title: The Integrationist Justification and Private Prisons

contributor:
Waluchow, W.J.
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract:
Many of the arguments surrounding the privatization of prisons are based on pragmatic considerations, while others are based on more controversial moral principles. It is the latter type of argument, which focuses on the legitimacy of private prisons that I am interested in exploring in this thesis. Given the number of practical problems associated with these types of facilities, (i.e. mismanagement, abuse of inmates) establishing that there is something in principle problematic with this delegation of state power would make for a much stronger case.
 It appears that most theorists, who are that private prisons are illegitimate, do not establish a strong line of argument. Rather, they simply state that it is offensive to public interests to have profit considerations mix with criminal punishment, or that this is a government power that ought not be delegated or, last but not least, some claim that such a practice weakens the moral integrity of society. The problem with each of these arguments is that their authors tend to state the point, rather than provide a sophisticated philosophical argument for their claims.
 In a recent paper by Alon Harel entitled, "Why Only the State May Inflict Criminal Sanctions: The Case Against Privately Inflicted Sanctions," we are given a more sophisticated argument against the privatization of prisons. HareI's argument employs an "Integrationist Justification" of punishment. This thesis is a response to his paper and I argue that despite some of the intuitively appealing premises upon which Harel's argument is based, he fails to show that in principle, private prisons are problematic. Although, I determine that from an integrationist perspective it is likely that these facilities are problematic in practice.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Karst Geomorphology of the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario

contributor:
Ford, D.C.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract:
This is the first detailed examination of the karst geomorphology of the Bruce Peninsula. It attempts to review all aspects including pavement phenomena and formation (microkarst features), surface and subsurface karst hydrology (meso to macro scale) and water chemistry. The latter is based on over 250 samples collected in 1973 and 1974.

The dolomite pavement is the best example of its kind that has been described in the literature. It covers much of the northern and eastern parts of the peninsula and can be differentiated into three types based on karren assemblages. Two of these are a product of lithology and the third reflects local environmental controls. The Amabel Formation produces characteristic karren such as rundkarren, hohlkarren, meanderkarren, clint and grike, kamentizas and rillenkarren on glacially abraded biohermal structures. The Guelph Formation develops into a very irregular, often cavernous surface with clint and grike and pitkarren as the only common recognizable karren. The third assemblage is characterized by pitkarren and is found only in the Lake Huron littoral zone. Biological factors are believed to have played a major role in the formation of the pavement. Vegetation supplies humic acids which help boost the solution process and helps to maintain a wet surface. This tends to prolong solution and permit the development of karren with rounded lips and bottoms.

Three types of drainage other than normal surface runoff are found on the Bruce. These are partial underground capture of surface streams, complete underground capture (fluvio-karst), and wholly vertical drainage without stream action (holokarst). Holokarst covers most of the northern and eastern edge of the peninsula along the top of the escarpment. Inland it is replaced by fluvial drainage, some of which has been, or is in the process of being captured. Four perennial streams and one lake disappear into sinkholes. These range from very simple channel capture and resurgence, as shown by a creek east of Wiarton, to more mature and complex cave development of the St. Edmunds cave near Tobermory. Partial underground capture represents the first stage of karst drainage. This was found to occur in one major river well inland of the fluvio-karst and probably occurs in other streams as well. This chapter also examines the possible future karst development of the Bruce and other karst feature such as isolated sinks and sea caves.

The water chemistry presented in Chapter 5 represents the most complete data set from southern Ontario. It is examined on a seasonal basis as well as grouped into classes representing water types (streams, Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, inland lakes, swamps, diffuse springs and conduit springs). The spring analyses are also fitted into climatic models of limestone solution based on data from other regions of North America. It was found that solution rates in southern Ontario are very substantial. Total hardness ranges from 150 to 250 ppm (expressed as CaCO3) in most lakes and streams and up to 326 ppm in springs. These rates compare with more southerly latitudes. The theoretical equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 was found to be the most significant chemical variable for comparing solution on different kinds of carbonates and between glaciated and non-glaciated regions. Expect for diffuse flow springs and Lake Huron, the Bruce data do not separate easily into water types using either graphical or statistical (i.e. Linear Discriminant Analysis) analyses. This is partly because of the seasonality of the data and because of the intimate contact all waters have with bedrock.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: A Study of the Effects of Experimental Techniques on Pool Boiling of Nanofluids

contributor:
Hamed, Mohamed S.
Mechanical Engineering

subject:
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
Pool boiling of nanofluids has been studied in the past decade and contradicting results have been found. Several parameters have been investigated, the most popular being the nanofluid concentration. The investigations in the literature have been carried out under different conditions. The effects of method of nanofluid preparation, pH value and boiling duration on the Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) and nanoparticle deposition have not been thoroughly investigated.
 An experimental investigation has been carried out to investigate such effects and the effect of nanofluids concentration on the HTC and nanoparticle deposition. A flat copper surface with a mirror-finish (Ra = 50 - 150 nm) has bee n used as the boiling surface. Using a nanofluid prepared from a ready-made suspension showed to have a similar HTC to a nanofluid prepared from dry nanoparticles at a neutral pH value. Reducing the pH value of the nanofluids prepared from dry particles gave different responses in HTC at different concentrations. At 0.01 vol. % concentration the HTC decreased due to change in base fluid properties, at 0.1 vol. % the HTC increased due to enhanced electrostatic stabilisation, and no change took place at 0.5 vol. % due to a high intensity of nanoparticle deposition. Increasing the concentration of the nanofluids resulted in a reduction in HTC, higher nanoparticle deposition as well as a faster rate of deposition on the surface.
 The effect of concentration on nanoparticle deposition has been studied by boiling water on nanoparticle deposited surfaces after boiling nanofluids. This approach has shown that nanoparticle deposition from boiling a higher concentration nanofluid gives a higher HTC, which is opposite to expectations. This approach has also shown that the surface condition depends on the intensity of the deposition as well as its uniformity.
 An analysis has been carried out using the Rohsenow correlation to quantify the effect of nanoparticle deposition on the heat transfer. Prediction of the boiling heat transfer of nanofluids may be used by adopting a transient surface factor in the Rohsenow correlation.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: THE EFFECT OF SEX AND MIXABILITY ON THE EVOLUTION OF AN IDEALIZED GENETIC NETWORK

contributor:
Dushoff, Jonathan
Computational Engineering and Science

subject:
Computational Engineering and Science
Computational Engineering
Computational Engineering

abstract:
Why sexual reproduction and recombination are prevalent among living organisms is one of the most intriguing questions in biology. It has been studied extensively from a multitude of perspectives ranging from multi-locus population genetics models, in-vivo and more recently in-silico systems. The analysis of complex metabolic networks in living organisms reveals that they can be decomposed into several functionally distinct sub-groups, called modules. This property of modular organization has been accepted as a general organizational feature of biological networks, and has important consequences for the evolution of biologically complex features through different combinations of simpler functions. In this light it has been shown that sexual populations can develop a form of modularity on the genetic level, called mixability, where alleles are selected for their ability to function under a wide variety of genetic contexts, much like a module.

However the functional implications of mixability still remain to be seen. We wish to assess whether mixability can develop in a simplified model of populations undergoing evolution for increased biological complexity through the construction of their genomes into simple metabolic chains. We modelled the fitness and growth of complexity in sexual and asexual populations in the presence of recurrent mutations which increase the ability of genes to interact with one another. Our results show that mixability is selected for in sexual populations when genetic diversity is high and under certain conditions gives sexual populations a competitive edge over asexual populations through increased genetic complexity. This provides a starting point for examining the effect of mixability upon growing genetic networks and its role in influencing larger scale modularity, which thus far has not been significantly explored.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Anchored Near Surface Mounted Bars

contributor:
Razaqpur, A.G.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
To delay the onset of delamination and to ensure the CFRP continues to supply strength after initial delamination of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted CFRP bars, a new mechanical anchoring system was developed and tested in this investigation. The anchors were integrally connected to the CFRP bars and extracted from a proprietary product commonly known as NEFMAC. The anchored bars were installed by cutting grooves into the concrete cover, boring holes at anchor locations and using epoxy to bond the strengthening bars to the groove surfaces.

 A total of seven simply-supported reinforced concrete beams were tested in fourpoint bending to study the effectiveness of the proposed anchoring system. One beam served as a control specimen, two beams were strengthened with unanchored near surface mounted bars and the remaining four beams were strengthened with the anchored bars. As an exploratory study two of the four anchored beams were also strengthened with anchored near surface mounted CFRP transverse bars to determine if the system is an acceptable substitute for internal steel stirrups.

 Results of this study reveal that the anchors can delay delamination and after initial delamination, the anchored beams continued to carry the applied load whereas the unanchored beams lost strength immediately following concrete cover delamination. Although there was not a significant gain in flexural capacity in the anchored beams relative to the unanchored beams, the improved ductility provided by the new system shows promise. Further investigation is needed to determine the number of anchors needed, depth of penetration, size and location of such anchors to achieve composite behaviour between the strengthening bars and the reinforced concrete section.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Phylogenetic, Biochemical and Structural Comparisons Show a Putative Phosphobase N-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana to be a Homolog of Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase

contributor:
Cameron, Robin
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract:
Phosphocholine is a precursor of free choline and phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in non-plastid plant membranes (Moore, 1976). Phosphocholine synthesis in several plants studied to date occurs via a phosphobase route using water-soluble intermediates (Hanson and Rhodes, 1983). In this pathway, three sequential N-methylations of phosphoethanolamine catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (P-EAMeT) produces phosphocholine.

Arabidopsis has three P-EAMeT-like enzymes annotated as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent N-methyltransferases (NMTs). These three proteins share greater than 84% identity at the amino acid level. Two of the genes encoding these enzymes, NMT1 and NMT2, have been cloned from Arabidopsis and the proteins they encode shown to catalyze the three reactions required to convert phosphoethanolamine into phosphocholine (Bolognese et al., 2000; Begora et al., 2010). The objective of this work is to detennine if the third gene, NMT3, also encodes a phosphobase methyltransferase.

Phylogenetic analyses of the Arabidopsis NMT proteins and related plant sequences suggest that a full-length NMT3 should methylate all three phosphobases to synthesize phosphocholine. Moreover, homology modelling predicts a highly conserved teltiary structure for NMT1 and NMT3 as well as spinach and wheat P-EAMeT enzymes. A cDNA encoding the N-teminal half of NMT3 was cloned and used to assay for phosphobase activity. In vitro assays showed this portion of NMT3 to methylate phosphoethanolamine, confirming that NMT3 is a P-EAMeT enzyme.

A mutant deficient in transcripts associated with NMT3 shows an early-flowering phenotype but no apparent alterations in phospholipid membrane composition relative to wild-type plants. Together these results suggest that NMT3 expression is not required for phosphatidylcholine production but somehow a deficiency in this gene product accelerates the transition to reproductive development. Future work is needed to clone the full length NMT3 and further characterization of NMT3 deficient plants may offer insight into the role of NMT3 in plant development.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Precipitation of Intermetallic Phases from Rapidly Solidifying Aluminum Alloys

contributor:
Malakhov, Dmitri V.
Materials Science and Engineering

subject:
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract:
Despite all efforts during the last 30-40 years, the formation of metastable Fe-rich and Si-rich intermetallics in dilute aluminum alloys is still an unsolved mystery. Based on the equilibrium Al-Fe-Si phase diagram, in dilute aluminum alloys only one equilibrium intermetallic, namely Al13Fe4, is expected. It is known, however, that a rapid solidification, i.e. solidification at a high cooling rate, results in dozens of metastable phases seen in the as-cast alloys. It is firmly established that the greater the cooling rate (i.e. the rate of heat extraction), the greater the supercooling (supersaturation) achieved in the course of solidification.

Understanding the nature and a sequence of formation of these intermetallic phases precipitating from the supersaturated melt is at the centre of this research. In fact, this endeavor was launched to answer the following fundamental question: "What governs the formation of intermetallic c phases from a rapidly solidifying alloys, in general, and from aluminum alloys, in particular?" Prior to starting this investigation, it was believed that the concept of the driving forces for the beginning of precipitation originated by Miroshnichenko, Cahn and Hillert, could be used to explain experimental findings. Was that belief justified? Although a definite answer to this question has not been found, there are strong indications that the concept is likely operative, although it has to be refined by taking into account the surface energies.

To evaluate applicability of this concept to the formation of Fe-rich and Si-rich intermetallics in aluminum alloys, in this research an array of experimental information related to microstructures of as-cast alloys having different compositions are obtained. Then, the collected experimental results are interpreted using the concept of the driving forces for the beginning of precipitation.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: SOLID-STATE NMR STUDIES OF PROTON DYNAMICS IN NAFION / INORGANIC COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

contributor:
Goward, G .R.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
The demand of energy is always increasing with continued growth of the human population. As mankind relies on oil as the main source of energy, which is finite and yet produces toxic by-products. The importance of alternative green energy sources cannot be underestimated. Fuel cells are an alternative source of green energy due to its high efficiency, without compromising the environment. In particular, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are one of the most highly sought-after fuel cells as a result of their application in the automobile industry reduce exhaust emissions.

However, the life span and performance of PEMFCs are currently hampered by polymer degradation and high operating temperatures. In order to overcome these problems, various inorganic materials have been selected to be incorporated into the polymer electrolyte membrane. Nafion® is the polymer electrolyte investigated in this thesis.

This thesis documents the work involved in two separate projects with the common goals of enhancing overall Nafion performance: 1) doping of Nafion with Cel Mn oxides in order to improve Nafion durability and lifetime and 2) doping of Nafion with PWA to improve Nafion conductivity. Solid state NMR is the main technique used
throughout the investigation of these studies.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Dionysian Distance: Reading Nietzsche with Jean-Luc Marion

contributor:
Kroeker, Travis
Religious Studies

subject: Religion Religion

abstract: This thesis explores the Dionysian currents in the work of Friedrich Nietzsche through the motifs identified by Catholic philosopher Jean-Luc Marion. Marion's study of Nietzsche, conducted primarily in his text The Idol and Distance, focuses on the interest the latter took in sounding out the idols of the metaphysical tradition. Marion suggests that Nietzsche allows the reader to imagine the possibility of a non-idolatrous encounter with the divine, one characterized by, and taking place across, distance. The remainder of the thesis investigates this claim. First, it looks at Nietzsche's style of writing - a philosophical poetics marked by playful and dangerous experimeritation - in order to suggest that the style itself opens up distance in his work by fostering receptivity and personal abandon. Second, it studies Thus Spoke Zarathustra in order to notice how this important text promotes abandon, receptivity and praise as alternatives to idolatry. In reading Nietzsche through the work of Jean-Luc Marion, this paper contributes to the body of scholarship that considers Nietzsche a deeply religious figure, and questions the sharp distinction between Nietzsche's Dionysus and the Christ.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Comparison of Downscaled RCM and GCM data for Hydrologic Impact Assessment

contributor:
Coulibaly, Paulin
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract: From observations of increases in global average air and oceanic temperatures, melting of polar ice and significant increases in net anthropogenic radiative forcing, it is clear our global climate system is undergoing substantial warming (IPCC, 2007). A key area of concern for hydrologists and engineers alike is to determine how this warming will affect various hydrologic processes. To date, climate change impact studies have generally involved the downscaling of large-scale atmospheric predictors with the result then being input into a hydrological model to see how flow in a river/basin will change under various future climate change scenarios. Although many studies have been completed using large scale global climate model (GCM) data, few studies have shown the strength of regional climate models (RCM). In this work, a comparison between the effectiveness of using CRCM4.2 vs. CGCM3.1 data in a climate change impact study (climate forcing under the SRES A2 climate scenario) is considered. The study area is the Chute-du-Diable sub-basin located within the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Watershed in Quebec, Canada. Downscaled results are compared with observed meteorological data for the years 1961-1990 at the Chute-des-Passes (CDP) and Chute-du-Diable (CD D) weather stations; and flow is simulated in the Mistassibi River and the Chute-du-Diable reservoir. A regression technique (SDSM) and a dynamic artificial neural network model (Time lagged feed-forward neural network (TLFN)) are used for downscaling the CRCM4.2 and CGCM3.1 data, and the HBV2005 hydrological modeling system is used for simulating flows in the watershed. For the current period (1961-1990), downscaling results reveal that downscaled CRCM4.2 is closer to observed meteorological data at both CDD and CDP stations than downscaled CGCM3.1 is. The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and Levene test reveal that regardless of the climate model, both TLFN and SDSM are capable of capturing the monthly means and variance of precipitation and temperature. Statistical results reveal that TLFN is best for downscaling temperature and SDSM is best for downscaling precipitation. With respect to the future climate scenario, regardless of the climate model or the downscaling method, a 1 to 3 ° C increase in annual mean maximum temperature and a 1 to 4°C increase in annual mean minimum temperature are predicted for the 2050s future period. In the case for precipitation, the CRCM4.2 model shows increases in annual precipitation will vary from 1 to 7% in the 2050s regardless of the downscaling method used. The CGCM3.1 model on the other hand, shows increases in annual precipitation ranging from 15 to 23% regardless of the downscaling method employed. Additionally, simulations of river flows and reservoir inflows reveals significant changes in mean flow will occur as a result of the warming trend. Simulations show that for both SDSM and TLFN, CRCM4.2 and CGCM3.1 show an increase in river flow and reservoir flows throughout all seasons except for the summer where reduction of flow is observed. Annually, at the Chute-du-Diable reservoir mean flow changes vary from a 16-28% increase in the 2050s and at the Mistassibi River annual mean flow changes vary from a 12-62% increase. In all cases CGCM3.1 model shows a larger increasing trend than the CRCM4.2 model.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Understanding the Passport Experience: Can Inclusion and Neoliberal Principles Coexist?

contributor:
Schormans, Ann Fudge
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
Of relevance to the field of intellectual disabilities is the interest in service provision that increases community inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. In response to this interest the provincial government has recently developed individualized funding models of service provision for people with intellectual disabilities (i.e. the Passport program). The implementation of the Passport program has raised questions for the researcher about the effectiveness of individualized funding programs to increase overall inclusion in communities. In particular the researcher was interested in exploring how Passport recipients and their caregivers experience this shift is service provision.

Reviews of literature related to individualized models of support in other regions have indicated that the move to individualized service can sometimes support larger neoliberal shifts in social service provision. Results indicated that the Passport recipients and their caregivers experienced increased opportunities for inclusion, as was indicated by increased opportunities for social relationships at various levels. But, the experience of positive emotional effects from social inclusion was diminished by consumeristic neoliberal influences on service provision that do not challenge societal attitudes about disability thereby the marginalization of people with intellectual disabilities.

The results inform a need for social work to attribute more value to the lives of people with intellectual disabilities and their families by increasing opportunities for self determination through the promotion of self-advocacy and fostering relationships of value among people with and without disabilities. Results also warn against the erosion of service quantity and quality that accompanies shifts in service delivery which place value on neoliberal principles rather than principles of inclusion.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: Drosophila Integrins Act in Conjunction with Robo to Establish Heart Cell Polarity

contributor:
Jacobs, Roger J.
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: The Drosophila heart arises from the migration and subsequent fusion of bilateral rows of cardioblasts into a single dorsal vessel at the midline. Previous studies have demonstrated that the coordinated migration, and formation of a lumen in the Drosophila heart requires signalling by Slit, which is secreted by the cardioblasts and binds to Robo receptors on the same cells. Cardioblasts also express a single Integrin dimer, αPS3/βPS1, and as key factors in cell migration and cell-matrix adhesion, are required for assembly of the heart. Embryos heterozygous for a null allele of slit or scab have normal heart development however when gene dosage in the Slit and Integrin pathways are altered simultaneously more than additive effects such as delayed migration of cardial cells, cell clumping and midline crossing, suggest that the two pathways intersect upon a common function. This thesis demonstrates that reduced Integrin function delays the acquisition of cell polarity by heart cells and prevents lumen formation. Furthermore, localization of Robo to the heart lumen requires Integrin function , and reciprocally, Robo function is required for proper Integrin distribution. These findings support a role for Integrins working in conjunction with Robo in the establishment of heart cell polarity and revealed the complexity of this interaction.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: An Improved Response, Computer Based ץ-ray Spectrometer System

contributor:
Kennett, T. J.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: This thesis is intended to document a gamma ray spectrometer that has been under development for several years. Some recent improvements in the background continuum are described here and include rise time discrimination of the Ge (Li) detector pulses and rejection of bremsstrahlung degraded events. The experimental arrangement also allowed a study to be made of the individual background components and the results are presented here. In addition a pulse height analyzer was designed for used with the spectrometer. The design was based around a NOVA mini-computer and its hardware and software features are completely described.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Protesting the "Protest": Understanding "Non-Native" Reactions and Responses to the Six Nations Land "Occupation and Protest" in Caledonia, Ontario

contributor:
Coleman, Will
Political Science

subject:
Political Science
Political Science

abstract: The Six Nations land "occupation and protest" in Caledonia, Ontario, provides an important case study through which to better understand the attitudes and responses of local "non-Native" peoples to "Native" land disputes. This study explores the ways in which the residents of Caledonia think about the Six Nations claim that encompasses the land subject to the "occupation"; the ways in which the provincial and federal governments responded to the "occupation"; the tactical. activism that was employed to buttress the land claim; the response of the Ontario Provincial Police to the "occupation"; and the perception that there has been an iniquitous application of the rule of law between "Natives" and "non-Natives" leading to a system of "two tier justice" in Caledonia. This study also examines how the discourse of opposition employed by the residents of Caledonia towards the "occupation" is embedded in the liberal democratic notion of equality. I argue that vehement opposition to the Six Nations' land claim stems from the residents' desire to preserve their own economic interests, which they think would otherwise be threatened by Six Nations ownership of the disputed property. I found that the tactical activism employed by "protestors" created more tension, hostility, and concern for the residents of Caledonia than the Six Nations claim to the disputed property. Lastly, I found that many residents believe they would have been as hostile towards any group that closed down their roads and inconvenienced their daily lives, as they were with the Six Nations. Although opposition to the "occupation" was tempered by racism on the part of some individuals, I argue the concept of racism does not adequately explain the opposition arising from all individuals. Instead, opposition to the "occupation" is primarily grounded in the rhetoric of equality. The case of Caledonia is important because the "occupation and protest" has had lasting impacts on individuals from both the Six Nations and Caledonia. It has also damaged the previous harmonious and amicable relationship between the Six Nations and Caledonian communities. As well, the climate of "non-Native" public opinions towards "Native" Peoples and issues can act as a vehicle or an impediment to the settlement of "Native" land claims and the decolonization of "Native" Peoples from the state. Thus, it is important to understand the nature of local public opinions since they could impact the ability of the Six Nations to achieve swift and fair settlements to their land claims throughout the Haldimand Tract.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Mapping the Western Grenville Province: Using Neodymium Isotopic Analysis Accompanied by Spatial Information to Construct a More Accurate Geological Map

contributor:
Dickin, A.P.
Earth and Environmental Sciences

subject:
Earth Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Earth Sciences

abstract:
Geochronological study of the Grenville Province has been an ongoing project at McMaster for the past 20 years. Over 1,500 orthogenesis samples have been collected from a 700,000 square kilometer region, and geochemically analyzed for Neodymium model ages. This vast area has been subjected to multiple accretion and ductile deformation episodes, creating great geological complexity.

The two mam belts of the Grenville Province are the Allochthonous Belt, consisting of terranes which were laterally transported by the Grenville orogeny, and the underlying Parautochthonous Belt. The boundary separating these two major belts is termed the Allochthon Boundary Thrust (ABT) and represents the northwesterly limit of major crustal movement during the Grenville orogeny. Due to the high degree of exhumation of mid to lower crustal levels, identification of the ABT is difficult within Southwestern Ontario. As a result, lithological maps, such as the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) map of the Grenville Province created by Davidson (1998), do not correctly identify sections of the ABT. In addition, impOliant geological features such as structural outliers (klippen) of the Allochthonous belt are not correctly identified. Along much of its length the ABT defines the boundary between Archean- Paleoproterozoic (> 1.8 Ga) and the Paleo- Mesoproterozoic «1.8 Ga) crust. Therefore, by measuring the isotopic composition of either side of the ABT the boundary can be clearly defined.

Previously collected Nd isotope data were plotted on ESRI's Geographical Information System (GIS) and digitally represented. Interpolation based on sample age distribution was conducted to assess completeness of the data set. Interpolation techniques included triangulated irregular networks, inverse distance weighting, and kriging, which were used to obtain global and localized trends. This approach highlighted discrepancies between geological and geospatial interpretation, therefore highlighting areas which needed additional sampling.

Nd-model analysis of olihogneiss from four areas collected within Northeastern Ontario and Southwestern Quebec have provided additional information to this interpolation process. Through the addition of these samples the boundaries of the ABT and klippen have become much more precise. Digital mapping of the terranes of the Grenville Province through integration of the aforementioned techniques has provided an improved understanding to the geological history of the Grenville Orogeny.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Agon and Homonoia: The Dynamics of Competition and Community in the Panhellenic Sanctuary

contributor:
Corner, Sean
Classics

subject: Classics Classics

abstract:
The aim of this thesis has been to explore agonism, and the relationship of individual and collective in Classical Greece, through the lens of athletic competition at the panhellenic sanctuaries. This study moves beyond the presumed dichotomy of agon and homonoia upon which the standard view of agonism in modern scholarship has been predicated to explore the ways in which agonism functions precisely within and is structured by polis society, even as the polis must negotiate constantly between the interests of collective and individual.

The evidence of both athlete and polis commemorations of athletic victory suggests a dynamic tension between promoting the self and remaining, and identifying oneself as, a member of a community. When appropriately channeled into civic benefaction and mutual advantage, agonism enables the self-interest ofthe individual to function within and remain structured by the polis; when it is not channeled in this way, it creates conflict and stasis. Just as in the relationship of athlete and polis, so too the interaction of poleis with each other in the panhellenic sanctuary reveals a tension between the desires for self-promotion and membership in the collective. This creates for poleis an ambivalent dynamic of at once mutual striving and competitive distinction within a common landscape that brings local values, mythologies and heroes to the attention of a panheUenic audience.

Rather than equating agonism strictly with conflict or commonality then, this study appreciates agonism as a fundamental aspect of Greek life that was both a product of and productive of rivalry and emulation at the level of athlete and polis, and polis and panhellenic community. The evidence of both athlete and polis monuments suggest that the realization of competition as peer rivalry and emulation allowed room for distinction as predicated on commonality and civic benefit, rather than individualism and egoism.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Characterization of Biomaterial-Bone Interfaces with Transmission Electron Microscopy

contributor:
Botton, Gianluigi
Materials Engineering

subject:
Materials Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract:
Understanding the interfacial reactions to synthetic bone regenerative scaffolds in vivo is fundamental for improving osseointegration and osteogenesis. Using transmission electron microscopy, it is possible to study the biological response of hydroxyapatite
(HA) and zirconia (ZrO2) scaffolds at the nanometer scale. Using this technique, the
bone-bonding abilities of HA and ZrO2 scaffolds produced by free form fabrication were evaluated in the human maxilla at 3 and 7-months. A novel focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation technique enabled the production of thin lamellae for study by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Interface regions were investigated using high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis and Z-contrast electron tomography. The absence of an interfacial apatite layer in the ZrO2 samples suggests the formation of a direct contact with bone, while HA bonds through an apatite layer that shows indications of resorption with increasing implantation time. Interfacial apatite layers of 80 and 50nm thickness were noted in the 3 and 7-month HA samples, respectively and bone growth was discovered in micropores up to 10μm into the samples. Viewing this structure in three dimensions enabled us to observe the nanometer differences in orientation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the collagen matrix of the bone and crystals precipitated on the implant surface. This study demonstrates the potential of hydroxyapatite and zirconia scaffolds for use as bone regenerative materials.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL MOLECULES USING TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF ASTROCHEMISTRY

contributor:
Terlollw, Johan K.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract:
Ionized and neutral forms of small organic molecules containing nitrogen and/or oxygen have always intrigued experimental and theoretical chemists the world over. The reason is that such molecules could play a vital role in interstellar chemistry, potentially giving rise to larger homologues of groups such as sugars and other organic classes such as amino acids. Therefore, the chemistries of the ionic and neutral counterparts of these species are of considerable interest in the context of astrochemistry and prebiotic synthesis.

The ions studied in this thesis were generated in the rarefied gas phase of the mass spectrometer by electron ionization of carefully selected precursor molecules. The reactivity and structural characterization of these species were probed using a variety of tandem mass spectrometry based techniques. These include the acquisition of metastable ion (MI) mass spectra to study the dissociation chemistry of low energy ions and (multiple) collision experiments to establish the atom co nnectivity of such species. The structure and stability of the neutral counterparts of these ions was probed by using the technique of neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry (NRMS). Theoretical findings derived from CBS-QB3 and CBS-APNO model chemistries formed an essential component in the interpretation of experimental observations.

The above approach was used to study proton transport catalys is by water in the isomerization of ionized glycolaldehyde, HOCH2CHO•+, into its enol ion HOCH=CHOH•+,A mechanistic anal ys is using the CBS-QB3 model chemistry reveals that an alternative pathway involves ionized glycolaldehyde rearranging into a hydrogen-bridged radical cation consisting of a ketene ion CH2=C=O•+ interacting with two water molecules. The water component of this ion then catalyzes the interconversion of HOCH2CHO•+ into CH2=C(OH)2•+, the enol of acetic acid. Tandem mass spectrometry based studies reveal that a mixture of C2H4O2•+ ions are generated out of which CH2=C(OH)2•+ is the major component.

Next, the ionic and neutral C2H2O2 potential energy surfaces were studied using CBSQB3/APNO model chemistries. In other words, we probed the stability and reactivity of various ionic and neutral C2H2O2 isomers, particul arly the HNC dimer HN=C=C=NH (ethenediimine) and H2N-C-C=N (aminocyanocarbene). They were generated from stable precursor molecules i.e. HN=C=C=NH from xanthine and H2N-C-C=N from aminomalononitrile. NRMS experiments reveal that the neutral counterparts of these species are stable in the rarefied gas phase. Another precursor molecule, diaminomaleonitrile, is shown to generate HN=C=C=NH•+ after HCN loss from the hydrogen-bridged radical cation [HNC•••H2N-C-C=N]•+ via a remarkable quid-pro-quo catalysis.

In a similar manner, the stability of the ionic and neutral forms of the HCN dimer, HC=N-N=CH, was probed. The pertinent ion was generated from ionized stetrazine via elimination of N2. Us ing CBS-QB3/APNO model chemistries, the mechanism for its generation was probed and confirmed. However, HC=N-N=CH•+ is found to be generated with sufficient internal energy to facilitate its rearrangement into the more stable HC=N-C(=N)H•+ ion. This nitrene ion was separately generated from striazine. Collision experiments were used to characterize the ionic species . Despite the stability of the ionic species, NRMS experiments showed their neutral counterparts not to be stable in the gas phase.

The final component of this work deals with the generation and characterization of various isomers of ionized N-methylethenediimine CH3N=C=C=NH•+ and N, N-dimethylethenediimine CH3N=C=C=NH3•+. Ionized theophylline and paraxanthine were proposed to generate m/z 68 CH3N=C=C=NH•+ ions.

Theory and experimental obse rvations reveal that theophylline co-generates CH3N=C=C=NH•+ with its 1,4-H shift isomer, CH2N=C=C(H)=NH•+, where the neutral counterpart of the latter is found to be kinetically more stable than that of the former. Paraxanthine is found to generate isomerically pure CH3N=C=C=NH•+ ions. Ionized smethyItetraz ine was proposed to generate another m/z 68 isomer presumed to be CH3N=C=C=NH•+. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that these ions are generated with sufficient internal energy to transform into various other isomers generating a mixture of m/z 68 ions, out of which, a majority do not have stable neutral counterparts in the gas phase. N,N-dimethylethenediimine CH3N=C=C=NCH3•+ ions were generated from ionized caffeine. Analogous to the m/z 68 ions from theophylline, these ions were found to be generated in admixture with its 1,4-H shift isomer, CH3N=C=C=NCH3•+. Theory shows that these species do not readily interconvert as ions. However, as neutral species, they readily isomerize resulting in a mixture of stable neutral isomers as seen fro m relevant NRMS experiments.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: DEVELOPMENT OF SOL-GEL-BASED BIOACTIVE PAPER SENSING PLATFORMS TOWARD NEUROTOXIN DETECTION

contributor:
Brennan, John D.
Chemistry

subject: Chemistry Chemistry

abstract: We report on a new solid-phase colorimetric bioassay format based on enzyme-catalyzed enlargement of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) that are coentrapped with the enzyme in a sol-gel based silica material. Biocatalysed hydrolysis of the enzyme substrate, acetylthiocholine (ATCh) leads to formation of thiocholine, which in turn reduces Au(III) onto the entrapped nanoparticles, producing particle growth and a concomitant increase in color intensity that can be correlated to the amount of substrate or inhibitor present in test solutions. The entrapped AuNP cannot leach from the silica material, leading to a solid-phase assay that has the potential to be integrated into a portable biosensing platform that can utilize visual detection of a color change as a simple readout. Toward this end, we cast an AChE-doped silica material onto a 40%MTMS/TMOS functionalized paper substrate to form the portable biosensor. Treatment with 40%MTMS/TMOS affords a more uniform paper surface allowing for more reproducible enzyme loading and better control over liquid penetration. Our results show that the assay is sufficiently sensitive to allow for detection of Paroxon to 1 μM. For automated sensor fabrication, we investigated piezoelectric inkjet printing of enzyme doped silica sols. A unique sandwich type fabr ication technique was devised whereby sol-gel materials (at stable pH) and the bio-materials were printed separately and in layers so that AChE was sandwiched between layers of silica to form the sensor. For these biosensors, a standard Ellman assay was used to monitor AChE activity with the cationic polymer, PVAm (polyvinylamine, 1.5 MDa), employed to trap and preserve the colored anionic product molecules (5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate) over a finite region. With this novel approach, a series of Paraoxon and Aflatoxin BI levels were assessed and it was determined that these compounds can be detected to 100 nM and 1 nM respectively, in ca. 5 min. The paper-based, colorimetric sensing platforms presented in this thesis are simple, cost-effective, portable, user-friendly, and need neither sophisticated instruments nor additional handling steps. Detection can be made by eye or by digital camera and image analysis software.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: The generalized Coates-Sinnott Conjecture for some families of cubic extensions of number fields

contributor:
Kolster, Manfred
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract: Let E/k be an S3 extension of totally real number fields with quadratic subextension F/k. The generalized Coates-Sinnott conjecture predicts that for n ≥ 2, the integralized Stickelberger element wn(E)θE/F(1-n) attached to the cyclic cubic extension E/F should annihilate the p-part of H2Μ(ΟE, Z(n)) for all primes p. We show this to be true for all p ≠ 2, 3.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Organic Photovoltaic Spectral Coverage Improvement

contributor:
Preston, John S.
Loutfy, Rafik
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract:
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Methods for improving spectral absorption and efficiency of phthalocyanine based organic photovoltaic devices were investigated. New structures including simple tandem architectures and a novel heteromorphic phthalocyanine (MPc) device were investigated and characterized. The addition of an interlayer of MPc was shown to improve efficiencies of solution based bulk heterojunction devices due to improved open circuit voltage (Voe) and spectral absorption. Solvent treatment has been shown to be an effective method for extending absorpt ion characteristics of trivalent and tetravalent phthalocyanine based solar cells into the near infrared due to polymorphic conversion. Heteromorphic devices incorporating two distinct polymorphs of the same MPc resulted in optimal device characteristics while retaining relative simplicity in fabrication techniques. In this configuration, short circuit current density (Jsc) was enhanced considerably while Voe retained an intermediary voltage between both the

control and fully treated devices. Improved spectral response at longer wavelengths had a direct impact on Jsc in solvent t reated devices and was a key factor in improved device efficiency. Characterization of new device structures was performed using current-voltage (I-V) measurements, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SENI).

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: The Impact of Incarceration on Women

contributor:
Preston, Sandra
Social Work

subject:
Social Work
Social Work

abstract:
This research explores the impact of incarceration on women, including Aboriginal women in Ontario and in Canada. Twelve years working and volunteering in the area of women in conflict with the law led to my professional observation that incarceration exacerbated the problems women faced after they left prison. Secondly, that any attempt to help rather than further harm them must be based on an intersecting analysis that takes into account their race, class, and gender-related oppressions, given that most of these women are racialized, live in poverty, are solo parents, live with addictions, are survivors of childhood, familial and partner abuse and are in many ways marginalized. Furthermore, this observation suggested the need for a interpretive antioppressive research approach to take into account women's first-hand accounts of the problems women faced, such as poverty, abuse and discrimination that led to their incarceration in the first place.

With regard to methodology, two focus groups of formerly incarcerated women were asked to share their experiences before, during and after incarceration. Participants were also asked what changes they thought were needed that might have been helpful to prevent their incarceration, while they were incarcerated and post-incarceration. It is important to state from the outset that focus group responses overwhelmingly came through the lens of Aboriginal women, hence, the need to consider both western and Aboriginal Restorative Justice alternatives.

The group fmdings corroborate decades of research on the systemic abuse of incarcerated women. Secondly, the findings reinforce the longstanding call for costly and unaccountable 'superjails' to be largely replaced by cost-effective community-based alternatives to incarceration, namely western and Aboriginal Restorative Justice (RJ) preventative programs such as those currently provided by E. Fry Hamilton-Branch.

An analysis of western and Aboriginal RJ Justice alternatives to incarceration from an intersecting anti-oppressive perspective suggests that they have much greater potential to meet the needs of women in conflict with the law than the current punitive and retributive prison system. That said, their potential is severely limited by factors
including a chronic lack of funding and the inappropriate use of RJ programs, particularly in cases of intimate gendered violence. In short, an intersecting perspective suggests that the current federal policy to 'embrace' RJ must be based on a framework that takes into account redistributive, woman-centred and culturally-sensitive RJ values. These would provide educational upgrading, employment training, substance abuse treatment, housing and counselling to pull these women out of poverty, addictions and abusive relationships when they leave prison.

abstract: Master of Social Work (MSW)


title: 3-D Medical Image Interpolation Based on Context Classification

contributor:
Shirani, Shahram
Wu, Xiaolin
Electrical and Computer Engineering

subject:
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
This thesis is concerned with interpolation along the Z-axis for application in medical imaging and increasing out-of plane resolution of 3-D medical image sets. Interpolation along the Z-axis is an essential task in clinical studies for better diagnosis and analysis of body organs and their functions. It is also necessary when sets of images with different out-of plane resolutions should be analyzed together.

The first part of the thesis discusses a 3-D interpolation method based on a piece-wise autoregressive model that has been already proven to be efficient for 2-D image interpolation. The 3-D image set is modeled as a 3-D piece-wise autoregressive model and the model parameters are estimated within a cube that slides through the low resolution image set.

The major part of this thesis is devoted to a new interpolation algorithm, called contextbased 3-D interpolation. The proposed method represents a new approach of aiding 3-D interpolation and improving its performance by efficient use of domain knowledge about the anatomy, orientation and imaging modalities. In the new approach a family of adaptive 3-D interpolation filters are designed and conditioned on different spatial contexts (classes of feature vectors). Training is used to incorporate the domain knowledge into the design of these interpolators. Experimental results show significant improvement of the new approach over some existing 3D interpolation techniques.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Encapsulation of Gases in Zeolite 3A and Temperature Programmed Desorption of the Trapped Gases

contributor:
Anderson, R.B.
Chemical Engineering

subject:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering

abstract: Gases (Ar, N₂ and CO₂) were encapsulated in zeolite 3A at high temperature (350ºC) and pressure (maximum pressure obtained from a gas cylinder). Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), with a linear temperature schedule, was applied to study the kinetics of the release of the trapped gases. The TPD spectra for argon show two peaks ( a large peak at about 350ºC and small one at about 500ºC, for a heating rate of 17ºC per minute) and there is only one peak in the spectra for nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The spectra obtained were analysed using a diffusion equation (Fick's Second Law of diffusion) taking into account the shape and size distribution of the particles. The effect of water addition was shown to enhance the rate of desorption of the trapped gases.

abstract: Master of Engineering (ME)


title: "Diseases are a must. Human beings must get sick": A Rural Community's Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Water, Sanitation and Health

contributor:
Elliott, Susan J.
Geography

subject: Geography Geography

abstract: Over 2.6 billion individuals do not have access to adequate sanitation. Another almost billion individuals do not have access to safe water. Further, water that is available is often laden with chemical and bacteriological contaminants, causing a variety of diseases such as shistosomiasis, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and hepatitis. Individuals residing in Sub-Saharan Africa are the most greatly affected; approximately 30% of rural residents have limited to no access to water supplies, with women and children bearing the greatest burden. However, while infrastructure may not be easily accessible, the current behaviours of a community may also contribute to the continual spread of water-borne diseases. Therefore, a change in attitudes and practices may be necessary to ensure clean, sustainable sources of water within a community. This study is set in a marginalized community in the Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya. The objectives of this study are threefold: first, to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to water, sanitation and health; second, to investigate the key facilitators and barriers to facility access at the community level; and third, to investigate the key facilitators and barriers to facility access at the individual level. Results from focus groups (n=4) and in-depth interviews (n=25) indicate that while knowledge of water-health links are present, several contextual, compositional and collective factors interact to create barriers for improved facility access. The results from this study can be used in the creation of a community-based initiative to increase access to safe water and sanitation facilities, and contribute to our understanding of how to implement sustainable solutions to the global water crisis.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Multitarget Tracking with Doppler Ambiguity

contributor:
Kirubarajan,
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
In many radar tracking systems ·with a certain pulse-repetition frequency (PRF), Doppler (or range rate) measurements are available in addition to position measurements. The extra range rate information Doppler measurements provide is able to improve the tracking performance. However, a fundamental problem associated with Pulse-Doppler radars is, especially at low PRFs, range rate ambiguity. This is because Doppler shifts in the frequency spectrum are aliased by a difference of an integer times of PRF. In this case, the observed Doppler measurement shifts from the true range rate by an unknown difference.

In previous works, algorithms to eliminate the Doppler ambiguity based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem have been proposed for radars with multiple PRFs. Time- Frequency Analysis (TFA) using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can reduce the ambiguity in the frequency domain.

In this paper, a new approach for multitarget detection and tracking with Doppler ambiguity is presented. Ambiguous Doppler measurements in addition to the position measurements are directly used in data association and tracking. To solve the Doppler ambiguity for single target tracking, three methods are proposed based on UKF, MHT and PDA, respectively. In addition, modifications to Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) and Joint Integrated Probabilistic Data Association (JIPDA) algorithms to resolve Doppler ambiguity in multitarget tracking are considered. Simulation results are preformed to demonstrate the new algorithms with tracking results analysis.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Assessing the effects of coronary artery bypass grafting versus complex cardiac surgery: Comparison of methods of adjusting for channeling bias

contributor:
Thabane, Lehana
Statistics

subject:
Statistics
Statistical Theory
Statistical Theory

abstract:
Coronary artely bypass grafting (CABG) is the most commnonly performed "open heart" operation in North America. Complex cardiac surgeries served for a large amount of the cardiac surgery population, but outcomes after these surgeries have been limited by lack of appropriate interpretation. Given the observed trend toward an increasing proportion of complex cardiac surgeries, there is a great need to understand the outcomes and patterns of resource utilization for the population who have had complex cardiac surgery.

The clinical objectives of this thesis are to compare clinical outcomes and resource usage between isolated coronary bypass grafting and complex cardiac surgery and detelmine the difference of outcomes for complex cardiac surgeries among cardiac surgical sites across Canada.

The statistical objective of this thesis is to compare Bayesian and classical methods of analyzing two surgeries difference in outcomes. The classical methods are multivariable logistic regression, matched propensity score method, propensity score weighted regression and stratified propensity score method. The Bayesian method is Bayesian matched propensity score.

For the primary outcome mortality, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the treatment effect is 4.49 (1.92, 10.56) for propensity score matching method, 4.97 (3.62, 6.11) for propensity score weight method, 3.49 (1.91, 6.40) for propensity score strata method, 3.71 (2.10, 6.56) for multivariab1e regression method, and 3.82 (1.23, 13.07) for Bayesian propensity score matching method. Different methods obtained different treatment effect estimates.

We concluded that patients who are undergoing complex cardiac surgery have a greater risk for adverse postoperative events and longer ICU length of stay compared to patients who are undergoing isolated CABG. We also found that there is variability in
outcomes and resource usage among Canadian cardiac centers.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: A STUDY OF FLOW AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A SINGLE CHANNEL IN CANDU MODERATOR

contributor:
Luxat,
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract: A 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to calculate the moderator velocity field and temperature distribution around a single channel inside the moderator of a CANDU reactor after a postulated ballooning deformation of the pressure tube (PT) into contact with the calandria tube (CT). Following contact between the hot PT and the relatively cold CT , there is a spike ill heat flux to the moderator surrounding the CT which may lead to sustained CT dryout. This can detrimentally affect channel integrity if the CT post-dryout temperature becomes sufficiently high to result in thermal creep strain deformation. The present research is focused on establishing the limits for dryout occurrence on the CTs for the situation in which pressure tube-calandria tube contact occurs. In order to consider different flow patterns inside the calandria, both upward awl downward flow directions have been analyzed for buoyancy dominant and momentum dominant flows respectively. The standard k - ε and also k - ω turbulence models associated with logarithmic wall function are applied independently to predict the effects of turbulence and the results have been compared. The governing equations are solved by the finite element software package COMSOL. The buoyancy driven natural convection on the outer surface of a CT has been analyzed to predict the flow and temperature distribution around the single CT considering the local moderator subcooling, wall temperature and heat flux. According to the flow pattern and temperature distribution , it is predicted that stable film boiling generates in the stagnation region on the cylinder and it has been compared with the related experimental data.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al and Al/Si Alloyed TRIP-assisted Steels Produced through Galvanizing Heat Treatments

contributor:
McDermid, J.R.
Zurob, H.S.
Materials Science and Engineering

abstract:
TRIP-assisted steels combine high strength and good ductility, which makes them attractive to the automotive industry. Simultaneously, galvanizing is essential for the corrosion resistance of these steels. In industrial practice, the processing of TRIP-assisted steels and galvanizing process must be combined.

Two Al-alloyed TRIP-assisted steels (1.0Al: O.2C-1.SMn-O.SSi-1.0Al (wt.%) and 1.5Al: O.2C-1.SMn-1.SAl (wt.%)) were investigated in the present research work, where two points are noteworthy. First, the experimental processing routes in the present work are compatible with the continuous galvanizing process; second, it has been shown that the two steels exhibit good galvanizability. The initial microstructure and its evolution during plastic deformation of the two steels were examined. The kinetics of phase transformations taking place during thermal processing and plastic deformation were discussed. These results were linked to the work hardening behaviour with kinematic hardening taken into account.

It was confirmed that the retained austenite in the steels obtained through the present galvanizing heat treatments contributed to the work hardening behaviour by transforming to martensite during plastic deformation. The 1.SAl steel exhibited a better work hardening behaviour due to the more stable retained austenite.

Retained austenite of higher stability transformed to martensite more gradually during plastic deformation, efficiently attenuating decreases in the instantaneous work hardening rate, dσ/dε, and giving rise to a smoother evolution of the incremental work hardening coefficient, d(Lnσ)/d(Lnε). One of the attenuating mechanisms was the development of back stresses, which contributed kinematic hardening to the overall work hardening. Gradual transformation of retained austenite to martensite continuously supplied new obstacles to dislocations and delayed the saturation of back stresses.

Based on the present work and the previous work, it seems possible to process galvanizable Al-alloyed TRIP assisted steels using continuous galvanizing thermal cycles, which implies the possibility to combine continuous galvanizing and thermal processing of TRIP-assisted steels.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Particularism and the Politics of Nature

contributor:
Gedge, Elisabeth
Philosophy

subject: Philosophy Philosophy

abstract: This thesis is an attempt to offer an account of the practical ethics of Bruno Latour's political ecology based on Jonathan Dancy's recent work on ethical particularism with the aim of demonstrating the possibility of their entering into a fruitful alliance. I argue that Dancy's particularism offers Latour a defensible (though not uncontroversial) position through which to anticipate, and respond to, various concerns arising from the latter's attempts to minimize the role of principles in ecological-moral deliberation . In return, Latour's ecology encourages us to consider the possibility of a particularist ecological ethic while allowing us to see what is most important about particularism in the context of press ing matters of public concern.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Studies on Mathematical Modelling of Influenza in Canada

contributor:
Dushoff, Jonathan
Biology

subject: Biology Biology

abstract: Two studies are presented that involve the mathematical modelling of the 2009/2010 pandemic H1N1 outbreak in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The first study uses surveillance data and reported vaccination rates to create a model that can recreate the pandemic. The vaccination is then removed from the model and a simulation is run to determine what the pandemic may have looked like without the vaccination campaign. The number of cases, hospitalizations and deaths averted through the vaccination campaign are estimated. The second study recreates both waves of the pH1N1 pandemic by allowing absolute humidity and contacts to change over time. The effect of school reopening in the fall and the effect of schools not opening in the fall are analyzed. Also, estimates for the reporting efficiency are made for each age group studied. Incorporating absolute humidity changes and the summer school closure allows the model to accurately recreate both incidence waves

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Removal of Perchlorate (ClO₄⁻) from Water Using Pulsed Arc Electrohydraulic Discharge (PAED)

contributor:
Dickson, Sarah E.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
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Pulsed Arc Electrohydraulic Discharge (PAED) is a direct plasma water treatmenttechnology that can generate physical and chemical reactions in a single unit process to treat a broad range of chemical and biological contaminants. Karpel Vel Leitner et al. (2005) demonstrated that PAED is capable of treating contaminants via the reduction

mechanism, as they reduced nitrate to nitrite. Perchlorate is a difficult-to-treat contaminant with significant negative impacts on human health. One treatment approach for perchlorate is to reduce it. Therefore, laboratory experiments were designed and conducted to examine the efficacy of PAED for reduction of perchlorate in a water matrix.

A 3L stainless steel cylindrical reactor with two titanium electrodes connected to a 0.3 kJ/pulse pulsed arc power supply was used for the treatment processes. Three sets of factorial experiments were performed to determine: a) the power supply settings and water matrix properities for optimal ozone and hydrogen peroxide production; b) the efficacy of PAED for the reduction of perchlorate; and c) the power supply settings and water matrix properties for optimal perchlorate reduction.

The results of these experiments indicated that as much as 0.0544 mg/L of ozone was generated, with water conductivity and the presence of dissolved oxygen being the most important factors contributing to ozone generation. Hydrogen peroxide was not generated in detectable amounts under any of the conditions employed in these experiments. Finally, perchlorate was not reduced by detectable concentration in any of the conditions employed in these experiments.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Mandata: Bonds of Trust and Obligation in Roman Society

contributor:
Eilers, Claude
Classics

subject: Classics Classics

abstract:
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The Latin word mandata referred to a variety of relationships in Roman society that were based on trust, honor, and obligation. These conventions united the private and the public spheres, the personal and the political, and the domestic and the foreign. Modern scholarship has tended to study these phenomena in isolation. Legal scholars have investigated the workings of the contract of mandate as a form of agency between private citizens. Others have focused on the imperial mandata that emperors sent to provincial governors to facilitate administration. The aim of this study is to bridge the gap between these seemingly disparate elements. The fIrst chapter exposes the social norms operating behind the legal contract of mandate, and looks to examples from the early Latin playwright Plautus to illustrate the dynamics of interpersonal trust that gave shape to the law. The second chapter is devoted to the works of Cicero, and shows how the conventions of mandata in personal settings carried over into political and diplomatic duties. In the third chapter I argue that the late 1st century BC authors Caesar, Sallust, and Livy reinforce the patterns found in Cicero, and their writings demonstrate that diplomatic mandata were effectively their own genre. The final chapter focuses on the surviving texts from Suetonius, Tacitus, and Pliny the Younger, and addresses the development of imperial mandata and their impact on Roman society. The literary evidence makes it clear that the Romans did not approach personal, public, and international relations as discrete fields of action, and that they conceptualized their roles within these various spheres according to the same set of values.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: Online Process Monitoring of Discrete Part Manufacturing Using Multivariate Analysis

contributor:
Veldhuis, S.C.
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
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The significance of online process monitoring of discrete part manufacturing usmg multivariate analysis is its ability to help the Canadian manufacturing industry compete in the global market. Process monitoring can accomplish this by: assessing the state of a machining system for unusual occurrences, moving the part quality prediction upstream, and producing higher volumes of in specification parts for improved profits.

The focus of this research was discrete process monitoring of a turning operation in a laboratory at the McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute (MMRI) and an industrial machining cell at Glueckler Metal Incorporated (GMI). Both applications involved instrumentation of a lathe with current sensors, an accelerometer and thermocouples. Serial port communication between the machine control panel and computer was established to allow for online automated data acquisition. The multivariate latent model applied was principal component analysis to develop correlations among the machining process information. Principal component analysis was successful in identifying the occurrence of an out of balance spindle, unusual surface finish, changes in depth of cut, and a worn tool in laboratory tests, through the use of simple control plots. Industrial results validated the ability of the system to differentiate machining data from one day to another, and to isolate an unusual piece of barstock that led to slightly below average part dimensions.

The difficulties experienced in the transitioning from laboratory conditions to industrial testing were discussed. This information will allow future researchers to continue adding new process monitoring sensors to the system.

In conclusion, this research demonstrated the ability of online process monitoring of discrete part manufacturing in a laboratory setting; and brings the MMRI and GMI closer to having a fully implemented process monitoring system for part quality prediction and machine maintenance.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Eikonal Distorted Wave Approximation for High Energy Electron Scattering from Spherical Nuclei

contributor:
Sprung, D.W.L.
Physics

subject: Physics Physics

abstract: A detailed review of an eikonal approximation for high energy electrons in the Coulomb potential of a spherical nucleus is given. The matrix element for elastic scattering making use of this approximate distorted wave is then discussed. The matrix element is written in the form of a simple differential operator acting on the first Born amplitude. A possible method of evaluation for arbitrary nuclear charge densities is discussed and applied to the calculation of scattering cross sections for Ca, Ni, Sn, and Pb with realistic Fermi shapes.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Robotic Manipulation of Deformable Objects Using Robust Output Regulation

contributor:
Patriciu, Alexandru
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract:
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Traditionally, robots are used to handle rigid objects, such as in automotive and manufacturing industries. Emerging robotic fields like food industry and medical robotics has inspired research into robots capable of accurately manipulating deformable objects.

This thesis fo cuses on a task known as the indirect simultaneous positioning problem. The task requires accurate deformation control of a nonrigid obj ect. The desired configuration is prescribed by control points defined within the object body. This deformation is achieved by applying forces to to manipulation points located elsewhere on the body.

This thesis approaches the problem using a linear robust output regulation framework. This framework requires the following steps:

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1. construct a second-order dynamical model of the object

2. linearize about the equilibrium point

3. assess the controllability, observability, and solution to the regulator equations

4. compute the controller gains that solve the regulation problem

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This control law approach is tested in both simulations using a nonlinear RKPM model of a deformable object, and in experiments using a robot manipulator to apply the desired forces to the manipulation points of a physical, elastic, deformable object. This thesis proves the validity of t his approach using homogeneous and nonhomogeneous planar objects, as well as multiple control point and manipulation point configurations.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Controlling the Dual Cascade of Two-dimensional Turbulence

contributor:
Kevlahan, Nicholas
Computational Engineering and Science

subject:
Computational Engineering
Computational Engineering

abstract:
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The Kraichnan-Leith-Batchelor (KLB) theory of statistically stationary forced homogeneous isotropic 2-D turbulence predicts the existence of two inertial ranges: an energy inertial range with an energy spectrum scaling of k⁻³ , and an enstrophy inertial range with an energy spectrum scaling of k⁻³. However, unlike the analogous Kolmogorov theory for 3-D turbulence, the scaling of the enstrophy range in 2-D turbulence seems to be Reynolds number dependent: numerical simulations have shown that as Reynolds number tends to infinity the enstrophy range of the energy spectrum converges to the KLB prediction, i.e. E ~ k⁻³.

We develop an adjoint-equation based optimal control approach for controlling the energy spectrum of incompressible fluid flow. The equations are solved numerically by a highly accurate method. The computations are carried out on parallel computers in order to achieve a reasonable computational time.

The results show that the time-space structure of the forcing can significantly alter the scaling of the energy spectrum over inertial ranges. This effect has been neglected in most previous numerical simulations by using a randomphase forcing. A careful analysis of the resulting forcing suggests that it is unlikely to be realized in nature, or by a simple numerical model. Therefore, we conjecture that the dual cascade is unlikely to be realizable at moderate

Reynolds numbers without resorting to forcings that depend on the instantaneous flow structure or are not band-limited.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACOUSTO-OPTIC TUNABLE FILTER BASED TIME-DOMAIN FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETER WITH HIGH SCANNING SPEED AND HIGH THROUGHPUT FOR OPTICAL BIOPSY APPLICATIONS

contributor:
Fang, Qiyin
Engineering Physics

subject:
Engineering Physics
Engineering Physics

abstract:
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In this project, we have developed an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) -based timeresolved fluorescence spectroscopy (AOTF-TRFS) apparatus capable of acquiring fluorescence spectra and lifetimes of biological fluorescent probes with high data acquisition speed required for real-time clinical diagnostics. The system incorporates a non-collinear TeO₂ AOTF, a gated multichannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT), a picosecond Nd:YAG pulsed laser, a digital oscilloscope with high sampling rate and a bifurcated fiber optic probe for light delivery and collection. Typically low throughput of the AOTF was enhanced by collecting both first order diffraction beams. The system performance was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence of 9-CA, fluorescein, NADH and FAD. The emission peaks in time-integrated spectra and the retrieved decay lifetimes were in good agreement with literature values over the desired spectral region between 370 nm and 550 nm. The system was able to collect a set of time-resolved fluorescence decay data for a single point site across a 200 nm wavelength range at 5 run increments within 4 s, which is a significant improvement over the previous generation gratingbased instrument.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: A Numerical Study of The Performance of Tuned Liquid Dampers

contributor:
Hamed, Mohamed S.
Mechanical Engineering

abstract:
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Using an integrated Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD)-Structure in-house developed numerical algorithm that has been validated against recent rigorous experimental tests, the TLD performance was analyzed when coupled with a vibrating Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) body representing a civil structure. The numerical algorithm solves the full two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with no linearization assumptions. It uses the Volume of Fluid method to reconstruct the free surface, and the Partial Cell Treatment method to model the effect of any obstructions. This study investigated the structure response when coupled to a TLD with and without a screen under harmonic excitations. Structure sway was found to decrease by 71 % in the case of a TLD without a screen, and 80% in the case of a TLD with one screen. The best screen configuration was then determined for the TLD-Structure coupling under non-hmmonic excitations, taking minimal structure sway and acceleration as the deciding criteria. Eighteen different cases considering different screen locations and solidities were investigated, and the case with one screen placed in the middle with a solidity of 0.4 proved to be the best.

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wide range of excitation amplitudes. Harmonic Excitations with amplitudes up to 3% of the tank length and fluid heights up to 40% of tank length were considered. The results showed better structure response with lower fluid heights in the case of low to moderate excitation amplitudes. With high excitation amplitudes, the results confirmed an opposite trend where higher fluid heights resulted in better structure response.

The numerical code was then modified to model a Sloped Bottom (SB) TLD using the Partial Cell Treatment method. The numerical model for the SB TLD has been validated against experimental data to ensure accuracy. Numerous cases have been considered to investigate structure response under the new configuration, and to analyze how a SB TLD compares to a standard TLD. The results showed an increased damping ratio and better structure response for SB TLDs, and a significant softening spring behaviour that is important upon excitation cessation.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: The influence of paper surface chemistry on the activity of immobilized antibodies

contributor:
Pelton, Robert H.
Filipe, Carlos
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
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With a long-term view to developing bioactive paper that can detect pathogens both in the laboratory and in the field, it is important to understand whether wet-strength papers are suitable supports for antibodies. This thesis describes the influence of polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) and polyvinylamine (PVAm), which are typical wet-strength resins, on antibody activity. Two kinds of antibodies were employed: conventional Anti-Rabbit IgG (AR-Ab, whole molecules) and engineered anti-So aureus single domain antibody with cellulose binding domain (CBM-Ab). The results of the activity studies surprisingly showed that the typical loadings of reactive, cationic wet-strength polymers, used to strengthen wet paper, did not interfere with the antibody assays. However, higher content of wet-strength resins impeded the function of antibody. Also, conventional AR-Ab adsorbed very well and retained its functionality on paper surface without the aid of cellulose binding domain. A preliminary study was also performed to investigate the effect of alkylketene dimer (AKD), as a sizing agent, on AR-Ab activity. The results in the early stage revealed that AR-Ab functioned better on AKD-treated papers than on original paper.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Use of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in the Processing of Thermoplastic Elastomer Nanocomposites

contributor:
Thompson, Michael R.
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
Polymer-layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites are of great interest presently due to their

significant enhancement of properties compared to conventional polymeric materials. However, achieving a high extent of exfoliation, which refers to the complete separation and uniform dispersion of clay layers, is a key challenge in the preparation of PLS nanocomposites, particular for non-polar polymers like polyolefins. Recently, several novel processing technologies utilizing scCO₂ as an exfoliation aid have been developed. But how to achieve an optimal processing method by which fully exfoliation occurs with the aid of scCO₂ has not been fully studied.

A novel clay-CO₂ injector apparatus was designed and constructed for this project in order to maintain the organoclay in suspension with scCO₂ during its melt compounding into a nanocomposite. Thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer (TPO) based nanocomposites were prepared by three methods: 1) directly injecting the CO₂ into a twin screw extruder (TSE); 2) injecting an organoclay-CO₂ suspension along with its compatibilizer into a twin screw extruder; and 3) injecting the organoclay-CO₂ suspension into a single screw extruder (SSE). Under Method 1 both as-supplied organoclay and a previously scCO₂- pretreated organoclay (from batch) were tested, while for the other two methods only the as-supplied material was used. The structure and properties of the resultant

nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron

microscopy (TEM), rheology and mechanical testing.

It was found scCO₂ has a great influence on the morphology of clay within TPO nanocomposites. When preconditioned in scCO₂, chain mobility of surfactant within clay interlayers increased and led to further cation exchange reactions, thus resulted in an expansion in interlayer spacing and greater chance for penetration of large polymer specimen. It was shown in XRD patterns and TEM graphs that nanocomposites prepared using these pretreated organoclays (s-C20A) improved the degree of exfoliation over those based on as-supplied organoclay, in the absence of CO₂. On the other hand, the clay-CO₂ injector could also be beneficial for achieving an exfoliation structure. With increasing CO₂ pressure, the mobility of surfactantlcompatibilizers chains increased, allowing greater intercalation of matrix chains and further delamination under shear flow. The greatest exfoliation structure so far was achieved by maintaining the C20A/CO₂ suspension above the critical pressure of the gas during first-pass melt compounding in a single screw extruder then following with a second-pass through a twin screw extruder which provided sufficient shear stress for further exfoliation without the plasticizing effect of CO₂. Both pretreating clays and clay-CO₂ injection approaches showed improvement in clay dispersion over conventional nanocomposites melt compounding method. However, this improved exfoliation structure did not directly bring on improvement of rheological and mechanical properties. A possible thermo oxidative degradation was considered to be responsible for the reduction in rheological and mechanical properties.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Psychic Positions: Chinese Canadian Writing in Multicultural Canada

contributor:
Coleman, Daniel
English

subject:
English
English Language and Literature
English Language and Literature

abstract:
Canadian multicultural policy today serves to define Canadian national identity to both its citizens and the international community at large. In 1971, the federal government officially began to implement an ideology of cultural pluralism, which today serves to guide all Canadian policies, program initiatives, and laws. But while Canada enjoys a reputation as a country free from the racism plaguing the United States and other competing Western nations, numerous activists, academics, historians and politicians have questioned official multiculturalism's ability to truly eradicate racism. In fact, they
argue, the policy has quite the opposite effect, entrenching racist ideology under a veneer of liberal inclusion, and masking the asymmetrical relations of power governing
interaction between whites and non-whites in this country.

While several excellent materialist criticisms of Canadian multiculturalism are available today, these studies have confined their analyses for the most pati to structural forms of racism engendered through legislative and popular discourses. This study seeks to build upon the work begun by these theorists by offering an analysis of the psychic or affective effects of racism upon racialized minority subjects and a reconsideration of the way in which marginal subjectivities are engendered through racist discourses. In order to achieve this end, this study traces the history of legislative and popular racism against a particularly marginalized ethnic group, the Chinese, from their arrival in the midnineteenth century up to their current position in multicultural Canada. In order to explore fully the psychic dimensions of racism, this study also includes an examination of select Chinese Canadian literature in English by Wayson Choy and Fred Wah. These texts not only lend voice to the history of exclusion faced by the Chinese in Canada, but theorize about alternative hybrid subjectivities that offer both sites of individual and cultural expression, and valuable anti-racist politics.

abstract: Master of Arts (MA)


title: The Improvement of In vivo XRF Lead Measurement System

contributor:
Chettle, David R.
Physics and Astronomy

subject:
Physics and Astronomy
Astrophysics and Astronomy
Physics
Astrophysics and Astronomy

abstract:
109Cd induced K-XRF has been used for in vivo lead measurement for about two decades. The improvement of this system has been emphasized recently due to the increasing understanding of the low level lead exposure. In this work, a cloverleaf detector system is used to improve the minimum detectable limit (MDL) for the in vivo measurement of lead in bone. This system consists of four 8mm radius detectors which are placed closely with a space of 2mm between neighboring ones. We measured some bare phantoms and phantoms in leg phantom which simulates the in vivo measurement and found that the MDL is greatly improved by using the cloverleaf system and a stronger source. The effect of the geometries is also discussed. An overall MDL ratio of about 0.278 is obtained by using the cloverleaf system compared to the conventional system for the in vivo measurement, which means a decreasing of MDL from about 10 micro g/(g bone mineral) to about 2.78 micro g/(g bone mineral).

Two sets of phantoms also have been investigated due to the different calibration lines for these two sets of phantoms for the same lead measurement system. The results indicate that the compositions of these two sets of phantoms, which are supposedly the same, are greatly different. Since they were both made of "plaster of Paris", we can conclude that not all the plaster of Paris has the same composition. Hence the materials need to be measured before they are used to make the calibration phantoms.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Analysis of Waveguide Discontinuities by Mode Matching Method

contributor:
Huang, W. P.
Electrical and Computer Engineering

abstract: An effective mode matching method (MMM) is developed for dealing with three- dimensional (3D) dielectiic waveguide structures with arbitrary transverse index profiles and scattering interfaces along the longitudinal waveguide axis. With the introduction of a perfectly conducting box coated by a perfectly matched layer (PML) as the lateral boundary, the method circumvents the inherent difficulties associated with the continuous radiation modes of open waveguide structures. The semi and full-vectorial finite difference (FD) methods are employed for mode calculation. The guideline for choice of the PML parameters in the mode matching analysis is discussed via a two-dimensional (2D) waveguide structure with a single step discontinuity. We show results for the 3D waveguide air gap, facet and polarization converter. The effectiveness and efficiency of the method are validated.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Seismic Response of Steel Frames with Bilinear and Flag Shaped Hysteretic Braces

contributor:
Wilson, John C.
Civil Engineering

subject:
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering

abstract:
The goal of seismic response modification is to elicit more favourable behaviour from structures during earthquakes. A popular means for this modification is through the use of energy dissipation devices (EDDs), which effectively lower the seismic demand on main structural components by absorbing a portion of the seismic input energy. This energy is often absorbed through the yielding of metallic components within these devices. Examples of traditionally used metals are steel and lead which exhibit bilinear hysteretic behaviour. The introduction of shape memory alloys (SMAs) into the realm of seismic energy dissipation has occurred fairly recently and has occurred in large part due to their exceptional characteristics for earthquake engineering applications, including hysteretic properties. SMAs exhibit flag-shaped hysteretic behaviour creating the potential for relatively simple yet effective EDDs.

In this study, the non-linear time history analysis of 1, 2, 4, and 8 storey chevron-braced steel frame models was carried out using the program Ruaumoko®. The braces in each frame were modelled to emulate EDDs exhibiting flag-shaped hysteresis. For comparison, the same frames were analyzed with braces modelled to emulate EDDs exhibiting bilinear behaviour with full hysteresis loops. Each frame was subjected to an ensemble of ground motions to determine their mean responses as measured by several response indices. A parametric approach was adopted to determine the effect of various parameters on response and the parameter values resulting in advantageous behaviour. Tension-compression (T-C) and tension-only (T-O) braces were studied to illustrate their effect on response as well. Pushover tests on the frames were also performed, using the program SAP2000®, to help validate the results.

The behaviour of the frames in this study was generally governed by the backbone curve of the brace hystereses defined by post-yielding stiffness parameter, α, normalized yield force, η, and normalized stiffness, θ. Increasing these parameters generally decreased interstorey drift, residual interstorey drift, column ductility demand, beam ductility demand, and absorbed energy. However, this also had the effect of increasing acceleration and base shear. The energy dissipation parameter, β, had little effect on response. In general, the responses of the frames with flag-shaped hysteretic braces, as measured by interstorey drift, column ductility demand, beam ductility demand, base shear, and absorbed energy, were very similar to those frames with the bilinear hysteretic braces - in both magnitude and trend. However, the frames with bilinear braces tended to have lower accelerations, and the frames with flag-shaped braces tended to have lower residual drifts. The T-C braces were generally more effective than the T-O braces in enhancing seismic performance. However, the frames with T-O braces had a resultant lower lateral stiffness - suggesting that T-O braces of sufficient stiffness could be used to garner similar responses offered by T-C braces.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)


title: Classification of Certain 6-Manifolds

contributor:
Hambleton, Ian
Mathematics

subject: Mathematics Mathematics

abstract: Oriented, simply-connected, differentiable 6-manifolds, with vanishing second Stiefel-Whitney class and integral homology groups H2(M)=H3(M)=Z/n, where nΞ0 mod 4, are shown to be classified up to orientation preserving diffeomorphism by the following invariants: the cohomology ring of M with coefficients in the ring Z/n, the first Pontrjagin class of the tangent bundle of M, and the Pontrjagin cubing cohomology operation.

abstract: Master of Science (MS)


title: Thermally Induced Wrinkling Behaviour of Automotive Decorative Films

contributor:
Thompson, M. R.
Chemical Engineering

abstract:
Decorative plastic films are becoming more and more popular in the industry, substituting paint, chrome-plating and hydrographics. Thermal formability of these films is extending the uses of these materials into newer applications within industry, but early observation have shown that certain film constructions will wrinkle upon heating. Despite growing interest and markets to use these films in thermal forming processes, there is insufficient knowledge in the field to explain or compensate for these undesirable surface wrinkles. The purpose of this study is to find out what caused the wrinkles, what the underlying behaviour was and if they could be avoided.

The experiments were performed using a pressure sensitive adhesive coated decorative film, supplied by 3M Canada, which was laminated on one of two different secondary substrates (either steel or polypropylene). Samples were heated in a specially built hot stage with vacuum drawing capability at two different heating rates up to one of two final temperatures (110°C and 150°C) and cooled down at two different rates, afterwards. A CCD camera was used to track the changes in the wrinkle pattern on the surface of sample and relates its wavelength back to the corresponding transient temperature of the hot stage, which allowed on-line monitoring of wrinkle growth. Samples were cooled and then measured for their wavelength and surface roughness (represented by peak-to-valley distance (PV) and a standard roughness value, rms) using a white-light interferometer.

Heating rate was found to be the dominant factor in controlling whether wrinkles occurred or not. Only with high heating rates did this wrinkle phenomenon occur regardless of the secondary substrate use, though the thermal conductivity of that substrate will impact this heating rate if heated from that side (which is what was being done in this work). For steel laminated samples, a chaotic zigzag wrinkles occurred using fast heating rates (around 95°C/min) which had an average equilibrium wavelength of 450 μm. Plastic laminates, just like their metal counterparts, developed wrinkles but now at high heating rates (170°C/min) which produced a pattern with an average wavelength of 550 μm. The slow heating rate (≈2°C/min) did not produce wrinkles for either substrate. Wrinkles are only the final outcome of thermally induced compression stresses which build within the film sandwich construction as the temperature rises and while slower heating didn't produce wrinkles, initial blister formation still occurred (i.e. nuclei of wrinkles) which increased the surface roughness of samples. Pre-straining a sample up to 20% elongation caused the wrinkle pattern to change from a complex biaxial pattern to longitudinal stripes, which extended the pattern always present along the edges of the sample into the centre of the test specimen.

Of all models for the wrinkling behaviour of a thin film under compressive stresses in the literature, only one single model proposed by Basu et al. seemed to predict this behaviour reasonably by taking temperature and secondary substrate effects into account. All other models failed to predict this behaviour because, firstly they did not take the effects of temperature and secondary substrate into account, secondly, they
erroneously assume the film always deformed elastically, and thirdly, they are not well suited to the thickness ratio of film to substrate for our case.

abstract: Master of Applied Science (MASc)