title: Molecular Investigations into the Catalytic Mechanisms and Inhibition of the Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Resistance Enzymes APH(3')-Illa and AAC(6')-APH(2")

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract: The golden age of antibiotics may be at an end. These compounds found clinical use in the 1940s, and their medical benefits were readily apparent, curing once fatal diseases and increasing life expectancy. However, bacteria have responded successfully to this threat by developing resistance to a multitude of antibiotics, and now, once treatable pathogens are again on the warpath. One of the classes of antibiotics to which resistance has arisen is the aminoglycoside aminocyclitols that specifically target the prokaryotic ribosome. The most clinically relevant form of aminoglycoside resistance is the expression of modifying enzymes, including APH(3')-IIIa and AAC(6')-APH(2") that catalyze the phosphorylation and/or acetylation of a wide range of aminoglycosides. Application of potent, specific inhibitors to these enzymes can provide a means of overcoming resistance, and a thorough understanding of these enzymes will aid in this endeavor. Towards this end, the molecular mechanisms of catalysis for aminoglycoside phosphorylation and acetylation have been investigated. Enzyme-catalyzed aminoglycoside phosphorylation likely operates through a dissociative-like mechanism where bond breakage predominates in the transition-state, similar to what is observed in the structurally similar serine/threonine protein kinase family, whereas aminoglycoside acetylation catalyzed by AAC(6')-APH(2") utilizes an active site base. Through these studies, a number of inhibitors have also been identified including wortmannin that specifically labels a highly conserved lysine In AAC(6')-APH(2"), 1-bromomethylphenanthrene that covalently modifies the acetyltransferase aspartate base in AAC(6')-APH(2"), and indolocidin, a peptide that inhibits a broad range of aminoglycoside resistance enzymes. The studies and molecules presented here will serve as the basis for the development of future inhibitors of these enzymes and the eventual triumph over aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Canticles' Rhetoric of the Eroticized Soul and the Inscribed Body in Renaissance English Poetry

contributor:
Silcox, Mary V.
English

subject: English Language and Literature

abstract: The notion of desire in Renaissance English love and religious poetry resonates with references to Canticles, or the Song of Songs, a biblical lyric that celebrates the erotic relationship between a man and a woman who are identified traditionally as Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Canticles also has an extensive tradition of spiritual allegory, in which the man is read as Christ and the woman as a representative of humanity; Sponsus and Sponsa perform a betrothal sequence that echoes the anxiety of the Fall in the separation of the lovers and adumbrates their apocalyptic re-union in the consummation of the wedding feast of Revelation. This allegory of erotic desire between divinity and humanity in Canticles'. rhetoric inscribes human relationships with spiritual pleasures that are analogous to carnal pleasures: the site of the body as one of pleasure renders the anxiety of apocalyptic anticipation as a stage for the progress of the soul- that is, the body is the setting for the scene of apprehension that opens it to the pleasurable engagement of divine entrance. Correspondingly, the soul's present engagement with the incarnated divine figure of Christ heightens the erotic interactions between men and women, providing a way to extend the pleasures of physical engagement both within and beyond the boundaries of the body and the present moment. This thesis emphasizes the erotic pleasures of the body and the eroticized pleasures of the soul as the effects of social and spiritual anxiety. Current literary criticism of the English Renaissance tends to focus on anxiety as a dysfunctional psychological effect of corporeality, but I contend that the conception of the psyche, or soul, in this period is far more versatile than current approaches tend to allow. The introductory chapter discusses the historical context of Canticles' exegesis and the four-level model of scriptural interpretation that was still in use during the Renaissance, though with a significantly revised emphasis on tropology, the application of spiritual readings to everyday conduct. This chapter also presents the main issues of investigation in the thesis: scriptural rhetoric, poetic voice, gender as a crucial metaphor of voice, and the interaction between narrative and lyric genres. The following five chapters consider the operation of Canticles' rhetoric in a variety of secular and religious works, including the sonnet sequences of Spenser, Sidney, and Wroth, the religious poetry of Herbert and Crashaw, and the emblem books of Wither and Quarles.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rate Overshooting: An Econometric Investigation

contributor:
Chan, K.S.
Butterfield, D.W.
Denton, F.T.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract: After the abandoning of fixed exchange rates by most major countries in 1973, it was observed that exchange rates fluctuated disproportionally to relative prices. "The asset market approach to exchange rate determination" to a large country framework is the subject of this dissertation. The effect of an increase of nominal money supply on the exchange rate is dampened in a two-country world and overshooting is not a necessary feature of the model. The model has the advantage of examining the effect of real shocks, like an increase in government spending. It can also handle shocks due to changes in foreign variables (nominal or real) which are equally important in a large country setting. The assumption that both domestic and foreign variables have the same coefficient but opposite signs, which has been used extensively in the theoretical and empirical literature, is relaxed since its imposition could even reverse the signs of the constraint coefficients. Even within a two-country model, the long-run proportionality between money, prices and exchange rates, that is, purchasing power parity, holds. This is derived as a long-run zero degree homogeneity restriction in money and prices which can be tested. The impact period results, however, are different from those derived in a small country world. The sample consists of 42 quarterly observations (1973I-1983II) and only the large OECD countries, France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the US are considered. The notion of effective exchange rate is applied. The foreign variables are constructed by aggregating over the major trade partners of each country using trade weights. It is shown that the reduced form system is quite successful in tracking the actual data and that the model is indeed stable. There is no indication of overshooting except for France, and the restriction implying purchasing power parity cannot be statistically accepted. Finally, the predictive performance of the purchasing power parity is evaluated.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Mandate of the Church in the Apocalypse of John

contributor:
Westerholm, Stephen
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: The Apocalypse of John has elicited a wide range of responses. Captivated by its bizarre imagery, obscure references, and mythopoetic discourse, some (especially in popular writings) have engaged in an almost endless discussion attempting to decode the symbols and set out the order of predicted events. Others, convinced that it was intended to serve a pastoral function among its original recipients (the churches of Asia Minor), have focused on the practical message of its letters and visions for the Church. The scholarly consensus, as demonstrated in recent literature on the Apocalypse, is that John (the author) is not only interested in revealing things that must soon take place (Rev 1:1), but also in identifying what the Church must be and do (cf. Revelation 2-3). However, while recent scholarship demonstrates this common understanding that the Church is of vital concern to the author of the Apocalypse, and that the Apocalypse contains various tasks and functions for its recipients, the field lacks a comprehensive and cohesive discussion of all that the Church is meant to be and do. As a contribution, then, this dissertation is a study of what constitute various tasks and responsibilities of the Church as mandated in the Apocalypse of John. Obviously, in literature that abounds on the Apocalypse, several attempts have been made to identify and discuss particular issues, themes, and motifs that point to the task and mandate of the Church. However, there has been no systematic and comprehensive effort to explore all that the Apocalypse of John considers to be the mandate of the Church, and to demonstrate how the various tasks relate to one another. One of the main concerns of this dissertation, then, is the investigation of a category that encompasses the various tasks of the Church in the Apocalypse of John. In light of the prominence of the "witness" terminology in the Apocalypse of John and the dominance of the mandate to witness in other New Testament writings, this dissertation explores the possibility that the primary mandate of the Church in the Apocalypse of John is to maintain the "witness of Jesus" (ἡ μαρτυρία) , and it also examines whether the various tasks of the Church found in the Apocalypse are intended to converge under the mandate of the Church to maintain the "witness of Jesus." Furthermore, as a contribution to the μαρτυρία debate, an attempt has been made in this dissertation to draw attention to evidence that the "witness" terminology in the Apocalypse of John functions in more ways than are discussed and debated in scholarship. In terms of procedure and methodology, this dissertation examines various scholarly works that treat particular tasks and functions of the Church in the Apocalypse of John. However, in exploring the possibility that the various tasks and functions of the Church converge under mandate to maintain the "witness of Jesus," it focuses mainly on primary literature, the Apocalypse of John. It examines all the implicit and explicit references to the mandate of the Church in the Apocalypse of John and also explores the possibility that the author uses the phrase "the witness of Jesus" (ἡ μαρτυρία 'Iησοv) as an umbrella expression for various aspects of the Church's mandate. For structure, the introduction outlines the task of this dissertation and presents a summary of the "state of teh question" in contemporary scholarship. The first chapter provides a survey of the Apocalypse, identifying the relevant texts and classifying the various functions of the Church that are discussed in this dissertation. Subsequent chapters are devoted to detailed discussions of the tasks and functions of the Church with a main focus on the tasks of worship, witness and repentance. Through these discussions the comprehensive and cohesive nature of the mandate of the Church in the Apocalypse is demonstrated. The extent to which the tasks and functions of the Church are both varied and unified is also made evident.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Studies on the Glycoprotein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

contributor:
Ghosh, H.P.
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the structural features in the glycoprotein molecule of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) which could be of importance in its biosynthesis. The approach involved

(1) A comparative study of the primary structure of the in vitro synthesized form and the mature form of the glycoproteins of three serotypes of VSV namely Indiana, New Jersey (Concan) and Cocal.

(2) Biochemical characterization of tsY1, a temperature sensitive mutant of the Cocal serotype of VSV defective in glycosylation.

(3) Investigation of the labeling of the three serotypes of VSV and of Chandipura and Piry viruses, grown in the presence of [³H]palmitate.

Studies of Irving et. al. (1979) using the Indiana (Toronto) serotype of VSV demonstrated that the in vitro synthesized unglycosylated form of the membrane glycoprotein G₁ contains at the NH₂-terminus an extra polypeptide not present in the mature glycoprotein(G). In order to determine the function related properties of the transient region of the protein (signal peptide), the primary structure of the NH₂-terminus of the G, protein of two other serotypes of VSV, New Jersey (concan) and Cocal which contain variable sizes of the glycoprotein in their virions was determined. A comparison of the partial NH₂-terminal sequence of the G₁ and G proteins of the three serotypes of VSV revealed that each of the three serotypes have a signal peptide that is made up of a minimum of 16 amino acids with a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids. There is a striking unrelatedness in the signal region in contrast to the high degree of homology in the NH₂-terminal sequences of the mature virion glycoprotein G. In spite of the lack of homology in the signal region there was a similarity if the overall hydrophobicity.

Temperature sensitive (ts) mutants corresponding to the complementation group (V) of VSV Indiana, which include the mutants with specific lesion(s) in the structural gene of G, have been isolated on the basis of characteristics to grow at the two temperatures of 32°C (permissive) and 39°C (nonpermissive) (Lafay, 1974; Lodish and Weiss, 1979; Pringle, 1982). A temperature sensitive mutant of the Cocal serotype of VSV tsΥ1 synthesizes at the permissive temperature a glycoprotein which size is smaller (molecular weight 68,000) than the wild type (molecular weight 71,000). At the nonpermissive temperature reduced amounts of noninfectious virus-like particles deficient in glycoproteins were produced. The size of the intracellular glycoprotein was further decreased (molecular weight 64,000) at the nonpermissive temperature. Biochemical studies including sugar labeling, tryptic peptide analysis and NH₂-terminal sequence analysis of the glycoprotein suggest that at the nonpermissive temperature unglycosylated product blocked in its transport to the cell surface is synthesized while at the permissive temperature a fully functional product with a single oligosaccharide chain is synthesized. In contrast, the wild type VSV Cocal glycoprotein contains two oligosaccharide chains at both temperatures. In addition, neither the wild type nor the mutant glycoprotein contain covalently bound fatty acid.

Glycoproteins present in a number of enveloped viruses have been shown to contain covalently bound fatty acid residues (Schmidt, 1982a). The glycoproteins of the three serotypes of VSV and of Piry and Chandipura viruses were examined for the presence of fatty acid (palmitic acid). The results showed that while the mature G protein of VSV Indiana (Toronto) serotype and Piry and Chandipura viruses contain palmitic acid residues, the glycoproteins of VSV Cocal and New Jersey serotypes do not contain palmitic acid, suggesting that acylation of the G glycoprotein is not essential for some vesiculoviruses while it is important (if not required) for others.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Evaluation of Theories for the Initial Stages of Pitting Corrosion

contributor:
Ives, M.B.
Metallurgy

subject: Metallurgy Metallurgy

abstract:
It is assumed in this study that the protection imparted by passive layers is dependent upon the balance between the breakdown of the protective film and the healing of the produced flaws. Therefore, the occurrence of a pit must coincide with a change in the local conditions in a flaw which did not heal.

Using this hypothesis, five proposed theories for pitting corrosion are compared using data published in the literature. The processes assumed to occur during pit nucleation are simulated. The solution compositions and potentials from reported experimental determinations of pitting potentials are used as initial conditions. The potential and concentrations at the base of the flaw are computed by using mass transport equations.

The values obtained are then used to compare the five models. For each theory, an expression depending on potential and concentrations at the metal surface was identified, so that where a theory is correct, this expression is smaller (or larger) than a parameter. This parameter, should be constant, and independent of the particular set of experimental conditions (e.g. pH, chloride concentration in the bulk solution), as all the calculations are made for conditions corresponding to the pitting potential, i.e. conditions borderlining between pitting and passivity.

The particular case of iron in borate buffers is considered here. The computed results indicate that the most probable mechanism controlling pitting is the adsorption of the chloride ions at the metal surface. The repassivation by precipitation of ferrous hydroxide is always thermodynamically favoured, but apparently slow.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Varieties of Modular Ortholattices

contributor:
Bruns, G.
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract:
This thesis describes the bottom of the lattice of varieties of modular ortholattices. The theorem that is proved is

Theorem. Every variety of modular ortholattices which is different from all the [MOn] , 0 ≤ n ≤ ω, contains [MOω].

This theorem is proved by translating the problem, at least partially, into the language of regular rings.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Optically-Pumped CW Mid-Infrared NH₃ Lasers

contributor:
Reid, J.
Garside, B.K.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract:
The work presented in this thesis concerns the development and characterization of the first optically-pumped continuous (cw) lasers in the mid-infrared. Ammonia is chosen as the active lasing medium, and this research describes experiments in which NH₃ is pumped both off- and on-resonance with a CO₂ laser using several innovative techniques. The new lasers provide efficient, powerful and line-tunable cw radiation in a region (10 to 30 μm) where such sources are scarce.

Initial experiments were performed with several off-resonantly pumped 12-μm NH₃ transitions and, at low pumping powers, a Raman two-photon process was identified as the dominant mechanism responsible for the gain. The two-photon process results from the coherent interaction of two laser fields with a three-level system and can create gain in the absence of a population inversion. This property was essential to the successful operation of the first optically-pumped cw laser in the mid-infrared as the available pump intensity was insufficient to produce a population inversion.

A detailed understanding of this new cw laser was achieved by probing the small-signal gain with a tunable diode laser in an amplifier cell. A theoretical model based on a density matrix formalism approach was developed and good agreement was found between experiment and theory. The tunable diode laser measurements emphasized the importance of the pump intensity in determining the magnitude of the Raman gain. Following this study, an optimized 12-μm cavity was constructed in which the pump intensity was maximized by using a small capillary tube. Quantum efficiencies as high as 45% and output powers up to 10.5 W were obtained.

Line-tunability between 10.7 and 13.3 μm was accomplished with a novel pumping scheme. The frequency of the CO₂ laser is shifted into coincidence with the line center of an NH₃ transition using acoustooptic modulators. This on-resonance pumping enabled us to create a vibrational inversion between the NH₃ ground state and the upper vibrational level v₂=1. By adding a buffer gas, gain was obtained in the entire P- and Q-branches. A simple model which assumes thermalization among the rotational levels fully accounts for the lasing behavior.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Precision Synchronization of Navigation Satellites in Inclined Orbit From an Earth Station

contributor:
Carter, C.R.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
The possibility of establishing accurate timing on board a navigation satellite in inclined orbit using a timing reference from either an earth station or geostationary satellite has been an important task in the last fifteen years. More recently, there has been considerable effort placed in designing and developing the NAVSTAR system which uses atomic clocks on-board satellites in inclined orbits to establish accurate time.

In this thesis we discuss another possible mode of operation which is based on the transponding of timing information from an earth station to a navigation satellite in inclined orbit through a satellite in geostationary orbit. Assuming that the satellite in the geostationary orbit has constant space delay with an earth station, then the only change in the space delay between the earth station and the satellite in inclined orbit occurs between the two satellites.

The main advantages of our solution to this problem are:

1) The atomic clocks on board the navigation satellite are no longer required.

2) A communication link now exists between the earth station and all users of the system through the navigation satellite. This is due to the fact that the satellite in geostationary orbit has the capability of observing both the navigation satellite in inclined orbit and the earth station located inside its coverage area.

We assume the following:

1) The location of geostationary satellite is accurately known. This is usually true since its motion with respect to earth stations is small.

2) The space delay from earth station to geostationary satellite can be determined to within less than 1 ns using conventional timing methods in TDMA. Thus, accurate time at the geostationary satellite is established.

3) The distance between the geostationary satellite and the navigation satellite varies smoothly with time.

4) The location of the navigation satellite is known to lie within a sphere of certain radius centred at a known point.

If we calculate in advance the actual space delay between a geostationary satellite and a navigation satellite; and know the timing on-board the geostationary satellite, we can establish timing on-board the navigation satellite. The technique which we use in computing the uplink and downlink delays between the two satellites depends on the estimation of the navigation satellite location. The error in estimating the location of the navigation satellite does not affect the calculation of the space delay between the two satellites directly, but its effect will be reflected by the change in the space delay.

The computed results show that the estimated uplink and downlink space delay between the two satellites can be calculated to a high degree of accuracy (a fraction of a nanosecond or less). Thus it appears that this system could be practical especially for commercial use which may include communications links as well as navigation information.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Figure of Jesus in the Typological Understanding of Paul

contributor:
Sanders, E.P.
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: The question of Paul's relationship to Jesus has been debated variously and vigorously for more than a century. Research on the question seems to have moved along three basic lines: 1. Paul's Christian consciousness in the Spirit was virtually independent of Jesus, which accounts for the paucity of references to Jesus in the Letters; 2. Parallels exist between the Gospels and Paul's letters, which points to Paul's awareness of historical continuity between his work and the life and teaching of Jesus; 3. Paul's conceptuality of Christ required only the fact of Jesus, especially his death, to make his preaching the Gospel. Whereas the arguments generally have sought to uncover elements of continuity and/or discontinuity between Paul and Jesus, the present discussion investigates the interpretive mode by which Paul conceived of the continuity and change between Jesus of Nazareth and the resurrected Christ of faith. The particular schematism by which Paul conceived of the relationship and identity between the pre-Easter and post-Easter Christ may be described as "typological". Typological relationship between prefiguration and fulfilment (type-antitype) can be observed in Paul's letters principally in terms of his understanding of the change from the old aeon to the new under the single plan of God for the world. God intended all along to inaugurate the new aeon by raising Christ from the dead; and the divine intention can be traced in the sacred record of Israel's sojourn under God. Typology understood thus in Paul's letters is readily discerned in arguments that use important figures from Scripture. Three figures in particular are prominent in Paul's letters: Adam who is said to be a type (ᴛυπoς) of Christ (Rom. 5:14; cf. I Cor. 15:20ff; 42ff); Abraham who is presented as a type of one who enters the community of Christ by faith (Rom. 4:1-25; Gal. 3:1-18); Moses who comes across as a type of Christian ministers in the new dispensation of the Spirit (II Cor. 3:1-18; cf. I Cor. 10:1-13). In each case the antitype resides in the post-Easter experience of Christ and the Spirit, except perhaps in the case of Adam where change from the old to the new creation is focused more sharply. In light of Paul's method of associating his post-Easter experience of Christ with figures of salvation-history in the old aeon, we are in a position to test the probability of a similar typological identity between Christ resurrected and Jesus of Nazareth. The two are not synonymous, but are rather on a typological continuum. Christ according to the flesh is type, of which Christ according to the Spirit is the antitype, or fulfilment (Rom. 1:3f; 8:3; cf. Gal. 4:4-6). The identity between the two spheres of Christ may be sought on other levels, but this typological level demands serious consideration in light of the pattern that exists for figures of Scripture. Further confirmation of this typological identity between the two spheres of Christ's existence comes from Paul's view of Christian existence in the Spirit in anticipation of the resurrection/transformation at the parousia. Christian life in the Spirit, while still in the flesh, is said to be "guarantee," "seal," and "first fruits" (II Cor. 1:22; 5:5; Rom. 8:23), all terms representative of typological thinking. This typological schematism, when applied to the pre-Easter Christ according to the flesh, tends to decrease the prominence of the type in favour of the antitypal fulfilment.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Modernization of British Columbia Schools: A Genealogical Interpretation of the Putman-Weir Survey

contributor:
Cuneo, Carl
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: The analysis of public educational reform initiatives is an important area within the sociology of education. My work contributes to this area by utilizing a genealogical analysis to closely read British Columbia's 1925 reform text, the Survey of the School System of British Columbia, along with several other supporting texts. I incorporate an examination of the modes by which educational practices were problematized and contested, resulting in the casting of subjectivities and the deployment of certain effects. This investigation provides insight into dominant ideas, material practices and institutional arrangements at a particular time and place. It also provides a means for rendering the discursive practices of reform visible, and, consequently, subject to scrutiny. In tum, this provides insight into how we constitute and regulate ourselves as particular subjects. I investigate the emergence of Progressive educational reform in British Columbia in the 1920s. I argue that the Survey of the School System was not simply a conservative document which reproduced inequality, but a problematizing activity with the ability to frame the educational debate, crowding out alternative interpretations and effects. This analysis allows for an examination of the Survey's claims to truth, as well as the rationalities it deployed. Based on legitimate scientific knowledge of psychology and eugenics, and bolstered by discourses of nationalism and government, new subjectivities of 'the developing child' and 'the adolescent' were constituted as racial and gender categories were normalized. The effects of this were far reaching as it informed the reorganization of schooling, curriculum and testing in the Province. Reform was therefore constructed out of a limited number of discourses with powerful consequences.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Temporary Sensory Protection of Denervated and Skeletal Muscle: A Quantitative Ultrastructural and Functional Assessment of Nerve and Muscle

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract: Peripheral nerve injuries have a devastating impact on muscle function due to the distance the axons must regenerate to reinnervate the target muscle. By the time the axons reinnervate the muscle, it has strophied and lost itself receptiveness resulting in impaired function. The objective of this study was to answer the following questions: 1. Do sensory axons delay muscle atrophy following denervation? 2. Does the protective effect observed by sensory axons translate into restored muscle function? 3. Do sensory axons preserve the architecture of the distal nerve sheath and provide a favourable regeneration substrate? 4. Do sensory axons influence the trophic effect on denervated muscle to maintain its "receptiveness" to reinnervation? Following tibial nerve transection, rats were assignedd to one of the following groups: (1) saphenous to distal tibial nerve neurorrhaphy (Nerve-to-Nerve sensory protected (SP)); (2) saphenous to gastrocnemius neurotization (Nerve-to-Muscle sensory protected (SP) in the absence of the distal nerve sheath); (3) Unprotected controls (tibial nerve transection) or, (4) immediate common peroneal to tibial nerve neurorrhaphy (Immediate Repair with a motor nerve). The unoperated contralateral leg of treated animals served as a control. After a 6-month denervation period followed by motor reinnervation, ultrastructure, histology, morphometrics of nerve and muscle were assessed and muscle function was measured. Specimens of distal tibial nerve in the Nerve-to-Nerve (SP) group were superior to Unprotected controls shown by a significant increase in axon density, a significant decrease in collagen area, and improved axon-to-Schwann cell coupling. These features are characteristic of the original neural environment and reflect sustained neural integrity. Although axon number in the Nerve-to-Nerve (SP) group was similar to the Nerve-to-Muscle (SP) group, improved regeneration was evident in the Nerve-to-Nerve (SP) group shown by several axons at various stages of myelination, in a "normal" one-to-one association with a Schwann cell. The Nerve-to-Nerve (SP) group also displayed a significant increase in mean axon area than the Nerve-to-Muscle (SP) group. Gastrocnemius muscle specimens from both sensory protected groups displayed less collagenization and fat deposition than Unprotected control muscle, similarity in mean total muscle fibre size, and evidence of reinnervation (fibre type grouping) among regions of "mosaicism" suggesting a preservation of normal muscle features. Fast twitch fibres predominated in both sensory-protected groups (60% to 40%) as in normal muscle. Unprotected controls contained no fast twitch fibres and the total muscle fibre area of this group was significantly smaller than all other experimental groups. The man area of fast twitch fibres in Nerve-to-Muscle (SP) group was significantly larger than the Nerve-to-Nerve (SP) group was suggesting a possible trophic influence on fast twitch muscle fibre area. Mean compound muscle action potential amplitude in the Nerve-to-Nerve (SP) group was significantly higher than the Nerve-to-Muscle (SP) and Unprotected control groups. Although the Nerve-to-Muscle (SP) group demonstrated a significantly higher isometric contractile twitch force than Unprotected controls, this as only slightly increased possibly due to the unusually high values for the Unprotected controls. These findings suggest that a feasible method to optimally diminish the denervation changes in muscle is to preserve the architecture of the distal nerve and concomitantly maintain the trophic influence on the muscle fibres.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Multiproduct Cost Modelling of Canadian Trust Companies

contributor:
Denton, F.T.
Robb, A.L.
Muller, R.A.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract: The main objectives of this thesis are to develop and interpret an econometric model of the cost of operations of trust companies in Canada. A two-stage-model of production is set up. In the first stage of production labour and capital are used to service deposits. Thus deposits are intermediate outputs. In the second stage of production, labour, capital and deposits are used to produce the services of the management of estates, trusts and agencies, and of the management of loans and securities. Using duality techniques, a cost function corresponding to the final-stage production transformation function is formulated. Two sets of data are employed in the empirical analyses. The first data set consists of trust companies operating in Ontario in the period 1976-1981, omitting only a few whose circumstances were obviously quite unusual, as evidenced by inordinately low labour-shares. The second data set is a truncated form of the first data set -- it includes only observations with no zero outputs. The cost function was specified as a generalized translog function, but for purposes of comparison with earlier studies, an ordinary translog cost function was also specified and estimated. The cost function was in both cases estimated together with the labour-share equation as a system of seemingly unrelated simultaneous equations. Parameters obtained from the estimated cost functions were used to evaluate measures of economies of scale, economies of scope, and product-specific economies of scale. Some of the results obtained are comparable to earlier studies. For example, this study found an inverse relation between asset size and scale-economies. Some new results also emerged, especially relating to economies of scope: it was found that there exists a positive relation between scope-economies and amalgamations of firms.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Amalgams of Lᴾ and ℓ^q

contributor:
Stewart, J.
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract:
An amalgam of Lᴾ and ℓ^q is a Banach space (Lᴾ, ℓ^q)(G) (1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞) of (classes of) functions on a locally compact abelian group G which belong locally to Lᴾ and globally to ℓ^q. Similarly, the space of unbounded measures of type q is a Banach space Mq(G) (1 ≤ q ≤ ∞) of unbounded measures which belong locally to the space of bounded, regular, Borel measures on G and globally to ℓ^q.

The Fourier transform of funcions in (Lᴾ, ℓ^q) and measures in Mq is defined to be a linear functional on the subspace Ac(G) of the Fourier algebra A(G), and its relation with other known definitions of Fourier transforms is established.

We introduce the space of strong resonance class of functions relative to the test space Φq and find its relation with respect to the linear space generated by the positive definite funcions for (L^q, ℓ¹).

We generalize known results for amalgam spaces on the real line spaces to locally compact abelian groups, extend some results in the theory of Lᴾ spaces to amalgams and develop a theory of multipliers for amalgam spaces and spaces of unbounded measures of type q.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: INFANT TIMBRE PERCEPTION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SENSITIVITY TO SPECTRAL SLOPE

contributor:
Trainor, Laurel J.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: Timbre, or sound quality, is important for the identification of objects, speech sounds, people, and the vocal expression of emotion. One important cue to timbre is the spectral envelope, representing the change in intensity across frequency. Spectral slope is the linear component of the spectral envelope. Very little is known about infants' perception of timbre. However, adults are highly sensitive to very small changes in spectral shape (e.g., Green, 1992), and spectral slope is an important cue for identifying perceptual constancies in sound (Li & Pastore, 1995). Previous studies have established that infants can discriminate large differences in spectral shape (e.g., Trehub, Endman, & Thorpe, 1990; Clarkson, 1995). This thesis extends this literature by systematically examining the role of spectral slope in timbre discrimination using steady-state complex tones. The studies presented here support the idea that both infants and adults use global spectral characteristics, such as spectral slope, as a basis for timbre discrimination. The results show that 8-month-old infants are best able to discriminate spectral slope differences in sounds with moderately negative spectral slopes in the range of speech and musical sounds. Furthermore, infants show an attentional bias for sounds with slopes in this range. This thesis also demonstrates that there is a progression in the development of sensitivity to spectral slope, with initial ability to discriminate spectral slope emerging around 5 months of age. Finally, this thesis shows that spectral slope discrimination is better in adults than in infants, but that adults are similar to infants in that they are also more sensitive to spectral slopes in the moderately negative range.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Chemical Derivatization for Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry of Nucleosides and their Analogs

contributor:
Quilliam, M.A.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
Currently, nucleosides and their analogs are routinely analysed by reverse phase (RP) or ion exchange (IEX) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. These methods require the use of buffer solutions which are incompatible with the newly introduced method of combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC-MS interface is not capable of eliminating the involatile salts in the buffers. Accumulation of these salts would cause arcing in the ion source. In addition, the nucleosides are polar and their analysis by this method, without chemical modification, would lead to the mass spectra of pyrolysis products. In this thesis a method involving chemical derivatization and combined LC-MS of the nucleosides and their analogs in discussed.

N, N'-methylene-bridged dinucleosides were derivatized with tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl (TBDMS) reagent, purified and analysed by liquid chromatography and combined LC-MS. Mixed derivatization of the nucleosides to produce the N-dimethylaminomethylene-O-tertbutyldimethylsilyl (DMAM-TBDMS) derivatives and optimization of conditions are examined. The liquid chromatographic and combined LC-MS analyses of these derivatives are discussed. The electron-impact mass spectral fragmentation and rearrangement mechanisms of the TBDMS derivatives of the dinucleosides and the DMAM-TBDMS derivatives of the nucleosides are discussed.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: INUIT ENGAGEMENT IN NUNAVUT AND CANADA: STRUGGLES FOR HEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP

contributor:
Pawluch, Dorothy
Sociology

subject: Sociology Sociology

abstract: This thesis is a post-structural analysis of Inuit engagement in health governance in the new territory of Nunavut. The creation of Nunavut brings decision-making power to a largely Inuit population through both a land claims agreement and the establishment of a public government. As such, it marks a new moment in the history of Aboriginal governance in Canada and in relations between North and South, Inuit and non-Inuit. The establishment of Nunavut is the result of a decades-long Inuit struggle for self-determination. This struggle is an articulation of citizenship, of how Inuit think about who they are within communities and within the nation. This struggle does not suggest that citizenship is simply about membership in the nation, nor is it simply about the rights that come with that membership. It suggests, instead, that citizenship is how people engage in the governance of their lives. This study is based on a qualitative methodology including fieldwork in three Nunavut communities, interviews, and document analysis. I consider how relations between North and South, Inuit and non-Inuit have shaped health governance in the Central and Eastern Arctic. I explore how various conceptions of health and self are implicated in how citizens participate in health governance in Nunavut. This research makes several important contributions to the study of health, ethnicity, governance, and citizenship. It contributes to a current emphasis in the social sciences on notions of health and citizenship as contingent and variable. It points to the need for new research on the implications of citizenship struggles in remote communities for health governance. Finally, this research points to the instability of power relations and joins in efforts to rethink the way we organize and govern health and our lives.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Form Class Effect

contributor:
Begg, Ian M.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract: A series of nine studies investigated the 'form class effect', the superior recall shown by children when to-be-associated nouns are studied linked by verbs or prepositions rather than by conjunctions, or without any 'connective'. One main finding was that the form class effect is limited to measures of associative recall, and not found in the overall levels of free recall. It was suggested that linking verbs or prepositions result in more joint representation of items in memory, and such differences in organization should emerge only in associative recall measures. A second finding was that instructions to form interactive images eliminated the superiority of verb-linked nouns in children's recall, by raising recall with conjunctions to the level of verbs. Conversely, instructions to form a separate image for each item also eliminated the form class effect, but by reducing recall with verbs to the level of conjunction linked nouns. The effects of imagery instructions were interpreted as supporting the view that different types of connective, like different types of imagery instructions, produce different associative recall levels because they influence the processing of information, relating the items together in memory. Younger, grade 3, children did not perform as predicted with imagery instructions, such that a form class effect was still observed. The finding is consistent with numerous other studies which show that imagery instructions are often ineffective with younger children, and extends the observation to separate imagery. A number of explanations of the ineffectiveness of imagery instructions for younger children are evaluated. Finally, linking prepositions were shown to produce different levels of associative recall as a function of the degree of close spatial relationship implied between item referents. An explanation in terms of a greater tendency on the part of children to encode items separately unless certain types of relationship are actually present between items or implied between item referents was suggested.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Model Based Synchronization of Monitoring and Control Systems

contributor:
Poehlman, W.F.S.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract: This research identifies and provides novel solutions to challenges that arise when implementing an Agile Manufacturing Information Systems (AMIS). This research constitutes a body of original work in that it has successfully integrated aspects of real-time systems control, computer science, electrical engineering, knowledge capture and technology insertion to address the issues faced when developing an AMIS. They include: 1. The divergence between manufacturing control and monitoring systems, addressed by complimenting the current University of Michigan research on domain models and developing a novel mapping from the model to PLC Ladder Logic. 2. Development of the code, heretofore lacking sufficient application of scientific methodology, by providing a method for integrating components into a control plan, capturing and representing a control engineer's knowledge in a generalized abstract model and removing the need for the specialized knowledge. 3. The lack of systems context provided by current monitoring systems enhanced by developing an application generator, based on the generalized abstract model, which automatically creates synchronized control code and information needed by the monitoring system. 4. An expressed lack of experimentation in the software community to transition technology from the theoretical domain to practice in industry is addressed through an experimental effort with industry, where the theoretical methodology was successfully transferred to practice in the manufacturing community. An experimental environment was developed to allow other researchers to replicate the experiments and to continue to extend the research.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Flow Visualization and Dynamics of Heat Exchanger Tube Arrays in Water Cross-Flow

contributor:
Weaver, D. S.
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
A flow visualization technique has been developed to investigate the flow developments in tube arrays over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The techniques is non-obtrusive and permits observations deep inside a tube bundle where the flow is unaffected by free surface or boundary effects. The technique has been used to examine flow behaviour in a rigidly and flexibly mounted square in-line and rotated square arrays in a water cross-flow. The important case of a single flexible tube in an otherwise rigid bundle, which received considerable attention in the literature, has also been examined. Results pertinent to vortex shedding, turbulence and fluidelastic instability are given which include response curves and frequency spectra together with flow visualization films and photographs.

The results indicate that discrete alternate and symmetric vortex shedding can occur within the confinement of a tube bundle. Increased turbulence, as more rows are traversed by the flow, has a detrimental effect on the discrete vortex structures. Vorticity shedding and turbulence coexist as separate phenomena however, vorticity shedding is identified as the mechanism responsible for the observed resonance peaks in the response curves. Vortex shedding and the associated flow induced response in the square array is different from that in the staggered rotated square array. Fluidelastic instability is associated with marked increase in the transverse response amplitude and significant flow redistribution although it appears random in a full flexible bundle. Finally, a single flexible tube in an otherwise rigid bundle will become unstable at essentially the same flow velocity as that when the surrounding tubes are free to move. The response is predominantly in a transverse direction with significant flow redistribution. The motion of the redistributed flow lags behind the tube motion.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Three Essays on the Macroeconomic Implications of Population Aging and the Labor Market Effects of Payroll Taxation

contributor:
Scarth, William M.
Magee, Lonnie
Spencer, Byron
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract: This dissertation is a collection of three essays on the macroeconomic implications of population aging and the labor market effects of payroll taxation. In The first essay, we develop a calibrated overlapping generations model in a closed economy setting, which we apply to the North American economy to investigate the effect on living standards of the aging baby boom. The relative scarcity of labor when baby boomers retire raises the wage-rental ratio by an amount that is sufficient to ensure that the post-baby-boom generation can enjoy a modest increase in living standards -- despite facing higher taxes. Nonetheless, the baby-boom cohort itself suffers a drop in consumption, and when the two generations are considered as a group, overall living standards fall by a modest amount. These results re robust to several changes in specification: the existence of liquidity constraints, alternative assumptions regarding individuals' expectations concerning future interest rates, and different fiscal policies concerning the tax treatment of private saving for retirement. Policy initiatives that bring significant harship today to avoid a future "crisis" are not supported by the standard overlapping generations model. In the second essay, we develop a general equilibrium model of a small open economy - calibrated to Canada - to examine some implications of population aging. First, we find that analysing the consequences of population aging in one country without taking into account the extent of aging throughout the world, one may misestimate the effect which aging may have on that country's living standards and its net foreign asset position. Second, the liquidity-constrained individuals are those whose living standards, both in the short run and in the long run, are most affected by the aging baby boom. On the whole, our analysis in this essay suggests that we should regard population aging as a serious upcoming threat to living standards. Finally, whether increases in payroll tax rates to finance the public pension system (as the elderly dependency ratio rises) are imposed on workers or firms has little effect on the impact of aging on average living standards; however, it does matter for the unemployment rate. More specifically, the firms' contribution rates to the social security programs are shown to have no influence on the natural unemployment rate, whereas increases in the employees' contribution rate raise it. The third essay uses data on the Canadian economy to investigate the empirical evidence of the incidence and unemployment effects of the employer and employee payroll taxes. We estimate a disequilibrium aggregate labor market model that allows the separate effects of payroll tax rate imposed on employers and employees to be distinguished, and use the estimated model to stimulate the impacts of payroll taxation. The results indicate that there is evidence of an asymmetric labor market effect according to whether payroll taxes levied on employees are raised. Although there is no impact on unemployment in the long run in either case - which runs somewhat counter to the predictions in the second essay - the short-run effects differ. Moreover, we find that the elasticity of labor demand (with respect to the wage rate) is 10 times (in absolute value) as large as the labor supply elasticity. As a result, most of the burden of payroll taxes -- whether levied on employers or employees -- is found to be borne by labor in the long run. Finally, it appears that we should be reluctant to place too much weight on the time span over which payroll taxes may affect unemployment in the (most widely performed) deterministic simulations. In fact, the stochastic simulation results illustrate that this time span may be much shorter.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Effects of Maternal Isolation on the Ontogeny of Circadian Activity Rhythms and the Growth of Rat Pups

contributor:
Smith, G.K.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
The circadian rhythms of young animals can be entrained by prenatal and postnatal maternal cues. The present research examined the effects of early postnatal maternal isolation on the ontogeny of the activity rhythm in rat pups. The studies also examined the effects of different light cycles, as well as other stimuli which may serve as synchronizers of the activity rhythm during the postnatal period. Activity rhythms synchronized to light-dark (LD) cycle appeared as early as five days after birth in mother-reared pups. This result contrasts with data from other reports which indicate a later onset. Pups reared without their mothers (AR pups) between 3 or 4 to 18 days postnatally on a LD cycle had rhythms which were of lower amplitude and of shorter duration than those in the mother-reared group. AR pups with a LD cycle and a feeding cycle which approximated the normal nursing rhythm showed more synchronization of their activity than pups with only a LD or feeding cycle. The mean period of the activity rhythms of pups-raised under constant light deviated the most from 24 hrs. The introduction of a temperature cycle attenuated the AR pups' activity. These results indicate that the nursing rhythm, in conjunction with LD cycles, may serve as synchronizers of rat pups' rhythms. However, nursing and LD cycles represent only a part of the complex postnatal environment which includes temperature, as well as other stimuli not investigated here, such as olfactory cues.

There was also evidence suggesting that rhythmic factors during the early postnatal period may influence growth. AR pups with a cyclic feeding schedule had heavier spleens and lighter livers than animals with a noncyclic schedule. Heavier forebrains were associated with a predominantly diurnal feeding cycle. These growth factors may, in turn, influence the rhythmicity of locomotor activity.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Mind's Kinds: Cognitive Rhetoric, Literary Genre, and Menippean Satire

contributor:
Adamson, Joseph
English

subject:
English Language and Literature
cognitive models

abstract: This thesis develops a cognitive approach to the venerable topic of literary genre. In particular, it uses and explores "cognitive rhetoric", Mark Turner's theoretical framework for literary inquiry; and it studies in depth the literary genre named "Menippean satire". The first chapter motivates a cognitive approach to literary inquiry while surveying the theory and criticism of satire and Menippean satire. The second chapter works out more fully and systematically than other studies the implications of a cognitive perspective on problems in the theory ofliterary genre. It argues that genres can be described as having a "prototype structure", rather than a traditional category structure, where categories are defined by necessary and sufficient conditions and arranged in general-to-specific hierarchies. It applies George Lakoff's explanation for prototype structures in categorization--his theory that thought is structured by "Idealized Cognitive Models"--to issues in genre theory and criticism. The third chapter addresses the prototype structure of Menippean satire--that is, ideas about "representativeness'' among its members, and what this implies for the category's cognitive model. Chapter four recasts recognized facts about the systematicity of metaphors for satire in terms of the conceptual theory of metaphor for the first time. It analyzes the structure of the metaphorical model for the concept of satire as it appears in talk about satire by writers and critics. Chapters five, six, and seven each analyze the structure of a key feature of Menippean satire in cognitive-rhetorical terms for the first time. Chapter eight summarizes the view of the thesis by contrasting it with the view of a recent article on "Menippean discourse", and presents an original argument for the coherence of literary genres in terms of the coherence of the image-schemas associated with cognitive models for its features.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Cocurrent Extraction in a Reciprocating Plate Column

contributor:
Baird, Malcolm H.I.
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
Mass transfer performance in cocurrent extraction has been studied in a 5.08 cm I.D. Karr reciprocating plate column.

A model for cocurrent mass transfer in a reciprocating plate column, which uses some of the same concepts that have proven useful in the development of a countercurrent mass transfer model, was experimentally confirmed. The indicator colour change method, which employs an instantaneous chemical reaction in the presence of an indicator, was developed to determine the mass transfer rate in cocurrent extraction and has proven very useful in avoiding the additional mass transfer which is always encountered in the sampling and analysis of exit streams. The local mass transfer rate in the column was also investigated by this method.

The time-averaged pressure drop for single phase (water) flow was measured in the column and has been compared with a quasi-steady model.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Studies on the Identity of Rodlet Cells in Teleost Fish

contributor:
Westermann, Jean E. M.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
The nature of the rodlet cell of teleost fish has been the subject of speculation since its first published description in 1892. Research since then has described the rodlet cell morphologically and/or histochemcally, both at the light and electron microscopic levels. However, whether the rodlet cell is a "parasite" or a normal cell has been a subject of debate, and there has been no consensus on its affinity or function.

While the detailed morphology of the rodlet cell is known, no previous study has considered the ecological parameters of the fish with respect to the presence of rodlet cells. In this investigation, the available literature on rodlet cells was examined, and the 114 teleost species reported to contain rodlet cells classified for geographic range, habitat and food choices. There appeared to be no geographical or habitat pecularities in this group, but a comparison of the food choices of these 114 species with a known, diverse, geographically circumscribed population of 326 species (Wheeler, 1969) indicated that the former had proportionally 60 times more species which were listed as omnivorous, 6 times as many which fed on bottom detritus and 3 times as many which were herbivorous than the latter. If the rodlet cell represented a parasitic organism, such information could have implications for its mode of dissemination.

This investigation has been the first to employ modern molecular biological techniques to explore the nature of the rodlet cell. The DNA of the rodlet cell nucleus has been compared qualitatively, using hybridization in situ, and quantitatively, using two methods of microdensitometry; with cells known to contain the fish genome but no rodlets. Because the DNA of rodlet cell nuclei hybridizes to the same extent to genomic DNA of the fish as does the DNA of the fish's own cells, and because there appears to be no statistically significant difference in the quantity of DNA in rodlet cell nuclei compared to fish cells of the same species, the rodlet cell itself has been concluded to be of teleost origin.

However, earlier observations in this laboratory had shown a light microscopic "RNA-type" histochemical reaction in the rodlet cores, after both acridine orange and methyl green-pyronin staining methods; furthermore, the cores were Feulgen-negative. The procedures differentiate DNA from RNA in most situations. The nuclease-gold technique of Bendayan (1981) was used in electron microscopic histochemistry to confirm the presence of nucleic acid(s). The rodlets were found to contain DNA, but no RNA. Further studies using S1 nuclease, which is specific for single-stranded DNA, indicated that the DNA of the rodlet labels also with S1-gold. The DNA of the rodlet, in all cases, is confined to the periphery of the rodlet core, and the DNA appears to be spirally distributed and of differing concentration along the length of the core. Because the rodlet core failed to react to the Feulgen procedure and failed to hybridize to genomic DNA, it must contain non-genomic DNA which is in a different conformation from the DNA found in the nucleus of the rodlet cell. Arguments are presented which consider the possible origins of rodlet DNA, and conclude that the rodlet DNA is exogenous, thus supporting the hypothesis that the rodiet, at least, is a "parasite".

This study represents the first time that the rodlet cell and the rodlet itself have been regarded as separate entities. It is postulate that the rodlet-containing cell itself is a teleost cell and the rodlet an exogenous DNA-containing structure. The phylogenetic affinity of the rodlet is unknown, as is the precise nature of the rodlet DNA; speculation includes both single-stranded and Z-DNA. Directions for future research are considered.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Acquisition and Use of Knowledge about the Story Schema

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
The general purpose of this thesis was to examine the process of acquiring knowledge about the story schema and the ability to use that knowledge to understand and remember stories. At a more specific level, the thesis examined the effects of experience with stories in the preschool years on the acquisition and use of knowledge about the structure of stories.

Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the hypothesis that there are social class differences in 4- and 6-year-old children's knowledge of the story schema, and in their ability to comprehend and recall stories. When middle-class children describe and recall picture stories, they emphasize the aspects of the pictures that are central to the gist of the story. Lower-class children emphasize inessential details, include many spurious statements, and seldom note relationships between pictures. In a rearrangement task, only the middle-class children schematize scrambled stories into a sequence that is strongly related to the original story.

Experiment 3 investigated the effect of an intervention program on 4-year-old lower-class children's knowledge of the story schema and ability to understand and remember stories. There were no differences between children in the experimental group and two control groups prior to treatment. After 26 traditional picture stories were read to them, children in the experimental group describe, recall and rearrange stories like their middle-class age-peers in Experiment 1. Children in the control group show no such improvement.

The theoretical implications of identifying a method of empirically investigating the process of acquiring knowledge about the story schema are discussed. The educational implications that the class difference and the effective achievement in the story-laden primary grades are considered.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Representation of Concepts: An Evaluation of the Abstractive and Episodic Perspectives

contributor:
Brooks, L. R.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
The field of concept formation has been dominated until recently by the abstraction perspective, which holds that categories are mentally represented by abstract summaries of their members. Two variants of this view are the prototype models, which employ singular, central representation via an abstracted central tendency, and strength models, which represent categories through abstracted counts of the frequency of their members feature compounds. In conflict with these notions are instance models, which reject summary representation in favour of separate encodings of individual experiences of category members. The three types of models make similar generalization predictions in stimulus domains whose density is greatest near the central tendency, but make importantly different predictions in other domains.

The assumptions of abstraction models regarding the representation of variability and contingency relationships of stimulus features were formalized, and a variety of models differing in the complexity of their assumptions were tested, employing perceptual identification, recognition and categorization tasks. Models based on traditional assumptions of the prototype perspective could not account for the variety of generalization patterns obtained, while the assumptions of models which were successful in accounting for the data were argued to violate the cardinal prototype values of economical and summary representation.

A new instance model, the "episode model", was proposed. This model was found to account successfully for a wide variety of patterns of generalization in a variety of domains of differing density, through parallel processing of multiple prior encodings. An important aspect of the model is its emphasis on the the degree of integration of prior encodings, which is held by the model to determine the breadth of generalization of performance supported by prior episodes. This aspect of the model reflects its concern with the effects of processing differences on performance.

One class of feature-frequency models was also found to be capable of accounting for the patterns of results. However, the instance account was argued to be preferable on grounds of economy and simplicity of representation, sensitivity to processing context and differences in processing, and heuristic utility in directing attention to important adaptive abilities of the organism.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Pannenberg's Critique of Barth's Theology of the Word

contributor:
Robertson, John C.
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: This thesis deals with what two modern theologians have said about knowledge of God. Karl Barth, who must be regarded as the most influential theologian of this century, defended the position that God can only be known through his revelation in Christ - the Word of God. Consequently, any attempt on man's part to attain to knowledge of God in another way must be seen as an expression of his refusal to recognize the freedom and grace of God. Theology, according to Barth, is only true to its calling if it submits to the Word and accepts it unquestioningly as the point of departure for theological reflection. Wolfhart Pannenberg belongs to the post-Barthian era. He is deeply concerned about the situation in which theology finds itself today. It is his firm conviction that a 'Theology of the Word' leads the Church into a ghetto and fails tzo respond to the challenge of atheism. Pannenberg observes that the word 'God' has become a meaningless sound to many of our contemporaries, which is precisely the reason why theology ought to render a reasonable or rational account of the Christian faith. Theology must engage in such a task not only for the sake of those who have become estranged from the Christian tradition, but also and equally for people who confess Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord. Christians, too, need the assurance that their faith is not based on private experiences or subjective decisions, otherwise they will not be able to free themselves from the gnawing doubt that their faith might be an illusion, a merely subjective affair without a corresponding reality. Pannenberg presents us with a program of which many details still have to be worked out. Nevertheless, his numerous publications give us a clear picture of the direction theology is to take. The main elements in his approach are (1) the development of a philosophical theology with a basis in modern anthropology, and (2) the development of a concept of revelation as history; i.e., revelation is not so much a matter of divine words as of historical acts which can be verified by means of the historical-critical method. It is the contention of this author that there are indeed differences between Barth and Pannenberg but they are not nearly so radical as the latter contends.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A Macro-Econometric Model of Thailand

contributor:
Denton, F.T.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract: The main purpose of this thesis is to design and estimate a macro-econometric model for Thailand. It is intended that the model should be able to explain economic growth and development of the Thai economy; to provide estimates of structural parameters; to examine the relationships among major economic variables; to calculate multiplier effects of specific changes in government policies and other exogenous variables; to make conditional forecasts and policy simulations; and to assist in macro-economic policy planning. A two-sector model is developed in order to highlight the dichotomy between agriculture and non-agriculture. It draws on aspects of both the Keynesian and neoclassical approaches to obtain demand and supply curves for both final and intermediate products, within a consistent general equilibrium framework. The model also incorporates some important features of the Thai economy which are generally neglected in other models. Among these are: the dualistic character of production in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors; the migration of labour from rural areas to the fast-growing urban sector; and the outflow of savings from the rural to the urban sector. Another important feature is the explicit linkage of the government budget constraint, the foreign trade and foreign exchange markets, and the domestic money market. The linkage is important in providing a built-in stabilizing mechanism in the real economy. The model is estimated by a simultaneous equations estimation procedure, and is tested for its stability as well as its forecasting ability by historical simulations over the period of study (1960-1978). According to the tests, the model performs reasonably well for most variables. The model is then used to assess the effects which alternative hypothetical measures would have had on the Thai economy over the historical period. The experiments provide reasonable quantitative answers on the effects of fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies. For example, devaluation improved the balance of payments, generated higher levels of output, consumption and investment with high inflationary pressure. The results of transferring government investment from the non-agricultural to the agricultural sector suggest that there has been underinvestment in agriculture. The policy also improved income distribution and increased real wages.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: The Selective Breeding of Seizure-Prone vs. Seizure-Resistant Rats Based on Amydaloid Kindling: Behavioral, Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Measures

contributor:
Racine, R.J.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
Repeated electrical stimulations of the brain via a chronically implanted electrode induce gradually stronger epileptiform responses until the animals show fully developed bilateral clonic convulsions. This experimental epilepsy model is called kindling. Most of the experiments done on this phenomenon have compared kindled to non-kindled animals. Consequently, the changes observed are often secondary, rather than primary, to the developing epileptogenesis.

As an alternative approach, two strains of rats were outbred from a common parent generation on the basis of amygdala kindling rates (the number of evoked epileptiform discharges (ADs) required to reach the fully developed seizure stage). After 5 generations, we succeeded in producing two groups of rats that demonstrated no overlap in amygdala kindling rates. Kindling-prone or FAST rats required 11.0 ADs, whereas kindling-resistant or SLOW rats required 42.1 AD. to develop fully generalized seizures.

We have used electrophysiological and pharmacological tests in an attempt to determine the mechanisms underlying the differences in epileptogenesis in these two strains.

The electrophysiological experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that FAST rats have either a greater plasticity in excitatory neural systems, or a faster rate of alteration in those systems. Both short-term and long-term potentiation effects were examined in 2 different forebrain pathways. The results did not support the hypothesis. Rather, the results indicated that FAST rats may have lower levels of inhibition, as reflected in measures of paired-pulse depression.

Pharmacological experiments were performed in order to challenge specific inhibitory neurotransmitter systems. The results indicated that FAST rats had significantly lower thresholds for convulsants that are known to interfere with GABA-related inhibitory mechanisms. A preliminary study of GABA receptors, however, showed that [³H]-Muscimol binding did not differ between the strains.

It was argued that FAST rats may be deficient, relative to SLOW rats, in levels of inhibition mediated by other than GABA neurotransmitter systems, or that they may differ in membrane mechanisms that mediate late after hyperpolarizations.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A Physiological and Morphological Investigation of the Merkel Cell-Neurite complex in Xenopus skin

contributor:
Diamond, J.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
The overall objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and trophic interactions that can occur between sensory nerves and their targets or end organs, specifically those between cutaneous mechanosensory axons and the epidermal Merkel cells. Previous work has shown that in salamander skin, the Merkel cell-neurite complex forms the morphological basis of the rapidly-adapting, low-threshold touch receptor (Cooper and Diamond, 1977; Parducz et al., 1977), while in mammalian species, it is associated with slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors. The present investigation has been carried out using Xenopus frogs (Xenopus laevis), in which the Merkel cells are located around the visible openings of the cutaneous gland ducts. A voltage-controlled mechanical stimulator of 10 μm tip diameter was used to compare the mechanosensory thresholds when the stimulator was applied directly over the gland openings ("on" locations) to those when the stimulator was located between the openings. The most sensitive points were always the "on" ones, and the results indicated that these represented a single population of rapidly-adapting, low-threshold touch receptors. Therefore, the locations of these mechanoreceptors coincided with the positions of the epidermal Merkel cell-neurite complexes, suggesting the latter have a mechanosensory function in Xenopus laevis.

An attempt was made to clarify the role of the Merkel cell in the mechanosensory process and in the trophic interactions believed to take place between the Merkel cells and the sensory nerves; this was done by following the development of mechanosensitivity when sensory nerves grow into nerve-free skin and observing whether there was any correlation with the appearance of the morphological features characteristic of the Merkel cell-neurite complex. These studies involved monitoring of the reinnervation of denervated skin, and the innervation of new skin that had regenerated in place of a portion previously excised. Merkel cells were shown to be present in both situations by using the fluorescent dye quinacrine as a marker for the Merkel cells and by EM examination. The development and maintenance of the Merkel cells seemed to be independent of nerves; they survived denervation, and they appeared in regenerated skin even in a totally denervated limb. Ingrowing sensory nerves eventually contacted these Merkel cells, which thus act as targets for these nerves. Preliminary results suggest that recovery of discrete low-threshold touch spots requires that contacts occur between the nerve endings and the Merkel cells. The mechanosensitivity develops gradually, however, concomitant with the gradual maturation of the Merkel cell-neurite complexes.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: A Study of Protein Phosphorylation in Central Dopaminergic Neurons

contributor:
Rathbone, M.P.
Medical Sciences

subject:
Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences

abstract:
The addition of dopamine to homogenates or slice preparations from rat caudate nucleus results in a 100-150% increase in tissue cAMP levels. Since protein kinases are the only known physiological receptors for cAMP, it has been hypothesized that the response of the postsynaptic neurons to dopamine may be mediated in part through the phosphorylation of specific membrane proteins. This study examines the effects of dopamine on cAMP and its associated protein kinase in caudate nucleus.

Caudate tissue contains a Type II protein kinase that is activated by cAMP, and that catalyzes the phosphorylation of several synaptic membrane proteins. Dopamine, however, did not appear to enhance the phosphorylation of these proteins either in broken cell or intact preparations, although increases in cAMP could be demonstrated under similar experimental conditions.

Destruction of postsynaptic neurons using the neurotoxin kainic acid significantly reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Destruction of presynaptic nerve terminals, on the other hand, had no effect on the activity of this enzyme system. However, this procedure was associated with an increase in dopamine receptor sensitivity as measured by an increase in dopamine-mediated turning behaviour. This behavioural response was not abolished by intrastriatal administration of kainic acid, although this technique reduced dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation by 80-90%.

The administration of chronic haloperidol also produced behavioural supersensitivity, as well as increases in the number of postsynaptic dopamine receptors, but this was not associated with comparable increases in the activity of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase, or in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. These studies therefore do not support a role for cAMP or cAMP-dependent protein kinases in the mediation of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity.

Rat caudate nucleus also contains a number of proteins that are phosphorylated by Ca⁺⁺-dependent protein kinases. Substrates for calmodulin-dependent and independent protein kinases were identified and characterized on the basis of their solubilization properties and response to neuroleptic drugs. Dopamine enhanced the phosphorylation of two of these proteins in rat striatal slices. The effects of dopamine on protein phosphorylation could be distinguished from those of depolarizing agents such as KCl or veratridine, and were not mimicked by 8-bromo-cAMP.

The present studies demonstrate that increases in cAMP produced by dopamine have no measurable effect on cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Although these data do not definitely preclude a role for cAMP-dependent protein kinases in the regulation of postsynaptic function, they indicate that the physiological relevance of dopamine-mediated increases in cAMP should be re-examined.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Auditory and Visual Synchronization Performance over Long and Short Intervals

contributor:
Kristofferson, Alfred B.
Psychology

subject: Psychology Psychology

abstract:
The thesis is that the same timing mechanism is available and is used by experienced subjects in a synchronization task whether the intervals involved are relatively long (eg 2000 msec) or short (eg 200 msec) and whether the stimuli are auditory or visual.

Synchronization involves two main stimuli. One marks the start of a target interval. The second marks its end. The subject is to respond in synchrony with the second stimulus.

Previous synchronization research using short auditorily bounded intervals has strongly supported the hypothesis that the underlying mechanism is continuously adjustable, deterministic, and, despite continuous adjustability, that the main source of variability in the task is quantal. A periodic process in the nervous system controls the timing of the information transfer from one processing stage to the next. Waiting state durations (before transfers) are uniformly distributed from 0 to q msec, where q is the quantum size. As an example of a timing model along these lines, suppose there is a quantal delay between sensory registration of a stimulus marking the start of an interval and transfer of the message that the interval has started to a "perfect" central clock. In synchronization, the subject waits a specified time after the stimulus, then makes a response. The message from the clock that the required interval has elapsed is subject to another quantal delay before arriving at the motor system, which carries out the response. Variability at the sensory and motor levels may add to the total timing variance in the system, but the main source of variation in extremely experienced subjects is quantal.

Data from various paradigms suggest that different mechanisms govern timing of long and short intervals and that different types of, or at least differentially variable, mechanisms are involved in timing visually and auditorily marked intervals. Both hypotheses have received some support from past synchronization research though they have received much less support from duration discrimination studies that also suggest quantal mechanisms.

There were five experiments, two involving long auditory intervals, one with short auditory intervals, and two with short visual intervals.

All aspects of the thesis were supported: similar practice effects and distributional shapes are found for short auditory and visual intervals. Performance at longer intervals differs from these in variance only, which is concordant with discrimination results, though a specific quantal counting model for discrimination (Kristofferson, 1980) that has had difficulty with previous synchronization data (Hopkins, 1982) has the same difficulty with the present results.

The data support the hypothesis of a common centraI timing mechanism across modalities and intervals to 2000 msec, and also the idea that boundary conditions on quantal theory found applicable in any given paradigm and modality will also apply to the others.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Model for the Hypolimnetic Oxygen Deficit in Hamilton Harbour

contributor:
Snodgrass, W.J.
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
The goal of this research work is to examine the capability of alternative biochemical models for explaining quantitatively the rapid depletion of hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen in Hamilton Harbour during summer stratification. The technique used in the construction of mechanistic mass-balance models in which physical transport mechanisms and biochemical reactions are the building blocks. Three energy cources for oxygen consumption (land-based inputs of BOD and ammonia in situ formation of organics) are developed into four biochemical models. Each model is functionably controlled by land-based inputs of alternative materials (BOD, ammonia, phosphorus, or phosphorus plus nitrogen). Each model is potentially capable of explaining the oxygen deficient. Limnological information collected on Hamilton Harbour in 1975 to 1977 serve as the observational data base for discriminating the merits of each of these oxygen models.

The BOD oxygen model was found to explain only 5% of the total dissolved oxygen depletion in the hypolimnion of Hamilton Harbour. The nitrogen-oxygen model and the phosphorus oxygen model explained 40% and 20% respectively. The phytoplankton-oxygen model using oxygen sinks of plankton decay, nitrification and sediment oxygen demand explains the dissolved oxygen (DO) decline in a reasonable fashion and is considered to be verified for predictive purpose. Analysis of water quality management alternatives suggest that a significant improvement will occur ( a minimum DO of 3.5 mg/ℓ) in the long term upon significant reduction in phosphorus and ammonia discharges. An immediate improvement will not be observed due to the high rate of sediment oxygen demand.

Further work to improve the model should be directed in three main areas. Estimates of vertical exchange across the thermocline and Lake-Harbor exchange flows on a weekly rather than monthly or seasonal basis would significantly improve the agreement between model predictions and observations. A sediment model is required capable of predicting the rate of change of sediment oxygen demand due to control of land-based inputs. Winter-time data is required for checking and improving the phytoplankton-oxygen model. Good agreement between predictions for and observations in chlorophyll a cannot be expected until the effects of variations in scales of turbulence upon phytoplankton growth are expected.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: Kinetics of Synthesis and Characterization of Polyacrylamide

contributor:
Hamielec, A. E.
Benedek, Andrew
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
In Part I of this dissertation an experimental investigation of the molecular weight characterization of dextrans and non-ionic polyacrylamides by aqueous SEC with a DRI/LALLSP detector system is reported. Methodology for the determination of the molecular weight calibration curve and peak broadening parameters σ² (variance of a Gaussian instrumental spreading function) across the chromatogram have been developed. A blend of dextran standards and a blend of non-ionic polyacrylamide standards permit, with one injection, measurement of the molecular weight calibration curve over a wide range of retention volumes, respectively. Measurements with salt-free water as mobile phase have confirmed that some dextran chains may have a negative charge.

In Part II of this dissertation aqueous solution polymerization of acrylamide at high monomer concentrations were done using potassium persulphate as initiator in the temperature range 20-70°C, to provide rate and molecular weight data under diffusion-controlled termination. Molecular weight development was followed by measurement of weight-average molecular weight with a low angle laser light scattering photometer (Chromatix KMX6). A kinetic model which accounts for diffusion-controlled termination was developed and used to identify strategies to maximize productivity and molecular weight.

In Part III of this dissertation the solution copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) was carried out with K₂S₂O₈ initiator at 40°C and 60°C. A new model for the rate of copolymerization of AM and AA in water as solvent was proposed. The differential rate equations for copolymerization derived from the model were transformed into differential equations for the homopolymerization. These differential equations have been solved on a digital computer to simulate or predict the conversions and molecular weight distribution as a function of time.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: ¹H-NMR Studies of Sequence and Conformation Using Short RNA Oligomers

contributor:
Neilson, Thomas
Biochemistry

subject: Biochemistry Biochemistry

abstract:
The sequence and conformation of short RNA strands was investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This physical technique gives conformational information about RNA strands in solution at the nucleoside level. The short oligoribonucleotides used in these studies were chemically synthesized by the phosphotriester method developed by T. Neilson and associates, which is capable of preparing a wide variety of sequences in the quantities required for NMR spectroscopic experiments and the many in vitro termination assays. The work presented in this thesis was the first to demonstrate that NMR spectral information can be used to sequence RNA oligomers and that sequence and conformation around termination codons can redeflne their activity in vitro.

A set of parameters has been developed that provides a new and accurate mathematical approach for the assignment of the NMR chemicaI shifts for heterobase ring and anomeric protons in oligoribonucleotides. The set of empirical shift parameters was derive from the chemical shifts of RNA oligomers and can also be applied to DNA species. The accuracy of the parameters is such that they can be used to accurately determine the sequence of RNA oligomers.

The specificity of in-vitro prokaryotic chain termination was examined as a function of the sequence neighbouring UAA. RF-1 dependent termination was assayed from the release of N-acetyl or N-formyl-methionine from initiation complexes containing N~acetyl- or N-formyl-met-tRNA:ribosomes: AUG or AUG (N)m. In the AUG case, a second oligomer was added to cause release.

When added to the AUG-bound intermediate, hexamer UAAUAG, containing tandem termination codons, was slightly more effective in the release of N-acetyl-met-tRNA by RF-1 than UAA, UAAN (where N is A, G, C, or U), and UAAUGA whereas UAAUAA, was least effective. Oligomers, AUGUA, AUGUAA, AUGUUA, AUGUUAA, AUGUUAU and AUG(U)mUAA(A)₁₈_₂₅ (where m = 1-5) stimulated binding of N-acetyl-met-tRNA and release of N-acetyl-met by RF-1, whereas AUGCUA, AUGCUAA and AUGUAA(A)n, were less effective.

The sequence UA acts as release signal for RF-1, its activity varying with mRNA sequence contrast. The conformation surrounding UA is responsible which is dependent upon the nature of adjacent nucleoside residues. This UA recognition is competed for by cognate aminoacyl-tRNAs.

Some of the results presented in this thesis have appeared in the literature:

1. Alkema, D., Bell, R., Hader, P. A., and Neilson, T. (1981) in Biomolecular Stereodynamics" Ed., Sarma, R. H., Adenine Press, NY.

2. Alkema, D., Bell, R., Hader, P. A., and Neilson, T (1981) J. Am Chem. Soc. 103, 2866-2868.

3. Alkema, D., Hader, P. A., Bell, R. A., and Neilson, T. (1981) Biochemistry 21, 2109-2117.

4. Hader, P. A., Neilson, T., Alkema, D., Kofoid, E.C., and Ganora, M. C. (1981) FEBS Letters 136, 65-69.

5. Hader, P. A., Alkema, D., Bell, R.A., and Neilson, T. (1982) J. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1017.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Structure Effects and Rotation Alignment in ¹⁵⁹Tm

contributor:
Waddington, J.C.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract:
The level structure of ¹⁵⁹Tm has been determined for two different odd-proton bands. The 7/2 [523) band has been constructed up to a spin of I=49/2ˉ (subsequent experiments extending this band up to I=61/2ˉ are referenced and the 7/2 [404] band up to spin I=43/2⁺. In both bands the backbend associated with the i₁₃/₂ neutron alignment is observed. Gamma-ray intensities and angular distribution results are also presented and stretched B(M1)/stretched B(E2) values for transitions in both bands have been calculated.

The nature of the second backbend observed in ¹⁵⁸Er and ¹⁶⁰Yb is examined by considering the blocking effect of the h₁₁/₂ proton in ¹⁵⁹Tm. The measured alignments of the h₁₁/₂ proton band, along with the absence of an observed second crossing in ¹⁵⁹Tm, lead to the conclusion that the second backbend results from h₁₁/₂ proton alignment, in agreement with the theoretical calculations. Band-crossing frequencies in ¹⁵⁹Tm are determined from the experimental Routhians and compared to the crossings predicted in Cranked Shell Model calculations.

Structure effects in the N=90 region are also examined and the influence of the quasiparticle configurations on the core deformation is considered. Before the backbend, the 7/2 [523] band exhibits large signature splitting, the 7/2 [404] band none, which is interpreted as resulting from the very different driving influences of the K=7/2 h₁₁/₂ and g₇/₂ orbits, respectively, on the core triaxiality. The i₁₃/₂ neutron alignment occurring at the first backbend changes the signature splitting in each band as a result of its dominant driving force to positive values of Υ. The measured B(M1;I→-1)/B(E2;I→I-2) values increase dramatically after the backbend and this is explained in terms of calculated increases in the M1 transition rates and decreases in the E2 rates.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Sedimentology of the Moosebar and Gates Formations (Lower Cretaceous)

contributor:
Walker, R.G.
Geology

subject: Geology Geology

abstract: The Moosebar and Gates Formations in northeastern British Columbia consist of seven major transgressive-regressive cycles. These cycles are laterally persistent and can be traced from the Foothills, eastwards into Alberta. Nonmarine sediments are thickest in the south and pinch out in a northerly direction. Shorelines were conglomeratic, within an east-west trending conglomeratic prone zone, wherever there was a local fluvial supply. Regional shorelines were oriented west northwest-east southeast. Regional paleoslope dipped northwards. During each regression, Falher coastlines prograded northwards as shoreline-attached, storm and tidally dominated strandplains. The Notikewin Member represents a progradational mesotidal barrier island system. Several of the Falher transgressive and regressive limits fall within a 30 to 40 km east-west trending zone which parallels the location and trend of the Peace River Arch. Gates cyclicity and sediment source was caused by tectonic events occurring to the west and south west, but the shoreline trends were affected by the Peace River Arch. The sediments have a multiple source rock provenance, derived from older clastic sediments, evaporites, low to medium rank metamorphics, volcanics and possibly minor amounts of plutonic igneous terrains. These source rocks are now situated both west and east of the Rocky Mountain Trench.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Fiscal Integration and Subcentral Public Sector Inducements to Canadian Interprovicial Migration

contributor:
Johnson, J.A.
Economics / Economic Policy

subject: Economics Economics

abstract: Ideally, an efficient migration process would aid in alleviating regional economic disparity by shifting labour from low income, high unemployment regions to high income, low unemployment regions. The possibility that fiscal influences might affect the spatial allocation of labour and other resources has for some time, however, been acknowledge by economists as a potential problem in federal states like Canada that are characterized by substantial inequality in revenue capacities across regional governments. Essentially, the argument is that unavoidable differences in government expenditures and taxes that result in such cases would affect the relative attractiveness of different regions to individuals and thereby the likelihood of residing there. Despite recognition of this as an inherent problem in federal states, the issue of fiscally induced migration received almost no consideration in applied research on the causes of Canadian flows. Two developments have, however, brought the issue to the forefront of a number of important policy debates. First, net migration gains by several economically depressed provinces in recent years have heightened interest in the possibility that personal and intergovernmental transfer payments from the federal government have enhanced the attractiveness of such regions and thereby affected the migration adjustment process. A second significant event has been the skyrocketing oil and natural gas prices during the 1970s. Suspicion naturally arises that the resulting sizable fiscal surplus accruing to residents of Alberta might at least in part account for the dramatic increase in the popuIarity of that province to migrants. The present study attempts to fill at least part of the gap in existing knowledge about fiscal influences on migration in Canada. It explores in detail the precise nature and magnitudes of subcentral government expenditure and tax effects. An econometric model of migration choice is developed and utilized in exploring this and several other issues associated with inducements to Canadian migration. Evidence emerging from the econometric investigations supports contentions that fiscal factors have systematically affected Canadian migration. In addition, policy, simulations conducted indicate that migration flows might be quite sensitive to changing fiscal realities.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)


title: Measured and Calculated Solar Radiation in an Aerosol Atmosphere

contributor:
Davies, J.A.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract:
Profiles of upwelling and downwelling solar radiation, aerosol number size distribution and meteorological variables were obtained in the planetary boundary layer over Lake Ontario. These data and simultaneous surface measurements of downwelling, normal incidence direct beam solar radiation and scattering coefficient were the bases of a comparison between independently calculated and measured radiation fluxes.

Collected aerosol samples were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. A three component refractive index for each profile level was then estimated. Combining these with cubic spline interpolated aerosol number size distributions, the Mie extinction coefficient, single scatter albedo and asymmetry factor were calculated.

Using the measured temperature and humidity profiles, climatic profiles of ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and the aerosol optical properties, solar radiation fluxes were calculated from a δ-Eddington approximation using 83 spectral intervals. The modelled downwelling fluxes were within 4% of the measured fluxes at profile levels above the surface and within 6% at the surface.

Tests using Chandrasekhar mean optical properties for the aerosol showed excellent agreement with the full model calculations. Similarly calculations using tabulated refractive indices (Shettle and Fenn, 1979) were in good agreement with the full model. Model estimates using aerosol optical properties inferred from surface visibility, however, were found to be in serious error.

Calculations indicated that the regional aerosol over western Lake Ontario doubled the solar heating rates throughout the lower boundary layer. Such increases could affect regional climatic processes.

abstract: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)