title: Study on the properties of piezoelectric materials and manganese-based oxide perovskites /

subject:
Piezoelectric materials
Perovskite
Manganese oxides

abstract:
Perovskite type piezoelectric and manganese oxide materials have gained a lot of attention
in the field of device engineering. Lead zirconium titananium oxide (PbZri.iTiiOa or PZT)
is a piezoelectric material widely used as sensors and actuators. Miniaturization of PZTbased
devices will not only perfect many existing products, but also opens doors to new
applications. Lanthanum manganese oxides Lai-iAiMnOa (A-divalent alkaline earth such
as Sr, Ca or Ba) have been intensively studied for their colossal magnetoresistance (CMR)
properties that make them applicable in memory cells, magnetic and pressure sensors. In
this study, we fabricate PZT and LSMO(LCMO) heterostructures on SrTiOa substrates
and investigate their temperature dependency of resistivity and magnetization as a function
of the thickness of LSMO(LCMO) layer. The microstructure of the samples is analysed
through TEM. In another set of samples, we study the effect of application of an electric
field across the PZT layer that acts as an external pressure on the manganite layer. This
verifies the correlation of lattice distortion with transport and magnetic properties of the
CMR materials.


title: The effects of yeast inoculation rate and acclimatization to juice on icewine fermentation /

subject:
Wine and wine making
Wine and wine making
Fermentation.

abstract:
Icewine is an intensely sweet, unique dessert wine fennented from the juice of grapes that have
frozen naturally on the vine. The juice pressed from the frozen grapes is highly concentrated,
ranging from a minimum of 35° Brix to approximately 42° Brix. Often Icewine fennentations are
sluggish, taking months to reach the desired ethanol level, and sometimes become stuck. In
6
addition, Icewines have high levels of volatile acidity. At present, there is no routine method of
yeast inoculation for fennenting Icewine. This project investigated two yeast inoculum levels, 0.2
gIL and 0.5 gIL. The fennentation kinetics of inoculating these yeast levels directly into the sterile
Icewine juice or conditioning the cells to the high sugar levels using a step wise acclimatization
procedure were also compared. The effect of adding GO-FERM, a yeast nutrient, was also assessed.
In the sterile fennentations, yeast inoculated at 0.2 gIL stopped fennenting before the required
ethanol level was achieved, producing only 7.8% (v/v) and 8.1 % (v/v) ethanol for the direct and
conditioned inoculations, respectively. At 0.5 gIL, the stepwise conditioned cells fennented the
most sugar, producing 12.2% (v/v) ethanol, whereas the direct inoculum produced 10.5% (v/v)
ethanol. The addition of the yeast nutrient GO-FERM increased the rate of biomass accumulation,
but reduced the ethanol concentration in wines fennented at 0.5 gIL. There was no significant
difference in acetic acid concentration in the final wines across all treatments. Fennentations using
unfiltered Icewine juice at the 0.5 gIL inoculum level were also compared to see if the effects of
yeast acclimatization and micronutrient addition had the same impact on fennentation kinetics and
yeast metabolite production as observed in the sterile-filtered juice fennentations. In addition, a full
descriptive analysis of the finished wines was carried out to further assess the impact of yeast
inoculation method on Icewine sensory quality. At 0.5 gIL, the stepwise conditioned cells fennented
the most sugar, producing 11.5% (v/v) ethanol, whereas the direct inoculum produced 10.0% (v/v)
ethanol. The addition of the yeast nutrient GO-FERM increased the peak viable cell numbers, but
reduced the ethanol concentration in wines fennented at 0.5 gIL. There was a significant difference
7
in acetic acid concentration in the final wines across all treatments and all treatments affected the
sensory profiles of the final wines. Wines produced by direct inoculation were described by grape
and raisin aromas and butter flavour. The addition of GO-FERM to the direct inoculation treatment
shifted the aroma/flavour profiles to more orange flavour and aroma, and a sweet taste profile. StepWise
acclimatizing the cells resulted in wines described more by peach and terpene aroma. The
addition of GO-FERM shifted the profile to pineapple and alcohol aromas as well as alcohol flavour.
Overall, these results indicate that the addition of GO-FERM and yeast acclimatization shortened the
length of fermentation and impacted the sensory profiles of the resultant wines.


title: Properties of NaxCoO2 /

subject:
Sodium cobalt oxide
Sodium cobalt oxide
Superconductors.
Thermoelectric materials.

abstract:
Polycrysttdline samples of NaiCoOa were prepared using the "Rapid heat-up" method. One
set of samples was annealed in flowing O2, while the other set in flowing Argon. X-Ray
diffraction measurements indicated a stable phase of Nao.7Co02 mixed with C03O4 for all
the samples even though they differed in concentration of Na. Argon annealed samples were
insulators, whereas the ones annealed in O2 were metallic. Most of the measurements were
performed on the sample Nao.7Co02, because it is the host compound for the superconductor
sample Nao.35Co02-H20. Magnetization measurement showed that the magnetic moment
decreased with increasing sodium concentration. This is due to the existence of C03O4 in
samples with Na^ 0.7. As sodium concentration decreases, the magnetic moment increases
due to the increasing concentration of C03O4 and its large magnetic moment. Magnetization
measurements showed that the magnetic moment of Nao.7Co02 is field-dependent in low
fields eind field-independent in fields higher than 100 G. Resistivity changes with temperature
(dp/dT) increased with increasing Na concentration. Also resistivity measurements
were performed under different hydrostatic pressures on Nao.7Co02. Two transitions were
observed; one at a temperature Ti ~20 K and the other at T2 ^280 K, the transition at
Ti has a magnetic origin and the one at T2 is a structiural transition. It was noticed that
pressure aJfects resistivity of the sample. At higher pressures resistivity changes faster with
temperature. Magnetoresistance measurement showed a small change in the resistivity, especially
at lower temperatures. A novel layered superconductor Nao.35Co02H20 was prepared
using de-intercalation of Na from the host compound Nao.7Co02. FVom the temperature dependence of the magnetization, the superconducting transition temperature and lower
critictil field have been estimated as Tc=4.12 K and Hci=66 G, respectively.


title: Kr-Ar laser Raman spectrometer for low temperature measurements /

subject: Raman spectroscopy.

abstract:
A Czerny Mount double monochromator is used to measure Raman scattered radiation
near 90" from a crystalline, Silicon sample. Incident light is provided by a mixed gas
Kr-Ar laser, operating at 5145 A. The double monochromator is calibrated to true
wavelength by comparison of Kr and Ar emission Une positions (A) to grating position
(A) display [1]. The relationship was found to be hnear and can be described by,
y = 1.219873a; - 1209.32, (1)
where y is true wavelength (A) and xis grating position display (A). The Raman emission
spectra are collected via C"*""*" encoded software, which displays a mV signal from a
Photodetector and allows stepping control of the gratings via an A/D interface. [2]
The software collection parameters, detector temperature and optics are optimised
to yield the best quality spectra. The inclusion of a cryostat allows for temperatmre
dependent capabihty ranging from 4 K to w 350 K.
Silicon Stokes temperatm-e dependent Raman spectra, generally show agreement with
Uterature results [3] in their frequency haxdening, FWHM reduction and intensity increase
as temperature is reduced. Tests reveal that a re-alignment of the double monochromator
is necessary before spectral resolution can approach literature standard. This has not
yet been carried out due to time constraints.


title: Sample preparation and heavy metal determination by atomic spectrometry /

subject:
Heavy metals.
Atomic spectroscopy.
Mineralogy, Determinative.

abstract:
Microwave digestions of mercury in Standards Reference Material (SRM) coal samples
with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in quartz vessels were compared with Teflon® vessel
digestion by using flow injection cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Teflon® vessels
gave poor reproducibiUty and tended to deliver high values, while the digestion results from
quartz vessel show good agreement with certificate values and better standard deviations.
Trace level elements (Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sn, Ti, V and Zn) in
used oil and residual oil samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical
emission spectrometry. Different microwave digestion programs were developed for each sample
and most of the results are in good agreement with certified values. The disagreement with
values for Ag was due to the precipitation of Ag in sample; while Sn, V and Zn values had good
recoveries from the spike test, which suggests that these certified values might need to be
reconsidered.
Gold, silver, copper, cadmium, cobalt, nickel and zinc were determined by continuous
hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The performance
of two sample introduction systems: MSIS™ and gas-liquid separator were compared. Under the
respective optimum conditions, MSIS^"^ showed better sensitivity and lower detection limits for
Ag, Cd, Cu, Co and similar values for Au, Ni and Zn to those for the gas-liquid separator.


title: The micromorphology of Paleoseismic soft sediment deformation structures in glacial deposits from three sample sites in Scotland /

subject:
Paleoseismology
Sediments (Geology)
Earthquakes

abstract:
The nature of this research is to investigate paleoseismic deformation of glacial
soft sediments from three sampling sites throughout the Scottish Highlands; Arrat's
Mills, Meikleour and Glen Roy. The paleoseismic evidence investigated in this research
will provide a basis for applying criteria to soft sediment deformation structures, and the
trigger mechanisms that create these structures. Micromorphology is the tool used in this
to investigate paleoseismic deformation structures in thin section. Thin section analysis,
(micromorphology) of glacial sediments from the three sampling sites is used to
determine microscale evidence of past earthquakes that can be correlated to modem-day
events and possibly lead to a better understanding of the impact of earthquakes
throughout a range of sediment types. The significance of the three sampling locations is
their proximity to two major active fault zones that cross Scotland. The fault zones are
the Highland Boundary Fault and the Great Glen Fault, these two major faults that
parallel each other and divide the country in half Sims (1975) used a set of seven criteria
that identified soft sediment deformation structures created by a magnitude six
earthquake in Cahfomia. Using criteria set forth by Sims (1975), the paleoseismic
evidence can be correlated to the magnitude of the deformation structures found in the
glacial sediments. This research determined that the microstructures at Arrat's Mill,
Meikleour and Glen Roy are consistent with a seismically induced origin. It has also
been demonstrated that, even without the presence of macrostructures, the use of
micromorphology techniques in detecting such activity within sediments is of immense
value.


title: The roles of ERK1/2 and PI3K in abnormal vascular functions in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats

subject:
Hypertension
Cardiovascular system

abstract:
Background: Ang II plays a major role in cardiovascular regulation. Recently, it has
become apparent that vascular superoxide anion may play an important role in
hypertension development. Treatment with antisense NAD(P)H oxidase or SOD
decreased BP in Ang II-infused rats. Wang et al recently reported mice which lack one of
the subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase developed hypertension at a much lower extent when
compared to the wild type animals infused with Ang II, indicating that superoxide anion
contributes to elevation in BP in the Ang II-infused hypertensive model. In the Ang
II-infused hypertensive model, altered reactivity of blood vessels is often associated with
the elevation of systolic blood pressure. We have observed abnormal tension
development and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the isolated aorta of Ang
II-infused and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Recently, several other cellular signal
molecules, including ERK1I2 and PI3K, have been determined to play important roles in
the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. ERKl/2 and PI3K pathways
are also reported to contribute to Ang II induced cell growth, hypertrophy, remodeling
and contraction. Moreover, these signaling pathways have shown ROS-sensitive
properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the roles of ERKl12
and PI3K in vascular oxidative stress, spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium
relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive model.
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the activation of ERKl12 and PI3K are elevated in response to an Ang II infusion for 6 days. The elevated activation of phospho-ERKl/2
and PI3K mediated the increased level of vascular superoxide anion, the abnormal
vascular contraction and impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in Ang
II-infused hypertensive rats.
Methods: Vascular superoxide anion level is measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence.
Spontaneous tone and ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was measured by
isometric tension recording in organ chamber. The activity of ERK pathway will be
measured by its Western blot of phosphorylation of ERK. PI3K activity was evaluated
indirectly by Western blot of the phosphorylation of PDKl, a downstream protein of
PI3K signaling pathway. The role of each pathway was also addressed via comparing the
responses to the specific inhibitors.
Results: Superoxide anion was markedly increased in the isolated thoracic aorta from
Ang II-infused rats. There was spontaneous tone developed in rings from Ang II-induced
hypertensive but not sham-operated normotensive rats. ACh-induced
endothelium-dependent relaxation function is impaired in Ang II-infused hypertensive
rats. Superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, inhibited the
abnormal spontaneous tone and ameliorated impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation.
The expression of phopho-ERKII2 was enhanced in Ang II-infused rats, indicating the
activity of ERK1I2 could be increased. MEK1I2 inhibitors, PD98059 and U126, but not
their inactive analogues, SB203580 and U124, significantly reduced the vascular
superoxide anion in aortas from Ang II-infused rats. The MEK1I2 inhibitors reduced the
spontaneous tone and improved the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta
of hypertension. These findings supported the role of ERKII2 signaling pathway in
vascular oxidative stress, spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium-dependent
relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats.
The amount of phospho-PDK, a downstream protein of PI3K was increased in Ang II rats
indicating the activity of PI3K activity was elevated. Strikingly, PI3K significantly
inhibited the increase of superoxide anion level, abnormal spontaneous tone and restored
endothelium-dependent relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. These findings
indicated the important role of PI3K in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats.
Conclusion: ERKII2 and PI3K signaling pathways are sustained activated in Ang
II-infused hypertensive rats. The activated ERKII2 and PI3K mediate the increase of
vascular superoxide anion level, vascular abnormal spontaneous tone and impaired
endothelium-dependent relaxation.


title: Epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus in Ontario, Canada, 2002-2003 /

subject:
West Nile virus
West Nile fever
Mosquitoes

abstract:
Since the discovery of West Nile (WN) virus in the Western Hemisphere many surveillance
programs have been implemented to monitor the epidemiology and genetic variation of WN
virus in North America. This project was based on the WN virus Adult Mosquito
Identification and Diagnostic Program conducted at Brock University for Ontario, Canada,
during the 2002 and 2003 transmission seasons. There are three sections to this thesis. The
first section investigated which mosquito species carry WN virus in Ontario, Canada
throughout the 2002-2003 transmission seasons. It was found that from the 2002 data, eight
mosquito species were detected with WN virus (Aedes vexans, Anopheles punctipennis,
Coquilleltidia perlurbans, Culex salinarius, Cx. pipiens, Cx. resluans, Ochlerolalus Irivillalus
and Och. Iriserialus) and 7.19% of the total mosquito pools tested were found to be WN virus
positive (129 positive poolsll, 793 total pools tested). In 2003, WN virus was detected in only
five mosquito species (Ae. vexans, Cx. salinarius, Och. Iriserialus, Cx. pipiens and Cx.
resluans) and 1.42% of the total mosquito pools tested were WN virus positive (101 positive
poolsl7,1 01 total pools tested). WN virus positive mosquito pools were detected 3-4 weeks
earlier in 2002 compared to 2003 data. The second section investigated the actual infection
rate (IR) of clearly identified Cx. pipiens and Cx. resluans from the 2002 outbreak. It was
found that significantly more ex. resluans were infected with WN virus compared to ex.
pipiens. The third section investigated the degree of variability of the WN virus genome. A
879 nucleotide section of the WN virus genome was amplified from 21 American Crows and
20 adult female mosquitoes from Ontario, Canada, and compared to the homologous region of
the original New York 1999 Chilean Flamingo sequence (NY99FL). Seventy-two nucleotides
from Ontario WN virus sequences showed variability compared to NY99FL with 10
synapotypic changes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between Ontario
and US WN virus sequences.


title: The impact of the Multicolor Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) on wine quality /

subject:
Wine
Ladybugs.
Wine
Wine and wine making.

abstract:
The Impact of the Multicolor Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) on Niagara Wine
Quality
The possible influence of Harmonia axyridis (the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle) on the
sensory properties of wine was investigated. H. axyridis beetles were added to white and
red grape musts at a rate of 0, 1 or 10 per L, and a trained panel evaluated the finished
wines using flavor-profiling techniques. Significant modification of both wine aroma and
flavor characteristics were observed in the 10 beetlelL treatments, with smaller effects
noted at the 1 beetlelL rate. Vinification in the presence of H. axyridis gave higher
intensity scores for peanut, bell pepper and asparagus aromas and flavors in the white
wines, and peanut, asparagus/bell pepper, and earthy/herbaceous aromas and flavors in
the red wines. In addition, sweet, acid and bitter tastes were affected in red wines, and a
general trend of decreasing fruit and floral intensities with increasing beetle rate was
observed in both white and red wines. 15 ngIL Isopropylmethoxypyrazine was added to
control wines and sensory profiles similar to high beetle treatments were obtained,
supporting the hypothesis that methoxypyrazines from beetles are implicated in the taint.
A trained panel evaluated the treated wines after 10 months of aging using the same
sensory methods described above. Sensory profiles were very similar.
Fennenting in the presence of Harmonia Axyridis (HA) had little influence on the
chemical composition of the ftnished wine. The notable exception IS
Isopropylmethoxypyrazine content, which was assessed usmg GC-MS analysis and
showed increased concentration with increasing beetle nwnber for both white and red
wmes.
The influence of potential remedial treatments on the sensory properties of white and red
wines tainted by Harmonia axyridis were also investigated. Bentonite, activated charcoal,
oak chips, de-odorized oak chips, and UV or light irradiation were applied to tainted
wine, and these wines evaluated chemically and sensorially. Both white and red wines
treated with oak chips had strong oak characteristics, which masked the Harmonia
axyridis-associated aroma and flavour attributes. In red wine, asparagus/bell pepper
characteristics were decreased by bentonite and charcoal treatments. Only activated
charcoal significantly decreased methoxypyrazine levels and only in white wine.


title: Pollen and grain size records in abyssal sediments of the northwest Pacific Ocean as proxies of Plio-Pleistocene climate change /

subject:
Climatic changes
Marine sediments
Paleoclimatology
Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary.

abstract:
A distinctive period of global change occurred during the PUocene between the warm
Miocene and subsequent Quaternary cooling. Samples from Ocean Drilling Project Site 11 79
(-5586 mbsl, 41°4'N, 159°57'E), Site 881 (-5765 mbsl, 47°6.133'N, 161°29.490'E) and Site
882 (-3255 mbsl, 50°22'N, 167°36'E) were studied to determine the magnitude and
composition ofterrigenous flux to the western mid-latitude North Pacific and its relation to
climate change in East Asia since the mid-Pliocene.
Dust-sized particles (including pollen), sourced from the arid regions and loess
plateaus in East Asia are entrained by prevailing westerly winds and transported to the midlatitude
northwest North Pacific Ocean. This is recorded by peaks in the total concentration
of pollen and spores, as well as the mean grain size of allochthonous and autochthonous
silicate material in abyssal marine sediments.
Aridification of the Asian interior due to the phased uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan
Plateau created the modem East Asian Monsoon system dominated by a strengthening of the
winter monsoon. The winter monsoon is further enhanced during glacials due to the
expansion of desert and steppe environments at the expense ofwoodlands and forests
recorded by the composition of palynological assemblages.
The late Pliocene-Pleistocene glacials at ODP Sites 1 179, 881, and 882 are
characterized by increases in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, pollen and spore
concentrations around 3.5-3.3, 2.6-2.4, 1.7-1.6, and 0.9-0.7 Ma (ages based on
magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datums). The peaks during these times are
relatively rich in pollen taxa derived primarily from steppe and boreal vegetation zones,
recording cool, dry climates. The overall size increase of sediment and abundance of
terrestrial palynomorphs record enhanced wind strength. The increase in magnitude of pollen and spore concentrations as well as grain size record global cooling and Northern
Hemisphere glaciation.
The peaks in grain size as well as pollen and spore abundance in marine sediments
correlate with the mean grain size of loess in East Asia, consistent with the deflation of
unarmoured surfaces during glacials. The transport of limiting nutrients to marine
environments enhanced sea surface productivity and increased the rate of sediment
accumulation.


title: The bees of Niagara: a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis /

subject: Bees

abstract:
This study examined the bee fauna of the Carolinian Zone in Ontario, Canada. In 2003,
15687 individuals from 152 species of bees were collected. Tliere were many rare species but
few abundant species. There were three distinct bee seasons. The Niagara bee assemblage was
less diverse compared to other Carolinian Zone assemblages and types of landscapes.
This study also examined how anthropogenic disturbance affects the diversity of bee
assemblages. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) was tested by selecting field sites
subject to low, intermediate, and high disturbance. Intermediate disturbance had the highest
species richness (SR=1 15) and most bees (N=556I), followed by low disturbance (SR= 100,
N=2975), then high disturbance (SR=72, N=1364), supporting the IDH. Increased species
richness in areas of intermediate disturbance was due to higher abundance, possibly because
more blooming flowers were found there. Bees were larger in high disturbance areas but smaller
in areas of high and intermediate disturbance.


title: Syntrophic relationships between algae and bacteria in a fresh-water stream and in culture /

subject:
Freshwater algae.
Algae culture.
Bacteria.

abstract:
Interactions between freshwater algae and bacteria were examined
in a natural stream habitat and a laboratory model. Field observations
provided circumstantial evidence, in statistical correlation for syntrophy
between the microbial populations. This relation is probably
subject to control by the temperature and pH of the aquatic environment.
Several species of a pond community were isolated in axenic culture
and tests were performed to determine the nature of mixed species interactions.
Isolation procedures and field studies indicated that selected
strains of Chlorella and Azotobacter were closely associated in their
natural habitat. With the suspected controlling parameters, pH and
temperature, held constant, mixed cultures of algae and bacteria were
compared to axenic cultures of the same organisms, and a mutual
stimulation of growth was observed. A mixed pure culture apparatus was
designed in this laboratory to study the algal-bacterial interaction
and to test the hypothesis that such an interaction may take place
through a diffusable substance or through certain medium-borne conditions,
Azotobacter was found to take up a Chlorella-produced exudate, to
stimulate protein synthesis, to enhance chlorophyll production and to
cause a numerical increase in the interacting Chlorella population. It
is not clear whether control is at the environmental, cellular or
genetic level in these mixed population interactions.
Experimental observations in the model system, taken with field
correlations allow one to state that there may be a direct relationship
governing the population fluctuations of these two organisms in their
natural stream surroundings.


title: Immunohistochemical study of laterodorsal tegmental neurons active during 22kHz vocalization /

subject:
Sound production by animals.
Sound
Immunohistochemistry

abstract:
An ascending cholinergic projection, which originates in the laterodorsal tegmental
nucleus (LDT), was implicated in the initiation of ultrasonic vocalization. The goal of this study
was to histochemically examine the activity the LDT following ultrasonic calls induced by two
methods. It was hypothesized that cholinergic LDT cells would be more active during air puffinduced
vocalization than carbachol-induced one.
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and cFos protein were visualized histochemically as
markers of cholinergic calls and cellular activity, respectively. Results indicated that animals
vocalizing after carbachol, but not after air puff, had a significantly higher number of Fos labeled
nuclei within the LDT than non vocalizing controls. A significantly higher number of doublelabeled
neurons were discovered in the LDT of vocalizing animals (in both groups) as compared
to control conditions. Thus, there were significantly more active cholinergic cells in the LDT of
vocalizing than non-vocalizing rats for both methods of call induction.


title: The effect of extracellular osmolality on cell volume and resting skeletal muscle metabolism

subject:
Osmoregulation.
Muscle cells.
Muscles

abstract:
The purpose of the current investigation was to establish an in-l'itro skeletal
muscle model to study acute alterations in resting skeletal muscle cell volume. Isolated.
whole muscle (SOL and EDL) was dissected from Long Evans rats and incubated for 60
min in Sigma Medium-199 (resting tension (lg). bubbled with 95:5% 02:C02, 30 ± 2°C,
and pH 7.4). Media osmolality was altered to simulate hypo-osmotic (190 ± 10 Osm)
(HYPO) or hyper-osmotic conditions (400 ± 10 Osm) (HYPER) while an iso-osmotic
condition (290± 1 0 Osm) (CON) served as a control (n= 17.19.17). Following incubation,
relative muscle water content decreased with HYPER and increased with HYPO in both
muscle types (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area of HYPO SOL type I and type II fibres
increased (p<0.05) while the EDL type 11 fibre area decreased in HYPER and increascd
from HYPO exposure. Furthermore, HYPER exposure in both muscles lead to decreased
ATP and phosphocreatine (p<0.05) and increased creatine and lactate (p<0.05) compared
to CON. This isolated skeletal muscle model proved viable and demonstrated that
altering extracellular osmolality could cause acutc alterations in muscle water content and
resting muscle metabolism.


title: The acute effects of differential dietary fatty acids on PDHa activity in human skeletal muscle at the onset of exercise

subject:
Pyruvate kinase.
Fatty acids.
Fatty acids in human nutrition.
Muscle proteins.
Muscles
Exercise

abstract:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is an important regulator of carbohydrate
oxidation during exercise and its activity can be down-regulated by an increase in dietary
fat. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of differential
dietary fatty acids on the activation of PDH in its active form (PDHa) at rest and at the
onset of moderate-intensity exercise. University-aged male subjects (n=7) underwent 2
fat loading trials spaced at least 2 weeks apart. Subjects consumed saturated (SFA) or
polyunsaturated (PUFA) fat over the course of 5 hours. Following this, participants
cycled at 65% VO2 max for 15 min. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to and following
fat loading and at 1 min exercise. Plasma free fatty acids increased from 0.15 ± 0.07 to
0.54 ± 0.19 mM over 5 hours with SFA and from 0.1 1 ± 0.04 to 0.35 ±0.13 mM with
PUFA. PDHa activity was unchanged following fat loading, but increased at the onset of
exercise in the SFA trial, from 1 .4 ± 0.4 to 2.2 ± 0.4 /xmol/min/kg wet wt. This effect
was negated in the PUFA trial (1 .2 ± 0.3 to 1 .3 ± 0.3 pimol/min/kg wet wt.). PDH kinase
(PDK) was unchanged in both trials, suggesting that the attenuation of PDHa activity
with PUFA was a result of changes in the concentrations of intramitochondrial effectors,
more specifically intramitochondrial NADH or Ca^*. Our findings suggest that attenuated
PDHa activity participates in the preferential oxidation of PUFA during moderateintensity
exercise.


title: The influence of skeletal muscle cell volume on carbohydrate metabolism in contracting skeletal muscle

subject:
Carbohydrates
Muscle contraction.

abstract:
This study investigated the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism through changes in
skeletal muscle cell volume immediately post contraction and during recovery. Using an
established in vitro isolated muscle strip model, soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum
longus (EDL) were dissected from male rats and incubated in an organ bath (perfused
with 95% O2; 5% CO2, pH 7.4, temperature 25°C) containing medium- 199 altered to a
target osmotic condition (iso-, hypo- or hyper-osmotic; 290, 1 80, 400 mmol/kg). Muscles
were stimulated for 10 minutes (40 Hz SOL; 30 Hz EDL) and then either immediately
flash frozen or allowed to recover for 20 minutes before subsequent metabolite and
enzyme analysis. Results demonstrated a relative water decrease in HYPER vs. HYPOosmotic
condition (n=8/group; p<0.05) regardless of muscle type. Specifically, the SOL
HYPER condition had elevated metabolite concentrations after 10 minutes of stimulation
in comparison to both HYPO and ISO (p<0.05), while EDL muscle did not show any
significant difTerences between the HYPER or HYPO conditions. After 20 minutes of
recovery, metabolic changes occurred in both SOL and EDL with the SOL HYPER
condition showing greater relative changes in metabolite concentrations versus HYPO.
The results of the current study have demonstrated that osmotic imbalance induces
metabolic change within the skeletal muscle cell and muscle type may influence the
mechanisms utilized for cell volume regulation.


title: Using dramatic activity to enhance Junior Core French students' motivation and oral communication skills /

contributor: Department of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies in Education

subject:
French language
French language
Drama in education.

abstract:
Junior Core French students' motivation to learn a second language and
students' French oral communication skills relating to drama instruction were
investigated in this study. Students' increased and improved motivation and oral
acquisition were measured by several forms of data collection including journals,
questionnaires and surveys, interviews, outside observer and teacher
observations, and anecdotal comments. The results indicated that as a result of
drama integration in the Junior Core French classroom, grade 5 students, both
male and female, were more motivated to participate in second language
instruction, thereby increasing and improving their oral communication skills.
The findings showed that more males than females reported that drama
integration allowed them the opportunity to use their French speaking skills.
Research shows that interactive approaches to teaching such as drama give
students the motivation and enthusiasm to learn.


title: The association between body composition and arterial stiffness in peri-pubescent children

subject:
Body Composition.
Blood-vessels
Overweight children

abstract:
The objective of this study was to examine the association between body
composition and arterial stiffuess in peri-pubescent boys and girls. Differences in arterial
distensibility were measured in 68 children (45 normal weight, 12 overweight, and 11
obese) between the ages of9 to 12 years. Weight classification was based on age and
gender-specific body mass index cut-offs, while pubertal maturation was self-reported
using Tanner staging. Distensibility was determined using two-dimensional, B-Mode
echo Doppler ultrasound to measure changes at the right common carotid artery (CCA)
diameter changes, while carotid pulse pressure (cPP) was measured at the left CCA by
applanation tonometry. One-way ANOV A analysis revealed significant differences
(p<0.001) in all anthropometric measures between the normal weight and overweight
children, as well as the normal weight and obese children. Body stature was only higher
in obese children compared to normal weight children (p<0.01). No significant
differences were found between groups regarding age or Tanner stage. Common carotid
artery distensibility showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between normal weight
children (0.008 ± 0.002 mmHg-1
) compared to obese children (0.005 ± 0.002 mmHg-1
),
with a borderline significant difference between the normal and overweight subjects
(p=0.06). There was no significant effect for gender between males and females across
all independent variables. The strongest determinants of distensibility in children were
cPP (r= -0.52, p<O.OOI), change in diastolic diameter (r= 0.50, p<O.OOI), and sum of 4
skinfold thickness (r= -0.40, p<O.OOI). Regression analysis revealed that cPP alone
explained 27% of the variance in distensibility in children. In addition, cPP, diameter
difference, systolic and diastolic diameter, as well as waist-to-hip ratio explained 94% of the variance among peri-pubescent children. This study greatly underscores the need for
weight management for long-term prevention of cardiovascular disease in overweight and
obese children.


title: Effects of dietary restraint and oral contraceptives on bone strength and bone turnover in young women

subject:
Osteoporosis in women.
Health behavior.
Oral contraceptives
Diet.
Bone resorption.
Bones

abstract:
ABSTRACT
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to assess specific osteoporosis-related health behaviours
and physiological outcomes including daily calcium intake, physical activity levels, bone
strength, as assessed by quantitative ultrasound, and bone turnover among women
between the ages of 18 and 25. Respective differences on relevant study variables, based
on dietary restraint and oral contraceptive use were also examined.
Methods
One hundred women (20.6 ± 0.2 years of age) volunteered to participate in the study.
Informed written consent was obtained by all subjects prior to participation. The study
and all related procedures were approved by the Brock University Research Ethics Board.
Body mass, height, relative body fat, as well as chest, waist and hip circumferences
were measured using standard procedures. The 10-item restrained eating subscale of the
Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to assess dietary restraint (van
Strien et al., 1986). Daily calcium intake was assessed by the Rapid Assessment Method
(RAM) (Hertzler & Frary 1994). Weekly physical activity was documented by the 4-item
Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (Godin & Shephard 1985). Bone strength was
determined from the speed of sound (SOS) as measured by QUS (Sunlight 7000S). SOS
measurements (m/s) were taken of the dominant and non-dominant sides of the distal one
third of the radius and the mid-shaft of the tibia.
Resting blood samples were collected from all subjects between 9am and 12pm,
in order to evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors on biochemical markers of bone
turnover. Blood was collected during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
(approximately days 1-5) for all subjects. Samples were centrifliged and the serum or
plasma was aliquoted into separate tubes and stored at -80°C until analysis. The bone
formation markers measured were Osteocalcin (OC), bone specific alkaline phosphatase
(BAP) and 25-OH vitamin D. The bone resorption markers measured were the carboxy
(CTx) and amino (NTx) terminal telopeptides of type-I collagen crosslinks. All markers
were assessed by ELISA.
Subjects were divided into high (HDR) and low dietary restrainers (LDR) based on
the median DEBQ score, and also into users (BC) and non-users (nBC) of oral
contraceptives. A series of multiple one way ANOVA's were then conducted to identify
differences between each set of groups for all relevant variables. A two-way ANOVA
analysis was used to explore significant interactions between dietary restraint and use of
oral contraceptives while a univariate follow-up analysis was also performed when
appropriate. Pearson Product Moment Correlations were used to determine relationships
among study variables.
Results
HDR had significantly higher BMI, %BF and circumference measures but lower daily
calcium intake than LDR. There were no significant differences in physical activity
levels between HDR and LDR. No significant differences were found between BC and
nBC in body composition, calcium intake and physical activity. HDR had significantly
lower tibial SOS scores than LDR in both the dominant and non-dominant sites. The
post-hoc analysis showed that within the non-birth control group, the HDR had
significantly lower tibial SOS scores of bone strength when compared to the LDR but
Aere were no significant differences found between the two dietary restraint groups for
those currently on birth control.
HDR had significantly lower levels of OC than LDR and the BC group had lower
levels of BAP than the nBC group. Consistently, the follow-up analysis revealed that
within those not on birth control, subjects who were classified as HDR had significantly
(f*<0.05) lower levels of OC when compared with LDR but no significant differences
were observed in bone turnover between the two dietary restraint groups for those
currently on birth control. Physical activity was not correlated with SOS scores and bone
turnover markers possibly due to the low physical activity variability in this group of
women.
Conclusion
This is the first study to examine the effects of dietary restraint on bone strength and
turnover among this population of women. The most important finding of this study was
that bone strength and turnover are negatively influenced by dietary restraint independent
of relative body fat. In general, the results of the present thesis suggest that dietary
restraint, oral contraceptive use, as well as low daily calcium intake and low physical
activity levels were widespread behaviours among this population of college-aged
women. The young women who were using dietary restraint as a strategy to lose weight,
and thus were in the HDR group, despite their higher relative body fat and weight, had
lower scores of bone strength and lower levels of markers of bone turnover compared to
the low dietary restrainers. Additionally, bone turnover seemed to be negatively affected
by oral contraceptives, while bone strength, as assessed by QUS, seemed unaffected by
their use in this population of young women. Physical activity (weekly energy
expenditure), on the other hand, was not associated with either bone strength or bone
tiimover possibly due to the low variability of this variable in this population of young
Canadian women.


title: An exploration of gifted and highly able adolescents' experiences with stress and coping /

subject:
Gifted teenagers
Stress in adolescence
Adjustment (Psychology) in adolescence
Gifted children
Narrative inquiry (Research method)

abstract:
This narrative case study explored gifted and highly able adolescents' experiences
with stress and coping. Nine students, ages 13-18, at 2 independent schools in southern
Ontario, participated. They completed the Adolescent Coping Scale (Frydenberg &
Lewis, 1993), and I generated individualized graphs of coping strategies. Participants
talked about experiences they perceived as stressful in their academic, personal, social,
and familial settings during a 60-90 minute one-on-one audiotaped interview. During the
interview, each participant made observations about their own coping strategies profile.
The interview was analyzed to identify stressor and coping themes. Participants
completed a writing or art task to record perceptions of stress and coping. The 3 data
sources were used to craft 9 individual story portraits, from which 5 main stressor themes
emerged: issues of time; relationships, emotions, and communication; ethical, moral, and
spiritual issues; global issues; and silences, or stressors not talked about in depth. Coping
themes were: seeking relaxing activities; having positive attitudes and making wise
choices; maintaining relationships with peers and family; understanding the role of faith
and moral beliefs; having a supportive environment; knowing your own personality type;
being aware of negative coping strategies; and keeping busy and avoiding stressfiil issues.
The narratives are important because they present teenagers talking about their
socioemotional worlds. The present findings provide empirical groundwork for
curriculum development in affective education and highlight the importance of
socioemotional development for future research in the area of giftedness and adolescence.


title: Anaerobic performance in ice hockey : the effect of skate blade radius of hollow

subject: Skating Hockey

abstract:
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of skate blade radius of
hollow (ROH) on anaerobic performance, specifically during the acceleration and
stopping phases of an on-ice skating test. Fifteen, male Junior B hockey players (mean
age 19 y ± 1.46) were recruited to participate. On-icc testing required each participant to
complete an on-ice anaerobic performance test [Reed Repeat Skate (RRS)) on three
separate days. During each on-ice test, the participant's skate blades were sharpened to
one of three, randomly assigned, ROH values (0.63 cm, 1.27 cm, 1.90 cm). Performance
times were recorded during each RRS and used to calculate anaerobic variables
[anaerobic power (W), anaerobic capacity (W), and fatigue index (s, %)). Each RRS was
video recorded for the purpose of motion analysis. Video footage was imported into Peak
Motus™ to measure kinematic variables of the acceleration and stopping phases. The
specific variables calculated from the acceleration phase were: average velocity over 6 m
(m/s), average stride length (m), and mean stride rate (strides/s). The specific variables
calculated from the stopping phase were: velocity at initiation of stopping (rn/s), stopping
distance (m), stopping time (s). A repeated measures ANOV A was used to assess
differences in mean performance and kinematic variables across the three selected
hollows. Further analysis was conducted to assess differences in trial by trial performance
and kinematic variables for all hollows. The primary findings of the study suggested that
skate blade ROH can have a significant effect on kinematic variables, namely stride
length and stride rate during the acceleration phase and stopping distance and stopping
time during the stopping phase of an on-ice anaerobic performance test. During the
acceleration phase, no significant difdifferences were found in SR and SL across the three selected hollows. Mean SR on the
1.27 cm hollow was significantly slower than both the 0.63 cm and 1.90 cm hollows and
SL was significantly longer when skating on the 1.27 cm hollow in comparison to the
1.90 cm hollow. During the stopping phase, stopping distance on the 0.63 cm hollow
(4.12 m ± 0.14) was significantly shorter than both the 1.27 cm hollow (4.43 m ± 0.08) (p
< 0.05) and the 1.90 cm ho])ow (4.35 m ± 0.12) (p < 0.05). Mean ST was also
significantly shorter when stopping on the 0.63 cm hollow then both the 1.27 cm and 1.90
cm hollows. Trial by trial results clearly illustrated the affect of fatigue on kinematic
variables; AV, SR, IV decreased from trial 1 to 6. There was no significant effect on
anaerobic performance variables during the RRS. Altering the skate blade ROH has a
significant and practical affect on accelerating and stopping performance will be
discussed in this paper.


title: Mermithid (nematoa: mermithidae) infections of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) : seasonal variation and developmental characteristics /

subject:
Simuliidae
Mermithidae.
Host-parasite relationships.
Parasites

abstract:
Mermithid nematodes (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitize larval, pupal and adult
black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), oftentimes resulting in partial or complete host
feminization. This study was designed to characterize parasite-host seasonal variation and
to estabUsh the developmental life stage at which feminization is initiated.
Data indicate that the total adult population of black flies collected from
Algonquin Provincial Park throughout the spring of 2004 was comprised of 31.8%
female, 67.8% male and 0.4% intersex individuals. Of the total population, 0.6% was
infected by mermithid nematodes (69.0% female, 3.5% male and 27.6% intersex).
Seasonal infection trends established over a 12-month period revealed that black flies
with different life histories host the same mermithid subfamilies, while black flies with
similar life histories host mermithids from different subfamilies. If a simuliid species
simultaneously hosts two mermithid species, these parasites are from different
subfamilies. Molecular mermithid identification revealed two mermithid subfamilies,
Me.somermithinae and Gastromermithinae, present in the simuliid hosts. Mermithid
colour variation was not found to be a reliable species indicator.
The developmental stage at which feminization is initiated was determined by
examining gonad morphology and meiotic chromosomal condition. Results indicate that
mermithid-infected black flies exhibit feminization prior to larval histoblast formation.
Larvae can be morphologically male (testes present) or female (ovaries present), with
morphological males exhibiting either male (achiasmate) or female (chiasmate) meiotic
chromosomes; morphological females were only genetically female. Additionally,
mermithid infection inhibits simuliid gonad development.


title: Comprehensive school health, the social determinants of health, and the health status of children

subject:
Health education (Elementary)
Physical education for children.
School health services
Obesity in children
Physical fitness for children

abstract:
As children are becoming increasingly inactive and obese, there is an urgent need
for effective early prevention and intervention programs. One solution is a
comprehensive school health (CSH) program, a health promotion initiative aimed at
educating students about healthy behaviours and lifestyles, which also provides a link
between the school, students, families, and the surrounding community. The purpose of
this study was to explore the relationship between different components of CSH
programs, as well as three determinants of health (gender, social support, socio-economic
status), and physical activity, on the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of
children.
A newly developed and pilot-tested survey derived from Health Canada's fourpart
CSH model (instruction, social support, support services, and a healthy physical
environment) was sent to elementary school principals. Data on the gender, physical
activity, parental education, and social support levels of students from these schools were
gathered from a previous study. Multiple regression procedures were conducted to
estimate the relationships between CSH components, the social determinants of health,
physical activity, and BMI and aerobic fitness.
Results showed that three CSH components were significantly associated with
both BMI and aerobic fitness values in children, but accounted for less than 5% of the
variance in both variables. Physical activity partially mediated the relationship between
the significant CSH components, BMI, and particularly aerobic fitness. Furthermore, the
social determinant and physical activity variables played independent roles in aerobic
fitness values. No moderating effects of the social determinants were discovered.


title: Exploring the relationship between ethnicity and hypertension in Canada

subject: Ethnicity Hypertension

abstract:
Background: Previous work examining differences in hypertension across ethnic
groups employ race as the principal variable. While differences in hypertension have
been identified across racial groups, there is great variation between ethnic groups
amongst racial groupings that could mask differences in hypertension and
cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. In light of Canada's ethnic diversity, research aimed
at identifying specific groups that are at a health disadvantage is essential for
understanding the health of the overall population. In addition, this research would be
beneficial for creating programs and policies aimed at reducing or eliminating these
disparities. Since CVD is the leading cause of mortality in Canada and hypertension is
one of the most significant and modifiable risk factors for CVD, it is important to move
past crude classifications based on race and examine ethnic group differences. The
purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ethnicity and hypertension
in Canada, while employing more narrow classifications for ethnicity than previous
studies. In addition, because ethnicity has been shown to be representative of an
individual's social experience, this study also aims to investigate whether this
relationship can be explained by one or all of the following variable: socioeconomic
status, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, daily alcohol consumption or
acculturation.
Methods. This study used the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey, cycle
2.1 to compare 29 different ethnic groups in Canada on whether they had high blood
pressure that had been diagnosed by a health professional. Associations were examined
using logistic regression. Subsequent logistic regression analyses included
socioeconomic status, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, daily alcohol
consumption and acculturation to test for the effect of each of these variables on the
relationship between ethnicity and hypertension.
Results. Ukrainians, Chinese, Portuguese, South Asians, Aboriginals, Blacks,
Filipinos and South East Asians were found to have significantly higher odds of having
high blood pressure than Canadians (OR's = 1.50, 1.56, 2.72, 1.38, 1.36, 1.66, 2.21 &
2.24 respectively, p<.001). In addition, the only significant mediating effects were
between SES and Aboriginals as well as obesity and Aboriginals. None of the other
independent variables accounted for >10% of the risk experienced by the ethnic groups
that were significantly associated with hypertension.
Interpretation: The odds of having high blood pressure in Canada varies
considerably across ethnic groups within racial groups indicating previous research is
not specific enough to inform policy and program development. Because this study was
not able to explain this relationship using the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors
mentioned above, future research should be done to determine what places certain
ethnic groups at a greater risk in order to tailor interventions aimed at reducing high
blood pressure that are suited to the specific needs of each cultural group.


title: The Catharanthus roseus 16-hydroxytabersonine O-methyltransferase involved in vindoline biosynthesis /

subject:
Catharanthus roseus
Biosynthesis.
Antineoplastic agents.

abstract:
Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) produces the well known and
remarkably complex dimeric anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine that are
derived by coupling vindoline and catharanthine monomers. This thesis describes the
novel application of carborundum abrasion (CA) technique as a tool for large scale
isolation of leaf epidermis enriched proteins. This technique was used to facilitate the
purification to apparent homogeneity of 16-hydroxytabersonine-16-0-methyltransferse
(l60MT) that catalyses the second step in the 6 step pathway that converts tabersonine
into vindoline. This versatile tool was also used to harvest leaf epidermis enriched
mRNAs that facilitated the molecular cloning of the 160MT. Functional expression and
biochemical characterization of recombinant 160MT enzyme showed that it had a very
narrow substrate specificity and high affinity for 16-hydroxytabersonine, since other
closely related monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) did not act as substrates. In addition
to allowing the cloning of this gene, CA technique clearly showed that 160MT is
predominantly expressed in Catharanthus leaf epidermis, in contrast to several other
OMTs that appear to be expressed in other Catharanthus tissues. The results provide
compelling evidence that most of the pathway for vindoline biosynthesis including the 0-
methylation of 16-hydroxytabersonine occurs exclusively in leaf epidermis, with
subsequent steps occurring in other leaf cell types.
Small molecule O-methyltransferases (OMTs) (E.C. 2.1.1.6.x) catalyze the
transfer of the reactive methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to free hydroxyl
groups of acceptor molecules. Plant OMTs, unlike their monomeric mammalian
homologues, exist as functional homodimers. While the biological advantages for dimer fonnation with plant OMTs remain to be established, studies with OMTs from the
benzylisoquinoline producing plant, Thalictrum tuberosum, showed that co-expression of
2 recombinant OMTs produced novel substrate specificities not found when each rOMT
was expressed individually (Frick, Kutchan, 1999) . These results suggest that OMTs can
fonn heterodimers that confer novel substrate specificities not possible with the
homodimer alone. The present study describes a 160MT model based strategy attempting
to modify the substrate specificity by site-specific mutagenesis. Our failure to generate
altered substrate acceptance profiles in our 160MT mutants has lead us to study the
biochemical properties ofhomodimers and heterodimers. Experimental evidence is
provided to show that active sites found on OMT dimers function independently and that
bifunctional heterodimeric OMTs may be fonned in vivo to produce a broader and more
diverse range of natural products in plants.


title: Localization and functional characterization of iridoid biosynthetic genes in Catharanthus roseus /

subject:
Catharanthus roseus
Alkaloids
Vinblastine.
Vincristine.

abstract:
Catharanthus roseus is the sole biological source of the medicinal compounds
vinblastine and vincristine. These chemotherapeutic compounds are produced in the
aerial organs of the plant, however they accumulate in small amounts constituting only
about 0.0002% of the fresh weight of the leaf. Their limited biological supply and high
economical value makes its biosynthesis important to study. Vinblastine and vincristine
are dimeric monoterpene indole alkaloids, which consists of two monomers vindoline and
catharanthine. The monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA's) contain a monoterpene moiety
which is derived from the iridoid secologanin and an indole moiety tryptamine derived
from the amino acid tryptophan.
The biosynthesis of the monoterpene indole alkaloids has been localized to at
least three cell types namely, the epidermis, the laticifer and the internal phloem assisted
parenchyma. Carborundum abrasion (CA) technique was developed to selectively harvest
epidermis enriched plant material. This technique can be used to harvest metabolites,
protein or RNA. Sequencing of an expressed sequence tagged (EST) library from
epidermis enriched mRNA demonstrated that this cell type is active in synthesizing a
variety of secondary metabolites namely, flavonoids, lipids, triterpenes and monoterpene
indole alkaloids. Virtually all of the known genes involved in monterpene indole alkaloid
biosynthesis were sequenced from this library.This EST library is a source for many candidate genes involved in MIA
biosynthesis. A contig derived from 12 EST's had high similarity (E'^') to a salicylic acid
methyltransferase. Cloning and functional characterization of this gene revealed that it
was the carboxyl methyltransferase imethyltransferase (LAMT). In planta characterization of LAMT revealed that it has a 10-
fold enrichment in the leaf epidermis as compared to the whole leaf specific activity.
Characterization of the recombinant enzyme revealed that vLAMT has a narrow substate
specificity as it only accepts loganic acid (100%) and secologanic acid (10%) as
substrates. rLAMT has a high Km value for its substrate loganic acid (14.76 mM) and
shows strong product inhibition for loganin (Kj 215 |iM). The strong product inhibition
and low affinity for its substrate may suggest why the iridoid moiety is the limiting factor
in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
Metabolite profiling of C. roseus organs shows that secologanin accumulates
within these organs and constitutues 0.07- 0.45% of the fresh weight; however loganin
does not accumulate within these organs suggesting that the product inhibition of loganin
with LAMT is not physiologically relevant. The limiting factor to iridoid and MIA
biosynthesis seems to be related to the spatial separation of secologanin and the MIA
pathway, although secologanin is synthesized in the epidermis, only 2-5% of the total
secologanin is found in the epidermis while the remaining secologanin is found within
the leaf body inaccessable to alkaloid biosynthesis. These studies emphasize the
biochemical specialization of the epidermis for the production of secondary metabolites.
The epidermal cells synthesize metabolites that are sequestered within the plant and
metabolites that are secreted to the leaf surface. The secreted metabolites comprise the
epidermome, a layer separating the plant from its environment.


title: The role of molecular, clinical and socioeconomic factors in the long-term survival of axillary node negative breast cancer patients

subject: Breast Breast

abstract:
The overall objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with
long-term survival in axillary node negative (ANN) breast cancer patients. Clinical
and biological factors included stage, histopathologic grade, p53 mutation, Her-2/neu
amplification, estrogen receptor status (ER), progesterone receptor status (PR) and
vascular invasion. Census derived socioeconomic (SES) indicators included median
individual and household income, proportions of university educated individuals,
housing type, "incidence" of low income and an indicator of living in an affluent
neighbourhood. The effects of these measures on breast cancer-specific survival and
competing cause survival were investigated.
A cohort study examining survival among axillary node negative (ANN) breast
cancer patients in the greater Toronto area commenced in 1 989. Patients were
followed up until death, lost-to-follow up or study termination in 2004. Data were
collected from several sources measuring patient demographics, clinical factors,
treatment, recurrence of disease and survival. Census level SES data were collected using census geo-coding of patient addresses' at the time of diagnosis. Additional
survival data were acquired from the Ontario Cancer Registry to enhance and extend
the observation period of the study. Survival patterns were examined using KaplanMeier
and life table procedures. Associations were examined using log-rank and
Wilcoxon tests of univariate significance. Multivariate survival analyses were
perfonned using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were stratified into less
than and greater than 5 year survival periods to observe whether known markers of
short-tenn survival were also associated with reductions in long-tenn survival among
breast cancer patients.
The 15 year survival probabilities in this cohort were: for breast cancerspecific
survival 0.88, competing causes survival 0.89 and for overall survival 0.78.
Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status (Hazard Ratio (HR) ERIPR-
versus ER+/PR+, 8.15,95% CI, 4.74, 14.00), p53 mutation (HR, 3.88, 95% CI,
2.00, 7.53) and Her-2 amplification (HR, 2.66, 95% CI, 1.36, 5.19) were associated
with significant reductions in short-tenn breast cancer-specific survival «5 years
following diagnosis), however, not with long-term survival in univariate analyses.
Stage, histopathologic grade and ERiPR status were the clinicallbiologieal factors that
were associated with short-term breast cancer specific survival in multivariate results.
Living in an affluent neighbourhood (top quintile of median household income
compared to the rest of the population) was associated with the largest significant
increase in long-tenn breast cancer-specific survival after adjustment for stage,
histopathologic grade and treatment (HR, 0.36, 95% CI, 0.12, 0.89).


title: Synthesis of Chiral Benzimidazolylidenes from 1,10-Phenathrolines and 1,10-Phenathroline-2,9-dione /

subject:
Benzimidazoles
Heterocyclic compounds
Chirality.
Enantioselective catalysis.

abstract:
A^-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become the focus of much interest as ancillary
ligands for transition metal catalysts in recent years. Their structural variability and strong
cy-donation properties have led to the preparation of demonstrably useful organometallic
catalysts.
Among the three general structural types of NHCs (imidazolylidenes, imidazolinylidenes,
and benzimidazolylidenes), benzimidazolylidenes are the least investigated because of the
limitation of current synthetic approaches. The preparation of chiral analogues is even more
challenging. Previously, our group has demonstrated an alternative approach to synthesizing
benzimidazolylidenes with a tetracyclic framework in three steps from 1,10-phenanthroline.
This thesis is focused on approaches to chiral benzimidazolylidenes derived from
substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines. A key step in the preparation of these ligands involves a
reduction of the pyridyl rings in 1,10-phenanthrolines. Chirality can be introduced to
phenanthrolines before, during, or after the reduction as illustrated by three approaches: 1) de
novo construction of the phenanthroline from chiral ketones with endo and exo faces to provide a
degree of diastereoselectivity during subsequent reduction; 2) introduction of substituents into
the 2- and 2,9- position of phenanthroline by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, followed by a
reduction-resolution sequence; and 3) use of the protected octahydrophenanthroline as a
substrate for chiral induction a to nitrogen.


title: Exploring critical-care nurses' perceptions about critical thinking /

subject:
Emergency nursing.
Critical thinking.

abstract:
The influx of nurses to the critical-care environment is continuous. In many
workplaces, the nurses who are new to critical care are also newly graduated nurses.
These new critical-care nurses and their critical-care nursing colleagues, who may have
worked in critical care for many years, need to demonstrate expert judgment in order to
optimize the potential for positive patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to
explore critical-care nurses' perceptions about critical thinking and expert nursing
judgment. Using grounded theory research design, I collected data from 1 1 critical-care
nurses through focus groups, an interview, and postparticipation questionnaires. I have
articulated a Critical-thinking Modelfor Expert Nursing Judgment. The educational
model is directly relevant to practicing critical-care nurses and nursing leaders who guide
critical-care nursing practice. The Critical-thinking Modelfor Expert Nursing Judgment
contributes to educational theory by objectifying the substantive topic of critical thinking
and expert judgment. The model has broad applicability within the domain of education
and specific applicability within the domain of nursing education.


title: Web based content and hybrid teaching: student perceptions of the effectiveness of using web based content and hyper-linked teaching units in teaching hybrid business and marketing post secondary classes /

subject:
Web-based instruction
Education
Teaching
Internet in higher education.
Marketing
Business education
Marketing

abstract:
This exploratory, descriptive action research study is based on a survey of a
sample of convenience consisting of 172 college and university marketing students, and 5
professors who were experienced in teaching in an internet based environment. The
students that were surveyed were studying e-commerce and international business in 3^^
and 4*'' year classes at a leading imiversity in Ontario and e-commerce in 5^ semester
classes at a leading college. These classes were taught using a hybrid teaching style with
the contribution of a large website that contained pertinent text and audio material.
Hybrid teaching employs web based course materials (some in the form of Learning
Objects) to deliver curriculimi material both during the attended lectures and also for
students accessing the course web page outside of class hours. The survey was in the
form on an online questionnaire. The research questions explored in this study were:
1. What factors influence the students' ability to access and learn from web based course
content?
2. How likely are the students to use selected elements of internet based curriculum for
learning academic content?
3. What is the preferred physical environment to facilitate learning in a hybrid
environment?
4. How effective are selected teaching/learning strategies in a hybrid environment?
The findings of this study suggest that students are very interested in being part of
the learning process by contributing to a course web site. Specifically, students are
interested in audio content being one of the formats of online course material, and have
an interest in being part of the creation of small audio clips to be used in class.


title: Developing and nurturing professional learning communities: principles used by elementary administrators /

subject:
Elementary school principals.
Teachers

abstract:
This study examined the strategies used by elementary school principals to
facilitate and nurture the development of professional learning communities (PLC) within
their school settings. Using a reputational sample of administrators whose schools were
demonstrating observable characteristics of PLCs, this study documented and described
the strategies and actions taken by the principals to move their schools forward. Data
collection included the use of open-ended interviews as well as observations capturing
the means by which the principals addressed the areas of culture, processes, and
structures within their school setting. A grounded theory approach to data analysis
uncovered 4 guiding principles used by the principals to facilitate the development of the
PLCs within their school: (a) protecting the purpose; (b) attending to relationships; (c)
sharing the responsibility; and (d) valuing the journey. The guiding principles were used
by each administrator to anchor the decisions they made and develop responsive, contextspecific
strategies to support the PLC at their school. The results highlighted the complex
role of the principal and the supports required to tackle the difficult work of facilitating
PLCs.


title: A narrative journey of teacher reflexivity and authenticity in technological environments /

subject:
Educational technology.
Computer-assisted instruction.

abstract:
This qualitative narrative inquiry was driven by my desire to further explore my
personal discovery that my utilization of educational technologies in teaching and
learning environments seemed to heighten a sense of creativity, which in turn increased
reflective practice and authenticity in my teaching. A narrative inquiry approach was
used as it offered the opportunity to uncover the deeper meanings of authenticity and
reflection as participants' personal experiences were coconstructed and reconstructed in
relationship with me and in relationship to a social milieu. To gain further insight into
this potential phenomenon, I engaged in 2 conversational interviews with 2 other teachers
from an Ontario College in a large urban centre who have utilized educational
technologies in their teaching and learning communities and I maintained a research
journal, constructed during the interview process, to record my own emerging narrative
accounts, reflections, insights and further questions. The field texts consisted of
transcriptions of the interviews and my reflective journal. Research texts were developed
as field texts were listened to multiple times and texts were examined for meanings and
themes. The educational technologies that both women focused on in the interview were
digital video of children as they play, learn and develop and the use of an audible teacher
voice in online courses. The invitation given to students to explore and discover meaning
in videos of children as they watched them with the teacher seemed to be a catalyst for
authenticity and a sense of synergy in the classroom. The power of the audible teacher
voice came through as an essential component in online learning environments to offer
students a sense of humanness and connection with the teacher. Relationships in both online and face to face classrooms emerged as a necessary and central component to all
teaching and learning communities. The theme of paradox also emerged as participants
recognized that educational technologies can be used in ways that enhance creativity,
authenticity, reflection and relationships or in ways that hinder these qualities in the
teaching and learning community. Knowledge of the common experiences of college
educators who utilize educational technologies, specifically digital video of children to
educate early childhood educators, might give meaning and insight to inform the practice
of other teachers who seek authentic, reflexive practice in the classroom and in on line
environments.


title: Grade 9 students' perceptions of the impact of a Drop Everything and Read (D.E.A.R.) program /

subject:
D.E.A.R. (Drop Everything and Read).
Literacy programs.
Reading

abstract:
Educators continually look for strategies to enhance and improve the reading
practices of their students. This is an especially challenging task for secondary level
teachers as high school students often lack intrinsic motivation to read for pleasure
(Bucher & Manning, 2004; Horton, 2005; Wooicott, Research Pty. Ltd. 2001). The
purpose of this study was to detennine the effects of the Drop Everything and Read
(D.E.A.R.) program on writing, on reading, and on grades, from the perspective of eight
Grade 9 students. Of particular interest were the students' perceptions of the effect that
participation in the program had on their grades, their writing, their motivation to
reading, and their concept of themselves as readers. The eight participants were tracked
over the course of a semester. Using qualitative research techniques, data were collected
from four sources: two student surveys, researcher's daily field observations, students'
weekly reading logs, and three open-ended one-on-one interviews. In order to gain an
understanding of the impact of the D.E.A.R program, the data were corroborated, and
analyzed with NVivo: N7 (2006). From the data analysis, five themes emerged as a
function of the Grade 9 students' experiences in the D.E.A.R. program: Reading
Preferences, Time Spent Reading, Making Associations with Reading for Pleasure,
Perceptions of Self-as-Reader, and Evaluations of the D.E.A.R Program. In the interest of
supporting students' positive reading habits and for the future implementation, these five
themes are presented as a series of findings together with recommendations for practice.


title: 3D movement and muscle activity patterns in a violin bowing task

subject:
Overuse injuries.
Violinists
Human mechanics
Kinesiology
Human mechanics

abstract:
Objective: Overuse injuries in violinists are a problem that has been primarily
analyzed through the use of questionnaires. Simultaneous 3D motion analysis and EMG
to measure muscle activity has been suggested as a quantitative technique to explore this
problem by identifying movement patterns and muscular demands which may predispose
violinists to overuse injuries. This multi-disciplinary analysis technique has, so far, had
limited use in the music world. The purpose of this study was to use it to characterize the
demands of a violin bowing task.
Subjects: Twelve injury-free violinists volunteered for the study. The subjects
were assigned to a novice or expert group based on playing experience, as determined by
questionnaire.
Design and Settings: Muscle activity and movement patterns were assessed while
violinists played five bowing cycles (one bowing cycle = one down-bow + one up-bow)
on each string (G, D, A, E), at a pulse of 4 beats per bow and 100 beats per minute.
Measurements: An upper extremity model created using coordinate data from
markers placed on the right acromion process, lateral epicondyle of the humerus and
ulnar styloid was used to determine minimum and maximum joint angles, ranges of
motion (ROM) and angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow of the bowing arm.
Muscle activity in right anterior deltoid, biceps brachii and triceps brachii was assessed
during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and during the playing task. Data were
analysed for significant differences across the strings and between experience groups.
Results: Elbow flexion/extension ROM was similar across strings for both groups.
Shoulder flexion/extension ROM increaslarger for the experts. Angular velocity changes mirrored changes in ROM. Deltoid was
the most active of the muscles assessed (20% MVC) and displayed a pattern of constant
activation to maintain shoulder abduction. Biceps and triceps were less active (4 - 12%
MVC) and showed a more periodic 'on and off pattern. Novices' muscle activity was
higher in all cases. Experts' muscle activity showed a consistent pattern across strings,
whereas the novices were more irregular. The agonist-antagonist roles of biceps and
triceps during the bowing motion were clearly defined in the expert group, but not as
apparent in the novice group.
Conclusions: Bowing movement appears to be controlled by the shoulder rather
than the elbow as shoulder ROM changed across strings while elbow ROM remained the
same. Shoulder injuries are probably due to repetition as the muscle activity required for
the movement is small. Experts require a smaller amount of muscle activity to perform
the movement, possibly due to more efficient muscle activation patterns as a result of
practice. This quantitative multidisciplinary approach to analysing violinists' movements
can contribute to fuller understanding of both playing demands and injury mechanisms .


title: The only child grows up: exploring adult only-child educators /

subject:
Only child.
Teachers

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of adult only-child
educators. The researcher explored the extent to which the experiences of growing up in a
one-child family influenced the participants' professional experiences. This was a
qualitative study. A narrative case study approach was used, and data were collected from
4 participants through 1 -to- 1 interviews. The narratives were analyzed, and common
themes were identified.
The findings showed that many of the participants' only-child experiences have
influenced their professional roles as educators. This was largely with respect to their
interactions with students. These participants valued positive relationships founded on
genuine care and concern for their students. The participants also fostered a positive
educational environment that provided high levels of support for the social learning and
character development of their students.
There are several implications for educational practice resulting from this study.
Educators and other school personnel must be critically aware of meeting the
socialization needs of their students. Consideration must be given to developing schoolwide
initiatives related to the social skills development and character education of
students. In addition, preservice and inservice teacher education programs must ensure
that educators are prepared to provide rich environments where relationships with
students are central and social learning opportunities are prevalent.


title: The design, synthesis and characterization of new building blocks for the preparation of molecule-based magnetic materials /

subject: Magnetic materials.

abstract:
Two new families of building blocks have been prepared and fully characterized and their
coordination chemistry exploited for the preparation of molecule-based magnetic materials. The first
class of compounds were prepared by exploiting the chemistry of 3,3'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine
together with 2-pyridine carbonyl chloride or 2-pyridine aldehyde. Two new ligands,
2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-[2-pyridinecarboxamide] (Li, 2.3) and N'-6/s(2-pyridylmethyl)
[2,2'bipyridine]-3,3'-diimine (L2, 2.7), were prepared and characterized. For ligand L4, two
copper(II) coordination compounds were isolated with stoichiometrics [Cu2(Li)(hfac)2] (2.4) and
[Cu(Li)Cl2] (2.5). The molecular structures of both complexes were determined by X-ray
crystallography. In both complexes the ligand is in the dianionic form and coordinates the divalent
Cu(II) ions via one amido and two pyridine nitrogen donor atoms. In (2.4), the coordination geometry
around both Cu11
ions is best described as distorted trigonal bipyramidal where the remaining two
coordination sites are satisfied by hfac counterions. In (2.5), both Cu(II) ions adopt a (4+1) distorted
square pyramidal geometry. One copper forms a longer apical bond to an adjacent carbonyl oxygen
atom, whereas the second copper is chelated to a neighboring Cu-Cl chloride ion to afford chloride
bridged linear [Cu2(Li)Cl2]2 tetramers that run along the c-axis of the unit cell. The magnetic
susceptibility data for (2.4) reveal the occurrence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the
copper(II) ions. In contrast, variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements for (2.5)
reveal more complex magnetic properties with the presence of ferromagnetic exchange between the
central dimeric pair of copper atoms and weak antiferromagnetic exchange between the outer pairs of
copper atoms. The Schiff-base bis-imine ligand (L2, 2.7) was found to be highly reactive; single
crystals grown from dry methanol afforded compound (2.14) for which two methanol molecules had added across the imine double bond. The susceptibility of this ligand to nucleophilic attack at its
imine functionality assisted via chelation to Lewis acidic metal ions adds an interesting dimension to
its coordination chemistry. In this respect, a Co(II) quaterpyridine-type complex was prepared via a
one-pot transformation of ligand L2 in the presence of a Lewis acidic metal salt. The rearranged
complex was characterized by X-ray crystallography and a reaction mechanism for its formation has
been proposed. Three additional rearranged complexes (2.13), (2.17) and (2.19) were also isolated
when ligand (L2, 2.7) was reacted with transition metal ions. The molecular structures of all three
complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
The second class of compounds that are reported in this thesis, are the two diacetyl pyridine
derivatives, 4-pyridyl-2,6-diacetylpyridine (5.5) and 2,2'-6,6'-tetraacetyl-4,4'-bipyridine (5.15). Both
of these compounds have been designed as intermediates for the metal templated assembly of a
Schiff-base N3O2 macrocycle. From compound (5.15), a covalently tethered dimeric Mn(II)
macrocyclic compound of general formula {[Mn^C^XJCl-FkO^Cl-lO.SFbO (5.16) was
prepared and characterized. The X-ray analysis of (5.16) reveals that the two manganese ions assume
a pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry with the macrocycle occupying the pentagonal plane and the
axial positions being filled by a halide ion and a H2O molecule. Magnetic susceptibility data reveal
the occurrence of antiferromagnetic interactions between covalently tethered Mn(II)-Mn(II) dimeric
units. Following this methodology a Co(II) analogue (5.17) has also been prepared which is
isostructural with (5.16).


title: Preliminary epidemiological study of latent tuberculosis in Mexican agricultural workers in the Niagara region, Canada

subject:
Tuberculosis
Migrant agricultural laborers

abstract:
It is well documented that the majority of Tuberculosis (TB) cases diagnosed in
Canada are related to foreign-bom persons from TB high-burden countries. The Canadian
seasonal agricultural workers program (SAWP) operating with Mexico allows migrant
workers to enter the country with a temporary work permit for up to 8 months. Preiimnigration
screening of these workers by both clinical examination and chest X-ray
(CXR) reduces the risk of introducing cases of active pulmonary TB to Canada, but
screening for latent TB (LTBI) is not routinely done.
Studies carried out in industrialized nations with high immigration from TBendemic
countries provide data of lifetime LTBI reactivation of around 10% but little is
known about reactivation rates within TB-endemic countries where new infections (or reinfections)
may be impossible to distinguish from reactivation. Migrant populations like
the SAWP workers who spend considerable amounts of time in both Canada and TBendemic
rural areas in Mexico are a unique population in terms of TB epidemiology.
However, to our knowledge no studies have been undertaken to explore either the
existence of LTBI among Mexican workers, the probability of reactivation or the
workers' exposure to TB cases while back in their communities before returning the
following season. Being aware of their LTBI status may help workers to exercise healthy
behaviours to avoid TB reactivation and therefore continue to access the SAWP.
In order to assess the prevalence of LTBI and associated risk factors among
Mexican migrant workers a preliminary cross sectional study was designed to involve a
convenience sample of the Niagara Region's Mexican workers in 2007. Research ethics
clearance was granted by Brock University. Individual questionnaires were administered to collect socio-demographic and TB-related epidemiological data as well as TB
knowledge and awareness levels. Cellular immunity to M tuberculosis was assessed by
both an Interferon-y release assay (lGRA), QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube (QFf™)
and by the tuberculin skin test (TSn using Mantoux.
A total of 82 Mexican workers (out of 125 invited) completed the study. Most
participants were male (80%) and their age ranged from 22 to 65 years (mean 38.5). The
prevalence of LTBI was 34% using TST and 18% using QFTTM. As previously reported,
TST (using ~lOmm cut-off) showed a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 79.1 %.
These findings at the moment cannot predict the probability of progression to active TB;
only longitudinal cohort studies of this population can ascertain this outcome. However,
based on recent publications, lORA positive individuals may have up to 14% probability
of reactivation within the next two years.
Although according to the SA WP guidelines, all workers undergo TB screening
before entering or re-entering Canada, CXR examination requirements showed to be
inconsistent for this population: whereas 100% of the workers coming to Canada for the
first time reported having the procedure done, only 31 % of returning participants reported
having had a CXR in the past year. None of the participants reported ever having a CXR
compatible with TB which was consistent with the fact that none had ever been
diagnosed with active pulmonary TB and with only 3.6% reporting close contact with a
person with active TB in their lifetime.
Although Mexico reports that 99% of popUlation is fully immunized against TB
within the first year of age, only 85.3% of participants reported receiving BOC vaccine in
childhood. Conversely, even when TST is not part of the routine TB screening in endemic countries, a suqDrisingly high 25.6% reported receiving a TST in the past. In
regards to TB knowledge and awareness, 74% of the studied population had previous
knowledge about (active) TB, 42% correctly identified active TB symptomatology, 4.8%
identified the correct route of transmission, 4.8% knew about the existence of LTBI,
3.6% knew that latent TB could reactivate and 48% recognized TB as treatable and
curable.
Of all variables explored as potential risk factors for LTBI, age was the only one
which showed statistical significance. Significant associations could not be proven for
other known variables (such as sex, TB contact, history of TB) probably because of the
small sample size and the homogeneity of the sample. Screening for LTBI by TST (high
sensitivity) followed by confirmation with QFT''"'^ (high specificity) suggests to be a good
strategy especially for immigrants from TB high-burden countries. After educational
sessions, workers positive for LTBI gained greater knowledge about the signs and
symptoms of TB reactivation as well as the risk factors commonly associated with
reactivation. Additionally, they were more likely to attend their annual health check up
and request a CXR exam to monitor for TB reactivation.


title: An exploratory study of nurses' perceptions of their action learning experience /

subject:
Nurses
Nursing
Nurses
Active learning.
Self-perception.

abstract:
Each year, the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) requires all registered
nurses and registered practical nurses in Ontario to complete a Reflective Practice
learning activity. In doing so, nurses are expected to perform a self- assessment,
identify a practice problem or issue, create and implement a personal learning plan,
and evaluate the learning and outcomes accomplished. The process and components
of CNO's Reflective Practice program are very similar to an Action Learning
activity.
The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore the perceptions of 1
1
nurses who completed at least 1 Action Learning activity. Data analysis of their
comments provided insight into their perceptions of the Action Learning experience,
perceptions of the negative and positive characteristics of various activities within
the Action Learning process, and perceptions of barriers or challenges within this
experience. The author concluded that participants perceived their Action Learning
activities to be a positive experience because the process focused on practice
problems and issues, enhanced thinking about practice problems, and achieved
practice-relevant outcomes. However, the results indicated that self-directed
learning and journal writing were difficult activities for some participants, and some
experienced negative emotional responses during reflection. The research
concluded that barriers to implementation of Action Learning include a lack of
understanding of the process and a perceived lack of support from employers.


title: Hydraulic and fluvial geomorphological models for a bedrock channel reach of the Twenty Mile Creek /

subject:
Fluvial geomorphology
Hydrologic models.
Hydrologic models
Fluvial geomorphology

abstract:
Bedrock channels have been considered challenging geomorphic settings for the application
of numerical models. Bedrock fluvial systems exhibit boundaries that are typically less
mobile than alluvial systems, yet they are still dynamic systems with a high degree of spatial
and temporal variability. To understand the variability of fluvial systems, numerical models
have been developed to quantify flow magnitudes and patterns as the driving force for
geomorphic change.
Two types of numerical model were assessed for their efficacy in examining the bedrock
channel system consisting of a high gradient portion of the Twenty Mile Creek in the Niagara
Region of Ontario, Canada. A one-dimensional (1-D) flow model that utilizes energy
equations, HEC RAS, was used to determine velocity distributions through the study reach
for the mean annual flood (MAF), the 100-year return flood and the 1,000-year return flood.
A two-dimensional (2-D) flow model that makes use of Navier-Stokes equations, RMA2, was
created with the same objectives. The 2-D modeling effort was not successful due to the
spatial complexity of the system (high slope and high variance). The successful 1 -D model
runs were further extended using very high resolution geospatial interpolations inherent to
the HEC RAS extension, HEC geoRAS.
The modeled velocity data then formed the basis for the creation of a geomorphological
analysis that focused upon large particles (boulders) and the forces needed to mobilize them.
Several existing boulders were examined by collecting detailed measurements to derive
three-dimensional physical models for the application of fluid and solid mechanics to predict
movement in the study reach. An imaginary unit cuboid (1 metre by 1 metre by 1 metre)
boulder was also envisioned to determine the general propensity for the movement of such a
boulder through the bedrock system.
The efforts and findings of this study provide a standardized means for the assessment of
large particle movement in a bedrock fluvial system. Further efforts may expand upon this
standardization by modeling differing boulder configurations (platy boulders, etc.) at a high
level of resolution.


title: Armourstone revetments : will standard design criteria prevent failure? /

subject:
Soil stabilization
Retaining walls
Slopes (Soil mechanics)
Riparian areas
Armourstone.

abstract:
Bank stabilization structures are used to prevent the loss of valuable land within
the urban environment and the decision for the type of structure used depends on the
properties of the stream. In the urban areas of Southern Ontario there is a preference for
the use of armourstone blocks as bank stabilization. The armourstone revetment is a free
standing stone structure with large blocks of stone layered vertically and offset from one
another. During fieldwork at Forty Mile Creek in Grimsby, Ontario armourstone failure
was identified by the removal of two stones within one column from the wall. Since the
footer stones were still in place, toe scour was eliminated as a cause of failure.
Through theoretical, field, and experimental work the process of suction has been
identified as a mode of failure for the armourstone wall and the process of suction works
similarly to quarrying large blocks of rock off bedrock streambeds. The theory of lateral
suction has previously not been taken into consideration for the design of these walls.
The physical and hydraulic evidence found in the field and studied during experimental
work indicate that the armourstone wall is vulnerable to the process of suction.
The forces exerted by the flow and the resistance of the block determine the
stability of the armourstone block within the wall. The design of the armourstone wall,
high surface velocities, and short pulses of faster flowing water within the profile could
contribute to armourstone failure by providing the forces needed for suction to occur,
therefore adjustments to the design of the wall should be made in order to limit the effect.


title: The landscape of work engagement in brain injury rehabilitation /

subject:
Brain damage
Rehabilitation centers.

abstract:
This study examined work engagement among brain injury rehabilitation
professionals with specific attention to how they engage with their work (the extent to
which they experience vigor, dedication, and absorption while working) and how they
engage with people (the degree to which they are welcoming towards others and
demonstrate integrity, responsibility, transparency). This study also tested a theoretical
model of work engagement that predicted a relationship between engagement and
personal, interpersonal, and organizational capacity. Eighty-one staff employed in a
hospital-based brain injury program participated in the study. A quantitative self-report
survey was used to measure participants' levels of capacity and engagement and a
qualitative question was included to identify initiatives that could be introduced to
enhance job performance. As predicted by the model, there were statistically significant
positive correlations among all three capacity variables and engagement with work and
statistically significant positive correlations between ethical engagement and personal
and interpersonal capacity. The results of the qualitative data analysis revealed three
broad categories of recommendations for improving job performance (more learning
opportunities, more resources to support professional development, and the need to
build greater team cohesion). These findings provide initial support for a theoretical
model that emphasizes the link between capacity and engagement, which could be used
to guide theory-driven interventions aimed at improving the work environment.


title: Paradigms and prisons: a narrative of translation and transformation : my hero's journey from "at-risk" youth to teacher/learner in a jail setting /

subject:
Problem youth
Narrative inquiry (Research method)
Self-actualization (Psychology)
Teachers
Self-perception.
Psychology

abstract:
All life is suffering. Life is the pursuit ofhappiness. These are two foundational
Buddhist dictums that, in their simplicity, I have entirely misunderstood regarding their
depth, misreading them as contradictory. Indeed, my superficial interpretations led me to
Thoreau's life ofquiet desperation and deep depression.
We come to know and bring understanding to our lives by storying them. My own
Hero's Journey, the path from my egoic selftoward the universal Self, can be understood
as the resultant translations and transformations. Inevitably each of us is involved in such
a story, though most are unaware of the stages along our own Hero's journey. '
Narrative honours writing as a means of knowing. The contemplative reflection
allows insight into our imprisoning paradigms, beliefs, behaviours, and blind spots. My
research revisits and explores nodal experiences along my Hero's Journey through 4
categories: self, society, soil, and Self. While the value of this process of narrative inquiry
lay in its ability to come to know and understand one's self, perhaps its greater value is of
a more universal nature. My inquiry, while adding to the body of academic educational
narrative literature, may also illuminate a path to educators, students, and all interested,
encouraging a response to the call of their own Hero's journey.
I am a teacher/learner in a jail setting, working with youth between the ages of 12
and 18 who have committed crimes such as armed robbery, assault, rape, and murder. As
this thesis follows my continual development from egoic self/teacher/learner to universal
Self/Teacher/Learner, it also enables me to both consciously and unconsciously open the
ways in which I expand my care, compassion, and love to work with at-risk youth.


title: Force potentiation in the MDX mouse

subject:
Muscular dystrophy.
Musculoskeletal system

abstract:
Large forces are the primary mechanism of injury in muscular dystrophy, and
muscular dystrophy is especially damaging to type IIB muscle fibers. It was hypothesized
that post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) would be down-regulated to prevent damage in Xlinked
muscular dystrophy (mdx) mice since PTP increases force and PTP effects are
greatest in IIB fibers. PTP experiments were performed on the extensor digitorum longus
(EDL) of 50 day old mdx (YM) and C57BL/10 (YC) mice and 10 month old mdx (OM)
and C57B1710 (OC) mice. Twitch and tetanic forces were lower in mdx than controls and
lower in younger than older mice. Contrary to the hypothesis, PTP was higher in both
mdx groups compared to controls. OM potentiated more than any other condition (OM:
29.8%, OC: 23.2%, YM: 21.9%, YC: 17.2%). In accordance with literature PTP
increased in the older groups. To explain PTP changes, fiber typing and Western blots for
myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were performed. YM and YC had similar fiber type
profiles (2% I, 58% IIX/D and 40% IIB). In accordance with literature but contrary to
expected conditions for elevated PTP, OM had a slower fiber type profile (1.7% I, 69%
IIX/D and 29% IIB) than OC (0.4% I, 61% IIX/D and 38% IIB). No differences were
found in MLCK expression. It seems that PTP is up-regulated to maintain muscle
function rather than being down-regulated to prevent muscle damage. Ca""^ transient and
myosin phosphorylation measurements would be beneficial in explaining increased PTP
seen in this study.