment, intensity measure

abstract: During an earthquake, unanchored equipment within a nuclear power plant facility can slide and interact with safety-critical systems and components. Previous studies on sliding have largely focused on the response due to unidirectional excitation, as computing the response of unanchored components in three dimensions can be complex and computationally expensive. As such, several prediction equations and a standardized approximate method as outlined in ASCE 4-16 have been developed to estimate the peak sliding displacement. This study investigates the effect of bidirectional horizontal interaction and the influence of vertical excitation on the sliding response of an unanchored object when the x, y, and z, components of earthquake excitation are applied simultaneously. The study also evaluates the approximate method detailed in ASCE 4-16. A suite of 40 floor acceleration histories obtained from response history analysis of a representative nuclear power plant facility are used as input for the sliding model. A wide range of friction coefficients is selected for analysis and the nonlinear sliding response of components is determined through the use of a Bouc-Wen type hysteretic model. Computed responses under uni-, bi- and tri-directional excitation reveal that the effect of bidirectional interaction and vertical excitation is greatest for sites with high shaking intensity. It is also concluded that the ASCE 4-16 approximate method is significantly overconservative in all cases. Additionally, the study expands the concept of multi-component excitation to intensity measures. Twelve intensity measures are selected and evaluated. It is found that most efficient intensity measures vary in efficiency depending on the coefficient of friction, and that the top intensity measures are not significantly affected by incorporating multiple components of excitation.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)

abstract: Earthquakes can pose a huge risk to nuclear facilities. Unanchored objects within the facility may collide and interact with safety-critical equipment. Previous research on sliding behaviour lacks information on the response of an object subjected to earthquake excitation in both the horizontal plane and vertical direction simultaneously. Several prediction equations and an approximate method have been developed to estimate the sliding response as it becomes computationally expensive to solve. This research investigates the influence of simulatenous multi-component excitation on the sliding behaviour and evaluates the current standardized approximate method of estimating sliding displacement. Recommendations are given based on the friction coefficient between the object and the base. The research also explores which characteristics of earthquake ground motion (e.g. acceleration, velocity, energy) are most indicative of sliding behaviour.


title: Living A Mad Politics: Affirming Mad Onto-Ethico-Epistemologies Through Resonance, Resistance, and Relational Redress of Epistemic-Affective Harm

subject:
Ethical loneliness
Epistemic injustice
Service user ethics
Social work ethics
Mad Studies
Disability Studies
Mad epistemology
Psycho-emotional disablism
Psychiatric survivor analysis
Resistance
Mad students
Abandonment
Relational justice

abstract: Drawing on the theoretical influences of Mad and Disability Studies; philosophical conceptualizations of epistemic injustice (Fricker, 2007), ethical loneliness (Stauffer, 2015), and psycho-emotional disablism (Reeve, 2012; Thomas, 1999; 2007); disability/service user/feminist ethics; a decade of Mad Movement community organizing; as well as autobiographical illustrations and empirical data from two collaborative research projects, this thesis describes my efforts to live a Mad politics in the community, academy, and social work education. Central to this politics, and to the overall contribution of the thesis, is its focus on (1) the recognition and redress of affective-epistemic harms that are often ignored by legislative/social welfare approaches to in/justice; and (2) the generation and refinement of Mad knowledge/ways of knowing that respond to our own priorities as Mad people, rather than those of mental health systems. It contributes to these areas of Mad Studies theory in several ways: First, by recognizing and politicizing the often ignored affective-epistemic effects of abandonment and neglect Mad people experience from society, including loneliness, anger, resentment, distrust, low expectations of others and lack of confidence. Second, by seeking new conceptualizations (such as epistemic loneliness) and contributing to existing ones (like expectations of just treatment, psycho-emotional disablism) in order to more adequately interpret and attest to these harms and call for their redress. Third, by affirming emergent Mad moral and epistemological frameworks, especially those that manifest in the aftermath of harm and account for ontologies of knowing. Fourth, by developing Survivor/Service User Research approaches to analysis (listening for resonance, everyday forms of service user resistance, and ‘quiet’ data) that value affective engagements with data and perceive and respond to Mad onto-ethico-epistemologies in and on their own terms. Ultimately, this work calls for greater relational justice, and an expansion of what we owe each other.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: This thesis contributes to Mad theory by recording some of the things I learned while trying to survive in the world, community organizing, the academy, and social work education as a Mad person. To do so, I reflect on the existential and ethical questions I brought to my doctoral studies, the people, texts, and concepts that I found particularly good company during this time, and my Mad methods of living/doing/knowing. Three separate but interconnected articles then follow. These are about (1) moving with loneliness as a Mad student; (2) resisting unmet expectations as service user ethics, and (3) how pedagogical partnerships between students and faculty/staff can cultivate marginalized students’ confidence in their knowledge. The thesis ends with a discussion of its overall contributions to how we conceptualize the psycho-emotional harms produced through sanism/disablism and the ways we understand what Mad knowledge is and how it is generated.


title: Random Forest Analogues for Mixture Discriminant Analysis

contributor:
McNicholas, Paul
Mathematics and Statistics

subject:
finite mixture models
Gaussian mixture models
ensemble methods
mixture discriminant analysis

abstract: Finite mixture modelling is a powerful and well-developed paradigm, having proven useful in unsupervised learning and, to a lesser extent supervised learning (mixture discriminant analysis), especially in the case(s) of data with local variation and/or latent variables. It is the aim of this thesis to improve upon mixture discriminant analysis by introducing two types of random forest analogues which are called Mix- Forests. The first MixForest is based on Gaussian mixture models from the famous family of Gaussian parsimonious clustering models and will be useful in classify- ing lower dimensional data. The second MixForest extends the technique to higher dimensional data via the use of mixtures of factor analyzers from the well-known family of parsimonious Gaussian mixture models. MixForests will be utilized in the analysis of real data to demonstrate potential increases in classification accuracy as well as inferential procedures such as generalization error estimation and variable importance measures.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Creation of a patient-specific endothelial model to investigate the role of DHX34 in early-onset coronary artery disease

contributor:
Singh, Karun
Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences

abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries and is one of the leading causes of global mortality. Despite the fact that CAD presents clinically as changes to myocardial function, it is ultimately a disease of the vessel wall. The endothelial cells that line the inner portion of arteries act as a primary defence system against CAD development and as such, were the focus of our work on early-onset CAD (EOCAD). Through a collaboration with Dr. Paré, exome sequencing was performed on EOCAD patients that resulted in the identification of novel, rare variants in DHX34, a component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from a small-number of peripheral blood monocytes from these patients using the Sendai virus. A protocol was generated that improved endothelial differentiation efficiency and was subsequently utilized to investigate the role of DHX34 in endothelial cell function. The patient-derived endothelial cells had decreased migratory capacity, increased leukocyte adhesion, and altered nitric oxide signaling, all of which are necessary in maintaining the anti-atherogenic environment of coronary arteries. Although further work is required to elucidate the specific mechanism through which the variants confer their impact, this work suggests that DHX34 plays a role in preventing CAD development.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Candidate in Philosophy


title: Staging Opposition: Performance and Power in the LGBTQ2+ Movement

contributor:
Heath, Melanie
Sociology

subject: LGBTQ2+ Movement

abstract: Whereas the LGBTQ2+ movement has made notable gains since its inception, these gains do not reflect the experiences or political priorities of the entire collective. In fact, within the movement there are varied understandings of who ‘we’ are, where ‘we’ should go, and where the sources of our struggles lie. It is this tension between collectivity and fragmentation that guides this dissertation, specifically, I ask, how do intersecting power relations shape the processes whereby we mobilize and strengthen collectivity, engage in consciousness-raising, and advocate for certain political priorities in our protest. Using popular drag and queer cabaret as a case study, my findings contribute to core movement concepts including collective identity, storytelling, ‘free spaces’ and infighting to better explain the tension between collectivity and fragmentation in the LGBTQ2+ movement in Ontario, Canada. Using a combination of field observation, semi-structured interviews, and cultural artifacts I find that intersecting power relations shape drag and queer cabaret in both shared and movement free spaces. Drag and queer cabaret are valuable means of mobilizing and sustaining collectivity as well as consciousness raising; however, failure to address how intersecting power relations shape these processes simultaneously undermines collectivity by introducing hierarches and subsequently fragmenting the movement. Groups that seek to challenge these hierarchies do so in two primary ways. In the case of ‘free spaces,’ queer cabaret groups build intersectional prefigurative politics into their performative protest to expand the narrative of who ‘we’ are. In ‘shared’ movement spaces like Pride—wherein LGBTQ2+ experiences and ideologies vary greatly—marginalized groups use drag and queer cabaret as a form of strategic resistance. Overall this dissertation attests to the need for greater attention to how ‘our’ LGBTQ2+ resistance is situated within larger relations of inequality.

abstract: Dissertation

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: FOULING CONTROL IN ELECTRODIALYSIS FOR WASTEWATER APPLICATIONS

contributor:
Kim, Younggy
Civil Engineering

subject:
Electrodialysis
Fouling
Wastewater
Nutrient Recovery

abstract:
Nutrient removal is one of the primary goals of wastewater treatment and large amounts of ammonia are present throughout the wastewater treatment process. Conventional ammonia removal technologies are energy intensive and do not result in recoverable forms of the nutrient. Anaerobic dewatering side-streams are the liquid recovered during the biosolids dewatering processes following anaerobic digestion. The dewatering side-streams contain high concentrations of ammonia (~1000 mg/L NH4-N) making them an excellent candidate for resource recovery technologies. In this study electrodialysis (ED) was investigated for ammonia (NH4-N) recovery from anaerobic dewatering side-streams with an emphasis on fouling and scaling control on ion exchange membranes (IEMs).
The experimental set-up consisted of 3 bench-scale electrodialyzers operating in parallel. The dewatering side-stream (centrate) was collected directly from centrifuges at a local WWTP and pretreated using a 0.3-mm screen. Electrodialyzer operation over 2.25 hrs achieved 95% NH4-N removal and the ammonia separation rate was slowed down by the concentration gradient between concentrate and diluate streams. A combined 269 hrs of operation during fouling experiments showed that electrodialysis (ED) performance decreased over time due to IEM fouling and thus clean-in-place (CIP) procedures was conducted every 60-120 hrs to restore the ED effectiveness. The two stage CIP procedures consisted of a NaCl Clean (5% NaCl, 2 hrs recirculation) and an Acid Clean (5% v/v HCl, 2 hrs recirculation). The NaCl Clean targeted organic fouling and the Acid Clean removed scales that precipitated on the IEMs. CIP procedures were able to recover 84-90% of the initial separation efficiency, the permanent loss in separation efficiency indicating that a portion of IEM fouling (10-16%) is irreversible. The higher applied voltage condition (7.5 V) showed faster fouling rates compared to low voltage conditions (4.5 V), while the degree of irreversible fouling was independent of the applied voltage.  Organic fouling and inorganic scaling were individually quantified during CIP procedures using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). While both fouling and scaling contributed significantly to the overall increase in the IEM stack resistance (63% scale formation, 37% organic fouling), inorganic scaling was found to play a more important role in reducing the separation rate in ED. ICP and SEM-EDS analysis identified the scale that formed on the surface of the IEMs as mostly of CaCO3 precipitation with smaller amounts of struvite.  This finding indicates that the pretreatment of dewatering side-streams should be more focused on removing divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), but also still consider organic foulant removal for its treatment in ED. Since organic fouling primarily affects anion exchange membranes (AEMs), the impacts of fouling were investigated on two types of AEMs (AR908, AR204). Fouling experimentation showed minor differences in current density and separation efficiency over 269 hrs of operation, with AR204 AEMs showing signs of worse irreversible fouling. Particle size analysis of centrate suggested that large suspended particles could obstruct electrodialyzer chambers. Screening pretreatment (0.3 mm) effectively removed large particles and mitigated clogging issues without having to increase intermembrane distances.
The experimental results suggest that ED is a promising technology for recovering ammonia from nutrient rich wastewaters. ED was able to efficiently achieve high levels of ammonia separation from centrate, while fouling was shown to be manageable using CIPs at reasonable intervals. Overall ED was shown to be an effective way to recover ammonia from dewatering side-streams, but pretreatments targeting scaling and organic fouling could better mitigate performance losses due to fouling and further improve the process.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: A Study of the Development of an Electrochemical Point-of-Care Urine Analysis Platform for Pathogen Screening

contributor:
Soleymani, Leyla
Biomedical Engineering

abstract:
To reduce the incidence of clinical complications and cost associated with Urinary Tract
infections (UTIs), there is a need for the development of a low-cost and culture-free UTI
diagnostic test with a rapid sample-to-answer time. The aim of this study is to develop an
electrochemical assay for nucleic acid detection that is sensitive and specific. We sought
to develop such system by creating an assay that combines low background signals with
built-in amplification.
In this work, gold disk macroelectrodes are used in conjunction with a bio-recognition
layer to capture pathogen-related nucleic acids and then this event is translated into an
electrochemical signal. At first DNA was used as the bio-recognition layer. However, to
enhance the system’s limit-of-detection (LOD), we developed an assay based on the
neutral bio-recognition layer, peptide nucleic acid (PNA). PNA produced a lower
background signal compared to DNA and a LOD of 0.001 nanomolar. In order to take
advantage of isothermal and low-temperature nucleic acid amplification towards further
enhancing the system’s LOD, a new assay based on programmable strand displacement
coupled with electrochemical readout was employed. The system employed target cycling
to produce in-built amplification. With this assay a LOD of 0.5 nM was achieved. Further
tuning of probe densities is required to realise lower LODs.
These results illustrate how using PNA produces a lower background signal compared to
DNA and that employing a programmable strand displacement assay introduces built
amplification into a system. Future studies combining the two systems would be ideally
suited for realising an assay that is sensitive and specific.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Characteristics of Canadians Intending to Initiate or Increase Cannabis Use Following Legalization: A Cross-Sectional Study

contributor:
Busse, Jason
Anderson, Laura
Guindon, G. Emmanuel
Health Research Methodology

subject:
Cannabis
Marijuana
Health Behaviour
Canada
Health Policy
Public Health

abstract:
OBJECTIVES: The Government of Canada legalized the recreational use of cannabis on
October 17th, 2018. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of Canadians (aged 15 years or older) intending to try or increase their cannabis use following legalization and explore characteristics associated with the intent to try or increase use.
METHODS & DATA ANALYSIS: A secondary data analysis was conducted of cross-sectional data from Waves 1–3 of the National Cannabis Survey collected from February to September 2018. All respondents’ data were weighted and bootstrapped multivariable logistic and multinomial regression models were developed. Relative measures of association were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and relative risk ratios (RRRs), and absolute measures of association as adjusted risk differences (ARDs).
RESULTS: Response rates were 51.2% (Wave 1), 51.3% (Wave 2), and 51.6% (Wave 3). An estimated 18.5% (95%CI: 17.6–19.5) of the study population indicated that they intended to try (12.3%) or increase (6.2%) cannabis use following legalization. Our weighted analysis represented 27,808,081 Canadians 15 years of age or older
(unweighted n = 17,089). In our adjusted logistic model, being more likely to try or
increase cannabis use was associated with younger age (15–24 years versus ≥65; aOR
3.8, 95%CI: 2.6–5.6; ARD 20.1%, 95%CI: 13.9–26.2), cannabis use in the past three
months versus not (aOR 3.3, 95%CI: 2.8–3.9; ARD 20.4%, 95%CI: 17.1–23.6),higher income (≥$80,000 versus <$40,000; aOR 1.5, 95%CI: 1.3–1.9; ARD 6.1%, 95%CI: 3.2–9.0), and poor or fair mental health compared to good or excellent mental health (aOR 2.0, 95%CI: 1.6–2.6; ARD 11.5%, 95%CI: 6.7–16.2).
CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 in 5 respondents reported their intention to try or increase cannabis use post–legalization. Intentions may not lead to actual changes in behaviour and further surveillance of cannabis use can help determine impact of policy change.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Public Health (MPH)


title: The Characterization of Methylene Blue in detecting bacterial contamination with the updated design of the Rapid Culture Nanowell Device

contributor:
Selvaganapathy, P. Ravi
Biomedical Engineering

subject:
bacterial detection
human milk banking
human milk
microfluidics

abstract: With approximately 24,500 preterm children born annually in Canada and an estimated shortage of 6 million ounces of breast milk, the distribution of donor milk must be time-sensitive yet safe to efficiently meet this demand. Donor human milk banks take the greatest precautions to protect their users, but some of these microorganisms manage to circumvent the employed methods. The consumption of contaminated donor milk has the potential to be fatal particularly to the vulnerable, immunocompromised premature infants. The tools used by milk banks to ensure safe distribution rely heavily on the culture plate. It has been the gold standard in screening for microbiological specimens due to its wide availability, low cost, and simplicity. However, the procedural times for bacterial culture plates are tedious and long, lasting a minimum of 48 hours. Advances in microfluidics, particularly in combination with the concept of monitoring metabolites to indicate bacterial viability, hold much promise to significantly reducing the long processing times of culture plates. Combining the concept of compartmentalized culture and a chromogenic optical dye for the detection of metabolic changes as a diagnostic sensor would simplify the identification and quantification of microbial presence. The updated Rapid Culture Detection system is a nanowell device fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that uses the oxygen-sensitive redox indicator Methylene Blue to determine the presence of bacteria. Preliminary studies have shown to detect bacteria in as little as 3.33 hours using these nanowells compared to the 24 hours required for microwell liquid culture (620%). Initial studies have also been conducted with human milk, indicating a slower detection than in LB media. The novel easy-to-use and low-cost Rapid Culture Detection system is a promising alternative detection tool for protecting infants from pathogenic illnesses caused by contaminated human milk and shortening the time required to access lifesaving nutrition.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Complement Component C5 and Graft-Versus-Host-Disease

contributor: Medical Sciences (Molecular Virology and Immunology Program)

subject: GVHD, bone marrow transplant, C5

abstract: Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) is one of the main complications patients face after receiving a bone marrow transplant. Between 40-60% of bone marrow transplant recipients develop GvHD, with consequent systemic inflammation/fibrosis, reduced quality of life, graft failure, and mortality. We have previously demonstrated that donor-derived C5 is involved in the initiation and propagation of GvHD. Current approaches to inhibition of C5 share a serious flaw of indiscriminately blocking production of a mediator that is crucial for host defense. Targeted therapies to block C5 in specific cells, or anatomical sites, are the only way in which to achieve therapeutic benefit without compromising host defenses. Three lentiCRISPR v2-dCas9 gene editing viral constructs were created to selectively cleave the complement C5 gene, at three different sites. Our objective was to knockout complement C5 function in infected donor BM cells in a GVHD mouse model. Each of the three lentiCRISPR plasmids was separately co-cultured with PMDG2 and PSPAX2, in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. Resultant viral particles were able to transfer the Cas-9 endonuclease gene into donor BM cells in vitro with a transduction efficiency of 52%. Treated donor BM cells were then retro-orbital injected into irradiated recipient mice. Control mice were transplanted following the same protocol excluding the lentiCRISPR treatment of BM. The lentiCRISPR treatment group demonstrated significantly lower total airway resistance (p = 0.05) and higher lung compliance (p = 0.014) when compared to the control group. When compared to the saline treated group however the lentiCRISPR group showed significantly higher total airway resistance (p = 0.004) and significantly lower lung compliance (p = 0.014). These results taken together suggest a possible reduction in GvHD severity in mice that received the lentiCRISPR treatment. This study can serve as a starting point for the development of this novel treatment of GvHD.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MSc)


title: Ion Beam Synthesis and Modification of Germanium and Silicon-Germanium for Integration with Silicon Optical Circuits

contributor:
Knights, Andrew
Engineering Physics

subject:
Silicon Photonics
Ion Implantation
Silicon Germanium
Germanium
Detection

abstract:
Silicon photonics offers great benefits in terms of cost, performance and power consumption. This is increasingly important as the demand for internet bandwidth continues to grow. Optical detection in silicon photonics is performed via the integration of germanium, one of the more challenging integration steps during fabrication. This thesis describes research into a novel technique to grow silicon-germanium on silicon and its application in waveguide detectors and research performed into the application of germanium at extended wavelengths of light. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to silicon photonics and chapter 2 covers background material on p-n and p-i-n detectors as well as germanium growth on silicon and it’s applications in silicon photonics. Chapter 3 presents work done on a germanium condensation technique using high fluence ion implantation, suitable for straightforward silicon-germanium fabrication. Using this technique a crystalline layer of silicon-germanium with a high concentration of 92% germanium was demonstrated. In addition a semi-empirical model was developed using a segregation coefficient, an enhanced linear oxidation rate and transient enhanced diffusion. This technique was then used to fabricate a photodetector for operation at a wavelength of 1310 nm. While the responsivity of the detector of 0.01 A/W was modest, this work presents the first demonstration of a detector fabricated in this way, and as such provides a foundation for future improved devices. Chapter 4 presents work done on p-i-n germanium detectors to increase their detection limit in the thulium doped fibre amplifier band. This work originally focused on using mid-bandgap lattice defects introduce via ion implantation to improve the detection limit.
However, during this experimental work it was determined that the unimplanted samples had a responsivity of 0.07 A/W at 1850 nm and 0.02 A/W at 2000 nm which was higher than that of the defect implanted samples and so the unimplanted samples were investigated further. From this work it was found that the absorption of the germanium detectors was 0.003 μm-1 at 1900 nm, which is approximately a factor of 10 greater than that of bulk germanium. The increased responsivity and absorption coefficient were attributed to tensile strain in the germanium. In Chapter 5 Raman spectroscopy was employed in order to investigate the detectors described in chapter 4 and confirm the presence of tensile strain. When compared with Raman spectra from a bulk germanium sample it was found that the detectors were experiencing 0.27 to 0.48 % tensile strain, consistent with the enhanced absorption at extended wavelengths. Nanowire bridges were then fabricated in germanium and silicon-germanium and characterized using Raman spectroscopy. Germanium was found to have enhanced strain in the nanowire with an enhancement of up to 13.5 demonstrated, whereas for the silicon-germanium samples the structures were shown to reduce the compressive strain in the samples. It is concluded that strain engineering is a very promising route for the development of extended wavelength detectors integrated with silicon photonic systems.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Influence of Retention Statistics on a Short-Term Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Facility

title: Influence of Retention Statistics on Substance Abuse Practice

subject: retention statistics

subject: short-term resiedntial substance abuse treatment facility

subject: residential substance abuse

subject: substance abuse treatment facility

abstract: Residential addiction agencies are confronted by government with the expectation of collecting retention data. Retention as a statistic is being used to measure treatment effectiveness. The use of retention statistics to measure treatment effectiveness creates tension for managers and staff. This research will explore the use of retention statistics within the organization and the tension it creates for manager and frontline staff. The collection of retention data has shaped policies and practices that are "number-centered" versus "client-centered." Previous literature on retention statistics and personal interviews were methods utilized to gather data.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Stable Isotope Analysis of Archaeological Material from Namu, British Columbia as a Proxy for Holocene Environmental Change

contributor:
Grocke, D. R.
Geochemistry

subject:
stable-isotope
archaeological material
British Columbia
holocene climate change

abstract: The thesis is compilation of four manuscripts discussing the stable isotope analysis modem and archaeological faunal material from Namu, British Columbia. These studies concentrate on the application of stable isotopic analysis of biogenic material for paleonvironmental interpretation over the Holocene. The first study addresses the use of phosphate and carbonate associated oxygen isotopes in bioapatites (Sebastes spp. vertebrae) as a proxy for the isotopic composition of water from approximently 6,000 to 2,000 years before present (BP). The second study evaluates sclerochronological sampling strategies as applicable to the study of bivalves with implications for sampling fragmented material such as that found in archaeological deposits. The third study investigates stable isotopes composition of estuarine bivalve carbonate (Saxidomus gigantea) and the controlling environmental and biological factors. Finally, the fourth study uses a 5,000 year record of archaeological S. gigantea to provide a paleoclimatic record at Namu over the mid-late Holocene.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: THE KINETICS OF SILICOTHERMIC AND CARBOTHERMIC MANGANESE REDUCTIVE ALLOYING FOR HIGH MANGANESE STEEL

title: MANGANESE REDUCTIVE ALLOYING

contributor:
Coley, Kenneth
Barati, Mansoor
Materials Science and Engineering

subject:
Steel
Manganese
Reductive Alloying
AHSS
Slag
Metal
Silicon
Carbon
Process Metallurgy
Materials Processing

abstract:
Fundamental research is required to support the commercialization of 3rd Generation Advanced High Strength steels (3G AHSS). Mid-manganese 3G AHSS steels can contain up to 11wt% manganese and are expensive if traditional ferroalloying practices are used; reductive alloying is a promising alternative.
This study has researched the fundamental science behind possible processing methods. Silicothermic reduction of MnO from slag was studied. The reaction is fast but can be blocked by a stagnant layer of SiO bubbles cutting the rate of reaction by one order of magnitude. A theoretical model for mixed mass transport control was tested against original experimental data. Across nine datasets, the mass transfer coefficient for metal species, kMetal, was 2.3∙10-4m/s and the slag mass transfer coefficient, kSlag, was 6.7∙10-4m/s. In real industrial systems, gas blockage should not have an effect because stirring will dislodge these bubbles. Carbothermic reduction is dramatically different and has been qualitatively documented in this work. The reaction occurs in two stages: the first approximately three times faster than the second. The first stage is characterized by internal CO nucleation and growth and is rate-limited by the formation and growth of these CO bubbles. The second stage occurs along the metal interface and shows that the slag and metal are essentially separated by an intermediary gas phase. This reaction is controlled by decomposition of metal oxides at the gas-slag boundary, decomposition of CO2 at the gas-metal boundary, and transport of CO2 across the gas bubble; this mechanism is nearly identical to the carbothermic reduction of FeO.
Reductive alloying can be utilized with the silicothermic reduction process to obtain high levels of manganese in steel but the carbothermic reduction may be too slow to be a viable process.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: 3rd Generation Advanced High Strength steels (3G AHSS) are a promising opportunity to produce steels with improved mechanical properties. These steels are alloyed with up to 11wt% manganese; traditional alloy additions are added as ferroalloys which may not be the most economical solution to achieve the required concentrations of manganese. Reductive alloying is a potential method for achieving high concentrations of manganese in the metal. By adding manganese oxide to slag, and reductants like carbon or silicon to the molten metal, manganese can be reduced from slag to metal. This work has determined the kinetics (rate of reaction) during the silicothermic and carbothermic reduction of manganese oxide from slag. The silicothermic reduction of manganese oxide is fast and can achieve high levels of manganese in the metal. The carbothermic reduction is much slower with questionable viability.


title: Advanced Charge-Storage Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

contributor:
Zhitomirsky, Igor
Materials Science and Engineering

subject:
Supercapcitors
conducting polymer
transition metal oxide
polypyrrole
manganese dioxide
liquid-liquid extraction
Schiff base

abstract:
MnO2 continues to gain traction in the research and development of advanced
supercapacitor materials due to its arsenal of advantages, such as high capacitance, low cost,
natural abundance, and environmental benignity. However, its low conductivity has hindered its
adoption into real-life applications. Compositing MnO2 with conductive additives has proved to
be a promising route for the improvement of its power-energy characteristics. Four novel
colloidal techniques were developed for the synthesis of MnO2-CNT composites with enhanced
performance at high active mass loading. One strategy utilized a Schiff-based linkage of
dispersants such as 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHB) and Toluidine Blue O (TDB) to
effectively mix and disperse MnO2 and CNT. Secondly, a co-dispersion technique was also
investigated using Gallocyanine to improve dispersion and mixing of MnO2 and MWCNT.
Third, a novel liquid-liquid extraction technique opened new avenues in agglomerate-free
processing of individual components, which allowed enhanced electrode performance. Lastly, a
morphology-modification strategy was also undertaken by synthesizing MnO2 nanorods with the
use of advanced organic dispersants to control the aspect ratio and composite nanorods with
MWCNT.
The second major material investigated was polypyrrole (PPy), a polymer material with
high conductivity, ease of synthesis, low-cost, and non-toxicity. However, its low cyclic stability
was prevented it from being applied for real-world applications. Certain anionic and aromatic
dopants have shown to improve the conductivity and cyclic stability. Therefore, one of the
investigations in this work attempted to improve the performance of PPy-CNT composites by
use of a novel anionic dopant, Sunset Yellow (SY). For all investigations electrodes with high mass loadings were produced to achieve high areal capacitance, thus ensuring the practicality of the
techniques

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)

abstract:
Supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries are both electrochemical energy storage devices.
While batteries excel at storing energy in high volumes, supercapacitors excel in charging (and
discharging) at extremely high rates. It is desirable to obtain the best of both worlds in a single
device; high energy volume and fast charging speeds. Although such a feat is not out of the
realm of theoretical possibility, current projections forecast supercapacitors to compliment
battery technologies instead of replacing them. Nonetheless, constant progression in the field of
SCs is needed to sustain and proliferate their adoption into emerging markets. Therefore, the aim
of this research was to assist in the endeavours to improve current SC technologies from a
materials science standpoint.


title: The Identification of Prognostic Factors in Patients Suffering from Thromboembolic Stroke

contributor:
Roberts, R. S.
Statistics

subject:
prognostic factor
thrombembolic stroke
patients

abstract: In this project stroke data were analyzed with the use of survival techniques and incomplete principal component cox analysis. The data set resulted from a multi-center randomised controlled trial coordinated by investigators from the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton with 438 patients. It was found that among stroke survivors, congestive heart failure along with other cardiac impairments post the major risks. Other factors found to be important were patient age, previous TIAs, presence of ulcers, diabetes and sex.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Novel Wittig and Organocatalytic Methodologies for the Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Compounds

contributor:
McNulty, James
Chemical Biology

subject: Wittig, organocatalysis, chemotherapeutics, anticancer, antiviral

abstract: This thesis is primarily focused on the development of Wittig methodologies and the applications of the product alkenes in organocatalysis and drug discovery. Herein is described an aqueous Wittig methodology for the synthesis of α-methylstilbenes and their use in the preparation of novel triazole stilbene inhibitors of aromatase, a clinically validated target for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. As well, a one-step, stereoselective synthesis of alkenyl phenols was developed. The method provides easy access to a variety of compounds that contain this synthetically and biologically important functionality, including natural product phenolic stilbenes. In turn, alkenyl phenols were used as a key component in a novel organocatalytic methodology for the synthesis of cyclobutanes in good yields and high enantioselectivity. Notably, this is one of relatively few asymmetric, catalytic methods for cyclobutane synthesis. Preliminary biological activity of some of these cyclobutane derivatives is reported, including promising anti-cancer activity. Finally, a ten-step total synthesis of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid (+)-trans-dihydronarciclasine was completed. The synthesis features an organocatalytic Michael-aldol cascade on a cinnamaldehyde derivative, which was prepared using a Wittig methodology previous reported by the McNulty group. Importantly, this compound was found to be one of the most potent anti-Zika compounds reported to date. Future work should focus on improving the potency and selectivity of the various aforementioned chemotherapeutics, with concurrent efforts to build upon the novel methodologies discussed herein.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: The Wittig reaction is one of the best ways to make alkenes, a type of reactive bond between two carbon atoms. A new Wittig reaction was developed and used in the preparation and discovery of potent inhibitors of aromatase, an enzyme responsible for the proliferation of many breast cancers. As well, another Wittig methodology was created for the straightforward synthesis of an otherwise difficult to prepare class of alkenes. In turn, these types of alkenes were used in a novel preparation of cyclobutanes, a chemical structure that is difficult to make but can impart useful properties to drugs and materials. Finally, a Wittig reaction previously reported by the McNulty group was used as part of a chemical synthesis of trans-dihydronarciclasine, a rare natural product isolated from daffodils. Trans-dihydronarciclasine was discovered to have antiviral activity and is one of the most potent inhibitors of the Zika virus discovered to date.


title: The Effect of Cerebral Vascular Disease on Skeletal Muscle

contributor:
Sale, D. G.
McComas, A. J.
Adapted Human Biodynamics

subject:
cerebrovascular disease
skeletal muscle

abstract: Twenty-five patients with a mean age of 59.7 ± 11.8 (SD) years who were hemiparetic due to a cerebrovascular lesion of the cortex were assessed to determine the degree of neuromuscular dysfunction produced in the affected lower limb. Dysfunction was postulated to be the result of a secondary lower motoneuron lesion precipitated by the primary upper motoneuron lesion. The effects of cerebrovascular disease on skeletal muscle were assessed through an evaluation of the motor unit which involved assessment of excitable muscle mass (M-wave amplitudes), motor unit counts, peripheral nerve conduction velocities, evoked contractile properties of the dorsiflexor muscles (tibialis anterior) of the lower limb and degree of motor dysfunction expressed as a function of motor unit activation and maximum voluntary contraction (twitch interpolation method). Results showed preservation of the skeletal muscle with normal contraction times (108 ± 33 ms and 106 ± 35 ms, affected limb versus unaffected limb) and half relaxation times (119.3 ± 41 ms and 114 ± 32 ms respectively). Twitch torque was maintained and did not show significant differences between limbs (2.3 ± 1.6 N.m and 2.4 + 1.5 N.m., paretic vs. non-paretic limb). Voluntary force production of the affected limb, (10 ± 12.1 N.m) however, was 38% of that produced by the unaffected limb (26 + 1.4 N.m.) and measures of mean percent motor unit activation of the paretic limb were 58% of that produced by the unaffected limb. Interpolated twitch results showed that mean percent motor unit activation was significantly different in the affected limb (46 ± 36%) than the unaffected limb (79 + 19.6%). These results indicate that some motoneurone in hemiplegic patients were healthy but not readily activated. No effect was seen for age, sex of the subject and time post stroke. No significant difference in the pattern of results was observed between initial and final test results for subjects examined more than once. Conclusions were that skeletal muscle integrity was preserved probably due to spinal reflex activity and force production was depressed due, in part, to an inability to fully activate motor units. The inability to activate motoneurone may occur because some motoneurone are in a dysfunctional state. The following data from the present experimental work revealed several trends suggesting the possibility of a sick motoneuron hypothesis due to transynaptic motoneuron degeneration and the existence of a secondary lower motoneuron lesion in stroke syndrome. These trends are: 1) decreased motor unit counts of a sub-group of the total sample consisting of subjects under 60 years of age approached conventional levels of significance. Mean values for the affected limb were 73.8 ± 52 and 130.0 ± 61 for the unaffected limb (P < 0.05, F =5.05, critical F =5.59) In addition, M-wave amplitudes showed significant differences between limbs in the sub-group (4.0 + 2.3 mV and 5.7 ± 2.2 mV affected vs unaffected limb p<0.05), indicating that transynaptic motoneuron loss may have occurred; 2) decreased nerve conduction velocities and prolonged terminal latencies in the motor nerves of the paretic limbs also suggest sick motoneurone and the possibility of a dying back phenomenon of the terminal nerve endings; 4) normal M-wave amplitudes and twitch torque values of the tibialis anterior muscle coupled with the prolonged terminal latencies may be indicative of collateral sprouting of terminal axons which have taken over previously denervated muscle fibres. Future studies are needed to confirm or refute these observations.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Barriers to the Use of Institutional Respite for Alzheimer's Caregivers

contributor:
Gladstone, Jim
Analysis of Social Welfare Policy

subject:
institutional respite
barrier
alzheimer's
caregiver

abstract: As the incidence of elderly-type illnesses such as Alzheimer's Disease continues to increase along with the elderly population in Canada, the particular health concerns and formal service needs of dementia patients and their caregivers are becoming more apparent and important to researchers, policy analysts, and ministry representatives. Institutional respite is one service that has been consistently underutilized by the Alzheimer's population, but little research has been conducted to determine the reasons behind why this is the case. As part of its Alzheimer strategy, the Ontario Government has promised to invest $7 million annually into respite services for caregivers. It is essential that these monies be used as appropriately as possible and in ways that best assist caregivers, and one of the easiest ways to do this is to include caregiver input in the processes of service evaluation, modification, and development. This study focuses on uncovering the issues that contribute to Alzheimer's caregivers underutilization of institutional respite, with the hope that this paper and like papers in the future will contribute to the development of more generous and more appropriate respite services for families caring for persons with Alzheimer's Disease.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Feedback Training for Heart Rate as a Treatment for Anxiety Disorders

title: Heart Rate Feedback as a Treatment for Anxiety Disorders

contributor:
Roberts, L. E.
Psychology

subject:
feedback training
anxiety
anxiety disorder
heart rate

abstract: The present study investigated the efficacy of heart rate feedback training in the treatment of panic disorder. Eight patients with anxiety disorders participated in 7 feedback sessions, in which they were instrumentally trained to produce increases and decreases in heart rate in the presence of visual feedback. When they could successfully differentiate between the increase and decrease responses, subjects were instructed to use the decrease response to control anxiety and panic, and to avoid the increase response. Subjects were not made aware of the target responses until training was completed. Clinical improvement was measured through the administration of a psychometric test battery and a daily anxiety/panic diary. A non-anxious Control group, consisting of 10 subjects, was utilized to provide comparisons with the Anxiety group in the areas of feedback skill, baseline psychophysiology, and change in anxiety levels with the development of feedback skill. As a result of feedback training, Anxiety patients learned to produce increases and decreases in heart rate in the presence and absence of feedback. They also reported a decline in anxiety and panic over the course of feedback training. To evaluate whether clinical improvement was related specifically to feedback skill as opposed to non-specific treatment factors, dose-response relations were examined, where a dose was defined as a subject's degree of differentiation between increases and decreases in heart rate, as measured by a t-test. Clinical improvement was measured as the change in number of panic attacks per day, compared to baseline. A positive, significant correlation was found between subjects' degree of feedback skill and decline in panic at a one-month follow-up. A number of alternative explanations for the dose-response relationship are discussed, as well as the limitations of this study. It is concluded that further well-controlled studies will be required to confirm these findings, and to determine the source of the dose-response relationship, although this study provides encouraging evidence for the use of feedback training as a behavioral treatment for panic disorder.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Genetics of Autism: The Maternal Genotype at the Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase Locus may be a Factor in the Etiology of Autism and Related Pervasive Developmental Disorders

title: Genetics of Autism

contributor:
White, Bradley
Biology

subject:
autism
genetic
maternal genotype
dopamine
beta hydroxylase
pervasive developmental disorder

abstract: Autism is a severe developmental disorder characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, coupled with repetitive stereotypic activities. Evidence from twin and family studies strongly suggest that genetic factors play a significant role in the etiology of autism. The factors involved in the development of autism are also thought to underlie related pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). The affected sib-pair method was used to screen nine autosomal candidate loci in 18 families, each of which have two or more children with autism or a related PDD. Candidate loci were selected on the basis that: (1) the locus is near genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities found to co-occur with autism; and/or (2) the gene encodes a protein which has been speculated to play a role in the pathophysiology of autism. Genotypes of the affected children and their parents were determined for the following microsatellite markers which are tightly linked to the candidate genes/regions: 13S118, DRD2, TH, HRAS-1, 22S343, D15S11, GABRB3, 16S291, and DBH. No significant concordance between affected siblings was observed for any of the loci tested. During the study, however, many of the families were found to be uninformative at the dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) microsatellite locus. A comparsion of DBH allele frequencies observed in the parents to published British values revealed a significant difference between the two groups (L2=13.16, df=5, p<0.05). Given this finding, and the knowledge that serum DBH activity is largely under the control of DNA sequences in or close to the DBH gene, serum DBH activities were measured in the parents and in an adult control group. Mean serum DBH activity was found to be significantly lower in parents with two autistic/PDD children compared to an adult control group (Student's t=-1.71, df=60, p<0.05). DBH alleles are defined by a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat and the presence or absence of a 19 bp sequence. Upon further analysis the frequency of alleles in which the 19 bp sequence is deleted was found to be significantly increased in the mothers with two autistic/PDD children, compared to both published frequencies (L2=11.99, df=1, p<0.001) and to a Canadian control group (L2=6.96, df=1, p<0.01). Subsequent investigation revealed that deletion of the 19 bp sequence is associated with lower mean serum DBH enzyme activity (nondeletion homozygotes 44.5±28.6 iu/L; heterozygotes 30.4±16.0 iu/L; and deletion homozygotes 20.5±15.3 iu/L; F=5.45, df=59, p<0.01). Based on these findings it is proposed that lowered maternal serum DBH activity provides a uterine environment which, in conjunction with genotypic susceptiblity of a fetus, results in autism or a related PDD.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Breast Cancer and the Discourse of Risk

contributor:
Boetzkes, Elisabeth
Philosophy

subject:
breast cancer
cancer
discourse
risk

abstract: This thesis explores the role of values in risk assessment for breast cancer. Why? First, breast cancer poses a serious health threat to women, yet currently has no known cause. This means the discussion of risk becomes central to this disease. Second, K.S. Shrader-Frechette has shown that values enter in at each stage of risk assessment. These stages are the choice of topics, methods, and evaluation. By using Shrader-Frechette's framework for analysis of such areas of breast cancer as mammography, prophylactic mastectomy, tamoxifen and the role of estrogen, research routes, and prevention, it can be shown that certain values dominate the risk assessment. These values are the technological imperative, individual causation of disease, and reductionism. This thesis argues that the dominance of these values has led to a narrow and biased view of breast cancer risk. This view leaves women with fewer legitimate choices for the management of breast cancer risk and in many ways excluded altogether from its risk discourse. As breast cancer advocacy groups have gained in strength, attention has been drawn to the fact that there are competing values which can be used in risk assessment for this disease. These competing values are a low-tech/high-preventative, holistic, care-oriented approach to disease. These values can provide a viable alternative assessment of risk in breast cancer. Furthermore, this alternative risk picture is more desirable than the current one, because it helps to redirect and widen the focus on risk in breast cancer and gives women a central role in its risk discourse.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Delivery of Microencapsulated Non-Autologous Cells to the Central Nervous System of Dogs

title: Delivery of Microencapsulated Cells to the CNS of Dogs

contributor:
Chang, P. L.
Biology

subject:
delivery
microencapsulated
non-autologous cell
central nervous system
dog

abstract: Treatment for neurological diseases has been limited by the presence of the protective blood-brain barrier. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that direct intraventricular implantation of microcapsules containing genetically modified cells can effectively deliver the transgene product to the mouse brain, thereby circumventing the blood-brain barrier. In this thesis, the experiments were aimed at scaling up the murine experiments to determine if direct implantation of alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate microcapsules to the central nervous system of dogs was a feasible means of treating the large animal brain. In the first two experiments reported here, microcapsules containing cells genetically modified to secrete human growth hormone were injected into the central nervous system of dogs. Two routes of delivery were examined, intraventricular brain surgery and injection into the spinal intrathecal space (cisterna magna). While empty capsules within the central nervous system were benign, microcapsules containing cells induced an acute inflammatory response in the brain and spinal cord tissue, irrespective of the route of delivery. Human growth hormone was detected transiently in four of six dogs, but the data were interpreted with caution due to extraneous variables such as compromised microcapsules in two of the dogs and previous systemic treatment in six of the other dogs. In the last experiment, microcapsules containing cells genetically modified to secrete the lysosomal enzyme a-L-iduronidase were implanted into the lateral ventricles of a dog with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I in an attempt to correct the characteristic neuronal pathology. An immune response ensued and appeared to abolish any possible effect of the microcapsule treatment. The experiments presented here demonstrate the challenges and obstacles that need to be overcome to effectively scale up therapies from rodent experiments to large animals. The data also shed light on the immunological complications that may arise with invasive and repeated treatment in the central nervous system of large animals.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Exercise Rehabilitation after Spinal Cord Injury

contributor:
McCartney, Neil
Kinesiology

subject:
kinesiology
rehabilitation
spinal cord
spinal cord injury
exercise rehab

abstract:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating event that leads to either complete or partial paralysis, sensory loss and loss of autonomic control below the level of neurological interruption. Consequent to the physiological changes that accompany the sustenance of a SCI, many affected individuals experience increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In addition, although not experienced by all individuals with SCI, decreased quality of life and depression are more common in these individuals than in the able-bodied population. Participation in regular exercise has been investigated as a way to decrease both cardiovascular risk and depressive symptoms in able-bodied individuals, however a relatively small number of similar investigations have been performed in individuals with SCI. The current study examined the effects of a training protocol that incorporated arm ergomety and resistance training, two relatively inexpensive and accessible exercise modalities, on blood lipid variables (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDLITC ratio), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and psychological well being (PWB). Baseline blood measures were obtained via fingerstick, and were subjected to automated analysis (Cholestech L.D.X, Cholestech, Hayward, CA). Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) were obtained via auscultation, while resting heart rate (HR) was obtained using either chest electrodes or an ear clip HR monitor. Three successively more difficult, 6-minute bouts of arm ergometry were performed, during which were monitored HR, arm rating of perceived exertion (ARPE) and total body rating of perceived exertion (TRPE). Systolic blood pressure and DBP were measured via auscultation immediately following each exercise session. Two minutes of rest were allowed between arm ergometry bouts. Psychological measures including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977), an adaptation of Cantril's ladder of life satisfaction (Cantril, 1965), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen et al., 1983), a bodily pain question from the Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) (Ware and Sherbourne, 1992), the modified Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI-C) (Rejeski et al., 1999) and perceived control questions from the Beliefs Scale (BS) (Shnek et al., 1997) were administered in interview format. One repetition maximum (1 RM) lifts were determined for chest press, shoulder flexion and elbow flexion. Participants were matched on the basis of Coli ratings (Coli et al., 1998) and years post injury (+/-10 years post) and then randomized to either exercise (EX) or control (C) groups. Subsequently EX participants took part in an exercise protocol that entailed the twice-weekly training of cardiovascular endurance and strength. During each exercise session, participants performed two bouts of arm ergometry and two resistance training exercises for shoulder musculature, elbow flexors, elbow extensors, chest musculature, wrist flexors, wrist extensors and back musculature, respectively. Duration of arm ergometry was adjusted according to individual participant tolerance, while work load was manipulated in order to attempt to elicit TRPE scores of approximately 3. Two sets of 15 repetitions of the resistance training exercises were performed during each of the first 6-8 sessions, in order to facilitate injury-free adjustment to resistance training. Subsequently, 3 sets of 10 repetitions were performed, with relatively heavier weights, in order to maximize improvements in strength. Control participants were asked to refrain from initiating a regular exercise program during the course of the study. Post-testing occurred 3 months following the acquisition of baseline measures for the C group, and following the completion of between 22 to 24 exercise sessions for the EX group. No significant changes in blood lipid variables, FBG or indices of PWB occurred during the course of the study. However, favourable baseline values for absolute blood data, FBG and PWB may have made improvements difficult. Improved arm ergometry tolerance was indicated in EX participants by significant differences in percentage improvement of ARPE at the conclusion of the
study. Statistically significant improvements in strength were not observed for the EX group, except in the case of left elbow flexion; however, trends were observed that suggested increased strength in the EX group in comparison with the C group following the completion of the experimental protocol. Several recommendations are provided regarding the performance of future research examining the effects of arm ergometry and resistance training exercise on cardiovascular risk and PWB in individuals with SCI.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Genes Preserving Stem Cell State in Medulloblastoma Contribute to Therapy Evasion and Relapse

contributor:
Singh, Sheila
Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences

subject:
Medulloblastoma
Targeted Therapies
Cancer Stem Cells

abstract:
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Out of the four molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4), Group 3 patients face the highest incidence of leptomeningeal spread and overall patient survival of less than 50%. Current clinical trials for recurrent MB patients based on genomic profiles of primary, treatment-naïve tumors, provide limited clinical benefit since recurrent metastatic MBs are highly genetically divergent from their primary tumors. The paucity of patient matched primary and recurrent MB samples has contributed to the lack of molecular targets specific to medulloblastoma recurrence, limiting relapsing MB patients to palliation. Our previous in silico analyses revealed enriched expression of many stem cell self-renewal regulatory genes in Group 3 MB.

In this work, I have set out to investigate whether by identifying genes contributing to self-renewal of Group 3 MB cells, we can characterize a population of cells responsible for therapy evasion and subsequent tumor relapse.  Initially, we have adapted the existing COG (Children’s Oncology Group) protocol for children with newly diagnosed high-risk MB for treatment of immuno-deficient mice intracranially xenografted with human MB cells. Cell populations recovered separately from brains and spines mice during the course of tumor development and therapy were comprehensively profiled for gene expression analysis, stem cell and molecular features to generate a global, comparative profile of MB cells through therapy. Additionally, we have investigated therapeutic potential of small molecules targeting BMI1, a known self-renewal regulating gene. In the setting of recurrent Group 3 MB, pharmacological inhibition of BMI1, led to a remarkable decrease in cell proliferation and self-renewal in vitro as well as reduction of local and spinal metastatic disease in vivo. Finally, by combining the established therapy-adapted patient-derived xenograft mouse model and BMI1 inhibitor, PTC-596, we have demonstrated an additive effect of two modalities and provided the pre-clinical data for the upcoming Phase I trial.

Biological investigations into the drivers of MB recurrence will lead to development of new therapeutic options for children who are frequently limited to palliation. Clinically relevant mouse models of MB recurrence can serve as platforms for pre-clinical testing and validation of new treatments aimed to provide therapeutic intervention rather than palliation.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

abstract: Medulloblastoma is the most common type of brain cancer that affects children. Out of the four main subgroups of medulloblastoma, tumors in Groups 3 and 4 are the most aggressive and are associated with a low overall survival in children diagnosed with this type of brain cancer. These two subtypes of medulloblastoma also account for the largest number of patients in which gold standard therapies fail and no additional therapies are available. Several studies have shown the existence of few cells within the tumor that alone can drive tumor growth. The aggressive behavior of these cells has in part been attributed to dysregulation of genes involved in cell replication and division. Further studies that will focus on understanding the significance of genes that regulate cell growth and replication can help discover a population of cells that is capable of evading therapy and contribute to tumor relapse. The identification and characterization of such population can lead to development of novel treatments for the children affected with aggressive medulloblastoma. In my thesis, I have developed a mouse model that replicates the aggressive therapy given to the medulloblastoma patients in order to study cells capable of escaping the harsh treatment and drive tumor comeback. Next, by profiling the gene expression and functional attributes of those cells, we identified genes that contribute to regulation of cell division and growth. The effects of both increasing and decreasing the activity of those genes were then tested in cells grown in the dish. Subsequently, the most promising results were verified in the established mouse models. The main objective of my thesis was to discover new opportunities in treatments the most aggressive type of brain cancer affecting children, and thus not only improve the quality of treatment but also the overall survival of patients with medulloblastoma.


title: The Attribution Theory of Hopelessness Depression: Conscious Causal Analysis or Unconscious Linguistic Bias?

contributor:
Carment, D. W.
Psychology

subject:
attribution theory
hopelessness depression
conscious causal analysis
unconscious linguistic bias

abstract: Attribution theory holds that the affective reaction and mood that people develop in response to a situation is to a great degree dependent on what they perceive has caused the situation. Self-blame is a specific result of certain attributions and often leads to depression. The main purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between a specific, character-related linguistic bias and an increased risk for, and an elevated level of, depression. This is accomplished by comparing subjects' test results in a measure of linguistic bias with the Beck Depression Inventory score and with a measurement of attributional style. Further, by drawing on the philosophical basis of cognitive therapeutic practices, it is argued that self-blame is only related to depression if it is characterological in nature and that such characterological self-blame is implicit in the linguistic style of the individual. Elevated usage of the verb "to be" in evaluating a negative life event was found to correlate with an above-average level of the somatic symptoms of depression. Subjects who preferred "to be" sentences also made more attributions of stability in regard to the hypothetical negative scenarios. Very little correlation was obtained between depression levels and depressogenic attributions. It is argued that while the usage of specific words and the application of depressogenic attributions are confounded, the use of two separate questionnaires both related to a common vignette permits some separation. While linguistic bias does not explain the development of depression, it is at least as good a correlate as attributional style. Depressogenic biases in word usage may be the conscious expression of attributional style.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Effects of Exercise test Information on Self-Efficacy and Anxiety in Patients with Myocardial Infarction

contributor:
Oldridge, Neil
Adapted Human Biodynamics

subject:
exercise test
self-efficacy
anxiety
patients
myocardial infraction

abstract:
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preparatory information regarding the cycle ergometer exercise tolerance test on self-efficacy and anxiety of patients following a myocardial infarction (MI). The study also examined the effect self-efficacy on exercise test performance. A secondary purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of preparatory information and coping style on anxiety associated with the exercise test.
Male cardiac patients ( N =30) ages 40-66 years (X=55 yrs.) who had documented MI based on at least two of the following: 1. a significant increase in cardiac enzyme levels 2. ECG diagnostic of HI or 3. chest pain and who were referred for a maximum performance exercise tolerance test two to six weeks post-infarction (X=4 weeks) were eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria consisted of unstable angina and/or uncontrolled dysrhythmias. All patients completed three self-report psychological questionnaires upon arrival at the laboratory: the A-state and A-trait portions of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS) and the physical self-efficacy assessment. Based on their pre-intervention cycling self-efficacy scores, patients were then randomly assigned to the experimental or control conditions. The experimental videotape included detailed procedural and sensory information about the exercise tolerance test as it was being performed by a cardiac patient. The control videotape included information about nutrition as it relates to coronary heart disease. Subsequent to viewing either the experimental or control videotapes, the A-state portion of the STAI and the self-efficacy assessment were re-administered. Patients then performed the exercise tolerance test on the cycle ergometer. Cycling self-efficacy of patients in the experimental condition (preparatory information) decreased whereas the cycling self-efficacy of patients in the control condition increased minimally resulting in a significant difference in self-efficacy between the two intervention groups ( p <.04). Anxiety of patients in the experimental intervention increased while there was virtually no change in anxiety in patients in the control condition ( p <.01). Patients with high pre-intervention cycling self-efficacy achieved higher mean maximum power output ( p <.001) than patients with low pre-intervention cycling self-efficacy. No interactions were found between coping style and preparatory information on the relative change in state anxiety. Anxiety in patients in the experimental group increased whereas anxiety in patients in the control group remained virtually unchanged, regardless of coping style ( p <.01). The data suggest that there is no basis for providing preparatory information regarding the exercise tolerance test to increase self-efficacy and to lower anxiety. The results indicate that self-efficacy is important in predicting exercise test performance. Preparatory information about the exercise tolerance test appears to increase anxiety regardless of coping style.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Integrated Treatment for Persons with Concurrent Disorders: Effects on Housing Status in a Canadian Inner-City

subject:
concurrent disorders
housing status

abstract: Objective: Residential outcomes of adults with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) and substance use disorders were studied over 18-months, during which participants received integrated concurrent disorders services from two models of community-based intensive case management programs. Of primary interest in this analysis were the risks associated with co-occurring addictions on housing quality and stability, and the relative effectiveness of assertive community treatment (ACT) and intensive case management (ICM) on housing outcomes. Methods: Data for this secondary analysis was drawn from one of six projects organized under the Community Mental Health Evaluation Initiative. Clients who were diagnosed as having SPMI with and without co-morbid substance dependence (N=80) were randomly assigned to two case management programs in Toronto, Canada. All clients with concurrent disorders received integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment, but half were provided more fully integrated services from ACT. Housing was classified in one of three categories to describe the quality and consistency of residential tenure: stable housing, unstable accommodation defined by number of address changes, or homeless. Results: Participants with concurrent disorders were much more likely to be homeless or living in unstable, substandard housing than subjects without substance dependence. ICM clients with co-morbid disorders showed greater improvement on housing outcomes, but both case management groups showed strong gains on subjective measures of community adjustment, including empowerment, social support, and symptom distress. Housing stability was mediated by intensity of service contacts. Conclusion: Integrated treatment is a recent innovation in service delivery for persons with concurrent disorders. The favourable outcomes found for ICM in this study raise questions about the relative effectiveness of different implementation strategies to achieve integrated treatment within individual case management programs. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that service intensity is a critical component promoting community tenure for this at-risk population.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Psychiatry and Resentment: A Philosophical Examination of the Psychiatric Survivors' Movement

subject:
psychiatry
philosophical examination
survivor's movement
psychiatric survivor's moment

abstract: In this thesis I set out to show that the ethical literature dealing with psychiatry contains a serious omission: it does not discuss the issue of humiliation in the psychiatric context. I claim that the reason for this lies in the "objective attitude" that typifies both discourse on psychiatric ethics and actual clinical practice. Psychiatrists and psychiatric ethicists tend to view patients as things to be "controlled, studied, cured or trained," an attitude inimical to the "participant attitude" that sees others as responsible members of the moral community. This leads not only to a distorted view of the patient, but it also prevents doctors and ethicists from addressing the normative content of patient grievances. On the other hand, Axel Honneth and Charles Taylor's theories of "recognition" emphasize the subjective experience of humiliation and show how feelings of wounded dignity can motivate social struggles --including, I claim, the psychiatric survivors' movement. I argue further that psychiatric ethics must take account of what the patients themselves say about their experience of psychiatry; to this end I juxtapose some of the main ideas found in psychiatric ethics with quotations from psychiatric survivors about their experience of humiliation at the hands of psychiatry.

abstract: Thesis

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)