title: Genetic variability in Larus argentatus and Sterna hirundo

subject:
Water birds.
Herring gull.
Common tern.
Genetics.
Variation (Biology)

abstract:
Blood serum and egg-white protein samples from individuals representing
seven colonies of Larusargentatus, and four colonies of Sterna hirundo
were electrophoretically analysed to determine levels of genetic variability
and to assess the utility of polymorphic loci as genetic markers.
Variability occurred at five co-dominant autosomal loci. S. hirundo protein
polymorphism occurred at the Est-5 and the Oest-l loci, while nineteen loci
were monomorphic. L. argentatus samples were monomorphic at seventeen loci
and polymorphic at the Ldh-A and the Alb loci. Intergeneric differences
existed at the Oalb and the Ldh-A loci. Although LDH-A100 from both species
possessed identical electrophoretLc mobilities, the intergeneric differences
were expressed as a difference in enzyme the'ITIlostabilities.
Geographical distribution of alleles and genetic divergence estimates
suggest ~ hirundo population panmixis,at least at the sampled locations.
The h argentatus gene pool appears relatively heterogeneous with a discreet
Atlantic Coast population and a Great Lakes demic population. These
observed population structures may be maintained by the relative amount of
gene flow occurring within and among populations. Mass ringing data coupled
to reproductive success information and analysis of dispersal trends appear
to validate this assumption. Similar results may be generated by either
selection or both small organism and low locus sample sizes. To clarify
these results and to detect the major factor(s) affecting the surveyed
portions of the genome, larger sample sizes in conjunction with precise
eco-demographic data are required.


title: Geological image processing of petrographic thin sections using the rotating polarizer stage

subject:
Image processing.
Geology--Data processing.
Polarizing microscopes.

abstract:
One of the fundamental problems with image processing of petrographic
thin sections is that the appearance (colour I intensity) of a mineral grain will vary
with the orientation of the crystal lattice to the preferred direction of the polarizing
filters on a petrographic microscope. This makes it very difficult to determine
grain boundaries, grain orientation and mineral species from a single captured
image. To overcome this problem, the Rotating Polarizer Stage was used to
replace the fixed polarizer and analyzer on a standard petrographic microscope.
The Rotating Polarizer Stage rotates the polarizers while the thin section remains
stationary, allowing for better data gathering possibilities.
Instead of capturing a single image of a thin section, six composite data
sets are created by rotating the polarizers through 900 (or 1800 if quartz c-axes
measurements need to be taken) in both plane and cross polarized light. The
composite data sets can be viewed as separate images and consist of the
average intensity image, the maximum intensity image, the minimum intensity
image, the maximum position image, the minimum position image and the
gradient image.
The overall strategy used by the image processing system is to gather the
composite data sets, determine the grain boundaries using the gradient image,
classify the different mineral species present using the minimum and maximum
intensity images and then perform measurements of grain shape and, where
possible, partial crystallographic orientation using the maximum intensity and
maximum position images.


title: Giving voice to lifelong learning in professional nursing practice

contributor: Department of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies in Education

subject: Nurses--Education (Continuing education)

subject: Nursing--Study and teaching (Continuing education)

abstract:
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to uncover the meaning of lifelong
learning to nurses in an Academic Health Care setting. Six female pediatric nurses were
interviewed and audiotaped in response to 2 main questions of interpretation and
engagement in lifelong learning with respect to their nursing practice. Four additional
probing questions elicited responses of further qualities and characteristics of the
meaning of lifelong learning. The emergent themes uncovered the characteristics and
nature of the journey of lifelong learning. The themes evolved into parallel
characteristics developing into the concepts of personal empowerment and occupational
authorship. The personal empowerment concept involved processes whereby the
participants overcame or removed barriers to engage in personal lifelong learning.
Participants utilized personal power and internal motivators to sustain their engagement
in lifelong learning. The occupational authorship concept involved participants
controlling their exploration into lifelong learning through collaboration and recognition
of occupational demands to be met as a professional. The remaining themes revealed a
seasoning journey. This journey entailed a process of mastery through the themes of
engagement discord, discovery pilgrimage, transforming, and maturation. The
engagement in this journey resulted in their lifelong learning to becoming more intuitive
and a part oftheir being. The overall theme uncovered from the journeys was one of a
vocation described as a call to thinking critically of nursing practice. The participants
responded to lifelong learning as a call to be a good nurse by using critical thinking
through reflection, transformative and constructionist learning processes. This study
gave voice to the meaning of lifelong learning in their nursing practice as interpreted by
-ao
the nurse participants.


title: Glucosamine resistance in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerivisae [sic]

subject:
Yeast.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

abstract:
By using glucosamine resistant mutants of
Saccharomyces ceriv~sa~ an attempt was made to discover
the mechanisms which cause glucose repression and/or the
Crabtree effect. The strains used are 4B2, GR6, lOP3r,
GR8l and GRI08. 4B2 is a wild type yeast while the others
are its mutants. To characterize the biochemical
reactions which made these mutants resistant to glucosamine
poisoning the following experiments were done~ 1. growth
and respiration; 2. transport of sugars; 3. effect of
inorganic phosphate (Pi): 4. Hexokinase; 5. In yivo
phosphorylation.
From the above experiments the following conclusions
may be drawn:
(i) GR6 and lOP3r have normal respiratory and
fermentative pathways. These mutants are resistant to
glucosamine poisoning due to a slow rate of sugar transport
which is due to change in the cell membrane.
(ii) GR8l has a normal respiratory pathway.
The slow growth on fermentable carbon sourCEE indicates
that in GR8l the lesion is in or associated with the
glycolytic pathway. The lower rate of sugar transport may
be due to a change in energy metabolism. The invivo
phosphorylation rate indicates that in GR81 facilitated
diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism.
(iii) GR108 msa normal glycolytic pathway but
the respiratory pathway is abnormal. The slow rate of
sugar transport is due to a change in energy metabolism.
The lower percentage of in vivo phosphorylation is probably
due to a lowered availability of ATP because of the
mitochondrial lesion.
In all mutants resistance to glucosamine poisoning
is due to a lower rate of utilization of ATP. which is
caused by various mechanisms (see above), making less ADP
available for phosphorylation via ATP synthase which
utilizes inorganic phosphate. Because of the lower utilization
of Pi, the concentration of intra-mitochondrial Pi
does not go down thus protecting mutants from glucosamine
poisoning.


title: Gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) in the Niagara Region : population density variation, introduction of an entomopathogenic fungus (Entomophaga maimaiga) and occurrence of nuclear polyhedrosis virus

subject: Gypsy moth--Ontario--Niagara (Regional municipality).

subject: Mycoses.

subject: Pests--Control.

abstract:
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, a major defoliator of
broad leaf trees, was accidentally introduced into North America in
1869. Much interest has been generated regarding the potential of
using natural pathogens for biological control of this insect. One of
these pathogens, a highly specific fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga, was
accredited with causing major epizootics in populations of gypsy moth
across the north-eastern United States in 1989 and 1990 and is
thought to be spreading northwards into Canada. This study examined
gypsy moth population densities in the Niagara Region. The fungus, .E..
maimaiga, was artificially introduced into one site and the resulting
mortality in host populations was noted over two years. The
relationship between fungal mortality, host population density and
occurrence of another pathogen, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV),
was assessed.
Gypsy moth population density was assessed by counting egg
masses in 0.01 hectare (ha) study plots in six areas, namely Louth,
Queenston, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Shorthills Provincial Park, Chippawa
Creek and Willoughby Marsh. High variability in density was seen
among sites. Willoughby Marsh and Chippawa Creek, the sites with the
greatest variability, were selected for more intensive study.
The pathogenicity of E. maimaiga was established in laboratory
trials. Fungal-infected gypsy moth larvae were then released into
experimental plots of varying host density in Willoughby Marsh in
1992. These larvae served as the inoculum to infect field larvae.
Other larvae were injected with culture medium only and released into
control plots also of varying host density. Later, field larvae were
collected and assessed for the presence of .E.. maimaiga and NPV. A
greater proportion of larvae were infected from experimental plots
than from control plots indicating that the experimental augmentation
had been successful. There was no relationship between host density
and the proportion of infected larvae in either experimental or control
plots. In 1992, 86% of larvae were positive for NPV. Presence and
intensity of NPV infection was independent of fungal presence, plot
type or interaction of these two factors.
Sampling was carried out in the summer of 1993, the year after
the introduction, to evaluate the persistence of the pathogen in the
environment. Almost 50% of all larvae were infected with the fungus.
There was no difference between control and experimental plots. Data
collected from Willoughby Marsh indicated that there was no
correlation between the proportion of larvae infected with the fungus
and host population density in either experimental or control plots.
About 10% of larvae collected from a nearby site, Chippawa Creek,
were also positive for .E.. maimaiga suggesting that low levels of .E..
maimaiga probably occurred naturally in the area. In 1993, 9.6% of
larvae were positive for NPV. Again, presence or absence of NPV
infection was independent of fungal presence plot type or interaction
of these two factors.
In conclusion, gypsy moth population densities were highly
variable between and within sites in the Niagara Region. The
introduction of the pathogenic fungus, .E.. maimaiga, into Willoughby
Marsh in 1992 was successful and the fungus was again evident in
1993. There was no evidence for existence of a relationship between
fungal mortality and gypsy moth density or occurrence of NPV. The
results from this study are discussed with respect to the use of .E..
maimaiga in gypsy moth management programs.


title: Habitat selection of three rodents in a frequently burned boreal environment : productivity and habitat diversity

subject:
Rodents--Ontario--Lake, Chick.
Fire ecology--Ontario--Lake, Chick.
Habitat selection.
Rodents--Control--Biological control.

abstract:
How does fire affect the plant and animal community
of the boreal forest? This study attempted to examine the
changes in plant composition and productivity, and small
mammal demography brought about by fire in the northern
boreal environment at Chick Lake, N.W.T. (65053fN, 128°14,W).
Two 5*6 ha plots measuring 375m x 150m were selected
for study during the summers of 1973 and 197^. One had been
unburned for 120 years, the other was part of a fire which
burned in the spring of 1969. Grids of 15m x 15m were established
in each plot and meter square quadrats taken at each of the
250 grid intersections in order to determine plant composition
and density. Aerial primary production was assessed by
clipping and drying 80 samples of terminal new production
for each species under investigation. Small mammal populations
were sampled by placing a Sherman live trap at each grid
intersection for ten days in every month.
The two plots were similar in plant species composition
which suggested that most regrowth in the burned area was
from rootstocks which survived the fire. The plant data
were submitted to a cluster analysis that revealed nine
separate species associations, six of which occured in the
burned area and eight of which occured in the control. These
were subsequently treated as habitats for purposes of comparison
with small mammal distributions. The burned area showed a greater
productivity in flowers and fruits although total productivity
in the control area was higher due to a large contribution
from the non-vascular component. Maximum aerial productivity
as dry wieght was measured at 157.1 g/m and 207.8 g/m for
the burn and control respectively. Microtus pennsylvanicus
and Clethrionomys rutilus were the two most common small
mammals encountered; Microtus xanthognathus, Synaptomys
borealis, and Phenacomys intermedius also occured in the area.
Populations of M. pennsylvanicus and C. rutilus were high
during the summer of 1973; however, M. pennsylvanicus
was rare on the control but abundant on the burn, while
C. rutilus was rare on the burn but abundant in the control.
During the summer of 197^ populations declined, with the
result that few voles of any species were caught in the burn
while equal numbers of the two species were caught in the
control.
During the summer of 1973 M. pennsylvanicus showed a
positive association to the most productive habitat type in
the burn which was avoided by C. rutilus. In the control
£• rutilus showed a similar positive association to the most
productive habitat type which was avoided by M. pennsylvanicus.
In all cases for the high population year of 1973# the two
species never overlapped in habitat preference. When populations
declined in 197^f "both species showed a strong association
for the most productive habitat in the control. This would
suggest that during a high population year, an abundant species
can exclude competitors from a chosen habitat, but that this
dominance decreases as population levels decrease. It is
possible that M. pennsylvanicus is a more efficient
competitor in a recently burned environment, while C. rutilus
assumes this role once non-vascular regrowth becomes extensive.


title: Health-related learning needs and interests of selected non-institutionalized elderly

subject: Older people--Health and hygiene--Ontario--Hamilton.

subject: Older people--Ontario--Hamilton.

subject: Older people--Services for--Ontario--Hamilton.

abstract:
The research question in this study was "How do the noninstitutionalized
elderly in the Hamilton-Wentworth Region
perceive their learning needs and interests related to
health?"
The theoretical foundations of instruction for adults
were reviewed as well as learning needs and interests in adult
education, the assessment of learning needs in general, and
the assessment of the learning needs of the elderly.
The methodology used was a descriptive design. A
research-based questionnaire-interview was developed, refined,
and pilot tested. From a random sampling procedure, a
participant group of 23 was secured. The questionnaireinterview
was administered in a home visit situation. Data,
which were collected, were coded, analyzed, processed, and
printed.
The results indicated that each participant had many
learning needs and interests of varying intensities. The
participants had many preferences in the delivery of health
promotion. The learning needs and interests had several
significant correlations with other variables.
The implications of the result~ were discussed.


title: Heats of formation of some hydrates /|nA. Phillipson. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

subject:
Heat of hydration.
Hydrates.
Heating.

abstract:
A great deal of data on the heats of formation of
various hydrates has been compiled i n the J.A.N.A.F. and
other tables such as the National Bureau of Standards
circulars. Comparison of the heat of f ormation of a hydrate
with that of the corresponding anhydrate exposes anomalies
i n a surprising number of cases. Some of the results are
so discordant that i t is apparent that one or the other
value is seriously mistaken.
No attempt has been made i n this work to determine
which value may be correct, but measurements have been made
of the difference between these two values. The procedure
adopted has been to dissolve the hydrate and the anhydrate,
to achieve the same final concentration of the compound in
solution, and so to measure the difference in heats of
solution ..
Measurements were made at OOC in a modified Bunsen
ice calorimeter, well insulated and surrounded by an icewater
mixture .
The observed differences in heats of solut ion were
corrected t o 25°0 by using appropriate heat capacity data.
These differences offer a direct measure of the enthalpy
involved in binding a mole of water into the crystal structure and so should shed light on the nature of
binding involved.
The following hydrates were studied :
MgS04.nH20 (n = 1,4,7), MnC12.nH20 (n = 1, 2),
LiI. nH20 (n = 1,3), MnS04. nH20 (n = 1,4),
CaC12. nH20 (n = 2,6) , K2C03.1~H20, LiCl.H20, LiBr.2H20,
CdC12.2t H2o, and N2H4eH20.


title: Heritability of multiple mating by female field crickets, Gryllus integer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

subject:
Crickets--Behavior.
Sexual behavior in animals.
Courtship in animals.
Gryllus integer.
Orthoptera.

abstract:
The heritability of multiple mating in female Gryllus integer crickets
was studied. Two preliminary experiments were conducted to determine when
females first mate following the post-imaginal moult and to ascertain
whether constant exposure to males affects female mating rate. Female Q.
integer first mated at an average age of 3.6 days (S.D. = 2.3, Range = 0-8
days) . Exposing female crickets to courting males 24 hr daily did not
significantly alter mating rates from those females in contact with males
for only 5 hr per day.
A heritability value of 0.690 ± 0.283 was calculated for multiple
mating behavior in female Q. integer using a parent-offspring regression
approach. Parental females mated between land 30 times (x 9.8,
S . D. = 6. 6 ) and offspring matings ranged from 0 to 26 times (x 7 .3,
S.D. = 3.4).
Multiple mating is probably a sexually selected trait which functions
as a mechanism of female choice and increases reproductive success through
increased offspring production. Classical theory suggests that traits
intimately related with fitness should exhibit negligible heritable
variation. However, this study has shown that multiple mating, a trait
closely linked with reproductive fitness, exhibits substantial heritability.
These results are in concordance with a growing body of empirical evidence
suggesting many fitness traits in natural populations demonstrate heritabilities
far removed from zero. Various mechanisms which may maintain
heritable variation for female multiple mating in wild, outbred Q. integer
populations are discussed.


title: Heterogeneity of photosystem II as it occurs in domain specific regions of the thylakoid membrane of spinach (spinacia oleracia L.)

subject:
Thylakoids.
Plant membranes.
Photosynthesis.

abstract:
Thylakoid membrane fractions were prepared from specific regions of thylakoid membranes
of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). These fractions, which include grana (83), stroma (T3), grana core
(8S), margins (Ma) and purified stroma (Y100) were prepared using a non-detergent method
including a mild sonication and aqueous two-phase partitioning.
The significance of PSlla and PSII~ centres have been described extensively in the
literature. Previous work has characterized two types of PSII centres which are proposed to exist
in different regions of the thylakoid membrane. a-centres are suggested to aggregate in stacked
regions of grana whereas ~-centres are located in unstacked regions of stroma lamellae.
The goal of this study is to characterize photosystem II from the isolated membrane vesicles
representing different regions of the higher plant thylakoid membrane. The low temperature
absorption spectra have been deconvoluted via Gaussian decomposition to estimate the relative
sub-components that contribute to each fractions signature absorption spectrum. The relative sizes
of the functional PSII antenna and the fluorescence induction kinetics were measured and used
to determine the relative contributions of PSlla and PSII~ to each fraction. Picosecond chlorophyll
fluorescence decay kinetics were collected for each fraction to characterize and gain insight into
excitation energy transfer and primary electron transport in PSlla and PSII~ centres.
The results presented here clearly illustrate the widely held notions of PSII/PS·I and
PSlIa/PSII~ spatial separation. This study suggests that chlorophyll fluorescence decay lifetimes
of PSII~ centres are shorter than those of PSlIa centres and, at FM, the longer lived of the two PSII
components renders a larger yield in PSlIa-rich fractions, but smaller in PSIlr3-rich fractions.


title: Histogram filtering as a tool in variational Monte Carlo optimization

subject:
Monte Carlo method.
Mathematical optimization.
Filters (Mathematics)
Statistical physics.

abstract:
Optimization of wave functions in quantum Monte Carlo is a difficult task because the
statistical uncertainty inherent to the technique makes the absolute determination of
the global minimum difficult. To optimize these wave functions we generate a large
number of possible minima using many independently generated Monte Carlo ensembles
and perform a conjugate gradient optimization. Then we construct histograms of the
resulting nominally optimal parameter sets and "filter" them to identify which parameter
sets "go together" to generate a local minimum. We follow with correlated-sampling
verification runs to find the global minimum. We illustrate this technique for variance
and variational energy optimization for a variety of wave functions for small systellls.
For such optimized wave functions we calculate the variational energy and variance as
well as various non-differential properties. The optimizations are either on par with or
superior to determinations in the literature. Furthermore, we show that this technique
is sufficiently robust that for molecules one may determine the optimal geometry at tIle
same time as one optimizes the variational energy.


title: Husserlian phenomenology : an understanding of its standpoint and predicament

subject: Phenomenology.


title: Husserl's approach to transcendental intersubjectivity

subject: Transcendentalism.

abstract:
It is our intention in the course of the development of this
thesis to give an account of how intersubjectivity is "eidetically"
constituted by means of the application of the phenomenological reduction
to our experience in the context of the thought of Edmund
Husserl; contrasted with various representative thinkers in what H.
Spiegelberg refers to as "the wider scene" of phenomenology. That is
to say, we intend to show those structures of both consciousness and
the relation which man has to the world which present themselves as
the generic conditions for the possibility of overcoming our "radical
sol itude" in order that we may gain access to the mental 1 ife of an
Other as other human subject. It is clear that in order for us to
give expression to these accounts in a coherent manner, along with
their relative merits, it will be necessary to develop the common features
of any phenomenological theory of consdousness whatever. Therefore,
our preliminary inquiry, subordinate to the larger theme, shall
be into some of the epistemological results of the application of the
phenomenological method used to develop a transcendental theory of
consciousness. Inherent in this will be the deliniation of the exigency
for making this an lIintentional ll theory. We will then be able
to see how itis possible to overcome transcendentally the Other as
an object merely given among other merely given objects, and further,
how this other is constituted specifically as other ego.
The problem of transcendental intersubjectivity and its constitution
in experience can be viewed as one of the most compelling,
if not the most polemical of issues in phenomenology. To be sure,
right from the beginning we are forced to ask a number of questions
regarding Husserl's responses to the problem within the context of
the methodological genesis of the Cartesian Meditations, and The
Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. This
we do in order to set the stage for amplification.
First, we ask, has Husserl lived up to his goal, in this connexion,
of an apodictic result? We recall that in his Logos article
of 1911 he adminished that previous philosophy
does not have at its disposal a merely incomplete
and, in particular instances, imperfect doctrinal
system; it simply has none whatever. Each and
every question is herein controverted, each position
is a matter of individual conviction, of the interpretation
given byaschool, of a "point of view". 1.
Moreover in the same article he writes that his goal is
a philosophical system of doctrine that, after the
gigantic preparatory work. of generations, really be-
. gins from the ground up with a foundation free from
doubt and rises up like any skilful construction,
wherein stone is set upon store, each as solid as the
other, in accord with directive insights. 2.
Reflecting upon the fact that he foresaw "preparatory work of generations",
we perhaps should not expect that he would claim that his
was the last word on the matter of intersubjectivity. Indeed, with
2.
'Edmund Husserl, lIPhilosophy as a Rigorous Science" in Phenomenology
and theCrisis6fPhilosophy, trans". with an introduction by
Quentin Lauer (New York.: Harper & Row, 1965) pp. 74 .. 5.
2Ibid . pp. 75 .. 6.
3.
the relatively small amount of published material by Husserl on the
subject we can assume that he himself was not entirely satisfied with
his solution.
The second question we have is that if the transcendental reduction
is to yield the generic and apodictic structures of the relationship
of consciousness to its various possible objects, how far
can we extend this particular constitutive synthetic function to
intersubjectivity where the objects must of necessity always remain
delitescent? To be sure, the type of 'object' here to be considered
is unlike any other which might appear in the perceptual field. What
kind of indubitable evidence will convince us that the characteristic
which we label "alter-ego" and which we attribute to an object which
appears to resemble another body which we have never, and can never
see the whole of (namely, our own bodies), is nothing more than a
cleverly contrived automaton? What;s the nature of this peculiar intentional
function which enables us to say "you think just as I do"?
If phenomenology is to take such great pains to reduce the takenfor-
granted, lived, everyday world to an immanent world of pure presentation,
we must ask the mode of presentation for transcendent sub ..
jectivities. And in the end, we must ask if Husserl's argument is
not reducible to a case (however special) of reasoning by analogy,
and if so, tf this type of reasoning is not so removed from that from
whtch the analogy is made that it would render all transcendental intersubjective
understandtng impos'sible?
2. HistoticalandEidetic Priority: The Necessity of
Abstraction
4.
The problem is not a simple one. What is being sought are the
conditions for the poss ibili:ty of experi encing other subjects. More
precisely, the question of the possibility of intersubjectivity is
the question of the essence of intersubjectivity. What we are seeking
is the absolute route from one solitude to another. Inherent in
this programme is the ultimate discovery of the meaning of community.
That this route needs be lIabstract" requires some explanation.
It requires little explanation that we agree with Husserl in
the aim of fixing the goal of philosophy on apodictic, unquestionable
results. This means that we seek a philosophical approach which is,
though, not necessarily free from assumptions, one which examines
and makes explicit all assumptions in a thorough manner.
It would be helpful at this point to distinguish between lIeidetic ll
priority, and JlhistoricallJpriority in order to shed some light on
the value, in this context, of an abstraction.3
It is true that intersubjectivity is mundanely an accomplished
fact, there havi.ng been so many mi.llions of years for humans to beIt
eve in the exi s tence of one another I s abili ty to think as they do.
But what we seek is not to study how this proceeded historically, but
3Cf• Maurice Natanson;·TheJburne in 'Self, a Stud in Philoso h
and Social Role (Santa Cruz, U. of California Press, 1970 .
rather the logical, nay, "psychological" conditions under which this
is possible at all. It is therefore irrelevant to the exigesis of
this monograph whether or not anyone should shrug his shoulders and
mumble IIwhy worry about it, it is always already engaged".
By way of an explanation of the value of logical priority, we
can find an analogy in the case of language. Certainly the language
5.
in a spoken or written form predates the formulation of the appropriate
grammar. However, this grammar has a logical priority insofar as it
lays out the conditions from which that language exhibits coherence.
The act of formulating the grammar is a case of abstraction.
The abstraction towards the discovery of the conditions for the
poss; bi 1 ity of any experiencing whatever, for which intersubjective
experience is a definite case, manifests itself as a sort of "grammar".
This "grammar" is like the basic grammar of a language in the sense
that these "rulesil are the ~ priori conditions for the possibility of
that experience. There is, we shall say, an "eidetic priority", or a
generic condition which is the logical antecedent to the taken-forgranted
object of experience. In the case of intersubjectivity we
readily grant that one may mundanely be aware of fellow-men as fellowmen,
but in order to discover how that awareness is possible it is necessary
to abstract from the mundane, believed-in experience. This
process of abstraction is the paramount issue; the first step, in the
search for an apodictic basis for social relations.
How then is this abstraction to be accomplished? What is the
nature of an abstraction which would permit us an Archimedean point,
absolutely grounded, from which we may proceed? The answer can be
discovered in an examination of Descartes in the light of Husserl's
criticism.
3. The Impulse for Scientific Philosophy. The Method to
which it Gives Rise.
6.
Foremost in our inquiry is the discovery of a method appropriate
to the discovery of our grounding point. For the purposes of our investigations,
i.e., that of attempting to give a phenomenological
view of the problem of intersubjectivity, it would appear to be of cardinal
importance to trace the attempt of philosophy predating Husserl,
particularly in the philosophy of Descartes, at founding a truly
IIscientific ll philosophy. Paramount in this connexion would be the impulse
in the Modern period, as the result of more or less recent discoveries
in the natural sciences, to found philosophy upon scientific
and mathematical principles. This impulse was intended to culminate
in an all-encompassing knowledge which might extend to every realm of
possible thought, viz., the universal science ot IIMathexis Universalis ll •4
This was a central issue for Descartes, whose conception of a universal
science would include all the possible sciences of man.
This inclination towards a science upon which all other sciences
might be based waS not to be belittled by Husserl, who would appropriate
4This term, according to Jacab Klein, was first used by Barocius,
the translator of Proclus into Latin, to designate the highest mathematical
discipline. .
7.
it himself in hopes of establishing, for the very first time, philosophy
as a "rigorous science". It bears emphasizing that this in
fact was the drive for the hardening of the foundations of philosophy,
the link between the philosophical projects of Husserl and those of
the philosophers of the modern period. Indeed, Husserl owes Descartes
quite a debt for indicating the starting place from which to attempt
a radical, presupositionless, and therefore scientific philosophy,
in order not to begin philosophy anew, but rather for the first time.5
The aim of philosophy for Husserl is the search for apodictic,
radical certitude. However while he attempted to locate in experience
the type of necessity which is found in mathematics, he wished this
necessity to be a function of our life in the world, as opposed to the
definition and postulation of an axiomatic method as might be found in
the unexpurgated attempts to found philosophy in Descartes. Beyond the
necessity which is involved in experiencing the world, Husserl was
searching for the certainty of roots, of the conditi'ons which underl ie
experience and render it pOssible.
Descartes believed that hi~ MeditatiOns had uncovered an absolute
ground for knowledge, one founded upon the ineluctable givenness of
thinking which is present even when one doubts thinking. Husserl, in
acknowledging this procedure is certainly Cartesian, but moves, despite
this debt to Descartes, far beyond Cartesian philosophy i.n his phenomenology
(and in many respects, closer to home).
5Cf. Husserl, Philosophy as a Rigorous Science, pp. 74ff.
8
But wherein lies this Cartesian jumping off point by which we
may vivify our theme?
Descartes, through inner reflection, saw that all of his convictions
and beliefs about the world were coloured in one way or another
by prejudice:
... at the end I feel constrained to reply that there
is nothing in a all that I formerly believed to be
true, of which I cannot in some measure doubt, and that
not merely through want of thought or through levity,
but for reasons which are very powerful and maturely
considered; so that henceforth I ought not the less
carefully to refrain from giving credence to these opinions
than to that which is manifestly false, if I desire
to arrive at any certainty (in the sciences). 6
Doubts arise regardless of the nature of belief - one can never
completely believe what one believes.
Therefore, in order to establish absolutely grounded knowledge,
which may serve as the basis fora "universal Science", one must use a
method by which one may purge oneself of all doubts and thereby gain
some radically indubitable insight into knowledge.
Such a method, gescartes found, was that, as indicated above by
hi,s own words, of II radical doubt" which "forbids in advance any judgemental
use of (previous convictions and) which forbids taking any
position with regard to their val idi'ty. ,,7 This is the method of the
"sceptical epoche ll , the method of doubting all which had heretofor
6Descartes,Meditations on First Philosophy, first Med.,
(Libera 1 Arts Press, New York, 1954) trans. by L. LaFl eur. pp. 10.
7Husserl ,CrisiS of Eliroeari SCiences and Trariscendental Phenomenology,
(Northwestern U. Press, Evanston, 1 7 ,p. 76.
9.
been considered as belonging to the world, including the world itself.
What then is left over? Via the process of a thorough and all-inclusive
doubting, Descartes discovers that the ego which performs the epoche,
or "reduction", is excluded from these things which can be doubted, and,
in principle provides something which is beyond doubt. Consequently
this ego provides an absolute and apodictic starting point for founding
scientific philosophy.
By way of this abstention. of bel ief, Desca'rtes managed to reduce
the worl d of everyday 1 ife as bel ieved in, to mere 'phenomena', components
of the rescogitans:. Thus:, having discovered his Archimedean point,
the existence of the ego without question, he proceeds to deduce the 'rest'
of the world with the aid of innate ideas and the veracity of God.
In both Husserl and Descartes the compelling problem is that of
establ ishing a scientific, apodictic phi'losophy based upon presuppos itionless
groundwork .. Husserl, in thi.s regard, levels the charge at
Descartes that the engagement of his method was not complete, such that
hi.S: starting place was not indeed presupositionless, and that the validity
of both causality and deductive methods were not called into question
i.'n the performance of theepoche. In this way it is easy for an absolute
evidence to make sure of the ego as: a first, "absolute, indubitablyexisting
tag~end of the worldll , and it is then only a matter of inferring the
absolute subs.tance and the other substances which belon.g to the world,
along with my own mental substance, using a logically val i d deductive
procedure. 8
8Husserl, E.;' Cartesian 'Meditation;, trans. Dorion Cairns
(Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1970), p. 24 ff.


title: Identification and description of the development of the relationships between mentor and mentee teachers in the Halton Board of Education "Partners in the Classroom" Program

subject: Master teachers--Ontario--Halton (Regional municipality).

subject: Mentoring in education--Ontario--Halton (Regional

subject: First year teachers--Ontario--Halton (Regional

abstract:
Fifteen mentoring pairs of teachers were randomly
selected from each group of teachers that had participated
in the Halton Board of Education "Partners in the Classroom"
program during 1988/89, 1989/90, and 1990/91. Each teacher
was personally interviewed. Interviews were recorded,
transcriptions were prepared and examined and analyzed.
During the first part of the interview questions were
asked regarding personal and professional demographics. The
purpose of the second part of the interview was to gain
information relating to the development of the
relationships, over a three-year period, between mentor and
mentee teacher participants in the "Partners in the
Classroom" program.
The analysis of the data suggest that there are
identifiable changes in the development of the relationship
between the mentor teacher and the mentee teacher over time.
Implications from the study results that could enhance
the induction program for new teachers are discussed.


title: Identifying the psychosexual implications of radical radiation treatment in prostate cancer

subject: Prostate--Cancer--Radiotherapy--Complications.

subject: Psychosexual disorders.

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any evidence of
psychosexual morbidity among men who experienced radical radiation treatment for
prostate cancer. With relatively little known or available retrospective data on the
psychosexual implications of radical radiation treatment in men with prostate cancer,
this study posited eight research questions which provided the basis for the research.
Fifty men from Southern Ontario, between the ages of 52 to 78 years, were included
in the study. They had been previously randomized to a clinical trial comparing
radical radiation therapy by external beam radiation, or radical radiation using a
combination of a temporary iridium implant plus external beam radiation, for
localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. Assessment of sexual functioning,
drive, attitudes, body image, and sexual satisfaction was drawn from a
multidimensional approach, since psychosexuality was viewed as having an impact
on biological, psychological, and sociological domains of functioning. Medical chart
reviews, semi-structured interviews, demographical profiles of each participant, and
the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) were the methods used to collect
data over a four-month period.
Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were incorporated in the
design and evaluation of the study. Frequencies, contingency analysis, Pearson's
coefficient of correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA comprised the quantitative analysis.
Data obtained from audio-taped interviews were analyzed qualitatively, and used for
offering further insight and for facilitating the quantitative aspect of the analysis.
Overall, there was sufficient evidence to suggest psychosexual morbidity
among men who were treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer. As well,there were a number of significant findings available to answer all of the posited
research questions. The most significant findings were noted in post-treatment
erectile ability and sexual activity. A post-treatment change in erectile ability was
reported by eighty percent of men. Sixty percent of men noted a decrease in their
ability to achieve an erection by reporting some morning stiffness only, penile rigidity
insufficient for penetration, decreased control of erection, and loss of spontaneous
erection. Other contributing factors associated with change in erectile status were:
pain or altering sensation of orgasm, blood in ejaculate, pain and decreased amount of
ejaculate, and penile numbness or pain. Eighty-two percent of men experienced a
post-treatment change in sexual function, primarily due to the impact of decreasing
erectile status. Only seven men reported that they experienced a decrease in desire
mentally, whereas the vast majority did not experience any change in desire. Changes
in foreplay, stress with optimal sexual positioning, and reduced spontaneity of sex,
were other factors reported with the changes in sexual activity.
The findings in this study broaden our understanding of what middle- to
later-aged men feel and experience as they venture onward following treatment. This
was the first study that evaluated available prospective data on pre-treatment erectile
status and sexual activity. As well, this study was the first (with participant
compliance rates of 100 percent) to have included an interview format to capture the
views of such a large number of men. This study concluded with recommendations
and implications for future research and practice as we move in the direction of
understanding what is necessary for preserving psychosexual well being and
enhancing quality of life in men treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer.


title: Imagery or video feedback : which is the "route" to strategic improvement?

subject:
Imagery (Psychology)
Sports videos.
Sports--Psychological aspects.
Achievement motivation.

abstract:
The implementation of imagery and video feedback programs has become an important
tool for aiding athletes in achieving peak performance (Halliwell, 1990). The purpose of
the study was to determine the effect of strategic imagery training and video feedback on
immediate performance. Participants were two university goaltenders. An alternating
treatment design (ATD; Barlow & Hayes, 1979; Tawney & Gast, 1984) was employed.
The strategies were investigated using three plays originating from the right side by a
right-handed shooting defenceman from the blueline. The baseline condition consisted of
six practices and was used to establish a stable and "ideal" measure of performance. The
intervention conditions included alternating the use of strategic imagery (Cognitive
general; Paivio, 1985) and video feedback. Both participants demonstrated an increase in
the frequency of Cognitive general use. Specific and global performance measures were
assessed to determine the relative effectiveness of the interventions. Poor inter-rater
reliability resulted in the elimination of specific performance measures. Consequently,
only the global measure (i.e., save percentage) was used in subsequent analyses. Visual
inspection of participant save percentage was conducted to determine the benefits of the
intervention. Strategic imagery training resulted in performance improvements for both
participants. Video feedback facilitated performance for Participant 2, but not Participant
1. Results are discussed with respect to imagery and video interventions and the
challenges associated with applied research.
KEYWORDS: imagery, video, goaltenders, alternating treatment design.


title: Immuno-cytochemical localization of glycoproteins involved in recognition and attachment in a mycoparatism

subject:
Glycoproteins.
Immunocytochemistry.
Host-parasite relationships.
Parasitism.

abstract:
Polyclonal antibodies prepared against the two glycoproteins (Mr
100 and 85 kDa) involved in recognition and attachment of the
mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana, to its hosts, Mortierella pusilla and
Phascolomyces articulosus, susceptible and resistant, respectively, were
employed to localize the antigens at their cell surfaces. Indirect immunocytochemical
technique using secondary antibodies labelled with either
FITC or gold particles as probes, were used. FITC-Iabelled antibodies
revealed a discontinous pattern of fluorescence on the hyphae of
MortlerelLa pusilla and no fluorescence on the hyphae of Phascolomyces
articulosus. Intensity of fluorescence was high in the germinating spores
of both the fungi. Fluoresence could be observed on P. articulosus hyphae
pretreated with a commercial proteinase. Fluorescence was not observed
on either hyphae or germinating spores of the nonhost M0 r tie re11 a
ca ndelabrum and the mycoparasite P. virginiana. Antibodies labelled with
gold conjugate showed a different pattern of antigen localization on the
hyphal walls of the susceptible and resistant hosts. Patches of gold
particles were observed allover the whole cell wall of the susceptible host
but only on the inner cell wall layer of the resistant host. Cell wall
fragments of the susceptible host but not those of the resistant host,
previously incubated with the antibodies inhibited attachment of the
mycoparasite. Implications of preferential localization of the antigen in the
resistant host and its absence in the nonhost are described.


title: Immuno-gluorescence study of five zygomycetous fungi with two chitin-binding probes

subject: Immunofluorescence. Zygomycetes. Chitin. Fungi.

abstract:
A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against a purified microsomal
chitinase isolated from the fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum. Indirect immunofluorescence
was used to localize chitinase at various developmental stages of
five zygomycetous fungi and during abiotrophic mycoparasite interaction with a
susceptible and resistant host. This was compared to localization of oligomers
of N-acetylglucosamine with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Dotimmunoblot
and Western blot techniques revealed that the anti-serum reacted
strongly with the antigen from which it was derived. Cross reactivity of the
antiserum was found with WGA and another chitin binding lectin, Phyto/acca
americana agglutinin (PAA). Immuno-fluorescence results showed the direct
involvement of chitinase in spore swelling, germination, sporangium
development and response during mechanical injury. There appeared to be no
involvement of chitinase during apical hyphal growth or new branch initiation in
any of the fungi tested despite mild proteolysis and permeabilization of the cell
surface prior to labelling. Binding with WGA revealed similar patterns of
fluorescence to that of chitinase localization but differed by showing
fluorescence and therefore chitin localization at the apex and new branch
initiation when tested at different developmental stages. There was no
difference between chitinase localization and binding with WGA in a
susceptible host and resistant host challenged with the mycoparasite,
Piptocephalis virginiana. Differences in binding ability of antichitinase and lectin
WGA suggests that the latter is not a suitable indicator for indirect localization of
the lytic enzyme, chitinase.


title: Implementation of hospital-wide computer information system :a case study of this change process

subject: Hospitals--Ontario--Administration--Data processing--Case

subject: Information storage and retrieval systems--Hospitals

abstract:
This case study examines the impact of a computer
information system as it was being implemented in one
Ontario hospital. The attitudes of a cross section of the
hospital staff acted as a barometer to measure their
perceptions of the implementation process.
With The Mississauga Hospital in the early stages of an
extensive computer implementation project, the opportunity
existed to identify staff attitudes about the computer
system,
overall
knowledge
and compare the findings with the literature. The
goal of the study was to develop a greater
base about the affective domain in the
relationship between people and the computer system.
Eight exploratory questions shaped the focus of the
investigation. Data were collected from three sources: a
survey questionnaire, focused interviews, and internal
hospital documents.
Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed.
Instrumentation in the study consisted of a survey
distributed at two points in time to randomly selected
hospital employees who represented all staff levels.Other sources of data included hospital documents, and
twenty-five focused interviews with staff who replied to
both surveys.
Leavitt's socio-technical system, with its four subsystems:
task, structure, technology, and people was used to
classify staff responses to the research questions.
The study findings revealed that the majority of
respondents felt positive about using the computer as part
of their jobs. No apparent correlations were found between
sex, age, or staff group and feelings about using the
computer.
Differences in attitudes, and attitude changes were found
in potential relationship to the element of time. Another
difference was found in staff group and perception of being
involved in the decision making process.
These findings and other evidence about the role of change
agents in this change process help to emphasize that
planning change is one thing, managing the transition is
another.


title: Improving grade eight students' spelling performance with a triad strategy approach

subject: English language--Orthography and spelling--Study and

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of explicitly teaching a triad of spelling
strategies in comparison to traditional methods, to 26
Grade 8 students. The three explicitly taught
strategies were error correction (with cloze
procedure), imagery and analogy. The traditional
instruction method included activities modelled after
Grade 8 basal spellers. Students were seen in groups
of thirteen for five weekly sessions of forty minutes.
All students were pretested, posttested weekly,
posttested immediately following the training sessions
and posttested one mont? following the training. The
pretest, weekly posttests and immediate posttest were
dictated words spelling tests of both the training and
transfer words. The one month delayed posttest was a
dictated contextual sentence spelling test.
Performance scores on the pretest and posttest measures
were compared to determine if any differences existed
between the two groups using the Dunnett procedure.
Results indicated that no significant differences were
found between the strategy instruction and the
traditional instruction groups for the training
words. However, a significant difference
favouring the strategy instruction group existed on
transfer words at the immediate posttest. On a
secondary analysis of the data this significant
difference existed at the delayed posttest. When
learning growth was measured from pretest to delayed
posttest, the strategy instruction group significantly
outperformed the traditional instruction group with
respect to correctly spelling transfer items.


title: Improving the use of the nursing process: the impact of charting methodology developed from King's conceptual framework on the use of the nursing process

subject: Nursing--Ontario--Evaluation.

abstract:
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects
of changing a nursing documentation system, developed
from King's Conceptual Framework, on the use of the
nursing process. The null hypothesis was that there
would be no significant increase in the reflection of
the use of the nursing process on the nursing care plan
or nurses' notes, as a result of using a nursing
documentation system developed using King's Conceptual
Framework (1981).
The design involved the development of a
questionnaire that was used to review health records
pre and post implementation of a documentation system
developed based on King's Conceptual Framework and
Theory of Goal Attainment (1981). A Record
Completeness Score was obtained from some of the
questions. The null hypothesis was rejected.
The results of the study have implications for
nursing administration and the evaluation of nursing
practice. If the use of a documentation system
developed from a conceptual framework increases the
reflection of the nursing process on the patient's
health record, nursing will have the means to measure patient outcomes/goal attainment.
All health care organizations and levels of
government are focusing on methods to monitor and
control the health-care dollar. In order for nursing
to clearly determine the costs associated with nursing
care, measurement of patient outcomes/goal attainment
will need to be possible. In order to measure patient
outcomes/goals attainment nurses will need to be able
to collect data on their practice. It will be critical
that nursing have a documentation system in place which
facilitates the reflection of the nursing process
within a theoretical framework.


title: Individual differences and factors affecting male behaviour in field crickets

subject:
Crickets--Behavior.
Insects--Behavior.
Sexual behavior in animals.

abstract:
Individual differences in male sexual behav~our and the factors
influencing calling behaviour were studied in the field crickets Gryllus
2 integer and Q. veletis. In a large (13m) outdoor arena individually numbered
adult male ~~ integer started calling at three to five days of age but thereafter
the age of individual G. integer males did not affect nightly calling duration.
Calling also did not correlate with individual weight. In this study individual
male calling was continuously distributed from 0 hrs. per night to 3.5 hrs.
per night, on average. A temporal effect on the number of G. integer males
calling was observed. The number of males calling through the night was uniform,
but a sharp increase in the number calling was observed in the early morning.
No difference in calling times was observed between the night and dawn callers.
AlsC)' males calling at dawn usually didnotc'all during the preceeding night.
Calling and reproductive success in 1979 demonstrated a negative
logarithmic relationship while in the 1980(initial) population a negative
linear relationship was observed. No relationship was seen in the 1980
high density population. The ratio of non-callers to callers also affected
the mating of individuals in the 1979 and1980(initial) densities:-non~callers
(males calling .5 hrs. per night, on average, or less) obtained more females
when the population contained a high number of callers, this being a
negative logarithmic relationship to, No such relationship was observed in the
1980 high density population.
Individual displacement varied nightly and was not correlated to
amount of calling or reproductive success of individual G. integer males.
G. integer males were displa~ed more when in a higher density in the outdoor arena
Male G. integer and G. veletis behaviours were also observed in
an indoor arena at different densities and, in G. veletis, with respect to
female presence. When females were present in the arena, in G. veletis, male
calling was reduced. Males of both species called less, on average, when in
~ higher density, than when they were in a lower density. Male displacement of
both species increased on average when in a higher density as compared to
displacement in a lower density.
Aggression was measured by aggressive call-ing and fighting and was
studied in regards to density.G. integer demonstrated less aggression in
all but one comparison at higher density. No difference was observed in
the ratio of aggressive calling to f.ighting comparison in G. integer.
G. veletis demonstrated mixed results. No difference in aggression between
densities was observed in comparisons. Less.aggression did occur
in higher densities when comparisons invol.ved fighting behaviour.
Male behaviour represents a competitive strategy against ot~er males,
strategy being defined as a genetic (in part) alternative to other strategies.
In this sense, the factors of time, density, male-male aggression, and female
presence are conditions demonstrated to affect male behaviour in G. integer
and G. veletis. Individual male differences and other considerations suggest
that alternative male behaviours are represented by at least two conditional
strategies. This possibility, and the transient 'or stable nature of genetic
polymorphisms in field cricket behaviour are considered.


title: Influence of temperature and photoperiod upon ionic regulation in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

subject:
Rainbow trout.
Temperature--Physiological effect.
Photoperiodism.

abstract:
Interactions of photoperiod and temperature upon waterelectrolyte
balance were examined in rainbow trout acclimated
to six combinations of two photoperiods {18h light: 6h dark,
o
6h light: l8h dark) and three temperatures (2, 10 and 18 C).
The influence of temperature and photoperiod upon plasma,
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and liver levels of sodium,
potassium, magnesi.um, calcium, chloride, water content,
water distribution and cellular ion concentrations was
determined by a one way analysis of variance. Significant
(p < 0.05 or better) temperature effects at common photoperiods
were observed in 70% of the analyses performed, showing
no bias toward either photoperiod. Significant photoperiod
effects occured in 57% of the analyses performed at common
temperatures. The influence of photoperiod was most prevalent
at reduced temperatures. Potassium and magnesium appeared to be
particularly thermosensitive, while sodium and calcium were the
most photosensitive of the electrolytes. The ionic composition
of all tissues studied were relatively thermosensitive, with
liver apparently being the most sensitive. On the other hand;
the ionic composition of skeletal and cardiac muscle appear to
be the mos.t photosensitive of the tissues examined. Water
content and distribution in skeletal muscle and liver were
significantly influenced by temperature in 50% of the analyses
performed showing a very strong bias toward UwinterU animals.
Photoperiod effects were significant in 56% of the water parameters
measured with a strong bias toward the two lower temperatures.
Body weight was of significant influence in 16% of the 174
analyses performed. These data are discussed in terms of the
effect of temperature upon ionregulatory mechanisms and the
possible impact of photoperiod variations on endocrine
systems influencing water-electrolyte metabolism.


title: Instructor support for self-directed learning in higher education

subject: Adult learning.

subject: Adult education--Study and teaching (Higher)

abstract:
This study addressed the problem of instructor support
for self-directed learning, specifically, learner-directed
program planning, within a classroom setting in higher
education. A combination of survey, interview, document
analysis, and observation was used to assess and evaluate
the attitudes and practices of a sample of full-time faculty
at an Ontario university.
Eighty-seven percent of the study sample reported
instructional beliefs, values, and expectations that were
not supportive of self-directed learning, especially in
terms of student participation in program planning.
Planning was seen as the responsibility of the instructor.
Instructors were least open to student participation in the
planning of the evaluation of learning. However, there was
considerable stated support for other of the basic
principles of adult education.
The remaining 13% of the study sample reported
instructional beliefs, values, and expectations that were
fully supportive of self-directed learning. Instructional
practices were analyzed in relation to the instructors'
stated beliefs. Although practices reflected, in many
instances, instructors' statements of support, there were some significant discrepancies between apparent support for
the concept of self-directed learning and actual classroom
practice. Both beliefs and practice were compared to a
research model of self-directed learning. Most instructors
did not have a concept of self-directed learning as
comprehensive as that described in the research model.
Instructor support for self-directed learning was profoundly
influenced by the university setting. It was concluded that
more strenuous attempts to research, enhance, and promote
instructional and institutional support for self-directed
learning in higher education are warranted.


title: Interactions of diploid embryonal carcinoma cells and normal cell mass cells with 2.5 day mouse embryos following aggregation

subject: Cells. Embryology--Mammals. Mice.

abstract:
Spontaneous teratocarcinomas are ovarian or testicular tumors which have
their origins in germ cells. The tumors contain a disorganized array of benign
differentiated cells as well as an undifferentiated population of malignant
stem cells, the embryonal carcinoma or EC cells. These pluripotent stem cells
in tissue culture share many properties with the transient pluripotent cells of
the early embryo, and might therefore serve as models for the investigation of
developmental events ill vitro.
The property of EC cells of prime interest in this study is an in vivo
phenomenon. Certain EC cell lines are known to be regulated ill vivo and to
differentiate normally in association with normal embryonic cells, resulting in
chimeric mice. These mice have two genetically distinct cell populations, one
of which is derived from the originally malignant EC cells. This has usually
been accomplished by injection of the EC cells into the Day 3 blastocyst. In
this study, the interactions between earlier stage embryos and EC cells have
been tested by aggregating clumps of EC cells with Day 2 embryos. The few
previous aggregation studies produced a high degree of abnormality in chimeric
embryos, but the EC cells employed had known chromosomal abnormalities. In this
study, two diploid EC cell lines (P19 and Pi0) were aggregated with 2.5 day
mouse embryos, and were found to behave quite differently in the embryonic
environment. P19 containing aggregates generally resorbed early, and the few
embryos recovered at midgestation were normal and non-chimeric. Pi0 containing
aggregates survived in high numbers to midgestation, and the Pi0 cells were very
successful in colonizing the embryo. All these embryos were chimeric, and the contribution by the EC cells to each chimera was very high. However, these
heavily chimeric embryos were all abnormal.
Blastocyst injection had previously produced some abnormal embryos with
high Pl0 contributions in addition to the live born mice, which had lower EC
contributions. This study now adds more support to the hypothesis that high EC
contributions may be incompatible with normal development. The possibility that
the abnormalities were due to the mixing of temporally asynchronous embryonic
cell types in the aggregates was tested by aggregating normal pluripotent cells
taken from 3.5 day embryos with 2.5 day embryos. Early embryo loss was very
high, and histological studies showed that the majority of these embryos died by
6.5 days development. Some embryos escaped this early death such that some
healthy chimeras were recovered, in contrast to recovery of abnormal chimeric
embryos following Pl0-morula aggregations, and non-chimeric embryos following
P19-morula aggregations.
This somewhat surprising adverse effect on development following
aggregation of normal cell types suggests that there are developmental
difficulties associated with the mixing of asynchronous cell types in
aggregates. However, the greater magnitude of the adverse effects when the
aggregates contained tumor derived cells suggests that EC cells should not be
considered the complete equivalent of the pluripotent cells of the early
embryo.


title: Interdependence in Southern Africa: an examination of the relations between Zimbabwe and South Africa

abstract:
Most research on southern Africa focuses on the total
dependency of the region's states--Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, zambia and Zimbabwe--upon the
dominant power, South Africa. This thesis examines the
relationship between South Africa and Zimbabwe and argues that
these two states are more interdependent than dependency
scholars would acknowledge.
Although a study of the historical period reveals that
dependency theory, as defined by Raul Prebisch, Andre Gunder
Frank and A. Valenzuela, is helpful for understanding the
development of relations between the two states, it is unable
to account for many of the characteristics of the relationship
which are found in the contemporary context, especially since
1980. An examination of various economic areas of interaction,
including investment, trade and transportation, as well
as the political realm, indicates that each state exhibits a
degree of dependence upon the other. Thus, it is possible to
characterize the relationship as one of "mutual dependence,"
or interdependence as defined by Robert Keohane and Joseph S.
Nye. Interdependence is further examined through the concepts
of sensitivity and vulnerability. Sensitivity signifies the
ability of a state to respond effectively to policy changes
made by another state wi thin a given area of interaction
without incurring large costs, while vulnerability denotes
that an actor is unable to respond, or only at great cost. By
applying these concepts to the relationship between Zimbabwe
and South Africa, it is determined that although South Africa
tends to be sensitive while Zimbabwe is generally vulnerable,
the degrees to which these two states are sensi ti ve and
vulnerable varies over time and issue area.
As the changes wi thin South Africa start to affect
relations wi th the rest of southern Africa, it wi 11 be
necessary to understand the interaction between the states
from an interdependency perspective if cooperation within the
region wi 11 be successful. By appl ying an interdependence
framework, this study aims at contributing to the understanding
of relations among the countries of southern Africa in
general, and between South Africa and Zimbabwe in particular.


title: Intramolecular carbenoid insertion : reactions of [alpha] -diazoketones derived from benzothienyl, pyrolyl and indolyl alkanoic acids with rhodium (II) acetate

subject:
Carbenes (Methylene compounds)
Organometallic compounds.
Carbonyl compounds.
Diazo compounds.
Chemistry, Organic.

abstract:
Recent studies have shown that the rhodium (II) acetate decomposition chemistry
observed for a-diazoketones tethered to thienyl, furanyl, and benzofuranyl moieties is
dependent not only on the nature of the heteroatom but also on the length of the aliphatic
tether linking the diazoketone moiety with the aromatic fragment. The present thesis
expands on these results and focuses on a-diazoketones tethered to benzothiophenes,
pyrroles and indoles by a methylene linker.
In the case of benzothiophenes, it was shown that the rhodium catalyst
decomposition of I-diazo-4-(3-benzothienyl)-2-butanone (146) and 1-diazo-4-(3benzothienyl)-
2-butanone (152) allow for the isolation of 1,2,3a,3b-tetrahydro-3Hbenzo[
b]cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa- [1 ,2-d]thiophen-3-one (147) and 1,2,3a,3btetrahydro-
3H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2-d]thiophen-3-one (153). However
treatment of 1-diazo-3-(3-Benzothienyl)-2-Propanone (165) with Rh(II) acetate results in
the formation of 2,3-Dihydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]thiophen-2-one (159), while 1diazo-
3-(2-Benzothienyl)-2-Propanone with the same condition gives 5,5-bis( 1benzothiophen-
2-ylmethyl)-2(5H)-furanone (166) along with the tricycle 159.
The chemistry of the pyrrolyl and the indolyl moieties linked to terminal adiazoketone
systems was also investigated. The decomposition of I-diazo-(2-pyrrolyl)-2propanone
(173) results in the formation of two products; the N-H insertion product IHpyrrolizin-
2(3H)-one (176) and the alkylation product 4,6-dihydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrol5(
1 H)-one (180). When 1-Diazo-3-(3-indoly)-3-propanone (194) is treated with catalytic
amount of Rh (II) 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-2(1H)-one (193) is isolated
quantitatively. The later reaction when monitored using IH NMR the intermediate 200
can be seen whose structure was confirmed by the comparison to series of model
compounds.
The mechanisms underlying these reactions as well as their synthetic utility is
discussed.


title: Introduced taxa in disturbed ecosystems

subject: Plant ecology--Ontario--Backus Woods.

subject: Plant ecology--Ontario--Short Hills Provincial Park.

subject: Biotic communities--Ontario--Backus Woods.

subject: Biotic communities--Ontario--Short Hills Provincial Park.

abstract:
In the literature, introduced taxa are assumed to
be present, more abundant, and occupy greater physical space in
portions of ecosystems disturbed by human activity. This study
tested this principle in two sites, Short Hills provincial Park
("SHU) and Backus Woods ("B~l"). spatial distribution of
introduced taxa of vegetation, isopods, and earthworms was
determined with the runs test along 300m transects encompassing
gradients of anthropogenic disturbance severity. The hypothesis
was that introduced taxa would be aggregated along these
transects; the null hypothesis was that they would not be
aggregated.
The null hypothesis was rejected for the
introduced taxa as a unit, and vegetation and earthworms
individually. Introduced taxa were aggregated along 53.33%
(N~30) and 57.14% (N~21) of the transects in SH and BW
(respectively). Introduced vegetation (90.00%, N~10 and
100.00%, N~7) and earthworms (50.00%, N~10 and 50.00%, N~8)
were also significantly aggregated within the sites. Introduced
isopods, however, were not significantly aggregated at either
place (20. 00%, N-=10 and 16. 67%, ~J~6).
This study demonstrated that introduced taxa are
aggregated within ecosystems disturbed by human activity.
However, since introduced isopods were not significantly
aggregated it was also shown that taxa respond differently.


title: Investigation into the determination of arsenic by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometer

subject:
Arsenic.
Arsenic--Spectra.
Spectrometer.
Plasma radiation.

abstract:
Improvements have been made on the currently available hydride
generator system manufactured by SpectraMetrics Incorporated, because the
system was found to be unsatisfactory with respect to the following:
1. the drying agent, anhydrous calcium chloride,
2. the special sample tube,
3. the direction of argon flow through the Buchner funnel when it came
to dealing with real sample, that is, with reference only to aqueous
extracts of soil samples.
Changes that were made on the system included the replacement of
anhydrous calcium chloride with anhydrous calcium sulphate and the
replacement of the special sample tube with a modified one made from
silica. Re-directing the flow of argon through the top of the Buchner
funnel appeared to make the system compatible with aqueous extracts of
soil samples.
The interferences from 1000 ~g/mL of nickel(II) , cobalt(II),
iron(III), copper(II) have been eliminated with the aid of 1.4 M
hydrochloric acid and 1% (weight/volume) L-cystine. Greater than 90%
recovery of 0.3 ~g/mL arsenic signal was achieved in each case.
Furthermore, 103% of arsenic signal was accomplished in the presence of
1000 ~g/mL cadmium with 5 M Hel. tVhen each of the interferents was present
in solution at 1000 ppm, a recovery of 85% was achieved by using 5 M hydrochloric acid and 3% (weight/volume) L-cystine. Without L-cystine
and when 1.4 M hydrochloric acid was used, the recoveries were 0% (Ni),
0% (Co), 88% (Fe), 15% (Cu), 18% (Cd). Similarly, a solution containing
1000 ppm of each interferent gave a zero percent recovery of arsenic.
The reduction of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic at a pH less than
one has also been investigated and shown to be quantitative if peak areas
are measured.
The reproducibility determination of a 0.3 Vg/mL standard arsenic
solution by hydride generation shows a relative standard deviation of
3.4%. The detection limits with and without Porapak Q have been found to
be 0.6 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively.


title: Investigation of molecular polarizabilities and derivatives in halomethanes

subject:
Roman spectroscopy.
Molecules.
Polarization (Nuclear physics)
Derivatives (Chemicals)

abstract:
The research undertaken was to obtain absolute Raman intensities for the symmetric
stretching vibrations of the methyl halides, CH3X with (X=F, CI, Br), by experiment and
theory.
The intensities were experimentally measured using the Ar+ ion gas laser as excitation
source, a Spex 14018 double monochromator and a RCA C-31034 photomultiplier tube
as detector. These intensities arise from changes in the derivative of the polarizability (8
a'), with respect to vibration along a normal coordinate (8qi). It was intended that these
derivatives obtained with respect to normal coordinates would be converted to derivatives
with respect to internal coordinates, for a quantitative comparison with theory.
Theoretical numerical polarizability derivatives for the stretching vibrations are
obtained using the following procedure. A vibration was simulated in the molecule by
increasi.ng and decreasing the respective bond by the amount ±o.oosA for the C-H bonds
and ±o.oIA for the C-X (X=F, CI, Br) bond. The derivative was obtained by taking the
difference in the polarizability for the equilibrium geometry and the geometry when a
particular bond is changed. This difference, when divided by the amount of change in each
bond and the number of bonds present results in the derivative of the polarizability with
respect to internal coordinate i.e., !1u/!1r. These derivatives were obtained by two
methods: I} ab initio molecular orbital calculation and 2} theory of atoms in molecules
(AIM) analysis.
Due to errors in the experimental setup only a qualitative analysis of the results was
undertaken relative to the theory. Theoretically it is predicted that the symmetric carbonhalogen
stretch vibrations are more intense than the respective carbon-hydrogen stretch,
but only for the methyl chloride and bromide. The carbon fluorine stretch is less intense
than the carbon-hydrogen stretch, a fact which is attributed to the small size and high
electronegativity of the fluorine atom. The experimental observations are seen to agree qualitatively with the theory results. It is hoped that when the experiment is repeated, a
quantitative comparison can be made.
The analysis by the theory of atoms in molecules, along with providing polarizabilities
and polarizability derivatives, gives additional information outlined below. The theory
provides a pictorial description of the main factors contributing to the molecular
polarizability and polarizability derivative. These contributions are from the charge
transfer and atomic dipole terms i.e., transfer of charge from one atom to another and the
reorganization of atomic electronic charge distribution due to presence of an electric field.
The linear relationship between polarizability and molecular volume was also observed.


title: Investigation of the composition of linear alkylbenzenes with emphasis on the identification and quantitation of some trace compounds using GS/MS system in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes

subject:
Alkylbenzene sulfonates
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
Electron impact ionization.
Trace elements.
Gas chromatography.
Mass spectrometry.

abstract:
Linear alkylbenzenes, LAB, formed by the Alel3 or HF catalyzed alkylation of
benzene are common raw materials for surfactant manufacture. Normally they are
sulphonated using S03 or oleum to give the corresponding linear alkylbenzene sulphonates
In >95 % yield.
As concern has grown about the environmental impact of surfactants,' questions have
been raised about the trace levels of unreacted raw materials, linear alkylbenzenes and minor
impurities present in them. With the advent of modem analytical instruments and techniques,
namely GCIMS, the opportunity has arisen to identify the exact nature of these impurities and
to determine the actual levels of them present in the commercial linear ,alkylbenzenes.
The object of the proposed study was to separate, identify and quantify major and
minor components (1-10%) in commercial linear alkylbenzenes. The focus of this study was
on the structure elucidation and determination of impurities and on the qualitative
determination of them in all analyzed linear alkylbenzene samples.
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, (GCIMS) study was performed o~ five
samples from the same manufacturer (different production dates) and then it was followed by
the analyses of ten commercial linear alkylbenzenes from four different suppliers. All the
major components, namely linear alkylbenzene isomers, followed the same elution pattern
with the 2-phenyl isomer eluting last. The individual isomers were identified by
interpretation of their electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra. The percent
isomer distribution was found to be different from sample to sample. Average molecular
weights were calculated using two methods, GC and GCIMS, and compared with the results
reported on the Certificate of Analyses (C.O.A.) provided by the manufacturers of commercial linear alkylbenzenes. The GC results in most cases agreed with the reported values, whereas
GC/MS results were significantly lower, between 0.41 and 3.29 amu.
The minor components, impurities such as branched alkylbenzenes and dialkyltetralins
eluted according to their molecular weights. Their fragmentation patterns were studied using
electron impact ionization mode and their molecular weight ions confirmed by a 'soft
ionization technique', chemical ionization. The level of impurities present i~ the analyzed
commercial linear alkylbenzenes was expressed as the percent of the total sample weight, as
well as, in mg/g. The percent of impurities was observed to vary between 4.5 % and 16.8
% with the highest being in sample "I".
Quantitation (mg/g) of impurities such as branched alkylbenzenes and dialkyltetralins
was done using cis/trans-l,4,6,7-tetramethyltetralin as an internal standard. Samples were
analyzed using .GC/MS system operating under full scan and single ion monitoring data
acquisition modes. The latter data acquisition mode, which offers higher sensitivity, was used
to analyze all samples under investigation for presence of linear dialkyltetralins.
Dialkyltetralins were reported quantitatively, whereas branched alkylbenzenes were reported
semi-qualitatively.
The GC/MS method that was developed during the course of this study allowed
identification of some other trace impurities present in commercial LABs. Compounds such
as non-linear dialkyltetralins, dialkylindanes, diphenylalkanes and alkylnaphthalenes were
identified but their detailed structure elucidation and the quantitation was beyond the scope
of this study. However, further investigation of these compounds will be the subject of a
future study.


title: Investigations into the extraction and the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water by solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry

subject:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Capillary liquid chromatography.
Extraction (Chemistry)
Solid-phase analysis.
Gas chromatography.
Mass spectrometry.

abstract:
Factors affecting the detennination of PAHs by capillary GC/MS were
studied. The effect of the initial column temperature and the injection solvent on
the peak areas and heights of sixteen PAHs, considered as priority pollutants,
USillg crosslinked methyl silicone (DB!) and 5% diphenyl, 94% dimethyl, 1%
vinyl polysiloxane (DBS) columns was examined. The possibility of using high
boiling point alcohols especially butanol, pentanol, cyclopentanol, and hexanol as
injection solvents was investigated.
Studies were carried out to optimize the initial column temperature for
each of the alcohols. It was found that the optimum initial column temperature is
dependent on the solvent employed. The peak areas and heights of the PAHs are
enhanced when the initial column temperature is 10-20 c above the boiling point
of the solvent using DB5 column, and the same or 10 C above the boiling point of
the solvent using DB1 column. Comparing the peak signals of the PAHs using the
alcohols, p-xylene, n-octane, and nonane as injection solvents, hexanol gave the
greatest peak areas and heights of the PAHs particularly the late-eluted peaks. The
detection limits were at low pg levels, ranging from 6.0 pg for fluorene t9 83.6
pg for benzo(a)pyrene.
The effect of the initial column temperature on the peak shape and the
separation efficiency of the PARs was also studied using DB1 and DB5 columns.
Fronting or splitting of the peaks was obseIVed at very low initial column
temperature. When high initial column temperature was used, tailing of the peaks
appeared. Great difference between DB! and.DB5 columns in the range of the
initial column temperature in which symmetrical.peaks of PAHs can be obtained is observed. Wider ranges were shown using DB5 column. Resolution of the
closely-eluted PAHs was also affected by the initial column temperature
depending on the stationary phase employed. In the case of DB5, only the earlyeluted
PAHs were affected; whereas, with DB1, all PAHs were affected.
An analytical procedure utilizing solid phase extraction with bonded phase
silica (C8) cartridges combined with GC/MS was developed to analyze PAHs in
water as an alternative method to those based on the extraction with organic
solvent. This simple procedure involved passing a 50 ml of spiked water sample
through C8 bonded phase silica cartridges at 10 ml/min, dried by passing a gentle
flow of nitrogen at 20 ml/min for 30 sec, and eluting the trapped PAHs with
500 Jll of p-xylene at 0.3 ml/min. The recoveries of PAHs were greater than
80%, with less than 10% relative standard deviations of nine determinations. No
major contaminants were present that could interfere with the recognition of
PAHs. It was also found that these bonded phase silica cartridges can be re-used
for the extraction of PAHs from water.


title: Investigations into the determinations of hydride-forming elements

subject: Hydrides.

abstract:
Analytical methods for the determination of trace amounts
of germanium, tin and arsenic were established using hydride
generation coupled with direct current plasma atomic emission
spectrometry. A continuous gas flowing batch system for the
hydride generation was investigated and was applied to the
determination of germanium(Ge), tin(Sn), antimony(Sb) and
lead(Pb) (Preliminary results suggest that it is also applicable to
arsenic)As) ). With this system, the reproducibility of signals was
improved and the determination was speeded up, compared with
the conventional batch type hydride generation system. Each
determination was complete within one minute. Interferences
from a number of transition metal ions, especially from Pd(II),
Pt(IV), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), and Fe(II, III), have proven to be
very serious under normal conditions, in the determination of
germanium, tin, and arsenic. These interference effects were
eliminated or significantly reduced in the presence of L-cystine or
L-cysteine. Thus, a 10-1000 fold excess of Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II),
Fe(II), Pt(IV), Pd(II), etc. can be tolerated without interference, In
the presence of L-cystine or L-cysteine, compared with absence of
interference reducing agent. The methods for the determination of
Ge, Sn, and As were examined by the analyses of standard
reference materials. Interference effects from the sample matrix,
for example, in transition metal-rich samples, copper, iron and
steel, were eliminated by L-cystine (for As and Sn) and by LI
cysteine (for Ge). The analysis of a number of standard reference
materials gave excellent results of As and Sn contents in
agreement with the certified values, showing there was no
systematic interference. The detection limits for both germanium
and tin were 20 pg ml- I .
Preliminary studies were carried out for the determination of
antimony and lead. Antimony was found to react with NaBH4,
remaInIng from the previous determinations, giving an analytical
signal. A reversed injection manner, i.e., injection of the NaBH4
solution prior to the analyte solution was used to avoid uncertainty
caused by residual NaBH4 present and to ensure that an excess of
NaB H4 was available. A solution of 0.4% L-cysteine was found to
reduce the interference from selected transition metal ions, Co(II),
Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pt(IV). Hydrochloric acid - hydrogen peroxide,
nitric acid - ammonium persulphate, and potassium dichromate malic
acid reaction systems for lead hydride generation were
compared. The potassium dichromate - malic acid reaction medium
proved to be the best with respect to reproducibility and minimal
interference. Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(II) caused strong interference In
lead determinations, which was not reduced by L-cysteine or Lcystine.
Sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, dithizone, thiosemicarbazide
and penicillamine reduced interferences to some extent.
Further interference reduction studies were carried out uSIng a
number of amino acids, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and histidine,
as possible interference reducing agents in the determination of
germanium. From glycine, alanine, valine to leucine, the interference
reduction effect in germanium determinations decreased. Histidine
II
was found to be very promising In the reduction of interference. In
fact, histidine proved more efficient than L-cystine and L-cysteine In
the reduction of interference from Ni(II) in the determination of
germanium.
Signal enhancement by easily ionized elements (EIEs), usually
regarded as an interference effect in analysis by DCP-AES, was
studied and successfully applied to advantage in improving the
sensitivity and detection limit in the determination of As, Ge, Sn, Sb,
and Pb. The effect of alkali and alkaline-earth elements on the
determination of the above five hydride forming elements was
studied. With the appropriate EIE, a signal enhancement of 40-115%
was achieved. Linear calibration and good reproducibility were also
obtained in the presence of EIEs.
III


title: Involvement of fimbriae in host-mycoparasite recognition

subject:
Phili (Microbiology)
Parasites.
Parasitism.

abstract:
Extracellular, non-flagellar appendages, termed fimbriae are
widespread among fungi. Fungal fimbriae range in diameter from
6-10 nm and exhibit lengths of up to 30 ~m. Fungal fimbriae
have been implicated in several functions: adhesion, conjugation
and flocculation. A possible role of fimbriae in host-mycoparasite
interactions was the focus of this study .
Using electron microscopy, fimbriae were observed on the
surfaces of Mortiere lla cande labrum, Mortie re lla pusi lla and
Phascolomyces articulosus with diameter means of 9.1±0.4 nm,
9.4±0.5 nm and 8.6±0.6 nm, respectively, and lengths of up to 25
~m. Fimbriae were not observed on the surface of the
mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana.
Polyclonal antiserum (AU) prepared against the fimbrial
protein of Ustilago violacea cross-reacted with 60 and 57 kDa M.
candelabrum proteins. In addition, AU cross-reacted with 64 kDa
proteins from both M. pusilla and P. articulosus. The proteins that
cross-reacted with AU were electroeluted from polyacrylamide gels
and were shown to subsequently form fibrils. The diameter means
for the electroeluted fibrils were: for M. candelabrum 9.7±0.3 nm,
M. pusilla 8.4±0.6 nm and P articulosus 9.2±0.5 nm.
Finally, to ascertain the role of fimbriae in host-mycoparasite
interactions, AU was incubated with P. virginiana and M. pusilla
(mycoparasite/susceptible host) and with P. virginiana and P .
articulosus (mycoparasite/ resistant host). It was observed that AU decreased significantly the level of contact between P. virginiana
and M. pusilla and between P. virginiana and P. articulosus in
comparison to prelmmune serum treatments. Thus, it was
proposed that fimbriae might play recognition and attachment roles
in early events of mycoparasitism.


title: Ionic regulation in goldfish, Carassius auratus, acclimated to constant and diurnally-cycling temperature conditions

subject:
Goldfish.
Temperature--Physiological effect.

abstract:
The effects of a diurnal sine-wave temperature cycle
(250 +- 5° C) on the wa terI-e etc r o1 yt est a t us 0 f gol df1' Sh ,
Carassius auratus, was assessed through determination of Na+,
K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl- and water content in plasma, Red blood
cells and muscle tissue. Animals were also acclimated to
o 0 0
static temperatures (20 C, 25 c, 30 C) corresponding to the
high, low and mid-ooint temperatures of the cycle. All groups
were sampled at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00 and 21:00 hr. Hemoglobin
content and packed cell volume, as well as electrolyte and
'water levels were determined for each animal and red cell ion
concentrations and ion : hemoglobin ratios estimated.
Cycled animals were distinct from those at constant
temperatures in several respects. Hematological parameters
were elevated above those of animals at constant temperature
and were, on a diurnal basis, more stable. Red blood cell
electrolyte levels varied in an adaptively appropriate
fashion to cycle temperatures. This was not the case in the
constant temperature groups_ Under the cycling regime, plasma
ion levels were more diurnally stable than those of constant
temperature fish. Although muscle parameters in cycled fish
exhibited more fluctuation than was observed in plasma, these
also tended to be relatively more stable than was the caseErythrocytic data are discussed in terms of their
effects on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity while plasma and
muscle observations were considered from the standpoint of
overall water-electrolyte balance.
In general, cycled fish appeared to be capable of
stabilizing overall body fluid composition, while
simultaneously effecting adaptively-appropriate modifications
in the erythrocytic ionic microenvironment of hemoglobin.
The sometimes marked diurnal variability of water-electrolyte
status in animals held at constant temperature as opposed
to the conservation of cycled fish suggests that this
species is, in some fashion, programmed for regulation in a
thermally-fluctuating environment. If this interpretation
is valid and a phenomenon of general occurrence, some
earlier studies involving constant acclimation of eurythermal
species normally occupying habitats which vary in temperature
on a daily basis may require reconsideration.

at constant temperature.


title: Isolation and characterization of a chitinase-secreting mutant of mortierella pusilla with altered interaction with the mycoparasite piptocephalis virginiana

subject:
Mutation (Biology)
Chitin.
Mortierellaceae.
Parasites.
Host-parasite relationships.

abstract:
Mortierella pusilla is a susceptible host and supports good
growth of the mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana.
Uninucleate spores of M. pusilla were sUbjected to
N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). To attain a high
mutation frequency , a 1o-minute exposure to 10 mg/ml MNNG was
used and lead to the survival of about 10 % of the spores. The
exposed spores then were plated on chitin or milk plates.
Approximately 30,000 colonies were examined after mutagenesis on
the screening media. A strain, MUT23 , with abnormal slow growth
morphology was found to delay parasitism by £. virginiana. The
particular morphology was not due to auxotrophy, because this
strain displayed normal hyphae when glucose was used as the sole
carbon source.
One interesting phenomenon was that MUT23 showed an extensive
clearing zone around the colony on colloidal chitin agar after
20-25 d. On the same conditions, wild type strain did not show this
phenotype. In addition, the MUT23 strain produced the same normal
hypha as the wild type strain when it was grown on colloidal chitin
agar. The MUT23 was also able to produce more spores on colloidal
chitin agar than on malt-yeast extract and minimal media.
The parasite germ tubes formed appressoria at the point of
contact on the cell surface of wild type and MUT23 grown for 6 days
cell surface but not on the cel surface of MUT23 grown for 2 days.
Thus, interaction between MUT23 strain and the mycoparasite was
dependent on MUT23 age. The effect of MUT23 filtrate on germination
of the parasite was tested. Lysis of germinated spores of the
parasite were observed in concentrated MUT23 filtered solution.
MUT23 was compared to the wild type strain for their chitinase
production in sUbmerged culture. The chitinase isozymes of both
wild type and MUT23 were shown by immunoblotting. Eight distinct
chitinase molecules were detected. MUT23 showed markedly higher
chitinase activity than the wild type cultured in chitin-containing
medium. Maximum chitinase activities of MUT23 were 13.5 fold higher
at 20 day of the culture then that of wild type.


title: Isolation and partial characterization of host cell wall surface glycoproteins: their involvement in agglutination, attachment and appressorium formation by piptocephalis virginiana

subject:
Piptocephalis virginiana.
Host-parasite relationships.
Plant cell walls.
Cell membranes.
Agglutination.
Glycoproteins.

abstract:
Cell surface proteins obtained by alkaline extraction from isolated cell
walls of Mortierella pusilla and M. candelabrum, host and nonhost,
respectively, to the mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana, were tested for
their ability to agglutinate mycoparasite spores. The host cell wall protein
extract had a high agglutinating activity (788 a.u. mg- t ) as compared with
the nonhost extract (21 a.li. mg- t ). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
of the cell wall proteins revealed four protein bands, a, b, c, and d (Mr 117,
100, 85 and 64 kd, respectively) at the host surface, but not at the nonhost
surface, except for the faint band c. Deletion of proteins b or c from the
host cell wall protein extract significantly reduced its agglutinating
activity. Proteins band c, obtained as purified preparations by a series of
procedures, were shown to be two glycoproteins. Carbohydrate analysis
by gas chromatography demonstrated that glucose and Nacetylglucosamine
were the major carbohydrate components of the
glycoproteins. It was further shown that the agglutinating activity of the
pure preparation containing both band c was 500-850 times that of the
single glycoproteins, suggesting the involvement of both glycoproteins in
agglutination. The results suggest that the glycoproteins band c are the
two subunits of agglutinin present at the host cell surface.
The two glycoproteins band c purified from the host cell wall protein
extract were further examined after various treatments for their possible
role in agglutination, attachment and appressorium formation by the
mycoparasite. Results obtained by agglutination and attachment tests
showed: (1) the two glycoprotein-s are not only an agglutinin responsible
for the mycoparasite spore agglutination, but may also serve as a receptor for the specific recognition, attachment and appressorium formation by the
mycoparasite; (2) treatment of the rnycoparasite spores with various
sugars revealed that arabinose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine inhibited
the agglutination and attachment activity of the glycoproteins, however,
the relative percentage of appressorium formation was not affected by the
above sugars; (3) the two glycoproteins are relatively stable with respect
to their agglutinin and receptor functions. The present results suggest that
the agglutination and attachment may be mediated directly by certain
sugars present at the host and mycoparasite cell surfaces while the
appressorlum formation may be the response of complementary
combinations of both sugar and protein, the two parts of the glycoproteins
at the interacting surfaces of two fungi.


title: Isolation and partial characterization of a complementary protein from the mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana, which specifically binds to two glycoproteins b and c of the host cell surface

subject:
Glycoproteins.
Host-parasite relationships.
Parasites.

abstract:
Presence of surface glycoprotein in Piptocephalis virginiana that
recognizes the host glycoproteins band c, reported earlier from our
laboratory, was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy.
Germinated spores of P. virginiana treated with Mortierella pusilla cell
wall protein extract, primary antibodies prepared against glycoproteins
band c and FITC-goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugate showed fluorescence.
This indicated that on the surfaces of the biotrophic mycoparasite P.
virginiana , there might be a complementary molecule which recognizes
the glycoproteins band c from M. pusilla. Immunobinding analysis
identified a glycoprotein of Mr 100 kDa from the mycoparasite which
binds with the host glycoproteins band c, separately as well as
collectively. Purification of this glycoprotein was achieved by (i) 60%
ammonium sulfate precipitation, (ii) followed by heat treatment, and
(iii) Sephadex G-IOO gel filtration. The glycoprotein was isolated by
preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by cutting and elution.
The purity of the protein ·was ascertained by SDS-PAGE and Western
blot analysis. Positive reaction to periodic acid-Schiff reagent revealed
the glycoprotein nature of this 100 kDa protein. Mannose was identified
as a major sugar component of this glycoprotein by using a BoehringerMannheim
Glycan Differentiation Kit.
Electrophoretically purified glycoprotein was used to raIse
polyclonal antibody in rabbit. The specificity of the antibody was
determined by dot-immunobinding test and western-blot analysis. Immunofluorescence mIcroscopy revealed surface localization of the
protein on the germ tube of Piptocephalis virginiana. Fluorescence was
also observed at the surfaceJ of the germinated spores and hyphae of the
host, M. pusilla after treatment with complementary protein from P.
virginiana, primary antibody prepared against the complementary
protein and FITC-goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugate.